Topic: Photos of Gibraltar

Topic: Introduction
Background: Strategically important, Gibraltar was reluctantly ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a referendum held in 1967, Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. The subsequent granting of autonomy in 1969 by the UK led Spain to close the border and sever all communication links. Between 1997 and 2002, the UK and Spain held a series of talks on establishing temporary joint sovereignty over Gibraltar. In response to these talks, the Gibraltar Government called a referendum in late 2002 in which the majority of citizens voted overwhelmingly against any sharing of sovereignty with Spain. Since late 2004, Spain, the UK, and Gibraltar have held tripartite talks with the aim of cooperatively resolving problems that affect the local population, and work continues on cooperation agreements in areas such as taxation and financial services; communications and maritime security; policy, legal and customs services; environmental protection; and education and visa services. A new noncolonial constitution came into force in 2007, and the European Court of First Instance recognized Gibraltar's right to regulate its own tax regime in December 2008. The UK retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, internal security, and financial stability. Spain and the UK continue to spar over the territory. Throughout 2009, a dispute over Gibraltar's claim to territorial waters extending out three miles gave rise to periodic non-violent maritime confrontations between Spanish and UK naval patrols and in 2013, the British reported a record number of entries by Spanish vessels into waters claimed by Gibraltar following a dispute over Gibraltar's creation of an artificial reef in those waters. Spain renewed its demands for an eventual return of Gibraltar to Spanish control after the UK’s June 2016 vote to leave the EU, but London has dismissed any connection between the vote and its continued sovereignty over Gibraltar. Strategically important, Gibraltar was reluctantly ceded to Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was formally declared a colony in 1830. In a referendum held in 1967, Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency. The subsequent granting of autonomy in 1969 by the UK led Spain to close the border and sever all communication links. Between 1997 and 2002, the UK and Spain held a series of talks on establishing temporary joint sovereignty over Gibraltar. In response to these talks, the Gibraltar Government called a referendum in late 2002 in which the majority of citizens voted overwhelmingly against any sharing of sovereignty with Spain. Since late 2004, Spain, the UK, and Gibraltar have held tripartite talks with the aim of cooperatively resolving problems that affect the local population, and work continues on cooperation agreements in areas such as taxation and financial services; communications and maritime security; policy, legal and customs services; environmental protection; and education and visa services. A new noncolonial constitution came into force in 2007, and the European Court of First Instance recognized Gibraltar's right to regulate its own tax regime in December 2008. The UK retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, internal security, and financial stability.Spain and the UK continue to spar over the territory. Throughout 2009, a dispute over Gibraltar's claim to territorial waters extending out three miles gave rise to periodic non-violent maritime confrontations between Spanish and UK naval patrols and in 2013, the British reported a record number of entries by Spanish vessels into waters claimed by Gibraltar following a dispute over Gibraltar's creation of an artificial reef in those waters. Spain renewed its demands for an eventual return of Gibraltar to Spanish control after the UK’s June 2016 vote to leave the EU, but London has dismissed any connection between the vote and its continued sovereignty over Gibraltar. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern coast of Spain
Geographic coordinates: 36 08 N, 5 21 W
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 7 sq km

land: 6.5 sq km

water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: more than 10 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: total: 1.2 km

border countries (1): Spain 1.2 km
Coastline: 12 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Terrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar
Elevation: highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Natural resources: none
Land use: agricultural land: 0% (2011 est.)

other: 100% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: NA
Natural hazards: occasional droughts; no streams or large bodies of water on the peninsula (all potable water comes from desalination)
Geography - note: note 1: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea note 2: one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territorynote 1: strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Seanote 2: one of only two British territories where traffic drives on the right, the other being the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory
Map description: Gibraltar map showing major populated areas and significant features on this UK peninsular territory that projects into the Mediterranean Sea.Gibraltar map showing major populated areas and significant features on this UK peninsular territory that projects into the Mediterranean Sea.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 29,573 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Gibraltarian(s)

adjective: Gibraltar
Ethnic groups: Gibraltarian 79%, other British 13.2%, Spanish 2.1%, Moroccan 1.6%, other EU 2.4%, other 1.6% (2012 est.)

note: data represent population by nationality
Languages: English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
Religions: Roman Catholic 72.1%, Church of England 7.7%, other Christian 3.8%, Muslim 3.6%, Jewish 2.4%, Hindu 2%, other 1.1%, none 7.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2012 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 20.24% (male 3,080/female 2,907)

15-24 years: 13.07% (male 2,000/female 1,866)

25-54 years: 41.28% (male 6,289/female 5,922)

55-64 years: 8.71% (male 1,082/female 1,495)

65 years and over: 16.7% (2020 est.) (male 2,378/female 2,562)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: NA

youth dependency ratio: NA

elderly dependency ratio: NA

potential support ratio: NA
Median age: total: 35.5 years

male: 34.4 years

female: 36.6 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.19% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 13.93 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 8.76 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -3.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 100% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 35,000 GIBRALTAR (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.79 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 6.25 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 7.06 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 80.42 years

male: 77.58 years

female: 83.41 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: NA

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: NA

total: 0% of population (2020)
Current Health Expenditure: NA
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: NA

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: NA

total: 0% of population (2020)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: NA

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: limited natural freshwater resources: more than 90% of drinking water supplied by desalination, the remainder from stored rainwater; a separate supply of saltwater used for sanitary services
Air pollutants: carbon dioxide emissions: 0.63 megatons (2016 est.)
Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Land use: agricultural land: 0% (2011 est.)

other: 100% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 100% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 16,954 tons (2012 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Gibraltar

etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar
Government type: parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK
Dependency status: overseas territory of the UK
Capital: name: Gibraltar

geographic coordinates: 36 08 N, 5 21 W

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: from the Spanish derivation of the Arabic "Jabal Tariq," which means "Mountain of Tariq" and which refers to the Rock of Gibraltar
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Independence: none (overseas territory of the UK)
National holiday: National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or join Spain
Constitution: history: previous 1969; latest passed by referendum 30 November 2006, entered into effect 14 December 2006, entered into force 2 January 2007

amendments: proposed by Parliament and requires prior consent of the British monarch (through the Secretary of State); passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote in Parliament followed by simple majority vote in a referendum; note – only sections 1 through 15 in Chapter 1 (Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms) can be amended by Parliament
Legal system: the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply
Citizenship: see United Kingdom
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Sir David STEEL (since 11 June 2020)

head of government: Chief Minister Fabian PICARDO (since 9 December 2011)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 17 elected members of Parliament by the governor in consultation with the chief minister

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed chief minister by the governor
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Parliament (18 seats; 17 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by majority vote and 1 appointed by Parliament as speaker; members serve 4-year terms)

elections: last held on 17 October 2019 (next to be held in 2023)

election results: percent of vote by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 52.5% (GSLP 37.0%, LPG 15.5%), GSD 25.6%, TG 20.5%, independent 1.4%; seats by party - GSLP-Liberal Alliance 10 (GSLP 7, LPG 3), GSD 6, TG 1; composition including Parliament speaker - men 16, women 2, percent of women 1.1%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Court of Appeal (consists of at least 3 judges, including the court president); Supreme Court of Gibraltar (consists of the chief justice and 3 judges); note - appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

judge selection and term of office: Court of Appeal and Supreme Court judges appointed by the governor upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, a 7-member body of judges and appointees of the governor; tenure of the Court of Appeal president based on terms of appointment; Supreme Court chief justice and judges normally appointed until retirement at age 67 but tenure can be extended 3 years

subordinate courts: Court of First Instance; Magistrates' Court; specialized tribunals for issues relating to social security, taxes, and employment
Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar Liberal Party or Liberal Party of Gibraltar or LPG [Joseph GARCIA]
Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Keith AZOPARDI]
Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Fabian PICARDO]
GSLP-Liberal Alliance (includes GSLP and LPG)
Together Gibraltar or TG [Marlene HASSAN-NAHON]
International organization participation: ICC (NGOs), Interpol (subbureau), UPU
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: none (overseas territory of the UK)
Flag description: two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band; the design is that of Gibraltar's coat of arms granted on 10 July 1502 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain; the castle symbolizes Gibraltar as a fortress, while the key represents Gibraltar's strategic importance - the key to the Mediterranean
National symbol(s): Barbary macaque; national colors: red, white, yellow
National anthem: name: "Gibraltar Anthem"

lyrics/music: Peter EMBERLEY

note: adopted 1994; serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the United Kingdom, "God Save the Queen" is official (see United Kingdom)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment.   The financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%.Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. Tax rates are low to attract foreign investment. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. The financial sector, tourism (over 11 million visitors in 2012), gaming revenues, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, tourism, and the shipping sector contribute 30%, 30%, and 25%, respectively, of GDP. Telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-gaming account for the remaining 15%.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $2.044 billion (2014 est.)

$1.85 billion (2013 est.)

$2 billion (2012 est.)

note: data are in 2014 dollars
Real GDP per capita: $61,700 (2014 est.)

$43,000 (2008 est.)

$41,200 (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $2.044 billion (2014 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (2013 est.)

2.2% (2012 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 0% (2016 est.)

industry: 0% (2008 est.)

services: 100% (2016 est.)
Agricultural products: none
Industries: tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco
Industrial production growth rate: NA
Labor force: 24,420 (2014 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: NEGL

industry: 1.8%

services: 98.2% (2014 est.)
Unemployment rate: 1% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA
Budget: revenues: 475.8 million (2008 est.)

expenditures: 452.3 million (2008 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): 1.1% (of GDP) (2008 est.)
Public debt: 7.5% of GDP (2008 est.)

8.4% of GDP (2006 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 23.3% (of GDP) (2008 est.)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Exports: $202.3 million (2014 est.)

$271 million (2004 est.)
Exports - partners: Poland 31%, Netherlands 27%, France 11%, Germany 8%, United States 6% (2019)
Exports - commodities: cars, ships, refined petroleum, fish, recreational boats (2019)
Imports: $2.967 billion (2004 est.)
Imports - partners: Spain 19%, US 12%, India 12%, Italy 12%, Netherlands 11%, United Kingdom 7%, Greece 6% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, recreational boats, cars, coal tar oil, crude petroleum (2019)
Debt - external: NANA
Exchange rates: Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar -

0.885 (2017 est.)

0.903 (2016 est.)

0.9214 (2015 est.)

0.885 (2014 est.)

0.7634 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production: 238.8 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 230.8 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 43,000 kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 78,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 74,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 17,041 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 51 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 35,438 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Gibraltar’s population is urban based, served by a digital telephone exchange supported by a fiber optic and copper infrastructure; near universal mobile and Internet use (2019)

domestic: automatic exchange facilities; over 50 per 100 fixed-line and 120 per 100 mobile-cellular (2019)

international: country code - 350; landing point for the EIG to Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East via submarine cables; radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)
Broadcast media: Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) provides TV and radio broadcasting services via 1 TV station and 4 radio stations; British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) operates 1 radio station; broadcasts from Spanish radio and TV stations are accessible
Internet country code: .gi
Internet users: total: 31,684 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 94% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 21,009 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 62 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: VP-G
Airports: total: 1 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2021)
Roadways: total: 29 km (2007)

paved: 29 km (2007)
Merchant marine: total: 202

by type: bulk carrier 8, container ship 19, general cargo 55, oil tanker 20, other 100 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Gibraltar

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Royal Gibraltar Regiment (2022)
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomyin 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy


This entry provides a rank ordering of industries starting with the largest by value of annual output.

Topic: Afghanistansmall-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper

Topic: Albaniafood; footwear, apparel and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Topic: Algeriapetroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing

Topic: American Samoatuna canneries (largely supplied by foreign fishing vessels), handicrafts

Topic: Andorratourism (particularly skiing), banking, timber, furniture

Topic: Angolapetroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair

Topic: Anguillatourism, boat building, offshore financial services

Topic: Antigua and Barbudatourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household appliances)

Topic: Argentinafood processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Topic: Armeniabrandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing

Topic: Arubatourism, petroleum transshipment facilities, banking

Topic: Australiamining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel

Topic: Austriaconstruction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and paper, electronics, tourism

Topic: Azerbaijanpetroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles

Topic: Bahamas, Thetourism, banking, oil bunkering, maritime industries, transshipment and logistics, salt, aragonite, pharmaceuticals

Topic: Bahrainpetroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, Islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism

Topic: Bangladeshjute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity, natural gas

Topic: Barbadostourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export

Topic: Belarusmetal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, refrigerators, washing machines and other household appliances

Topic: Belgiumengineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, base metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Topic: Belizegarment production, food processing, tourism, construction, oil

Topic: Benintextiles, food processing, construction materials, cement

Topic: Bermudainternational business, tourism, light manufacturing

Topic: Bhutancement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism

Topic: Boliviamining, smelting, electricity, petroleum, food and beverages, handicrafts, clothing, jewelry

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinasteel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

Topic: Botswanadiamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver; beef processing; textiles

Topic: Braziltextiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Topic: British Virgin Islandstourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block, offshore banking center

Topic: Bruneipetroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction, agriculture, aquaculture, transportation

Topic: Bulgariaelectricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, automotive parts, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel; outsourcing centers

Topic: Burkina Fasocotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles, gold

Topic: Burmaagricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments; jade and gems

Topic: Burundilight consumer goods (sugar, shoes, soap, beer); cement, assembly of imported components; public works construction; food processing (fruits)

Topic: Cabo Verdefood and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt mining, ship repair

Topic: Cambodiatourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Topic: Cameroonpetroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Topic: Canadatransportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Topic: Cayman Islandstourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, construction materials, furniture

Topic: Central African Republicgold and diamond mining, logging, brewing, sugar refining

Topic: Chadoil, cotton textiles, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Topic: Chilecopper, lithium, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

Topic: Chinaworld leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, railcars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites

Topic: Christmas Islandtourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islandscopra products, tourism

Topic: Colombiatextiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds

Topic: Comorosfishing, tourism, perfume distillation

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of themining (copper, cobalt, gold, diamonds, coltan, zinc, tin, tungsten), mineral processing, consumer products (textiles, plastics, footwear, cigarettes), metal products, processed foods and beverages, timber, cement, commercial ship repair

Topic: Congo, Republic of thepetroleum extraction, cement, lumber, brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes

Topic: Cook Islandsfishing, fruit processing, tourism, clothing, handicrafts

Topic: Costa Ricamedical equipment, food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products

Topic: Cote d'Ivoirefoodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining, gold mining, truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials, electricity

Topic: Croatiachemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism

Topic: Cubapetroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar

Topic: Curacaotourism, petroleum refining, petroleum transshipment, light manufacturing, financial and business services

Topic: Cyprustourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products

Topic: Czechiamotor vehicles, metallurgy, machinery and equipment, glass, armaments

Topic: Denmarkwind turbines, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, shipbuilding and refurbishment, iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products

Topic: Dhekelianone

Topic: Djibouticonstruction, agricultural processing, shipping

Topic: Dominicasoap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes

Topic: Dominican Republictourism, sugar processing, gold mining, textiles, cement, tobacco, electrical components, medical devices

Topic: Ecuadorpetroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals

Topic: Egypttextiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures

Topic: El Salvadorfood processing, beverages, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizer, textiles, furniture, light metals

Topic: Equatorial Guineapetroleum, natural gas, sawmilling

Topic: Eritreafood processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement

Topic: Estoniafood, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Topic: Eswatinisoft drink concentrates, coal, forestry, sugar processing, textiles, and apparel

Topic: Ethiopiafood processing, beverages, textiles, leather, garments, chemicals, metals processing, cement

Topic: European Unionamong the world's largest and most technologically advanced regions, the EU industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and beverages, furniture, paper, textiles

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)fish and wool processing; tourism

Topic: Faroe Islandsfishing, fish processing, tourism, small ship repair and refurbishment, handicrafts

Topic: Fijitourism, sugar processing, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber

Topic: Finlandmetals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Topic: Francemachinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism

Topic: French Polynesiatourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts, phosphates

Topic: Gabonpetroleum extraction and refining; manganese, gold; chemicals, ship repair, food and beverages, textiles, lumbering and plywood, cement

Topic: Gambia, Thepeanuts, fish, hides, tourism, beverages, agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking, clothing

Topic: Gaza Striptextiles, food processing, furniture

Topic: Georgiasteel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, gold), chemicals, wood products, wine

Topic: Germanyamong the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, automobiles, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

Topic: Ghanamining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building, petroleum

Topic: Gibraltartourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Topic: Greecetourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum

Topic: Greenlandfish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut); anorthosite and ruby mining; handicrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards

Topic: Grenadafood and beverages, textiles, light assembly operations, tourism, construction, education, call-center operations

Topic: Guamnational defense, tourism, construction, transshipment services, concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Topic: Guatemalasugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism

Topic: Guernseytourism, banking

Topic: Guineabauxite, gold, diamonds, iron ore; light manufacturing, agricultural processing

Topic: Guinea-Bissauagricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks

Topic: Guyanabauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining

Topic: Haititextiles, sugar refining, flour milling, cement, light assembly using imported parts

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; mosaics, staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

Topic: Hondurassugar processing, coffee, woven and knit apparel, wood products, cigars

Topic: Hong Kongtrading and logistics, financial services, professional services, tourism, cultural and creative, clothing and textiles, shipping, electronics, toys, clocks and watches

Topic: Hungarymining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Topic: Icelandtourism, fish processing; aluminum smelting; geothermal power, hydropower; medical/pharmaceutical products

Topic: Indiatextiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals

Topic: Indonesiapetroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism

Topic: Iranpetroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments

Topic: Iraqpetroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing

Topic: Irelandpharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing; medical devices

Topic: Isle of Manfinancial services, light manufacturing, tourism

Topic: Israelhigh-technology products (including aviation, communications, computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, pharmaceuticals, construction, metal products, chemical products, plastics, cut diamonds, textiles, footwear

Topic: Italytourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Topic: Jamaicaagriculture, mining, manufacture, construction, financial and insurance services, tourism, telecommunications

Topic: Japanamong world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods

Topic: Jerseytourism, banking and finance, dairy, electronics

Topic: Jordantourism, information technology, clothing, fertilizer, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing

Topic: Kazakhstanoil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials

Topic: Kenyasmall-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminum, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism, information technology

Topic: Kiribatifishing, handicrafts

Topic: Korea, Northmilitary products; machine building, electric power, chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, limestone, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food processing; tourism

Topic: Korea, Southelectronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals, shipbuilding, steel

Topic: Kosovomineral mining, construction materials, base metals, leather, machinery, appliances, foodstuffs and beverages, textiles

Topic: Kuwaitpetroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair, water desalination, food processing, construction materials

Topic: Kyrgyzstansmall machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, lumber, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth metals

Topic: Laosmining (copper, tin, gold, gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism

Topic: Latviaprocessed foods, processed wood products, textiles, processed metals, pharmaceuticals, railroad cars, synthetic fibers, electronics

Topic: Lebanonbanking, tourism, real estate and construction, food processing, wine, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal fabricating

Topic: Lesothofood, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism

Topic: Liberiamining (iron ore and gold), rubber processing, palm oil processing, diamonds

Topic: Libyapetroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement

Topic: Liechtensteinelectronics, metal manufacturing, dental products, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism, optical instruments

Topic: Lithuaniametal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, televisions, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small ships), furniture, textiles, food processing, fertilizer, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, lasers, electronic components, computers, amber jewelry, information technology, video game development, app/software development, biotechnology

Topic: Luxembourgbanking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

Topic: Macautourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys

Topic: Madagascarmeat processing, seafood, soap, beer, leather, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism, mining

Topic: Malawitobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Topic: MalaysiaPeninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, petroleum and natural gas, light manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, medical technology, electronics and semiconductors, timber processing; Sabah - logging, petroleum and natural gas production;Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum and natural gas production, logging

Topic: Maldivestourism, fish processing, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining

Topic: Malifood processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Topic: Maltatourism, electronics, ship building and repair, construction, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, footwear, clothing, tobacco, aviation services, financial services, information technology services

Topic: Marshall Islandscopra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items (from seashells, wood, and pearls)

Topic: Mauritaniafish processing, oil production, mining (iron ore, gold, copper)

note: gypsum deposits have never been exploited

Topic: Mauritiusfood processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing, mining, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery, tourism

Topic: Mexicofood and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States oftourism, construction; specialized aquaculture, craft items (shell and wood)

Topic: Moldovasugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

Topic: Monacobanking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products

Topic: Mongoliaconstruction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Topic: Montenegrosteelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Topic: Montserrattourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Topic: Moroccoautomotive parts, phosphate mining and processing, aerospace, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, energy, tourism

Topic: Mozambiquealuminum, petroleum products, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco, food, beverages

Topic: Namibiameatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, pasta, beverages; mining (diamonds, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Topic: Nauruphosphate mining, offshore banking, coconut products

Topic: Nepaltourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production

Topic: Netherlandsagroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing

Topic: New Caledonianickel mining and smelting

Topic: New Zealandagriculture, forestry, fishing, logs and wood articles, manufacturing, mining, construction, financial services, real estate services, tourism

Topic: Nicaraguafood processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, knit and woven apparel, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood, electric wire harness manufacturing, mining

Topic: Nigeruranium mining, petroleum, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Topic: Nigeriacrude oil, coal, tin, columbite; rubber products, wood; hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel

Topic: Niuehandicrafts, food processing

Topic: Norfolk Islandtourism, light industry, ready mixed concrete

Topic: North Macedoniafood processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandstourism, banking, construction, fishing, handicrafts, other services

Topic: Norwaypetroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles

Topic: Omancrude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural gas production; construction, cement, copper, steel, chemicals, optic fiber

Topic: Pakistantextiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, surgical instruments, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Topic: Palautourism, fishing, subsistence agriculture

Topic: Panamaconstruction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling

Topic: Papua New Guineacopra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining (gold, silver, copper); crude oil and petroleum products; construction, tourism, livestock (pork, poultry, cattle), dairy products, spice products (turmeric, vanilla, ginger, cardamom, chili, pepper, citronella, and nutmeg), fisheries products

Topic: Paraguaysugar processing, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel, base metals, electric power

Topic: Perumining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Topic: Philippinessemiconductors and electronics assembly, business process outsourcing, food and beverage manufacturing, construction, electric/gas/water supply, chemical products, radio/television/communications equipment and apparatus, petroleum and fuel, textile and garments, non-metallic minerals, basic metal industries, transport equipment

Topic: Pitcairn Islandspostage stamps, handicrafts, beekeeping, honey

Topic: Polandmachine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Topic: Portugaltextiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper and pulp, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, automobiles and auto parts, base metals, minerals, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; dairy products, wine, other foodstuffs; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, plastics, financial services, optics

Topic: Puerto Ricopharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, tourism

Topic: Qatarliquefied natural gas, crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizer, petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship repair

Topic: Romaniaelectric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

Topic: Russiacomplete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Topic: Rwandacement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunhaconstruction, crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing, collectible postage stamps

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevistourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, beverages

Topic: Saint Luciatourism; clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated cardboard boxes, lime processing, coconut processing

Topic: Saint Martintourism, light industry and manufacturing, heavy industry

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelonfish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadinestourism; food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch

Topic: Samoafood processing, building materials, auto parts

Topic: San Marinotourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Topic: Sao Tome and Principelight construction, textiles, soap, beer, fish processing, timber

Topic: Saudi Arabiacrude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, construction

Topic: Senegalagricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, zircon, and gold mining, construction materials, ship construction and repair

Topic: Serbiaautomobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Topic: Seychellesfishing, tourism, beverages

Topic: Sierra Leonediamond mining; iron ore, rutile and bauxite mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, footwear)

Topic: Singaporeelectronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, biomedical products, scientific instruments, telecommunication equipment, processed food and beverages, ship repair, offshore platform construction, entrepot trade

Topic: Sint Maartentourism, light industry

Topic: Slovakiaautomobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical

Topic: Sloveniaferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Topic: Solomon Islandsfish (tuna), mining, timber

Topic: Somalialight industries, including sugar refining, textiles, wireless communication

Topic: South Africamining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, commercial ship repair

Topic: Spaintextiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Topic: Sri Lankaprocessing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, construction

Topic: Sudanoil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly, milling

Topic: Surinamegold mining, oil, lumber, food processing, fishing

Topic: Swedeniron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles

Topic: Switzerlandmachinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, banking, insurance, pharmaceuticals

Topic: Syriapetroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, automobile assembly

Topic: Taiwanelectronics, communications and information technology products, petroleum refining, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals

Topic: Tajikistanaluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil

Topic: Tanzaniaagricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); mining (diamonds, gold, and iron), salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer

Topic: Thailandtourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry and electric appliances, computers and parts, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics, automobiles and automotive parts, agricultural machinery, air conditioning and refrigeration, ceramics, aluminum, chemical, environmental management, glass, granite and marble, leather, machinery and metal work, petrochemical, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, printing, pulp and paper, rubber, sugar, rice, fishing, cassava, world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer

Topic: Timor-Lesteprinting, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth

Topic: Togophosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages

Topic: Tokelausmall-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing

Topic: Tongatourism, construction, fishing

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagopetroleum and petroleum products, liquefied natural gas, methanol, ammonia, urea, steel products, beverages, food processing, cement, cotton textiles

Topic: Tunisiapetroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Topic: Turkmenistannatural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandstourism, offshore financial services

Topic: Tuvalufishing

Topic: Ugandasugar processing, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production

Topic: Ukrainecoal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing

Topic: United Arab Emiratespetroleum and petrochemicals; fishing, aluminum, cement, fertilizer, commercial ship repair, construction materials, handicrafts, textiles

Topic: United Kingdommachine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, other consumer goods

Topic: United Stateshighly diversified, world leading, high-technology innovator, second-largest industrial output in the world; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

Topic: Uruguayfood processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages

Topic: Uzbekistantextiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals

Topic: Vanuatufood and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning

Topic: Venezuelaagricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products, crude oil and petroleum products

Topic: Vietnamfood processing, garments, shoes, machine-building; mining, coal, steel; cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, mobile phones

Topic: Virgin Islandstourism, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, electronics

Topic: Wallis and Futunacopra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber

Topic: West Banksmall-scale manufacturing, quarrying, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs

Topic: Worlddominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new technologies is complicating already grim environmental problemsdominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new technologies is complicating already grim environmental problems

Topic: Yemencrude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles, leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; aluminum products; cement; commercial ship repair; natural gas production

Topic: Zambiacopper mining and processing, emerald mining, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture

Topic: Zimbabwemining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, diamonds, clay, numerous metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel; wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens DO NOT TRAVEL to Russia due to the unprovoked and unjustified invasion of Ukraine by Russian military forces, the potential for harassment against U.S. citizens by Russian government security officials, the singling out of U.S. citizens in Russia by Russian government security officials including for detention, the arbitrary enforcement of local law, limited flights into and out of Russia, the Embassy’s limited ability to assist U.S. citizens in Russia, COVID-19 and related entry restrictions, and terrorism. U.S. citizens residing or travelling in Russia should depart Russia immediately. Some areas have increased risk due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws, and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 2 blank pages in their passport for any entry stamp and or visa that will be required. A visa is required. US citizens will need to get in touch with the country’s embassy or nearest consulate to obtain a visa prior to visiting the country.
US Embassy/Consulate: [7] (495) 728-5000; US Embassy Moscow, Bolshoy Deviatinsky, Pereulok No. 8, Moscow 121099, Russian Federation; MoscowACS@state.gov;

https://ru.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code: 7
Local Emergency Phone: 112
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Currency (Code): Russian rubles (RUB)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 220 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, F

Major Languages: Russian, Tatar, Chechen
Major Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2%, note: estimates of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers
Time Difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and daylight saving time dropped
Potable Water: Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: Moscow (includes Kremlin & Red Square, Saint Basil Cathedral); Suzdal; Lake Baikal; Saint Sophia Cathedral (Veliky Novgorod); Kizhi Island; Valley of Geysers; Mount Elbrus; Saint Petersburg (includes Hermitage Museum, Saint Isaac’s Cathedral, Peterhof Palace)
Major Sports: Soccer, ice hockey, handball, basketball,  tennis
Cultural Practices: Leaving a small amount of food on your plate indicates that your host has provided ample hospitality.
Tipping Guidelines: Tip between 10-15% of the bill at restaurants. A porter or bellhop should receive 30-90 rubles or $1-3 (USD) per bag to carry luggage to a room. Hotel housekeeping would appreciate between 60-120 rubles per day. Tipping taxi drivers is not necessary.Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Thursday, April 07, 2022


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens exercise increased caution in the United Kingdom due to terrorism. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country and during the length of their entire visit. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than 6 months.
US Embassy/Consulate: [44] 20 7499-9000; Embassy of the United States of America, 33 Nine Elms Lane, London, SW11 7US (mailing postcode), SW8 5DB (driving/GPS postcode), United Kingdom; SCSLondon@state.gov;

https://uk.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code: 44
Local Emergency Phone: 112, 999
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one half of the days are overcast
Currency (Code): British pounds (GBP)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): G

Major Languages: English, Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Irish, Cornish
Major Religions: Christian (includes Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 59.5%, Muslim 4.4%, Hindu 1.3%, none 25.7%
Time Difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March, ends last Sunday in October; note: applies to the United Kingdom proper, not to its crown dependencies or overseas territories
Potable Water: Yes
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Left
Tourist Destinations: London (includes the Tower of London, British Museum, Parliament, Trafalgar Square); Windsor Castle; Stonehenge; Roman Baths & Georgian City of Bath; York Minster & historic Yorkshire; Chester Zoo; Cotswolds & Lake District; Hadrian's Wall; Edinburgh; Cardiff
Major Sports: Soccer, cricket, rugby, badminton, tennis, netball, field hockey
Cultural Practices: It is considered rude to wave one's hand or to call when summoning a waiter at a restaurant.
Tipping Guidelines: It is customary to leave 10-15% of the total bill as a tip when eating out, although some restaurants add on a service charge instead. Tip bartenders 1 pound. It is polite to tip 10-15% of the taxi fare, or round up to the nearest pound as a convenience. Tip porters 2 pounds to bring luggage to your room.
Souvenirs: Teas, preserves, stationary, Jasperware, shortbread cookies, chocolate, scotchPlease visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Tuesday, May 10, 2022