Topic: Photos of Indonesia

Topic: Introduction
Background: The archipelago was once largely under the control of Buddhist and Hindu rulers. By around the 7th century, a Buddhist kingdom arose on Sumatra and expanded into Java and the Malay Peninsula until it was conquered in the late 13th century by the Hindu Majapahit Empire from Java. Majapahit (1290-1527) united most of modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia. Traders introduced Islam in the trade ports around the 11th century, and Indonesians gradually adopted Islam over the next 500 years. The Portuguese conquered parts of Indonesia in the 16th century, but they were ousted by the Dutch (except in East Timor), who began colonizing the islands in the early 17th century. It would be the early 20th century before Dutch colonial rule was established across the entirety of what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.

Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S, 120 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area: total: 1,904,569 sq km

land: 1,811,569 sq km

water: 93,000 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 2,958 km

border countries (3): Malaysia 1,881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km; Timor-Leste 253 km
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
Elevation: highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 367 m
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.)

arable land: 13% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 51.7% (2018 est.)

other: 17.1% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 67,220 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km
note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World
Major rivers (by length in km): Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Population distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest firesvolcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note: note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire" note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

note 4: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcanenote 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Oceannote 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire"note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

note 4: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcane
Map description: Indonesia map showing major cities and islands of this archipelagic country as well as parts of surrounding countries.  Indonesia map showing major cities and islands of this archipelagic country as well as parts of surrounding countries.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 277,329,163 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s)

adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

major-language sample(s):
Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)
Demographic profile: Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest population.  It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world.  The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2045.  A government-supported family planning program.  The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s.  The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations. The fertility decline slowed in the late 1990’s when responsibility for family planning programs shifted to the district level, where the programs were not prioritized.  Since 2012 the national government revitalized the national family planning program, and Indonesia’s TFR has slowly decreased to 2.3 in 2020.  The government may reach its goal of achieving replacement level fertility – 2.1 children per woman – but the large number of women of childbearing age ensures significant population growth for many years.  Indonesia is a source country for labor migrants, a transit country for asylum seekers, and a destination mainly for highly skilled migrant workers.  International labor migration, both legal and illegal, from Indonesia to other parts of Asia (most commonly Malaysia) and the Middle East has taken place for decades because of high unemployment and underemployment, poverty, and low wages domestically.  Increasing numbers of migrant workers are drawn to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US.  The majority of Indonesian labor migration is temporary and consists predominantly of low-skilled workers, mainly women working as domestics. Indonesia’s strategic location between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans – and its relatively easy accessibility via boat – appeal to asylum seekers.  It is also an attractive transit location because of its easy entry requirements and the ability to continue on to Australia.  Recent asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Burma (Rohingyas), Iraq, Somalia, and Sri Lanka.  Since 2013, when Australia tightening its immigration policy, thousands of migrants and asylum seekers have been stranded in Indonesia, where they live in precarious conditions and receive only limited support from international organizations.  The situation for refugees in Indonesia has also worsened because Australia and the US, which had resettled the majority of refugees in Indonesia, have significantly lowered their intake.Indonesia has the world’s fourth-largest population.  It is predominantly Muslim and has the largest Muslim population of any country in the world.  The population is projected to increase to as much as 320 million by 2045.  A government-supported family planning program.  The total fertility rate (TFR) – the average number of births per woman – from 5.6 in the mid-1960s to 2.7 in the mid-1990s.  The success of the program was also due to the social acceptance of family planning, which received backing from influential Muslim leaders and organizations.The fertility decline slowed in the late 1990’s when responsibility for family planning programs shifted to the district level, where the programs were not prioritized.  Since 2012 the national government revitalized the national family planning program, and Indonesia’s TFR has slowly decreased to 2.3 in 2020.  The government may reach its goal of achieving replacement level fertility – 2.1 children per woman – but the large number of women of childbearing age ensures significant population growth for many years. Indonesia is a source country for labor migrants, a transit country for asylum seekers, and a destination mainly for highly skilled migrant workers.  International labor migration, both legal and illegal, from Indonesia to other parts of Asia (most commonly Malaysia) and the Middle East has taken place for decades because of high unemployment and underemployment, poverty, and low wages domestically.  Increasing numbers of migrant workers are drawn to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US.  The majority of Indonesian labor migration is temporary and consists predominantly of low-skilled workers, mainly women working as domestics.Indonesia’s strategic location between Asia and Australia and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans – and its relatively easy accessibility via boat – appeal to asylum seekers.  It is also an attractive transit location because of its easy entry requirements and the ability to continue on to Australia.  Recent asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Burma (Rohingyas), Iraq, Somalia, and Sri Lanka.  Since 2013, when Australia tightening its immigration policy, thousands of migrants and asylum seekers have been stranded in Indonesia, where they live in precarious conditions and receive only limited support from international organizations.  The situation for refugees in Indonesia has also worsened because Australia and the US, which had resettled the majority of refugees in Indonesia, have significantly lowered their intake.
Age structure: 0-14 years: 23.87% (male 32,473,246/female 31,264,034)

15-24 years: 16.76% (male 22,786,920/female 21,960,130)

25-54 years: 42.56% (male 58,249,570/female 55,409,579)

55-64 years: 8.99% (male 11,033,838/female 12,968,005)

65 years and over: 7.82% (2020 est.) (male 9,099,773/female 11,781,271)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 47.5

youth dependency ratio: 38.3

elderly dependency ratio: 9.2

potential support ratio: 10.8 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 31.1 years

male: 30.5 years

female: 31.8 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.79% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated
Urbanization: urban population: 57.9% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 11.075 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.622 million Bekasi, 3.005 million Surabaya, 2.942 million Depok, 2.638 million Bandung, 2.456 million Tangerang (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 22.4 years (2017 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio: 177 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 19.73 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 22.15 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 17.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.08 years

male: 70.86 years

female: 75.4 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.01 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 55.5% (2018)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 98.2% of population

rural: 86.8% of population

total: 93.3% of population

unimproved: urban: 1.8% of population

rural: 13.2% of population

total: 6.7% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 2.9% (2019)
Physicians density: 0.62 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 97.2% of population

rural: 86.5% of population

total: 92.5% of population

unimproved: urban: 2.8% of population

rural: 13.5% of population

total: 7.5% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 540,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 24,000 (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Indonesia; as of 6 June 2022, Indonesia has reported a total of 6,057,142 cases of COVID-19 or 2,214.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 156,622 cumulative deaths or a rate 57.26 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 3 June 2022, 72.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 6.9% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 37.6% (2020 est.)

male: 71.4% (2020 est.)

female: 3.7% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 17.7% (2018)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 2%

women married by age 18: 16.3% (2017 est.)
Education expenditures: 2.8% of GDP (2019 est.)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 96%

male: 97.4%

female: 94.6% (2020)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 14 years (2018)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 14.8%

male: 15.1%

female: 14.3% (2020 est.)
People - note: Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 15.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 563.32 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 244.5 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Land use: agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.)

arable land: 13% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.)

forest: 51.7% (2018 est.)

other: 17.1% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 57.9% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.39% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 1.06% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Indonesia; as of 6 June 2022, Indonesia has reported a total of 6,057,142 cases of COVID-19 or 2,214.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 156,622 cumulative deaths or a rate 57.26 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 3 June 2022, 72.5% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 65.2 million tons (2016 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 4.564 million tons (2016 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 7% (2016 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Danau Toba - 1,150 sq km
note - located in the caldera of a super volcano that erupted more than 70,000 years ago; it is the largest volcanic lake in the World
Major rivers (by length in km): Sepik (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,126 km; Fly (shared with Papua New Guinea [s]) - 1,050 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form: Indonesia

local long form: Republik Indonesia

local short form: Indonesia

former: Netherlands East Indies (Dutch East Indies), Netherlands New Guinea

etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands"
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Jakarta; note - Indonesian lawmakers on 18 January 2022 approved the relocation of the country’s capital from Jakarta to a site in East Kalimantan, a jungle area of Borneo; the move to Nusantara, the name of the new capital, will take several years

geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E

time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note: Indonesia has three time zones

etymology: "Jakarta" derives from the Sanscrit "Jayakarta" meaning "victorious city" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named "Sunda Kelapa"
Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta**

note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services
Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution: history: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959

amendments: proposed by the People’s Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002
Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal; married persons regardless of age
Executive branch: chief of state: President Joko "Jokowi" WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Joko "Jokowi" WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 April 2019 (next election 2024)

election results: 2019: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5%

2014: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 53.15%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 46.85%
Legislative branch: description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) consists of:
Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authority
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (575 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms) (2019)

elections: Regional Representative Council - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024)
House of Representatives - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) (2019)

election results: Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; composition - men 102, women 34, percent of women 25%
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.3%, Gerindra 12.6%, Golkar 12.3%,  PKB 9.7%, Nasdem 9.1%, PKS 8.2%, PD 7.8%, PAN 6.8%, PPP 4.5%, other 9.6%; seats by party - PDI-P 128, Golkar 85, Gerindra 78, Nasdem 59, PKB 58, PD 54, PKS 50, PAN 44, PPP 19; composition - men 449, women 126, percent of women 21.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percent of women 22.5% (2019)
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts
Political parties and leaders: Berkarya Party [Muchdi PURWOPRANJONO]
Crescent Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA]
Democrat Party or PD [Agus Harimurti YUDHOYONO]
Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO]
Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo]
Garuda Party [Ahmad Ridha SABANA]
Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]
Indonesian Justice and Unity Party or PKPI [Yussuf SOLICHIEN]
Indonesian Solidarity Party or PSI [GIRING GANESHA]
National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]
National Democratic Party or NasDem [Surya PALOH]
National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN]
People's Conscience Party or Hanura [Oesman Sapta ODANG]
Perindo Party [Hary TANOESOEDIBJO]
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Ahmad SYAIKHU]
United Development Party or PPP [Suharso MONOARFA] (2021)
International organization participation: ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rosan Perkasa ROESLANI (since 13 January 2022)

chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200

FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365

email address and website:
http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/

consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sung Y. KIM (since 21 October 2020)

embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC  20521-8200

telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000

FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189

email address and website:
jakartaacs@state.gov

https://id.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Surabaya

consulate(s): Medan
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
National symbol(s): garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white
National anthem: name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

note: adopted 1945
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 9 (5 cultural, 4 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Borobudur Temple Compounds (c); Komodo National Park (n); Prambanan Temple Compounds (c); Ujung Kulon National Park (n); Sangiran Early Man Site (c); Lorentz National Park (n); Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (n); Cultural Landscape of Bali Province (c); Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia’s annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to 34% today. In May 2017 Standard & Poor’s became the last major ratings agency to upgrade Indonesia’s sovereign credit rating to investment grade.   Poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions are still part of Indonesia’s economic landscape. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks to develop Indonesia’s maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized.Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia’s annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to 34% today. In May 2017 Standard & Poor’s became the last major ratings agency to upgrade Indonesia’s sovereign credit rating to investment grade. Poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions are still part of Indonesia’s economic landscape. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks to develop Indonesia’s maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $3,130,470,000,000 (2020 est.)

$3,196,620,000,000 (2019 est.)

$3,043,880,000,000 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 5.03% (2019 est.)

5.17% (2018 est.)

5.07% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $11,400 (2020 est.)

$11,800 (2019 est.)

$11,400 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $1,119,720,000,000 (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (2019 est.)

3.2% (2018 est.)

3.8% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: BBB (2017)

Moody's rating: Baa2 (2018)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2019)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 13.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 41% (2017 est.)

services: 45.4% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 9.1% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 32.1% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 20.4% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -19.2% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: oil palm fruit, rice, maize, sugar cane, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, poultry, rubber
Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 129.366 million (2019 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 32%

industry: 21%

services: 47% (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate: 5.31% (2018 est.)

5.4% (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 14.8%

male: 15.1%

female: 14.3% (2020 est.)
Population below poverty line: 9.4% (2019 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 37.8 (2018 est.)

39.4 (2005)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)
Budget: revenues: 131.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 159.6 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 28.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

28.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 13% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$30.359 billion (2019 est.)

-$30.633 billion (2018 est.)
Exports: $178.26 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$200.1 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$211.93 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: China 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: coal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)
Imports: $159.64 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$204.23 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$218.65 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: China 27%, Singapore 12%, Japan 8%, Thailand 5%, United States 5%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, telephones, natural gas (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $130.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
Debt - external: $393.252 billion (2019 est.)

$360.945 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar -

14,110 (2020 est.)

14,015 (2019 est.)

14,470 (2018 est.)

13,389.4 (2014 est.)

11,865.2 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 99% (2019)

electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019)

electrification - rural areas: 99% (2019)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 69.065 million kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 256,742,190,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 0 kWh (2020 est.)

imports: 1.553 billion kWh (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 25.08 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 82.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 6.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: production: 563.728 million metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 132.548 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 409.892 million metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 8.95 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 39.891 billion metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 842,300 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 1.649 million bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 204,000 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 309,700 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 2.48 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 79,930 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 591,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas: production: 62,612,013,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

consumption: 38,673,953,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports: 23,938,060,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves: 1,408,478,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 563.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 267.326 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 209.279 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 86.938 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: 29.68 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 9,662,135 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 355,620,388 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 130 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Indonesia faces more than the usual number of obstacles in terms of enabling widespread access to quality telecommunications services for its population of more than 270 million; the geographical challenges have been further compounded by a variety of social, political, and economic problems over the years that have kept the country’s wealth distributed very thinly; the fixed-line (fiber) and mobile operators have continued to expand and upgrade their networks across the country; Indonesia’s 18,000 islands (many of which, however, are sparsely populated) makes the deployment of fixed-line infrastructure on a broad scale largely impractica; the relatively low subscription rate of 4.6% is also a by-product of years of under-investment by the previously state-owned incumbent Telkom; there has been renewed activity in fiber optic cable, but the bundling of fixed-line telephony with TV and internet services will see the country’s teledensity stabilize; mobile subscriptions have reached more than 130% and is projected to exceed 150% by 2026; with 4G LTE universally available, the major mobile companies have been busy launching 5G services in selected areas; Telkomsel was the first to go live in Jakarta in May 2021, followed by Indosat Ooredoo’s launch in the city of Solo a month later; the rollout of 5G will be hampered by the lack of availability of suitable frequencies; Telkomsel, for example, was forced to launch using limited frequencies in the 2.3-2.4GHz band, which is only supported by a small number of handsets; the 4G had to be reallocated from broadcasting services, and indications are that the same process is going to have to be followed in order to allow the expansion of 5G into its core frequency bands (3.3 to 4.2GHz). (2022)

domestic: fixed-line subscribership roughly 3 per 100 and mobile-cellular 130 per 100 persons; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly (2020)

international: country code - 62; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4,  & 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media: mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019)
Internet country code: .id
Internet users: total: 147,702,755 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 54% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 11,722,218 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 611

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,154,100 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,131,910,000 (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: PK
Airports: total: 673 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 186

over 3,047 m: 5

2,438 to 3,047 m: 21

1,524 to 2,437 m: 51

914 to 1,523 m: 72

under 914 m: 37 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 487

1,524 to 2,437 m: 4

914 to 1,523 m: 23

under 914 m: 460 (2021)
Heliports: 76 (2021)
Pipelines: 1,064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11,702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7,767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013)
Railways: total: 8,159 km (2014)

narrow gauge: 8,159 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified)

note: 4,816 km operational
Roadways: total: 496,607 km (2011)

paved: 283,102 km (2011)

unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)
Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)
Merchant marine: total: 10,427

by type: bulk carrier 148, container ship 226, general cargo 2,238, oil tanker 676, other 7,139 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

container port(s) (TEUs): Tanjung Perak (3,900,000), Tanjung Priok (7,600,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s) (import): Arun, Lampung, West Java

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir, KorMar), Naval Aviation Center (PUSPENERBAL)), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Kopassus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad), National Army Reserve Component (Komcad) (2022)

note 1: in 2014, Indonesia created a Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) to coordinate the actions of all maritime security agencies, including the Navy, the Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP), the Water Police (Polair), Customs (Bea Cukai), and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries

note 2: the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counter-terrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror)
Military expenditures: 0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

0.8% of GDP (2020)

0.8% of GDP (2019) (approximately $15.5 billion)

0.7% of GDP (2018) (approximately $14.5 billion)

0.9% of GDP (2017) (approximately $15.5 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately, 400,000 active duty troops (300,000 Army; 60,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Indonesian military inventory comes from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the top suppliers included China, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the US; the TNI has been engaged in a long-term modernization program since 2010 with uneven success; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government publicly said that growing its domestic defense industry is a national priority over the next 5-10 years (2022)
Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized (males, age 18), but not utilized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers) (2021)
Military deployments: 225 (plus about 140 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,025 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,225 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (May 2022)
Military - note: as of 2022, Indonesian military and police forces were engaged in counter-insurgency operations in Papua against the West Papua Liberation Army, the military wing of the Free Papua Organization, which has been fighting a low-level insurgency since the 1960s when Indonesia annexed the former Dutch colony; since 2019, there has been an increase in militant activity in Papua and a larger Indonesian military presence; Papua was formally incorporated into Indonesia in 1969; in addition, the Indonesian military has been assisting police in Sulawesi in countering the Mujahideen Indonesia Timur (MIT; aka East Indonesia Mujahideen), a local Islamic State (ISIS)-affiliated terrorist group

Indonesia is not a formal claimant in the South China Sea, although some of its waters lie within China's “nine-dash line” maritime claims, resulting in some stand offs in recent years; since 2016, the Indonesian military has bolstered its presence on Great Natuna Island (aka Pulau Natuna Besar), the main island of the Middle Natuna Archipelago, which is part of the Riau Islands Province, held military exercises in surrounding waters, and increased security cooperation (2022)
Maritime threats: the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; the number of attacks decreased from 26 incidents in 2020 to nine in 2021 due to aggressive maritime patrolling by regional authorities; vessels continue to be boarded while anchored or berthed at Indonesian ports with seven vessels attacked; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (aka Jemaah Anshorut Daulah); Jemaah Islamiyah

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundaryIndonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 5,792 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2021)

IDPs: 73,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2021)

stateless persons: 668 (mid-year 2021)
Illicit drugs: a transit and destination point for illicit narcotics; consumer of crystal methamphetamine trafficked in Burma and Pakistan and also transit to Australia and New Zealand; significant consumer of ecstasy from China and the Netherlands and domestically grown cannabis  a transit and destination point for illicit narcotics; consumer of crystal methamphetamine trafficked in Burma and Pakistan and also transit to Australia and New Zealand; significant consumer of ecstasy from China and the Netherlands and domestically grown cannabis


Topic: Introduction
Background: Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community.Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 783,562 sq km

land: 769,632 sq km

water: 13,930 sq km
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Topic: People and Society
Population: 83,047,706 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)
Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages
Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)
Population growth rate: 0.67% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Ankara
Executive branch: chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkey Buyuk Millet Meclisi (600 seats - increased from 550 seats beginning with June 2018 election; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms - increased from 4 to 5 years beginning with June 2018 election)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: upper middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; economic instability from 2016 attempted coup and 2018 currency recession; hit hard by COVID-19, increasing poverty and unemployment; endemic corruption; large agriculture labor forceupper middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; economic instability from 2016 attempted coup and 2018 currency recession; hit hard by COVID-19, increasing poverty and unemployment; endemic corruption; large agriculture labor force
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $2,393,960,000,000 (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $28,400 (2020 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, wheat, sugar beet, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, grapes, watermelons, apples
Industries: textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Exports: $203.29 billion (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: Germany 9%, United Kingdom 6%, Iraq 5%, Italy 5%, United States 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, jewelry, clothing and apparel (2019)
Imports: $232.01 billion (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: Germany 11%, China 9%, Russia 9%, United States 5%, Italy 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: gold, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, scrap iron (2019)Page last updated: Wednesday, Jun 15, 2022


This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.

Topic: Afghanistan23.9% (2017 est.)

22.6% (2016 est.)

Topic: Albania5.83% (2019 est.)

6.32% (2018 est.)

note: these official rates may not include those working at near-subsistence farming

Topic: Algeria11.7% (2017 est.)

10.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: American Samoa29.8% (2005)

Topic: Andorra3.7% (2016 est.)

4.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Angola6.6% (2016 est.)

Topic: Anguilla8% (2002)

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda11% (2014 est.)

Topic: Argentina9.84% (2019 est.)

9.18% (2018 est.)

Topic: Armenia18.9% (2017 est.)

18.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Aruba7.7% (2016 est.)

Topic: Australia5.16% (2019 est.)

5.29% (2018 est.)

Topic: Austria7.35% (2019 est.)

7.7% (2018 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan5% (2017 est.)

5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The10.1% (2017 est.)

12.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Bahrain3.6% (2017 est.)

3.7% (2016 est.)

note: official estimate; actual rate is higher

Topic: Bangladesh4.4% (2017 est.)

4.4% (2016 est.)

note: about 40% of the population is underemployed; many persons counted as employed work only a few hours a week and at low wages

Topic: Barbados10.1% (2017 est.)

9.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Belarus0.8% (2017 est.)

1% (2016 est.)

note: official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers

Topic: Belgium5.36% (2019 est.)

5.96% (2018 est.)

Topic: Belize9% (2017 est.)

8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Benin1% (2014 est.)

Topic: Bermuda7% (2017 est.)

7% (2016 est.)

Topic: Bhutan3.2% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Bolivia4% (2017 est.)

4% (2016 est.)

note: data are for urban areas; widespread underemployment

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina33.28% (2019 est.)

35.97% (2018 est.)

note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy

Topic: Botswana20% (2013 est.)

17.8% (2009 est.)

Topic: Brazil11.93% (2019 est.)

12.26% (2018 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islands2.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Brunei6.9% (2017 est.)

6.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Bulgaria5.66% (2019 est.)

6.18% (2018 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso77% (2004)

Topic: Burma4% (2017 est.)

4% (2016 est.)

Topic: BurundiNANA

Topic: Cabo Verde9% (2017 est.)

9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Cambodia0.3% (2017 est.)

0.2% (2016 est.)

note: high underemployment, according to official statistics

Topic: Cameroon4.3% (2014 est.)

30% (2001 est.)

Topic: Canada5.67% (2019 est.)

5.83% (2018 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islands4% (2008)

4.4% (2004)

Topic: Central African Republic6.9% (2017 est.)

Topic: ChadNANA

Topic: Chile7.22% (2019 est.)

7.33% (2018 est.)

Topic: China3.64% (2019 est.)

3.84% (2018 est.)

note: data are for registered urban unemployment, which excludes private enterprises and migrants

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islands0.1% (2011)

60% (2000 est.)

Topic: Colombia10.5% (2019 est.)

9.68% (2018 est.)

Topic: Comoros6.5% (2014 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of theNANA

Topic: Congo, Republic of the36% (2014 est.)

Topic: Cook Islands13.1% (2005)

Topic: Costa Rica8.1% (2017 est.)

9.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire9.4% (2013 est.)

Topic: Croatia8.07% (2019 est.)

9.86% (2018 est.)

Topic: Cuba2.6% (2017 est.)

2.4% (2016 est.)

note: data are official rates; unofficial estimates are about double

Topic: Curacao13% (2013 est.)

9.8% (2011 est.)

Topic: Cyprus7.07% (2019 est.)

8.37% (2018 est.)

Topic: Czechia2.8% (2019 est.)

3.18% (2018 est.)

Topic: Denmark3.05% (2019 est.)

3.07% (2018 est.)

Topic: Djibouti40% (2017 est.)

60% (2014 est.)

Topic: Dominica23% (2000 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic5.1% (2017 est.)

5.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Ecuador5.71% (2019 est.)

5.26% (2018 est.)

Topic: Egypt7.86% (2019 est.)

12.7% (2016 est.)

Topic: El Salvador7% (2017 est.)

6.9% (2016 est.)

note: data are official rates; but underemployment is high

Topic: Equatorial Guinea8.6% (2014 est.)

22.3% (2009 est.)

Topic: Eritrea5.8% (2017 est.)

10% (2016 est.)

Topic: Estonia4.94% (2019 est.)

4.73% (2018 est.)

Topic: Eswatini28% (2014 est.)

28% (2013 est.)

Topic: Ethiopia17.5% (2012 est.)

18% (2011 est.)

Topic: European Union8.6% (2016 est.)

9.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)1% (2016 est.)

Topic: Faroe Islands2.2% (2017 est.)

3.4% (2016 est.)

Topic: Fiji4.5% (2017 est.)

5.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Finland6.63% (2019 est.)

7.38% (2018 est.)

Topic: France8.12% (2019 est.)

8.69% (2018 est.)

note: includes overseas territories

Topic: French Polynesia21.8% (2012)

11.7% (2010)

Topic: Gabon28% (2015 est.)

20.4% (2014 est.)

Topic: Gambia, TheNANA

Topic: Gaza Strip27.9% (2017 est.)

27% (2016 est.)

note: data exclude the West Bank

Topic: Georgia11.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Germany4.98% (2019 est.)

5.19% (2018 est.)

Topic: Ghana11.9% (2015 est.)

5.2% (2013 est.)

Topic: Gibraltar1% (2016 est.)

Topic: Greece17.3% (2019 est.)

19.34% (2018 est.)

Topic: Greenland9.1% (2015 est.)

10.3% (2014 est.)

Topic: Grenada24% (2017 est.)

28.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Guam4.5% (2017 est.)

3.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Guatemala2.3% (2017 est.)

2.4% (2016 est.)

Topic: Guernsey1.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Guinea2.7% (2017 est.)

2.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Guinea-BissauNANA

Topic: Guyana11.1% (2013)

11.3% (2012)

Topic: Haiti40.6% (2010 est.)

note: widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs

Topic: Honduras5.6% (2017 est.)

6.3% (2016 est.)

note: about one-third of the people are underemployed

Topic: Hong Kong2.93% (2019 est.)

2.83% (2018 est.)

Topic: Hungary3.45% (2019 est.)

3.71% (2018 est.)

Topic: Iceland3.62% (2019 est.)

2.73% (2018 est.)

Topic: India8.5% (2017 est.)

8.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Indonesia5.31% (2018 est.)

5.4% (2017 est.)

Topic: Iran11.8% (2017 est.)

12.4% (2016 est.)

note: data are Iranian Government numbers

Topic: Iraq16% (2012 est.)

15% (2010 est.)

Topic: Ireland4.98% (2019 est.)

5.78% (2018 est.)

Topic: Isle of Man1.1% (2017 est.)

2% (April 2011 est.)

Topic: Israel4.4% (2020 est.)

3.81% (2019 est.)

4% (2018 est.)

Topic: Italy9.88% (2019 est.)

10.63% (2018 est.)

Topic: Jamaica7.72% (2019 est.)

9.13% (2018 est.)

Topic: Japan2.36% (2019 est.)

2.44% (2018 est.)

Topic: Jersey4% (2015 est.)

4.6% (2014 est.)

Topic: Jordan19.1% (2019 est.)

18.61% (2018 est.)

note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%

Topic: Kazakhstan4.8% (2019 est.)

4.85% (2018 est.)

Topic: Kenya40% (2013 est.)

40% (2001 est.)

Topic: Kiribati30.6% (2010 est.)

6.1% (2005)

Topic: Korea, North25.6% (2013 est.)

25.5% (2012 est.)

Topic: Korea, South3.76% (2019 est.)

3.85% (2018 est.)

Topic: Kosovo30.5% (2017 est.)

27.5% (2016 est.)

note: Kosovo has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data

Topic: Kuwait1.1% (2017 est.)

1.1% (2016 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan3.18% (2019 est.)

2.59% (2018 est.)

Topic: Laos0.7% (2017 est.)

0.7% (2016 est.)

Topic: Latvia6.14% (2019 est.)

6.51% (2018 est.)

Topic: Lebanon9.7% (2007)

Topic: Lesotho28.1% (2014 est.)

25% (2008 est.)

Topic: Liberia2.8% (2014 est.)

Topic: Libya30% (2004 est.)

Topic: Liechtenstein2.4% (2015)

2.4% (2014)

Topic: Lithuania8.4% (2019 est.)

8.5% (2018 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg5.36% (2019 est.)

5.46% (2018 est.)

Topic: Macau2% (2017 est.)

1.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Madagascar1.8% (2017 est.)

1.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Malawi20.4% (2013 est.)

Topic: Malaysia3.3% (2019 est.)

3.33% (2018 est.)

Topic: Maldives2.9% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Mali7.9% (2017 est.)

7.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Malta0.78% (2019 est.)

0.89% (2018 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islands36% (2006 est.)

30.9% (2000 est.)

Topic: Mauritania10.2% (2017 est.)

10.1% (2016 est.)

Topic: Mauritius6.65% (2019 est.)

6.84% (2018 est.)

Topic: Mexico3.49% (2019 est.)

3.33% (2018 est.)

note: underemployment may be as high as 25%

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of16.2% (2010 est.)

Topic: Moldova4.99% (2019 est.)

3.16% (2018 est.)

Topic: Monaco2% (2012)

Topic: Mongolia8% (2017 est.)

7.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Montenegro15.82% (2019 est.)

18.8% (2018 est.)

Topic: Montserrat5.6% (2017 est.)

6% (1998 est.)

Topic: Morocco9.23% (2019 est.)

9.65% (2018 est.)

Topic: Mozambique24.5% (2017 est.)

25% (2016 est.)

Topic: Namibia34% (2016 est.)

28.1% (2014 est.)

Topic: Nauru23% (2011 est.)

90% (2004 est.)

Topic: Nepal3% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Netherlands3.41% (2019 est.)

3.84% (2018 est.)

Topic: New Caledonia14.7% (2014)

14% (2009)

Topic: New Zealand4.13% (2019 est.)

4.32% (2018 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua6.4% (2017 est.)

6.2% (2016 est.)

note: underemployment was 46.5% in 2008

Topic: Niger0.3% (2017 est.)

0.3% (2016 est.)

Topic: Nigeria16.5% (2017 est.)

13.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Niue12% (2001)

Topic: North Macedonia17.29% (2019 est.)

20.7% (2018 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands11.2% (2010 est.)

8% (2005 est.)

Topic: Norway3.72% (2019 est.)

3.89% (2018 est.)

Topic: OmanNANA

Topic: Pakistan6% (2017 est.)

6% (2016 est.)

note: Pakistan has substantial underemployment

Topic: Palau1.7% (2015 est.)

4.1% (2012)

Topic: Panama6.14% (2018 est.)

6% (2017 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea2.5% (2017 est.)

2.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Paraguay5.7% (2017 est.)

6% (2016 est.)

Topic: Peru6.58% (2019 est.)

6.73% (2018 est.)

note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Topic: Philippines5.11% (2019 est.)

5.29% (2018 est.)

Topic: Poland5.43% (2019 est.)

6.08% (2018 est.)

Topic: Portugal6.55% (2019 est.)

7.05% (2018 est.)

Topic: Puerto Rico10.8% (2017 est.)

11.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Qatar8.9% (2017 est.)

11.1% (2016 est.)

Topic: Romania3.06% (2019 est.)

3.56% (2018 est.)

Topic: Russia4.6% (2019 est.)

4.8% (2018 est.)

Topic: Rwanda2.7% (2014 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha14% (1998 est.)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis4.5% (1997)

Topic: Saint Lucia20% (2003 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon8.7% (2015 est.)

9.9% (2008 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines18.8% (2008 est.)

Topic: Samoa5.2% (2017 est.)

5.5% (2016 est.)

NA

Topic: San Marino8.1% (2017 est.)

8.6% (2016 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe12.2% (2017 est.)

12.6% (2016 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia6% (2017 est.)

5.6% (2016 est.)

note: data are for total population; unemployment among Saudi nationals is more than double

Topic: Senegal48% (2007 est.)

Topic: Serbia14.1% (2017 est.)

15.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Seychelles3% (2017 est.)

2.7% (2016 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone15% (2017 est.)

17.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Singapore2.25% (2019 est.)

2.1% (2018 est.)

Topic: Sint Maarten12% (2012 est.)

10.6% (2008 est.)

Topic: Slovakia5% (2019 est.)

5.42% (2018 est.)

Topic: Slovenia7.64% (2019 est.)

8.25% (2018 est.)

Topic: Solomon IslandsNANA

Topic: SomaliaNANA

Topic: South Africa28.53% (2019 est.)

27.09% (2018 est.)

Topic: Spain14.13% (2019 est.)

15.25% (2018 est.)

Topic: Sri Lanka4.83% (2019 est.)

4.44% (2018 est.)

Topic: Sudan19.6% (2017 est.)

20.6% (2016 est.)

Topic: Suriname8.9% (2017 est.)

9.7% (2016 est.)

Topic: Sweden6.78% (2019 est.)

6.33% (2018 est.)

Topic: Switzerland2.31% (2019 est.)

2.55% (2018 est.)

Topic: Syria50% (2017 est.)

50% (2016 est.)

Topic: Taiwan3.73% (2019 est.)

3.69% (2018 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan2.4% (2016 est.)

2.5% (2015 est.)

note: official rate; actual unemployment is much higher

Topic: Tanzania10.3% (2014 est.)

Topic: Thailand0.99% (2019 est.)

1.06% (2018 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste4.4% (2014 est.)

3.9% (2010 est.)

Topic: Togo6.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Tokelau2% (2015 est.)

note: Underemployment may be as high as 6.6%

Topic: Tonga1.1% (2011 est.)

1.1% (2006)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago4.9% (2017 est.)

4% (2016 est.)

Topic: Tunisia15.5% (2017 est.)

15.5% (2016 est.)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)13.68% (2019 est.)

11% (2018 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan11% (2014 est.)

10.6% (2013)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands10% (1997 est.)

Topic: TuvaluNANA

Topic: Uganda9.4% (2014 est.)

Topic: Ukraine8.89% (2019 est.)

9.42% (2018 est.)

note: officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers

Topic: United Arab Emirates1.6% (2016 est.)

3.6% (2014 est.)

Topic: United Kingdom3.17% (2019 est.)

2.51% (2018 est.)

Topic: United States3.89% (2018 est.)

4.4% (2017 est.)

Topic: Uruguay7.6% (2017 est.)

7.9% (2016 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan5% (2017 est.)

5.1% (2016 est.)

note: official data; another 20% are underemployed

Topic: Vanuatu1.7% (1999 est.)

Topic: Venezuela6.9% (2018 est.)

27.1% (2017 est.)

Topic: Vietnam3.11% (2018 est.)

2.2% (2017 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islands10.4% (2017 est.)

11% (2016 est.)

Topic: Wallis and Futuna8.8% (2013 est.)

12.2% (2008 est.)

Topic: West Bank27.9% (2017 est.)

27% (2016 est.)

note: excludes Gaza Strip

Topic: World7.7% (2017 est.)

7.5% (2016 est.)

note: combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2007 est.)

Topic: Yemen27% (2014 est.)

35% (2003 est.)

Topic: Zambia15% (2008 est.)

50% (2000 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwe11.3% (2014 est.)

80% (2005 est.)

note: data include both unemployment and underemployment; true unemployment is unknown and, under current economic conditions, unknowable


Topic: Guide to Country ProfilesTake a look at the categories, fields, and sub-fields of information generally recorded for each country.Travel more intelligently with The World Factbook Travel Facts. Here’s what you should know about each country before you go.Pressed for time? Check out our summaries for essential information on each country.Every flag has a story. View flags of all the world’s countries and territories to learn the symbolism behind each design.Love data? The World Factbook has over 65 rank order pages that compare country data in specific fields.


This entry gives a country's real GDP annual growth rate, adjusted for seasonal unemployment and inflation. A country's growth rate is year-over-year, and not compounded.

Topic: Afghanistan2.7% (2017 est.)

2.2% (2016 est.)

1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Albania2.24% (2019 est.)

4.07% (2018 est.)

3.8% (2017 est.)

Topic: Algeria1.4% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

3.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: American Samoa-2.5% (2016 est.)

1.2% (2015 est.)

1% (2014 est.)

Topic: Andorra-1.1% (2015 est.)

1.4% (2014 est.)

-0.1% (2013 est.)

Topic: Angola-2.5% (2017 est.)

-2.6% (2016 est.)

0.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Anguilla-8.5% (2009 est.)

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda2.8% (2017 est.)

5.3% (2016 est.)

4.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Argentina-2.03% (2019 est.)

-2.53% (2018 est.)

2.83% (2017 est.)

Topic: Armenia7.5% (2017 est.)

0.3% (2016 est.)

3.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Aruba1.2% (2017 est.)

-0.1% (2016 est.)

-0.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Australia1.84% (2019 est.)

2.77% (2018 est.)

2.45% (2017 est.)

Topic: Austria1.42% (2019 est.)

2.58% (2018 est.)

2.4% (2017 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan0.1% (2017 est.)

-3.1% (2016 est.)

0.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The1.4% (2017 est.)

-1.7% (2016 est.)

1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Bahrain2.49% (2019 est.)

13.89% (2018 est.)

3.85% (2017 est.)

Topic: Bangladesh7.4% (2017 est.)

7.2% (2016 est.)

6.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Barbados-0.2% (2017 est.)

2.3% (2016 est.)

2.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Belarus1.22% (2019 est.)

3.17% (2018 est.)

2.53% (2017 est.)

Topic: Belgium1.41% (2019 est.)

1.49% (2018 est.)

1.9% (2017 est.)

Topic: Belize0.8% (2017 est.)

-0.5% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Benin5.6% (2017 est.)

4% (2016 est.)

2.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Bermuda-0.1% (2016 est.)

0.6% (2015 est.)

-0.3% (2014 est.)

Topic: Bhutan7.4% (2017 est.)

7.3% (2016 est.)

6.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Bolivia2.22% (2019 est.)

4.23% (2018 est.)

4.19% (2017 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina3% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

3.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Botswana2.4% (2017 est.)

4.3% (2016 est.)

-1.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Brazil1.13% (2019 est.)

1.2% (2018 est.)

1.62% (2017 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islands2% (2017 est.)

1.9% (2016 est.)

1.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Brunei1.3% (2017 est.)

-2.5% (2016 est.)

-0.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Bulgaria3.39% (2019 est.)

3.2% (2018 est.)

3.5% (2017 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso6.4% (2017 est.)

5.9% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Burma6.8% (2017 est.)

5.9% (2016 est.)

7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Burundi0% (2017 est.)

-1% (2016 est.)

-4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verde4% (2017 est.)

4.7% (2016 est.)

1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Cambodia6.9% (2017 est.)

7% (2016 est.)

7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Cameroon3.5% (2017 est.)

4.6% (2016 est.)

5.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Canada1.66% (2019 est.)

2.02% (2018 est.)

3.17% (2017 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islands1.7% (2014 est.)

1.2% (2013 est.)

1.6% (2012 est.)

Topic: Central African Republic4.3% (2017 est.)

4.5% (2016 est.)

4.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Chad-3.1% (2017 est.)

-6.4% (2016 est.)

1.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Chile1.03% (2019 est.)

4% (2018 est.)

1.41% (2017 est.)

Topic: China6.14% (2019 est.)

6.75% (2018 est.)

6.92% (2017 est.)

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islands1% (2003)

Topic: Colombia3.26% (2019 est.)

2.51% (2018 est.)

1.36% (2017 est.)

Topic: Comoros2.7% (2017 est.)

2.2% (2016 est.)

1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the3.4% (2017 est.)

2.4% (2016 est.)

6.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the-3.1% (2017 est.)

-2.8% (2016 est.)

2.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Cook Islands0.1% (2005 est.)

Topic: Costa Rica3.3% (2017 est.)

4.2% (2016 est.)

3.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire7.8% (2017 est.)

8.3% (2016 est.)

8.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Croatia2.94% (2019 est.)

2.7% (2018 est.)

3.14% (2017 est.)

Topic: Cuba1.6% (2017 est.)

0.5% (2016 est.)

4.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Curacao3.6% (2012 est.)

2% (2011 est.)

0.1% (2010 est.)

Topic: Cyprus3.08% (2019 est.)

5.25% (2018 est.)

5.16% (2017 est.)

Topic: Czechia2.27% (2019 est.)

3.18% (2018 est.)

5.35% (2017 est.)

Topic: Denmark2.85% (2019 est.)

2.18% (2018 est.)

2.83% (2017 est.)

Topic: Djibouti6.7% (2017 est.)

6.5% (2016 est.)

6.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Dominica-4.7% (2017 est.)

2.6% (2016 est.)

-3.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic4.6% (2017 est.)

6.6% (2016 est.)

7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Ecuador0.06% (2019 est.)

1.29% (2018 est.)

2.37% (2017 est.)

Topic: Egypt4.2% (2017 est.)

4.3% (2016 est.)

4.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: El Salvador2.3% (2017 est.)

2.6% (2016 est.)

2.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea-3.2% (2017 est.)

-8.6% (2016 est.)

-9.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Eritrea5% (2017 est.)

1.9% (2016 est.)

2.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Estonia5% (2019 est.)

4.36% (2018 est.)

5.51% (2017 est.)

Topic: Eswatini1.6% (2017 est.)

1.4% (2016 est.)

0.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Ethiopia10.9% (2017 est.)

8% (2016 est.)

10.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: European Union2.3% (2017 est.)

2% (2016 est.)

2.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)25.5% (2015 est.)

-1.8% (2014 est.)

-20.4% (2013 est.)

Topic: Faroe Islands5.9% (2017 est.)

7.5% (2016 est.)

2.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Fiji3% (2017 est.)

0.7% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Finland1.15% (2019 est.)

1.52% (2018 est.)

3.27% (2017 est.)

Topic: France1.49% (2019 est.)

1.81% (2018 est.)

2.42% (2017 est.)

Topic: French Polynesia2% (2015 est.)

-2.7% (2014 est.)

-2.5% (2010 est.)

Topic: Gabon0.5% (2017 est.)

2.1% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Gambia, The4.6% (2017 est.)

0.4% (2016 est.)

5.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Gaza Strip-15.2% (2014 est.)

5.6% (2013 est.)

7% (2012 est.)

note: excludes the West Bank

Topic: Georgia5% (2017 est.)

2.8% (2016 est.)

2.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Germany0.59% (2019 est.)

1.3% (2018 est.)

2.91% (2017 est.)

Topic: Ghana8.4% (2017 est.)

3.7% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Greece1.87% (2019 est.)

1.91% (2018 est.)

1.44% (2017 est.)

Topic: Greenland7.7% (2016 est.)

1.7% (2015 est.)

-0.8% (2014 est.)

Topic: Grenada5.1% (2017 est.)

3.7% (2016 est.)

6.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Guam0.4% (2016 est.)

0.5% (2015 est.)

1.6% (2014 est.)

Topic: Guatemala2.8% (2017 est.)

3.1% (2016 est.)

4.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Guernsey0.4% (2015 est.)

1.2% (2014 est.)

4.2% (2012 est.)

Topic: Guinea8.2% (2017 est.)

10.5% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau5.9% (2017 est.)

6.3% (2016 est.)

6.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Guyana2.1% (2017 est.)

3.4% (2016 est.)

3.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Haiti1.2% (2017 est.)

1.5% (2016 est.)

1.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Honduras4.8% (2017 est.)

3.8% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Hong Kong-1.25% (2019 est.)

2.86% (2018 est.)

3.8% (2017 est.)

Topic: Hungary4.58% (2019 est.)

5.44% (2018 est.)

4.45% (2017 est.)

Topic: Iceland1.94% (2019 est.)

3.88% (2018 est.)

4.57% (2017 est.)

Topic: India4.86% (2019 est.)

6.78% (2018 est.)

6.55% (2017 est.)

Topic: Indonesia5.03% (2019 est.)

5.17% (2018 est.)

5.07% (2017 est.)

Topic: Iran3.7% (2017 est.)

12.5% (2016 est.)

-1.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Iraq-2.1% (2017 est.)

13.1% (2016 est.)

2.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Ireland5.86% (2019 est.)

9.42% (2018 est.)

9.49% (2017 est.)

Topic: Isle of Man-8.6% (2015 est.)

17.9% (2014 est.)

2.1% (2010 est.)

Topic: Israel-2.6% (2020 est.)

3.28% (2019 est.)

3.69% (2018 est.)

Topic: Italy0.34% (2019 est.)

0.83% (2018 est.)

1.73% (2017 est.)

Topic: Jamaica0.7% (2017 est.)

1.5% (2016 est.)

0.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Japan0.7% (2019 est.)

0.29% (2018 est.)

2.19% (2017 est.)

Topic: Jersey1% (2016 est.)

10.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Jordan2% (2019 est.)

1.94% (2018 est.)

2.12% (2017 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstan6.13% (2019 est.)

4.41% (2018 est.)

4.38% (2017 est.)

Topic: Kenya5.39% (2019 est.)

6.32% (2018 est.)

4.79% (2017 est.)

Topic: Kiribati3.1% (2017 est.)

1.1% (2016 est.)

10.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Korea, North-1.1% (2015 est.)

1% (2014 est.)

1.1% (2013 est.)

Topic: Korea, South2.04% (2019 est.)

2.91% (2018 est.)

3.16% (2017 est.)

Topic: Kosovo3.7% (2017 est.)

4.1% (2016 est.)

4.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Kuwait-3.3% (2017 est.)

2.2% (2016 est.)

-1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan4.6% (2017 est.)

4.3% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Laos6.9% (2017 est.)

7% (2016 est.)

7.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Latvia2.08% (2019 est.)

4.2% (2018 est.)

3.23% (2017 est.)

Topic: Lebanon1.5% (2017 est.)

1.7% (2016 est.)

0.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Lesotho-1.6% (2017 est.)

3.1% (2016 est.)

2.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Liberia2.5% (2017 est.)

-1.6% (2016 est.)

0% (2015 est.)

Topic: Libya64% (2017 est.)

-7.4% (2016 est.)

-13% (2015 est.)

Topic: Liechtenstein1.8% (2012 est.)

-0.5% (2011 est.)

3.1% (2007 est.)

Topic: Lithuania4.33% (2019 est.)

3.99% (2018 est.)

4.37% (2017 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg2.31% (2019 est.)

3.14% (2018 est.)

1.81% (2017 est.)

Topic: Macau9.1% (2017 est.)

-0.9% (2016 est.)

-21.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Madagascar4.2% (2017 est.)

4.2% (2016 est.)

3.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Malawi4% (2017 est.)

2.3% (2016 est.)

3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Malaysia4.31% (2019 est.)

4.77% (2018 est.)

5.81% (2017 est.)

Topic: Maldives4.8% (2017 est.)

4.5% (2016 est.)

2.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Mali5.4% (2017 est.)

5.8% (2016 est.)

6.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Malta4.94% (2019 est.)

5.17% (2018 est.)

8.03% (2017 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islands2.5% (2017 est.)

3.6% (2016 est.)

2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Mauritania3.5% (2017 est.)

1.8% (2016 est.)

0.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Mauritius3.8% (2017 est.)

3.8% (2016 est.)

3.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Mexico-0.3% (2019 est.)

2.19% (2018 est.)

2.34% (2017 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of2% (2017 est.)

2.9% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Moldova4.5% (2017 est.)

4.3% (2016 est.)

-0.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Monaco5.4% (2015 est.)

7.2% (2014 est.)

9.6% (2013 est.)

Topic: Mongolia5.1% (2017 est.)

1.2% (2016 est.)

2.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Montenegro4.3% (2017 est.)

2.9% (2016 est.)

3.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Montserrat7.4% (2011 est.)

-4.2% (2010 est.)

Topic: Morocco2.5% (2019 est.)

2.96% (2018 est.)

3.98% (2017 est.)

Topic: Mozambique3.11% (2018 est.)

3.7% (2017 est.)

4.07% (2017 est.)

Topic: Namibia-1.56% (2019 est.)

1.13% (2018 est.)

-1.02% (2017 est.)

Topic: Nauru4% (2017 est.)

10.4% (2016 est.)

2.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Nepal7.9% (2017 est.)

0.6% (2016 est.)

3.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Netherlands1.63% (2019 est.)

2.32% (2018 est.)

3.02% (2017 est.)

Topic: New Caledonia2% (2017 est.)

1.1% (2016 est.)

3.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: New Zealand2.22% (2019 est.)

3.22% (2018 est.)

3.8% (2017 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua4.9% (2017 est.)

4.7% (2016 est.)

4.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Niger4.9% (2017 est.)

4.9% (2016 est.)

4.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Nigeria0.8% (2017 est.)

-1.6% (2016 est.)

2.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Niue6.2% (2003 est.)

Topic: North Macedonia0% (2017 est.)

2.9% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands28.6% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

3.5% (2014 est.)

Topic: Norway0.86% (2019 est.)

1.36% (2018 est.)

2.75% (2017 est.)

Topic: Oman-0.9% (2017 est.)

5% (2016 est.)

4.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Pakistan5.4% (2017 est.)

4.6% (2016 est.)

4.1% (2015 est.)

note: data are for fiscal years

Topic: Palau-3.7% (2017 est.)

0% (2016 est.)

10.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Panama5.4% (2017 est.)

5% (2016 est.)

5.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea2.5% (2017 est.)

1.6% (2016 est.)

5.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Paraguay4.8% (2017 est.)

4.3% (2016 est.)

3.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Peru2.18% (2019 est.)

3.97% (2018 est.)

2.48% (2017 est.)

Topic: Philippines6.04% (2019 est.)

6.34% (2018 est.)

6.94% (2017 est.)

Topic: Poland4.55% (2019 est.)

5.36% (2018 est.)

4.83% (2017 est.)

Topic: Portugal2.24% (2019 est.)

2.85% (2018 est.)

3.51% (2017 est.)

Topic: Puerto Rico-2.4% (2017 est.)

-1.3% (2016 est.)

-1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Qatar1.6% (2017 est.)

2.1% (2016 est.)

3.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Romania4.2% (2019 est.)

4.54% (2018 est.)

7.11% (2017 est.)

Topic: Russia1.34% (2019 est.)

2.54% (2018 est.)

1.83% (2017 est.)

Topic: Rwanda6.1% (2017 est.)

6% (2016 est.)

8.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaNANA

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis2.1% (2017 est.)

2.9% (2016 est.)

2.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Lucia3% (2017 est.)

3.4% (2016 est.)

-0.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and MiquelonNANA

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0.7% (2017 est.)

0.8% (2016 est.)

0.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Samoa2.5% (2017 est.)

7.1% (2016 est.)

1.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: San Marino1.9% (2017 est.)

2.2% (2016 est.)

0.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe3.9% (2017 est.)

4.2% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia-0.9% (2017 est.)

1.7% (2016 est.)

4.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Senegal7.2% (2017 est.)

6.2% (2016 est.)

6.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Serbia4.18% (2019 est.)

4.4% (2018 est.)

2.05% (2017 est.)

Topic: Seychelles5.3% (2017 est.)

4.5% (2016 est.)

4.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone3.7% (2017 est.)

6.3% (2016 est.)

-20.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Singapore0.73% (2019 est.)

3.48% (2018 est.)

4.34% (2017 est.)

Topic: Sint Maarten3.6% (2014 est.)

4.1% (2013 est.)

1.9% (2012 est.)

Topic: Slovakia2.4% (2019 est.)

3.9% (2018 est.)

3.04% (2017 est.)

Topic: Slovenia2.4% (2019 est.)

4.24% (2018 est.)

5.14% (2017 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islands3.5% (2017 est.)

3.5% (2016 est.)

2.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Somalia2.3% (2017 est.)

4.4% (2016 est.)

3.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: South Africa0.06% (2019 est.)

0.7% (2018 est.)

1.4% (2017 est.)

Topic: South Sudan-5.2% (2017 est.)

-13.9% (2016 est.)

-0.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Spain1.95% (2019 est.)

2.43% (2018 est.)

2.97% (2017 est.)

Topic: Sri Lanka2.29% (2019 est.)

3.32% (2018 est.)

3.58% (2017 est.)

Topic: Sudan1.4% (2017 est.)

3% (2016 est.)

1.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Suriname1.9% (2017 est.)

-5.1% (2016 est.)

-2.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: SvalbardNANA

Topic: Sweden1.29% (2019 est.)

2.06% (2018 est.)

2.82% (2017 est.)

Topic: Switzerland1.11% (2019 est.)

3.04% (2018 est.)

1.65% (2017 est.)

Topic: Syria-36.5% (2014 est.)

-30.9% (2013 est.)

note: data are in 2015 dollars

Topic: Taiwan2.71% (2019 est.)

2.75% (2018 est.)

3.31% (2017 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan7.1% (2017 est.)

6.9% (2016 est.)

6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Tanzania6.98% (2019 est.)

6.95% (2018 est.)

6.78% (2017 est.)

Topic: Thailand2.62% (2019 est.)

4.31% (2018 est.)

4.26% (2017 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste-4.6% (2017 est.)

5.3% (2016 est.)

4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Togo4.4% (2017 est.)

5.1% (2016 est.)

5.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: TokelauNANA

Topic: Tonga2.5% (2017 est.)

4.2% (2016 est.)

3.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago-2.6% (2017 est.)

-6.1% (2016 est.)

1.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Tunisia2% (2017 est.)

1.1% (2016 est.)

1.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)0.98% (2019 est.)

3.04% (2018 est.)

7.54% (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan6.5% (2017 est.)

6.2% (2016 est.)

6.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands5.3% (2018 est.)

4.3% (2017 est.)

4.4% (2016 est.)

Topic: Tuvalu3.2% (2017 est.)

3% (2016 est.)

9.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: Uganda4.8% (2017 est.)

2.3% (2016 est.)

5.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Ukraine3.24% (2019 est.)

3.41% (2018 est.)

2.48% (2017 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirates0.8% (2017 est.)

3% (2016 est.)

5.1% (2015 est.)

Topic: United Kingdom1.26% (2019 est.)

1.25% (2018 est.)

1.74% (2017 est.)

Topic: United States2.16% (2019 est.)

3% (2018 est.)

2.33% (2017 est.)

Topic: Uruguay2.7% (2017 est.)

1.7% (2016 est.)

0.4% (2015 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan5.3% (2017 est.)

7.8% (2016 est.)

7.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Vanuatu4.2% (2017 est.)

3.5% (2016 est.)

0.2% (2015 est.)

Topic: Venezuela-19.67% (2018 est.)

-14% (2017 est.)

-15.76% (2017 est.)

Topic: Vietnam6.8% (2017 est.)

7.16% (2017 est.)

6.2% (2016 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islands0.9% (2016 est.)

0.3% (2015 est.)

-1% (2014 est.)

Topic: Wallis and FutunaNANA

Topic: West Bank5.3% (2014 est.)

1% (2013 est.)

6% (2012 est.)

note: excludes Gaza Strip

Topic: World3.7% (2017 est.)

3.2% (2016 est.)

3.3% (2014 est.)

Topic: Yemen-5.9% (2017 est.)

-13.6% (2016 est.)

-16.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Zambia3.4% (2017 est.)

3.8% (2016 est.)

2.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwe3.7% (2017 est.)

0.7% (2016 est.)

1.4% (2015 est.)


US State Dept Travel Advisory: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: A foreign national or alien entering the US is generally required to present a passport and valid visa issued by a US Consular Official, unless they are a citizen of a country eligible for the Visa Waiver Program (VWP), or are a lawful permanent resident of the US or a citizen of Canada. The VWP allows foreign nationals from certain countries to be admitted to the US under limited conditions and for a limited time without obtaining a visa. The foreign national must arrive on an approved carrier (if coming by air or sea), stay no more than 90 days (for pleasure, medical purposes, and/or business), and be able to prove they are not inadmissible. The foreign national is still required to have a passport. To obtain a list of VWP-eligible countries and VWP passport requirements, please visit https: www.dhs.gov and/or visa waiver program requirements. Note: all travelers transiting the US are subject to US customs and/or immigration laws.
US Embassy/Consulate: N/A
Telephone Code: 684
Local Emergency Phone: 911 (USA)
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m (10 feet); rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation; the temperature typically varies from 25°C - 31°C (77°F to 88°F) and is rarely below 23°C (74°F)
Currency (Code): US $ (USD)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 120 V / 60 Hz / plug types(s): A, B, F, I

Major Languages: Samoan 88.6%, English 3.9%, Tongan 2.7%, other Pacific islander 3%
Major Religions: Christian 98.3%
Time Difference: UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water: Yes
International Driving Permit: Suggested for non-US citizens.
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: National Park of American Samoa (includes Ofu Beach, Pola Island); National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (Fagatele Bay); Leone Church; Pago Pago Harbor; Tia Seu Lupe Park; Jean P. Haydon Museum; Rose Atoll
Major Sports: Football, rugby, soccer
Cultural Practices: In a traditional home, called a fale (fah-LAY), sit on the floor before talking, eating, or drinking. Cross your legs or pull a mat over them, as it is impolite to stretch out your legs.
Tipping Guidelines: Tipping is not part of the culture, so leaving a few extra dollars is appreciated. Be sure to hand the tip directly to the employee to ensure the right person receives it. Tip hotel porters $2 (USD) dollars per bag. Taxi drivers would appreciate rounding up to the nearest even figure.
Souvenirs: Tapa bark cloth, traditional clothing, shell purses and handicrafts, wood carvings, woven mats
Traditional Cuisine: Palusami (solidified coconut milk baked in Taro leaves); Faiai Eleni (fish in coconut cream); Fa’apapa (sweet coconut bread); Fa’ausi (Fa’apapa bread coat-cooked in a sweet and rich coconut caramel sauce); Kopai (sweet dessert  dumpling); Panikeke (deep fried sweet banana fitters); 'ava (drink made from ground Kava root)Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Friday, May 13, 2022


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens DO NOT TRAVEL to Montenegro due to COVID-19. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required.  A visa is not required as long as you do not stay in the country more than 90 days.
US Embassy/Consulate: +382 (0)20 410 500; US Embassy Podgorica, Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; PodgoricaACS@state.gov;

https://me.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code: 382
Local Emergency Phone: 94
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Currency (Code): Euros (EUR)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, F

Major Languages: Serbian, Montenegrin, Bosnian, Albanian, Serbo-Croat
Major Religions: Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%
Time Difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Potable Water: Yes
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: Sveti Stefan; Budva Old Town; Kotor (includes San Giovanni Fortress); Durmitor National Park (includes Tara Canyon, Black Lake); Stecci Medieval Tombstones; Podgorica
Major Sports: Soccer, water polo, basketball, football, volleyball
Cultural Practices: Conversations in Montenegro may involve more physical touching than those in America, with light touches and taps on the shoulder being common.
Tipping Guidelines: Service charges are generally not included in restaurants and hotel bills, so a tip of 10% is appreciated. Taxi drivers do not expect tips, but a small gratuity is appropriate.Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Tuesday, March 22, 2022


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens DO NOT TRAVEL to Syria due to terrorism, civil unrest, kidnapping, armed conflict, and risk of unjust detention. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp and or visa that will be required. A visa is required. US citizens will need to get in touch with the country’s embassy or nearest consulate to obtain a visa prior to visiting the country.
US Embassy/Consulate: [963] (11) 3391-4444; US Embassy in Damascus, Abou Roumaneh, 2 Al Mansour Street, Damascus, Syria; USIS_damascus@embassy.mzv.cz;

https://sy.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code: 963
Local Emergency Phone: Ambulance: 110; Fire 113; Police: 112
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Currency (Code): Syrian pounds (SYP)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 220 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, E, L

Major Languages: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English
Major Religions: Muslim 87% (includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian), Druze 3%
Time Difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time); daylight saving time: +1hr, begins midnight on the last Friday in March, ends at midnight on the last Friday in October
Potable Water: Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: Palmyra & Valley of The Tombs; Damascus (includes Historic Center, Souq al-Hamidiyya, Umayyad Mosque); Ancient City of Aleppo; Krak des Chevaliers; Bosra
Major Sports: Soccer, basketball, tennis, swimming
Cultural Practices: Displaying the soles of one’s feet to another person is improper. Similarly, placing one’s feet on top of a table is not acceptable.
Tipping Guidelines: Tipping is a common way of showing appreciation, but the amount is left to the discretion of the giver; 10 % is standard in larger restaurants.
Souvenirs: Rosewood, ebony, and olive wood carvings; embroidery, woven items, and hand-loomed brocade fabric; leather goods; gold and silver jewelry; mother-of-pearl items; inlaid steel and copper items; pottery
Traditional Cuisine: Kibbeh — ground lamb, bulgur, and seasonings baked, fried, stuffed or served raw; often served with tabbouleh (a salad made with tomatoes, parsley, bulgur, and onions mixed in a sauce of lemon juice, olive oil, and salt)Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Monday, June 20, 2022