Topic: Photos of Iceland

Topic: Introduction
Background: Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althingi, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Denmark granted limited home rule in 1874 and complete independence in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. The economy is now on an upward trajectory, fueled primarily by a tourism and construction boom. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the United Kingdom
Geographic coordinates: 65 00 N, 18 00 W
Map references: Arctic Region
Area: total: 103,000 sq km

land: 100,250 sq km

water: 2,750 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania; about the same size as Kentucky
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 4,970 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
Elevation: highest point: Hvannadalshnukur (at Vatnajokull Glacier) 2,110 m

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 557 m
Natural resources: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
Land use: agricultural land: 18.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 0.3% (2018 est.)

other: 81% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: NA
Population distribution: Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller clusters are primarily found along the coast in the north and west
Natural hazards: earthquakes and volcanic activityvolcanism: Iceland, situated on top of a hotspot, experiences severe volcanic activity; Eyjafjallajokull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic; scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (1,512 m), which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future, potentially disrupting air traffic; Grimsvoetn and Hekla are Iceland's most active volcanoes; other historically active volcanoes include Askja, Bardarbunga, Brennisteinsfjoll, Esjufjoll, Hengill, Krafla, Krisuvik, Kverkfjoll, Oraefajokull, Reykjanes, Torfajokull, and Vestmannaeyjarearthquakes and volcanic activityvolcanism: Iceland, situated on top of a hotspot, experiences severe volcanic activity; Eyjafjallajokull (1,666 m) erupted in 2010, sending ash high into the atmosphere and seriously disrupting European air traffic; scientists continue to monitor nearby Katla (1,512 m), which has a high probability of eruption in the very near future, potentially disrupting air traffic; Grimsvoetn and Hekla are Iceland's most active volcanoes; other historically active volcanoes include Askja, Bardarbunga, Brennisteinsfjoll, Esjufjoll, Hengill, Krafla, Krisuvik, Kverkfjoll, Oraefajokull, Reykjanes, Torfajokull, and Vestmannaeyjar
Geography - note: strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe
Map description: Iceland map showing the North Atlantic Ocean island and its major population centers.Iceland map showing the North Atlantic Ocean island and its major population centers.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 357,603 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Icelander(s)

adjective: Icelandic
Ethnic groups: Icelandic 81.3%, Polish 5.6%, Danish 1%, other 12.1% (2021 est.)

note: data represent population by country of birth
Languages: Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (official) 62.3%, Roman Catholic 4%, Independent Congregation of Reykjavik 2.7%, Independent Congregation of Hafnarfjordur 2%, pagan worship 1.4%, Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association 1.1%, other (includes Zuist and Pentecostal) or unspecified 19%, none 7.6% (2021 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 20.31% (male 36,394/female 34,837)

15-24 years: 12.85% (male 22,748/female 22,317)

25-54 years: 39.44% (male 70,227/female 68,095)

55-64 years: 11.94% (male 20,762/female 21,111)

65 years and over: 15.47% (2020 est.) (male 25,546/female 28,697)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 54

youth dependency ratio: 29.9

elderly dependency ratio: 24.1

potential support ratio: 4.2 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 37.1 years

male: 36.6 years

female: 37.7 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.93% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 12.96 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.56 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: Iceland is almost entirely urban with half of the population located in and around the capital of Reykjavik; smaller clusters are primarily found along the coast in the north and west
Urbanization: urban population: 94% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 216,000 REYKJAVIK (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 28.7 years (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 1.65 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 1.83 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 1.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 83.64 years

male: 81.41 years

female: 85.97 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.95 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 8.6% (2019)
Physicians density: 4.14 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
Hospital bed density: 2.8 beds/1,000 population (2019)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2020)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: (2020) <500

note: estimate does not include children
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020) <100

note: estimate does not include children
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 21.9% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 12% (2020 est.)

male: 11.9% (2020 est.)

female: 12% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: 7.6% of GDP (2018 est.)
Literacy: total population: NA

male: NA

female: NA
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 19 years

male: 18 years

female: 20 years (2019)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 10%

male: 11.1%

female: 9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: water pollution from fertilizer runoff
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 5.94 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 2.06 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 0.59 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
Land use: agricultural land: 18.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 1.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 0.3% (2018 est.)

other: 81% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 94% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 525,000 tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 293,003 tons (2013 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 55.8% (2013 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 80 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 198 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 300,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 170 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Iceland

conventional short form: Iceland

local long form: Lydveldid Island

local short form: Island

etymology: Floki VILGERDARSON, an early Norse explorer of the island (9th century), applied the name "Land of Ice" after spotting a fjord full of drift ice to the north and spending a bitter winter on the island; he eventually settled on the island, however, after he saw how it greened up in the summer and that it was, in fact, habitable
Government type: unitary parliamentary republic
Capital: name: Reykjavik

geographic coordinates: 64 09 N, 21 57 W

time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name means "smoky bay" in Icelandic and refers to the steamy, smoke-like vapors discharged by hot springs in the area
Administrative divisions: 69 municipalities (sveitarfelog, singular - sveitarfelagidh); Akrahreppur, Akranes, Akureyri, Arneshreppur, Asahreppur, Blaskogabyggdh, Blonduosbaer, Bolungarvik, Borgarbyggdh, Dalabyggdh, Dalvikurbyggdh, Eyjafjardharsveit, Eyja-og Miklaholtshreppur, Fjallabyggdh, Fjardhabyggdh, Fljotsdalshreppur, Floahreppur, Gardhabaer, Grimsnes-og Grafningshreppur, Grindavikurbaer, Grundarfjardharbaer, Grytubakkahreppur, Hafnarfjordhur, Helgafellssveit, Horgarsveit, Hrunamannahreppur, Hunathing Vestra, Hunavatnshreppur, Hvalfjardharsveit, Hveragerdhi, Isafjardharbaer, Kaldrananeshreppur, Kjosarhreppur, Kopavogur, Langanesbyggdh, Mosfellsbaer, Mulathing, Myrdalshreppur, Nordhurthing, Rangarthing Eystra, Rangarthing Ytra, Reykholahreppur, Reykjanesbaer, Reykjavik, Seltjarnarnes, Skaftarhreppur, Skagabyggdh, Skeidha-og Gnupverjahreppur, Skorradalshreppur, Skutustadhahreppur, Snaefellsbaer, Strandabyggdh, Stykkisholmur, Sudhavikurhreppur, Sudhurnesjabaer, Svalbardhshreppur, Svalbardhsstrandarhreppur, Sveitarfelagidh Arborg, Sveitarfelagidh Hornafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Olfus, Sveitarfelagidh Skagafjordhur, Sveitarfelagidh Skagastrond, Sveitarfelagidh Vogar, Talknafjardharhreppur, Thingeyjarsveit, Tjorneshreppur, Vestmannaeyjar, Vesturbyggdh, Vopnafjardharhreppur
Independence: 1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark; birthday of Jon SIGURDSSON, leader of Iceland's 19th Century independence movement)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 June (1944)
Constitution: history: several previous; latest ratified 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944 (at independence)

amendments: proposed by the Althingi; passage requires approval by the Althingi and by the next elected Althingi, and confirmation by the president of the republic; proposed amendments to Article 62 of the constitution – that the Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the state church of Iceland – also require passage by referendum; amended many times, last in 2013
Legal system: civil law system influenced by the Danish model
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Iceland

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 3 to 7 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (since 1 August 2016)

head of government: Prime Minister Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR (since 30 November 2017)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (no term limits); election last held on 27 June 2020 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition becomes prime minister

election results: Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON reelected president; percent of vote - Gudni Thorlacius JOHANNESSON (independent) 92.2%, Gudmundur Franklin JONSSON (independent) 7.8%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Althingi or Parliament (63 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method; members serve 4-year terms)

elections: last held on 25 September 2021 (next to be held in 2025)

election results: percent of vote by party - IP 25.4%, PP 20.6%, LGM 12.7%, SDA 9.5%, People's Party 9.5%, Pirate Party 9.5%, Reform Party 7.9%. CP 4.8%; seats by party - IP 16, PP 13, LGM 8, SDA 6, People's Party 6, Pirate Party 6, Reform Party 5, CP 3; composition - men 33, women 30; percent of women 47.6%percent of vote by party - IP 25.4%, PP 20.6%, LGM 12.7%, SDA 9.5%, People's Party 9.5%, Pirate Party 9.5%, Reform Party 7.9%. CP 4.8%; seats by party - IP 16, PP 13, LGM 8, SDA 6, People's Party 6, Pirate Party 6, Reform Party 5, CP 3; composition - men 33, women 30; percent of women 47.6%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court or Haestirettur (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office: judges proposed by Ministry of Interior selection committee and appointed by the president; judges appointed for an indefinite period

subordinate courts: Appellate Court or Landsrettur; 8 district courts; Labor Court
Political parties and leaders: Centrist Party (Midflokkurinn) or CP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON]
Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON]
Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin-graent frambod) or LGM [Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR]
People's Party (Flokkur Folksins) [Inga SAELAND]
Pirate Party (Piratar) [Halldora MOGENSEN]
Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigurdur Ingi JOHANNSSON]
Reform Party (Vidreisn) [Thorgerdur Katrin GUNNARSDOTTIR]
Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) or SDA [Logi Mar EINARSSON]Centrist Party (Midflokkurinn) or CP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON]
Independence Party (Sjalfstaedisflokkurinn) or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON]
Left-Green Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin-graent frambod) or LGM [Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR]
People's Party (Flokkur Folksins) [Inga SAELAND]
Pirate Party (Piratar) [Halldora MOGENSEN]
Progressive Party (Framsoknarflokkurinn) or PP [Sigurdur Ingi JOHANNSSON]
Reform Party (Vidreisn) [Thorgerdur Katrin GUNNARSDOTTIR]
Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) or SDA [Logi Mar EINARSSON]
International organization participation: Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Bergdis ELLERTSDOTTIR (since 16 September 2019)

chancery: House of Sweden, 2900 K Street NW, #509, Washington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653

FAX: [1] (202) 265-6656

email address and website:
washington@mfa.is

https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/embassy-of-iceland-in-washington-d.c/

consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Michelle YERKIN (since June 2021)

embassy: Engjateigur 7, 105 Reykjavik

mailing address: 5640 Reykjavik Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-5640

telephone: [354] 595-2200

FAX: [354] 562-9118

email address and website:
ReykjavikConsular@state.gov

https://is.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean
National symbol(s): gyrfalcon; national colors: blue, white, red
National anthem: name: "Lofsongur" (Song of Praise)

lyrics/music: Matthias JOCHUMSSON/Sveinbjorn SVEINBJORNSSON

note: adopted 1944; also known as "O, Gud vors lands" (O, God of Our Land), the anthem was originally written and performed in 1874
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 3 (1 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Thingvellir National Park (c); Surtsey (n); Vatnajökull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice (n)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Iceland's economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has in recent years achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy.   Tourism, aluminum smelting, and fishing are the pillars of the economy. For decades the Icelandic economy depended heavily on fisheries, but tourism has now surpassed fishing and aluminum as Iceland’s main export industry. Tourism accounted for 8.6% of Iceland’s GDP in 2016, and 39% of total exports of merchandise and services. From 2010 to 2017, the number of tourists visiting Iceland increased by nearly 400%. Since 2010, tourism has become a main driver of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. Iceland remains sensitive to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports, and to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Icelandic Krona.   Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled nearly nine times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the state, which intends to re-privatize them.   Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Capital controls were lifted in March 2017, but some financial protections, such as reserve requirements for specified investments connected to new inflows of foreign currency, remain in place.Iceland's economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Except for a brief period during the 2008 crisis, Iceland has in recent years achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, particularly within the fields of tourism, software production, and biotechnology. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector, boosted economic growth, and sparked some interest from high-tech firms looking to establish data centers using cheap green energy. Tourism, aluminum smelting, and fishing are the pillars of the economy. For decades the Icelandic economy depended heavily on fisheries, but tourism has now surpassed fishing and aluminum as Iceland’s main export industry. Tourism accounted for 8.6% of Iceland’s GDP in 2016, and 39% of total exports of merchandise and services. From 2010 to 2017, the number of tourists visiting Iceland increased by nearly 400%. Since 2010, tourism has become a main driver of Icelandic economic growth, with the number of tourists reaching 4.5 times the Icelandic population in 2016. Iceland remains sensitive to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports, and to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Icelandic Krona. Following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s, domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled nearly nine times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. GDP fell 6.8% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have majority ownership by the state, which intends to re-privatize them. Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, implementing capital controls, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, addressing high household debt, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Capital controls were lifted in March 2017, but some financial protections, such as reserve requirements for specified investments connected to new inflows of foreign currency, remain in place.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $19.16 billion (2020 est.)

$20.52 billion (2019 est.)

$20.01 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 1.94% (2019 est.)

3.88% (2018 est.)

4.57% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $52,300 (2020 est.)

$56,900 (2019 est.)

$56,700 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $24.614 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (2019 est.)

2.6% (2018 est.)

1.7% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: A (2017)

Moody's rating: A2 (2019)

Standard & Poors rating: A (2017)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 5.8% (2017 est.)

industry: 19.7% (2017 est.)

services: 74.6% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 50.4% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 23.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.1% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 47% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -42.8% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, mutton, poultry, potatoes, barley, pork, eggs, beef, other meat, sheep skins
Industries: tourism, fish processing; aluminum smelting; geothermal power, hydropower; medical/pharmaceutical products
Industrial production growth rate: 2.4% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 200,000 (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 4.8%

industry: 22.2%

services: 73% (2008)
Unemployment rate: 3.62% (2019 est.)

2.73% (2018 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 10%

male: 11.1%

female: 9% (2020 est.)
Population below poverty line: 8.8% (2017 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 26.8 (2015 est.)

25 (2005)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA
Budget: revenues: 10.39 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.02 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): 1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 40% of GDP (2017 est.)

51.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 42.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: $1.496 billion (2019 est.)

$814 million (2018 est.)
Exports: $7.43 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$11.01 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$12.26 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: Netherlands 23%, United Kingdom 9%, Germany 9%, Spain 8%, United States 7%, France 7%, Canada 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: aluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)
Imports: $7.55 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$9.76 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$11.34 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: Norway 11%, Netherlands 10%, Germany 8%, Denmark 8%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 6%, China 6%, Sweden 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, aluminum oxide, carbon/graphite electronics, cars, packaged medicines (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $6.567 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.226 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $19.422 billion (2019 est.)

$22.055 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar -

127.05 (2020 est.)

121.68 (2019 est.)

121.86 (2018 est.)

131.92 (2014 est.)

116.77 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 2.967 million kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 17,912,066,000 kWh (2020 est.)

exports: 0 kWh (2020 est.)

imports: 0 kWh (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 519 million kWh (2020 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 67.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 32.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 142,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 136,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 19,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 2,530 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 20,220 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Natural gas: production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 3.337 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 459,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 2.879 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 107,032 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 421,384 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 123 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Iceland has one of the smallest yet most progressive telecom markets in Europe; the country in 2020 became the top in Europe for fiber subscriptions; it aims to provide a fixed broadband service of at least 100Mb/s to 99.9% of the population by the end of 2021, an ambitious target by international standards and one which it is likely to achieve given the progress which operators have made in extending the reach of fiber networks; there is effective competition in the mobile and broadband markets, with a number of players having emerged to challenge the dominance of the two leading operators Síminn and Sýn, which have interests across the telecom sectors; Sýn was formerly Vodafone Iceland before being rebranded to reflect the company’s move into broadband and broadcasting following its December 2017 acquisition of most of the telecoms and media interests of 365 Media; Nova has become the leading player in the mobile market and has quickly expanded its presence in the fixed-line segment, particularly in fiber; the telecom market has shown some resilience in recent years following the significant economic downturn a decade ago, supported by continuing investment in mobile and fixed-line broadband infrastructure by operators and well as by the government’s Telecommunications Fund which is supporting Next Generation Access networks, particularly in rural areas; Síminn contracts Ericsson to build its 5G RAN, aiming for national 5G coverage by end-2022 (2021)

domestic: liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market; roughly 31 per 100 for fixed line and nearing 124 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)

international: country code - 354; landing points for the CANTAT-3, FARICE-1, Greenland Connect and DANICE submarine cable system that provides connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, UK, Denmark, and Germany; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media: state-owned public TV broadcaster (RUV) operates 21 TV channels nationally (RUV and RUV 2, though RUV 2 is used less frequently);  RUV broadcasts nationally, every household in Iceland is required to have RUV as it doubles as the emergency broadcast network; RUV also operates stringer offices in the north (Akureyri) and the east (Egilsstadir) but operations are all run out of RUV headquarters in Reykjavik;  there are 3 privately owned TV stations;  Stod 2 (Channel 2) is owned by Syn, following 365 Media and Vodafone merger, and is headquartered in Reykjavik;  Syn also operates 4 sports channels under Stod 2;  N4 is the only television station headquartered outside of Reykjavik, in Akureyri, with local programming for the north, south, and east of Iceland;  Hringbraut is the newest station and is headquartered in Reykjavik;  all of these television stations have nationwide penetration as 100% of households have multi-channel services though digital and/or fiber-optic connections RUV operates 3 radio stations (RAS 1, RAS2, and Rondo) as well as 4 regional stations (but they mostly act as range extenders for RUV radio broadcasts nationwide);  there is 1 privately owned radio conglomerate, Syn (4 stations), that broadcasts nationwide, and 3 other radio stations that broadcast to the most densely populated regions of the country.  In addition there are upwards of 20 radio stations that operate regionally (2019)RUV operates 3 radio stations (RAS 1, RAS2, and Rondo) as well as 4 regional stations (but they mostly act as range extenders for RUV radio broadcasts nationwide);  there is 1 privately owned radio conglomerate, Syn (4 stations), that broadcasts nationwide, and 3 other radio stations that broadcast to the most densely populated regions of the country.  In addition there are upwards of 20 radio stations that operate regionally
Internet country code: .is
Internet users: total: 362,798 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 99% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 141,816 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 42 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 63

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,819,740 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 163.65 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TF
Airports: total: 96 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 7

over 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 3

914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 89

1,524 to 2,437 m: 3

914 to 1,523 m: 26

under 914 m: 60 (2021)
Roadways: total: 12,898 km (2012)

paved/oiled gravel: 5,647 km (2012) (excludes urban roads)

unpaved: 7,251 km (2012)
Merchant marine: total: 41

by type: general cargo 5, oil tanker 2, other 34 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Reykjavik

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: no regular military forces; Ministry of Interior: Icelandic Coast Guard (includes both air and maritime elements); Icelandic National Police (2022)
Military and security service personnel strengths: the Icelandic Coast Guard has approximately 250 personnel (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Icelandic Coast Guard's inventory consists of equipment from mostly European suppliers (2022)
Military - note: Iceland was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949; Iceland is the only NATO member that has no standing military force; defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment and NATO maintains an air policing presence in Icelandic airspace; Iceland participates in international peacekeeping missions with the civilian-manned Icelandic Crisis Response Unit (ICRU)
 Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009  Iceland cooperates with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the Agreement on the European Economic Area in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositorsIceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; the European Free Trade Association Surveillance Authority filed a suit against Iceland, claiming the country violated the Agreement on the European Economic Area in failing to pay minimum compensation to Icesave depositors
Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons: 73 (mid-year 2021)


This entry gives the dollar value for the stock of all financial assets that are available to the central monetary authority for use in meeting a country's balance of payments needs as of the end-date of the period specified. This category includes not only foreign currency and gold, but also a country's holdings of Special Drawing Rights in the International Monetary Fund, and its reserve position in the Fund.

Topic: Afghanistan$7.187 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.901 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Albania$3.59 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.109 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Algeria$97.89 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$114.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Angola$17.29 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$23.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Anguilla$76.38 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$48.14 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Argentina$55.33 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$38.43 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Armenia$2.314 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.204 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Aruba$921.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$828 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Australia$66.58 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$55.07 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Austria$21.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$23.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan$6.681 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.142 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The$1.522 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.002 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Bahrain$2.349 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.094 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Bangladesh$33.42 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$32.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Barbados$264.5 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$341.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Belarus$7.315 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.927 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Belgium$26.16 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$24.1 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Belize$312.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$376.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Benin$698.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$57.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Bhutan$1.206 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.127 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Bolivia$10.26 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$10.08 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina$6.474 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$5.137 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Botswana$7.491 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.189 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Brazil$374 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$367.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Brunei$3.488 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.366 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Bulgaria$28.38 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$25.13 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso$49 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$50.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Burma$4.924 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.63 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Burundi$97.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$95.17 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verde$617.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$572.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Cambodia$12.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$9.122 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Cameroon$3.235 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Canada$86.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$82.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Central African Republic$304.3 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$252.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Chad$22.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$20.92 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Chile$38.98 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$40.49 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: China$3.236 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.098 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Colombia$47.13 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$46.18 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Comoros$208 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$159.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the$457.5 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$708.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the$505.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$727.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Costa Rica$7.15 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.574 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire$6.257 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.935 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Croatia$18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$14.24 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Cuba$11.35 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$12.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Curacao$0 (31 December 2017 est.)

Topic: Cyprus$888.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$817.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Czechia$148 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$85.73 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Denmark$75.25 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$64.25 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Djibouti$547.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$398.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Dominica$212.3 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$221.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic$6.873 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.134 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Ecuador$2.395 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.259 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Egypt$35.89 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$23.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: El Salvador$3.567 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.238 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea$45.5 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$62.31 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Eritrea$236.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$218.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Estonia$345 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$352.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Eswatini$563.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$564.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Ethiopia$3.013 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.022 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: European Union$740.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$746.9 billion (31 December 2013)

note: data are for the European Central Bank

Topic: Fiji$1.116 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$908.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Finland$10.51 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$11.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: France$156.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Gabon$981.6 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$804.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Gambia, The$170 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$87.64 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Gaza Strip$446.3 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$583 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Georgia$3.039 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.756 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Germany$200.1 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$173.7 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Ghana$7.555 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.162 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Greece$7.807 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.026 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Grenada$199.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$198 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Guatemala$11.77 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$9.156 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Guinea$331.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$383.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau$356.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$349.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Guyana$565.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$581 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Haiti$2.361 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.11 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Honduras$4.708 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.814 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Hong Kong$431.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$386.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Hungary$28 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$25.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Iceland$6.567 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.226 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: India$409.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$359.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Indonesia$130.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Topic: Iran$120.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$133.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Iraq$48.88 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$45.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Ireland$4.412 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.203 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Israel$173.292 billion (2020 est.)

$113 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$95.45 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Italy$151.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$130.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Jamaica$3.781 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.719 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Japan$1.264 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.233 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Jordan$15.56 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$15.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstan$30.75 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$29.53 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Kenya$7.354 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.256 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Kiribati$0 (31 December 2017 est.)

$8.37 million (31 December 2010 est.)

Topic: Korea, South$389.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$371.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Kosovo$683.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)

$708.7 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Kuwait$33.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$31.13 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan$2.177 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.97 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Laos$1.27 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$940.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Latvia$4.614 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.514 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Lebanon$55.42 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$54.04 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Lesotho$657.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$925.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Liberia$459.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$528.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Libya$74.71 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$66.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Lithuania$4.45 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.697 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg$878 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$974 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Macau$20.17 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$18.89 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

note: the Fiscal Reserves Act that came into force on 1 January 2012 requires the fiscal reserves to be separated from the foreign exchange reserves and to be managed separately; the transfer of assets took place in February 2012

Topic: Madagascar$1.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.076 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Malawi$780.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$585.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Malaysia$102.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$94.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Maldives$477.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)

$575.8 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Mali$647.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$395.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Malta$833 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$677.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Mauritania$875 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$849.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Mauritius$5.984 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.967 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Mexico$175.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$178.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

note: Mexico also maintains access to an $88 million Flexible Credit Line with the IMF

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of$203.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$135.1 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Moldova$2.803 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.206 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Mongolia$3.016 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.296 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Montenegro$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Montserrat$47.58 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$51.47 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Morocco$26.27 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$25.37 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Mozambique$3.361 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.081 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Namibia$2.432 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.834 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Nepal$9.091 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$8.506 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Netherlands$38.44 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$38.21 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: New Zealand$20.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$17.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua$2.758 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.448 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Niger$1.314 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.186 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Nigeria$38.77 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$25.84 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: North Macedonia$2.802 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.755 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Norway$65.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$57.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Oman$16.09 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$20.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Pakistan$18.46 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$22.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Palau$0 (31 December 2017 est.)

$580.9 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Panama$2.703 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.878 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea$1.735 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.656 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Paraguay$7.877 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.881 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Peru$63.83 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$61.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Philippines$81.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$80.69 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Poland$113.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$114.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Portugal$26.11 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$19.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Qatar$15.01 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$31.89 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Romania$44.43 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$40 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Russia$432.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Rwanda$997.6 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.104 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis$365.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$320.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Saint Lucia$321.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$320.7 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines$182.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$192.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Samoa$133 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$122.5 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: San Marino$392 million (2014 est.)

$539.3 million (2013 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe$58.95 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$61.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia$496.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$535.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Senegal$1.827 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$116.9 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Serbia$11.91 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$10.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Seychelles$545.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$523.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone$478 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$497.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Singapore$279.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$271.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Slovakia$3.622 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.892 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Slovenia$889.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$853 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islands$0 (31 December 2017 est.)

$421 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Somalia$30.45 million (2014 est.)

Topic: South Africa$50.72 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$47.23 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: South Sudan$73 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Spain$69.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$63.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Sri Lanka$7.959 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.019 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Sudan$198 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$168.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Suriname$424.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$381.1 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Sweden$62.22 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$59.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Switzerland$811.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$679.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Syria$407.3 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$504.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Taiwan$456.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$439 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan$1.292 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$652.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Tanzania$5.301 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$4.067 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

note: excludes gold

Topic: Thailand$202.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$171.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste$544.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$437.8 million (31 December 2015 est.)

note: excludes assets of approximately $9.7 billion in the Petroleum Fund (31 December 2010)

Topic: Togo$77.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$42.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Tonga$198.5 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$176.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago$8.892 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$9.995 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Tunisia$5.594 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$5.941 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Turkey$107.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$106.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan$24.91 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$25.05 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Uganda$3.654 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$3.034 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

note: excludes gold

Topic: Ukraine$18.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$15.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirates$95.37 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$85.39 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: United Kingdom$150.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$129.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: United States$123.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$117.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Uruguay$15.96 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$13.47 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan$16 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Vanuatu$395.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$267.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Venezuela$9.661 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$11 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Vietnam$49.5 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$36.91 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: West Bank$0 (31 December 2017 est.)

$583 million (31 December 2015 est.)

Topic: Yemen$245.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$592.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Zambia$2.082 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.353 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwe$431.8 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$407.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)