Topic: Photos of Eritrea

Topic: Introduction
Background: After independence from Italian colonial control in 1941 and 10 years of British administrative control, the UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afwerki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been highly autocratic and repressive. His government has created a highly militarized society by pursuing an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service – divided between military and civilian service – of indefinite length. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. A subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation was rejected by Ethiopia. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 after the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Following the July 2018 peace agreement with Ethiopia, Eritrean leaders engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In November 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for Al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia has led to a steady resumption of economic ties, with increased air transport, trade, tourism, and port activities, but the economy remains agriculture-dependent, and Eritrea is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression and conscription and militarization continue.After independence from Italian colonial control in 1941 and 10 years of British administrative control, the UN established Eritrea as an autonomous region within the Ethiopian federation in 1952. Ethiopia's full annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later sparked a violent 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with Eritrean rebels defeating government forces. Eritreans overwhelmingly approved independence in a 1993 referendum. ISAIAS Afwerki has been Eritrea's only president since independence; his rule, particularly since 2001, has been highly autocratic and repressive. His government has created a highly militarized society by pursuing an unpopular program of mandatory conscription into national service – divided between military and civilian service – of indefinite length. A two-and-a-half-year border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN auspices in December 2000. A subsequent 2007 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) demarcation was rejected by Ethiopia. More than a decade of a tense “no peace, no war” stalemate ended in 2018 after the newly elected Ethiopian prime minister accepted the EEBC’s 2007 ruling, and the two countries signed declarations of peace and friendship. Following the July 2018 peace agreement with Ethiopia, Eritrean leaders engaged in intensive diplomacy around the Horn of Africa, bolstering regional peace, security, and cooperation, as well as brokering rapprochements between governments and opposition groups. In November 2018, the UN Security Council lifted an arms embargo that had been imposed on Eritrea since 2009, after the UN Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group reported they had not found evidence of Eritrean support in recent years for Al-Shabaab. The country’s rapprochement with Ethiopia has led to a steady resumption of economic ties, with increased air transport, trade, tourism, and port activities, but the economy remains agriculture-dependent, and Eritrea is still one of Africa’s poorest nations. Despite the country's improved relations with its neighbors, ISAIAS has not let up on repression and conscription and militarization continue.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan
Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 39 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 117,600 sq km

land: 101,000 sq km

water: 16,600 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: total: 1,840 km

border countries (3): Djibouti 125 km; Ethiopia 1,033 km; Sudan 682 km
Coastline: 2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Terrain: dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains
Elevation: highest point: Soira 3,018 m

lowest point: near Kulul within the Danakil Depression -75 m

mean elevation: 853 m
Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Land use: agricultural land: 75.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 6.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.3% (2018 est.)

forest: 15.1% (2018 est.)

other: 9.8% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 210 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards: frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarmsvolcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011frequent droughts, rare earthquakes and volcanoes; locust swarmsvolcanism: Dubbi (1,625 m), which last erupted in 1861, was the country's only historically active volcano until Nabro (2,218 m) came to life on 12 June 2011
Geography - note: strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993
Map description: Eritrea map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Red Sea.Eritrea map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Red Sea.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 6,209,262 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Eritrean(s)

adjective: Eritrean
Ethnic groups: Tigrinya 50%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Afar 4%, Kunama 4%, Bilen 3%, Hedareb/Beja 2%, Nara 2%, Rashaida 1% (2021 est.)

note: data represent Eritrea's nine recognized ethnic groups
Languages: Tigrinya (official), Arabic (official), English (official), Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages
Religions: Eritrean Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Evangelical Lutheran, Sunni Muslim
Demographic profile: Eritrea is a persistently poor country that has made progress in some socioeconomic categories but not in others. Education and human capital formation are national priorities for facilitating economic development and eradicating poverty. To this end, Eritrea has made great strides in improving adult literacy – doubling the literacy rate over the last 20 years – in large part because of its successful adult education programs. The overall literacy rate was estimated to be almost 74% in 2015; more work needs to be done to raise female literacy and school attendance among nomadic and rural communities. Subsistence farming fails to meet the needs of Eritrea’s growing population because of repeated droughts, dwindling arable land, overgrazing, soil erosion, and a shortage of farmers due to conscription and displacement. The government’s emphasis on spending on defense over agriculture and its lack of foreign exchange to import food also contribute to food insecurity.Eritrea has been a leading refugee source country since at least the 1960s, when its 30-year war for independence from Ethiopia began. Since gaining independence in 1993, Eritreans have continued migrating to Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Egypt, or Israel because of a lack of basic human rights or political freedom, educational and job opportunities, or to seek asylum because of militarization. Eritrea’s large diaspora has been a source of vital remittances, funding its war for independence and providing 30% of the country’s GDP annually since it became independent.In the last few years, Eritreans have increasingly been trafficked and held hostage by Bedouins in the Sinai Desert, where they are victims of organ harvesting, rape, extortion, and torture. Some Eritrean trafficking victims are kidnapped after being smuggled to Sudan or Ethiopia, while others are kidnapped from within or around refugee camps or crossing Eritrea’s borders. Eritreans composed approximately 90% of the conservatively estimated 25,000-30,000 victims of Sinai trafficking from 2009-2013, according to a 2013 consultancy firm report.Eritrea is a persistently poor country that has made progress in some socioeconomic categories but not in others. Education and human capital formation are national priorities for facilitating economic development and eradicating poverty. To this end, Eritrea has made great strides in improving adult literacy – doubling the literacy rate over the last 20 years – in large part because of its successful adult education programs. The overall literacy rate was estimated to be almost 74% in 2015; more work needs to be done to raise female literacy and school attendance among nomadic and rural communities. Subsistence farming fails to meet the needs of Eritrea’s growing population because of repeated droughts, dwindling arable land, overgrazing, soil erosion, and a shortage of farmers due to conscription and displacement. The government’s emphasis on spending on defense over agriculture and its lack of foreign exchange to import food also contribute to food insecurity.Eritrea has been a leading refugee source country since at least the 1960s, when its 30-year war for independence from Ethiopia began. Since gaining independence in 1993, Eritreans have continued migrating to Sudan, Ethiopia, Yemen, Egypt, or Israel because of a lack of basic human rights or political freedom, educational and job opportunities, or to seek asylum because of militarization. Eritrea’s large diaspora has been a source of vital remittances, funding its war for independence and providing 30% of the country’s GDP annually since it became independent.In the last few years, Eritreans have increasingly been trafficked and held hostage by Bedouins in the Sinai Desert, where they are victims of organ harvesting, rape, extortion, and torture. Some Eritrean trafficking victims are kidnapped after being smuggled to Sudan or Ethiopia, while others are kidnapped from within or around refugee camps or crossing Eritrea’s borders. Eritreans composed approximately 90% of the conservatively estimated 25,000-30,000 victims of Sinai trafficking from 2009-2013, according to a 2013 consultancy firm report.
Age structure: 0-14 years: 38.23% (male 1,169,456/female 1,155,460)

15-24 years: 20.56% (male 622,172/female 627,858)

25-54 years: 33.42% (male 997,693/female 1,034,550)

55-64 years: 3.8% (male 105,092/female 125,735)

65 years and over: 4% (2020 est.) (male 99,231/female 143,949)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 83.9

youth dependency ratio: 75.6

elderly dependency ratio: 8.3

potential support ratio: 12.1 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 20.3 years

male: 19.7 years

female: 20.8 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.03% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 27.04 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.69 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -10.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: density is highest in the center of the country in and around the cities of Asmara (capital) and Keren; smaller settlements exist in the north and south as shown in this population distribution map
Urbanization: urban population: 42.6% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.035 million ASMARA (capital) (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2010 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-29
Maternal mortality ratio: 480 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 41.5 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 48.36 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 34.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.85 years

male: 64.25 years

female: 69.53 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.58 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 8.4% (2010)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 73.2% of population

rural: 53.3% of population

total: 57.8% of population

unimproved: urban: 26.8% of population

rural: 46.7% of population

total: 42.2% of population (2015 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 4.5% (2019)
Physicians density: 0.08 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density: 0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 44.5% of population

rural: 7.3% of population

total: 15.7% of population

unimproved: urban: 55.5% of population

rural: 92.7% of population

total: 84.3% of population (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.5% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 13,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020 est.) <500
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 5% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 7.5% (2020 est.)

male: 14.7% (2020 est.)

female: 0.2% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: NA
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 76.6%

male: 84.4%

female: 68.9% (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 8 years

male: 8 years

female: 7 years (2015)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 42.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 0.71 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 4.48 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Land use: agricultural land: 75.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 6.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.3% (2018 est.)

forest: 15.1% (2018 est.)

other: 9.8% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 42.6% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 3.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 726,957 tons (2011 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 31 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 550 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 7.315 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: State of Eritrea

conventional short form: Eritrea

local long form: Hagere Ertra

local short form: Ertra

former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia

etymology: the country name derives from the ancient Greek appellation "Erythra Thalassa" meaning Red Sea, which is the major water body bordering the country
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Asmara

geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E

time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name means "they [women] made them unite," which according to Tigrinya oral tradition refers to the women of the four clans in the Asmara area who persuaded their menfolk to unite and defeat their common enemy; the name has also been translated as "live in peace"
Administrative divisions: 6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); 'Anseba, Debub (South), Debubawi K'eyyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash-Barka, Ma'ikel (Central), Semienawi K'eyyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)
Independence: 24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 May (1991)
Constitution: history: ratified by the Constituent Assembly 23 May 1997 (not fully implemented)

amendments: proposed by the president of Eritrea or by assent of at least one half of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least an initial three-quarters majority vote by the Assembly and, after one year, final passage by at least four-fifths majority vote by the Assembly
Legal system: mixed legal system of civil, customary, and Islamic religious law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Eritrea

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 20 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly

head of government: President ISAIAS Afwerki (since 8 June 1993)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the president

elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); the only election was held on 8 June 1993, following independence from Ethiopia (next election postponed indefinitely)

election results: 1993: ISAIAS Afwerki elected president by the transitional National Assembly; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS  Afwerki (PFDJ) 95%, other 5%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Assembly (Hagerawi Baito) (150 seats; 75 members indirectly elected by the ruling party and 75 directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)

elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly, which had been established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections to form a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely due to the war with Ethiopia, and as of late 2021, there was no sitting legislative body (2021)

election results: NA
Judicial branch: highest courts: High Court (consists of 20 judges and organized into civil, commercial, criminal, labor, administrative, and customary sections)

judge selection and term of office: High Court judges appointed by the president

subordinate courts: regional/zonal courts; community courts; special courts; sharia courts (for issues dealing with Muslim marriage, inheritance, and family); military courts
Political parties and leaders: People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ [ISAIAS Afwerki] (the only party recognized by the government)
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Berhane Gebrehiwet SOLOMON (since 15 March 2011)

chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991

FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304

email address and website:
embassyeritrea@embassyeritrea.org

https://us.embassyeritrea.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Steven C. WALKER (since December 2019)

embassy: 179 Alaa Street, Asmara

mailing address: 7170 Asmara Place, Washington DC  20521-7170

telephone: [291] (1) 12-00-04

FAX: [291] (1) 12-75-84

email address and website:
consularasmara@state.gov

https://er.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on the hoist side of the red triangle; green stands for the country's agriculture economy, red signifies the blood shed in the fight for freedom, and blue symbolizes the bounty of the sea; the wreath-olive branch symbol is similar to that on the first flag of Eritrea from 1952; the shape of the red triangle broadly mimics the shape of the country

note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, and Vanuatu
National symbol(s): camel; national colors: green, red, blue
National anthem: name: "Ertra, Ertra, Ertra" (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)

lyrics/music: SOLOMON Tsehaye Beraki/Isaac Abraham MEHAREZGI and ARON Tekle Tesfatsion

note: adopted 1993; upon independence from Ethiopia
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Asmara: A Modernist African City

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Since formal independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced many economic problems, including lack of financial resources and chronic drought. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice. Like the economies of many African nations, a large share of the population - nearly 80% in Eritrea - is engaged in subsistence agriculture, but the sector only produces a small share of the country's total output. Mining accounts for the lion's share of output.   The government has strictly controlled the use of foreign currency by limiting access and availability; new regulations in 2013 aimed at relaxing currency controls have had little economic effect. Few large private enterprises exist in Eritrea and most operate in conjunction with government partners, including a number of large international mining ventures, which began production in 2013. In late 2015, the Government of Eritrea introduced a new currency, retaining the name nakfa, and restricted the amount of hard currency individuals could withdraw from banks per month. The changeover has resulted in exchange fluctuations and the scarcity of hard currency available in the market.   While reliable statistics on Eritrea are difficult to obtain, erratic rainfall and the large percentage of the labor force tied up in military service continue to interfere with agricultural production and economic development. Eritrea's harvests generally cannot meet the food needs of the country without supplemental grain purchases. Copper, potash, and gold production are likely to continue to drive limited economic growth and government revenue over the next few years, but military spending will continue to compete with development and investment plans.Since formal independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced many economic problems, including lack of financial resources and chronic drought. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice. Like the economies of many African nations, a large share of the population - nearly 80% in Eritrea - is engaged in subsistence agriculture, but the sector only produces a small share of the country's total output. Mining accounts for the lion's share of output. The government has strictly controlled the use of foreign currency by limiting access and availability; new regulations in 2013 aimed at relaxing currency controls have had little economic effect. Few large private enterprises exist in Eritrea and most operate in conjunction with government partners, including a number of large international mining ventures, which began production in 2013. In late 2015, the Government of Eritrea introduced a new currency, retaining the name nakfa, and restricted the amount of hard currency individuals could withdraw from banks per month. The changeover has resulted in exchange fluctuations and the scarcity of hard currency available in the market. While reliable statistics on Eritrea are difficult to obtain, erratic rainfall and the large percentage of the labor force tied up in military service continue to interfere with agricultural production and economic development. Eritrea's harvests generally cannot meet the food needs of the country without supplemental grain purchases. Copper, potash, and gold production are likely to continue to drive limited economic growth and government revenue over the next few years, but military spending will continue to compete with development and investment plans.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $9.702 billion (2017 est.)

$8.953 billion (2016 est.)

$8.791 billion (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 5% (2017 est.)

1.9% (2016 est.)

2.6% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $1,600 (2017 est.)

$1,500 (2016 est.)

$1,500 (2015 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $5.813 billion (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (2017 est.)

9% (2016 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 11.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 29.6% (2017 est.)

services: 58.7% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 80.9% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 24.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 6.4% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.1% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 10.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -22.5% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: sorghum, milk, vegetables, barley, cereals, pulses nes, roots/tubers nes, wheat, millet, beef
Industries: food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, light manufacturing, salt, cement
Industrial production growth rate: 5.4% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 2.71 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 80%

industry: 20% (2004 est.)
Unemployment rate: 5.8% (2017 est.)

10% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line: 50% (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA
Budget: revenues: 2.029 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.601 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -9.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 131.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

132.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 34.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$137 million (2017 est.)

-$105 million (2016 est.)
Exports: $624.3 million (2017 est.)

$485.4 million (2016 est.)
Exports - partners: China 62%, South Korea 28.3% (2017)
Exports - commodities: gold and other minerals, livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small industry manufactures
Imports: $1.127 billion (2017 est.)

$1.048 billion (2016 est.)
Imports - partners: UAE 14.5%, China 13.2%, Saudi Arabia 13.2%, Italy 12.9%, Turkey 5.6%, South Africa 4.6% (2017)
Imports - commodities: machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $236.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$218.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $792.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$875.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates: nakfa (ERN) per US dollar -

15.38 (2017 est.)

15.375 (2016 est.)

15.375 (2015 est.)

15.375 (2014 est.)

15.375 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 47% (2019)

electrification - urban areas: 95% (2019)

electrification - rural areas: 13% (2019)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 228,000 kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 394.46 million kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 61 million kWh (2019 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 93.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 5,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 3,897 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas: production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 798,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 798,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: 3.217 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 66,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 1.801 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 51 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Eritrea’s telecom sector operates under a state-owned monopoly for fixed and mobile services; the country has the least developed telecommunications market in Africa; mobile subscriptions stands at only about 20%, while fixed-line internet use barely registers; this is exacerbated by the very low use of computers, with only about 4% of households having a computer, and most of these being in the capital, Asmara; the provision of internet services is open to competition, about 2% of households have access to the internet; the national telco, the Eritrean Telecommunication Services Corporation (EriTel), continues to roll out a 3G network which provides basic internet access to the majority or Eritreans; considerable investment in telecom infrastructure is still required to improve the quality of services; the government has embarked on a work program aimed at extending services to remote areas, improving the quality of services, and ensuring that more telecoms infrastructure is supported by solar power to compensate for the poor state of the electricity network; additional foreign investment in telecom infrastructure, as well as introduction of more competition, would help transform what remains a virtually untapped market. (2021)

domestic: fixed-line subscribership is less than 2 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular is just over 20 per 100 (2019)

international: country code - 291 (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media: government controls broadcast media with private ownership prohibited; 1 state-owned TV station; state-owned radio operates 2 networks; purchases of satellite dishes and subscriptions to international broadcast media are permitted (2019)
Internet country code: .er
Internet users: total: 53,200 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 1% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 5,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 102,729 (2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: E3
Airports: total: 13 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 4

over 3,047 m: 2

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 9

over 3,047 m: 1

2,438 to 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 5

914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2021)
Heliports: 1 (2021)
Railways: total: 306 km (2018)

narrow gauge: 306 km (2018) 0.950-m gauge
Roadways: total: 16,000 km (2018)

paved: 1,600 km (2000)

unpaved: 14,400 km (2000)
Merchant marine: total: 9

by type: general cargo 4, oil tanker 1, other 4 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Assab, Massawa

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Eritrean Defense Forces: Eritrean Ground Forces, Eritrean Navy, Eritrean Air Force (includes Air Defense Force) (2022)
Military expenditures: 10% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $640 million)

10.2% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $630 million)

10.3% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $630 million)

10.4% of GDP (2016 est.) (approximately $640 million)

10.6% of GDP (2015 est.) (approximately $600 million)
Military and security service personnel strengths: limited available information; estimated 150,000-200,000 personnel, including about 2,000 in the naval and air forces (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Eritrean Defense Forces inventory is comprised primarily of older Russian and Soviet-era systems; Eritrea was under a UN arms embargo from 2009 to 2018; from the 1990s to 2008, Russia was the leading supplier of arms to Eritrea, followed by Belarus; in 2019, Eritrea expressed interest in purchasing Russian arms, including missile boats, helicopters, and small arms (2021)
Military service age and obligation: 18-40 years of age for male and female voluntary and compulsory military service (18-27 for female conscription); 18-month conscript service obligation, which includes 4-6 months of military training and one‐year of military or other national service (military service is most common); note - in practice, military service reportedly is often extended indefinitely (2021)

note: as of 2020, women reportedly made up as much as 30% of the Eritrean military
Military - note: in 2020-2021, the EDF assisted the Ethiopian Government in its war with the Tigray regional government, providing ground forces and combat aircraft; during the fighting, the EDF was accused of committing human rights abuses against civiliansin 2020-2021, the EDF assisted the Ethiopian Government in its war with the Tigray regional government, providing ground forces and combat aircraft; during the fighting, the EDF was accused of committing human rights abuses against civilians

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red SeaEritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea
Trafficking in persons: current situation: human traffickers export domestic victims in Eritrea or abroad; National Service is mandatory at age 18 and may take a variety of forms, including military service and physical labor but also government office jobs and teaching; Eritreans who flee the country, usually with the aim of reaching Europe, seek the help of paid smugglers and are vulnerable to trafficking when they cross the border clandestinely into Sudan, Ethiopia, and to a lesser extent Djibouti; Eritreans are subject to forced labor and sex trafficking mainly in Sudan, Ethiopia, and Libya

tier rating: Tier 3 — Eritrea does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government engaged in critical bilateral and multilateral partnerships to build its capacity for anti-trafficking initiatives; officials participated in a UN-sponsored regional anti-trafficking workshop and committed to produce a regional plan of action to combat trafficking; however, a government policy or pattern of forced labor existed; the government continued to subject its nationals to forced labor in its compulsory national service and citizen militia by forcing them to serve indefinitely or for arbitrary periods; authorities did not report any trafficking investigations, prosecutions, or convictions, including complicit government employees, nor did they report identifying victims and referring them to care; the government has no action plan to combat human trafficking (2020)


A national symbol is a faunal, floral, or other abstract representation - or some distinctive object - that over time has come to be closely identified with a country or entity. Not all countries have national symbols; a few countries have more than one.

Topic: Afghanistanlion; national colors: red, green, black

Topic: Albaniablack double-headed eagle; national colors: red, black

Topic: Algeriafive-pointed star between the extended horns of a crescent moon, fennec fox; national colors: green, white, red

Topic: American Samoaa fue (coconut fiber fly whisk; representing wisdom) crossed with a to'oto'o (staff; representing authority); national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Andorrared cow (breed unspecified); national colors: blue, yellow, red

Topic: AngolaPalanca Negra Gigante (giant black sable antelope); national colors: red, black, yellow

Topic: Anguilladolphin

Topic: Antigua and Barbudafallow deer; national colors: red, white, blue, black, yellow

Topic: ArgentinaSun of May (a sun-with-face symbol); national colors: sky blue, white

Topic: ArmeniaMount Ararat, eagle, lion; national colors: red, blue, orange

Topic: ArubaHooiberg (Haystack) Hill; national colors: blue, yellow, red, white

Topic: AustraliaCommonwealth Star (seven-pointed Star of Federation), golden wattle tree (Acacia pycnantha Benth), kangaroo, emu; national colors: green, gold

Topic: Austriaeagle, edelweiss, Alpine gentian; national colors: red, white

Topic: Azerbaijanflames of fire; national colors: blue, red, green

Topic: Bahamas, Theblue marlin, flamingo, Yellow Elder flower; national colors: aquamarine, yellow, black

Topic: Bahraina red field surmounted by a white serrated band with five white points; national colors: red, white

Topic: BangladeshBengal tiger, water lily; national colors: green, red

Topic: BarbadosNeptune's trident, pelican, Red Bird of Paradise flower (also known as Pride of Barbados); national colors: blue, yellow, black

Topic: Belarusno clearly defined current national symbol, the mounted knight known as Pahonia (the Chaser) is the traditional Belarusian symbol; national colors: green, red, white

Topic: Belgiumgolden rampant lion; national colors: red, black, yellow

Topic: BelizeBaird's tapir (a large, browsing, forest-dwelling mammal), keel-billed toucan, Black Orchid; national colors: red, blue

Topic: Beninleopard; national colors: green, yellow, red

Topic: Bermudared lion

Topic: Bhutanthunder dragon known as Druk Gyalpo; national colors: orange, yellow

Topic: Boliviallama, Andean condor, two national flowers: the cantuta and the patuju; national colors: red, yellow, green

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinagolden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white

Topic: Botswanazebra; national colors: blue, white, black

Topic: BrazilSouthern Cross constellation; national colors: green, yellow, blue

Topic: British Virgin Islandszenaida dove, white cedar flower; national colors: yellow, green, red, white, blue

Topic: Bruneiroyal parasol; national colors: yellow, white, black

Topic: Bulgarialion; national colors: white, green, red

Topic: Burkina Fasowhite stallion; national colors: red, yellow, green

Topic: Burmachinthe (mythical lion); national colors: yellow, green, red, white

Topic: Burundilion; national colors: red, white, green

Topic: Cabo Verdeten, five-pointed, yellow stars; national colors: blue, white, red, yellow

Topic: CambodiaAngkor Wat temple, kouprey (wild ox); national colors: red, blue

Topic: Cameroonlion; national colors: green, red, yellow

Topic: Canadamaple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

Topic: Cayman Islandsgreen sea turtle

Topic: Central African Republicelephant; national colors: blue, white, green, yellow, red

Topic: Chadgoat (north), lion (south); national colors: blue, yellow, red

Topic: Chilehuemul (mountain deer), Andean condor; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Chinadragon, giant panda; national colors: red, yellow

Topic: Christmas Islandgolden bosun bird

Topic: ColombiaAndean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red

Topic: Comorosfour five-pointed stars and crescent moon; national colors: green, white

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of theleopard; national colors: sky blue, red, yellow

Topic: Congo, Republic of thelion, elephant; national colors: green, yellow, red

Topic: Cook Islandsa circle of 15, five-pointed, white stars on a blue field, Tiare maori (Gardenia taitensis) flower; national colors: green, white

Topic: Costa Ricayiguirro (clay-colored robin); national colors: blue, white, red

Topic: Cote d'Ivoireelephant; national colors: orange, white, green

Topic: Croatiared-white checkerboard; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Cubaroyal palm; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Curacaolaraha (citrus tree); national colors: blue, yellow, white

Topic: CyprusCypriot mouflon (wild sheep), white dove; national colors: blue, white

Topic: Czechiasilver (or white), double-tailed, rampant lion; national colors: white, red, blue

Topic: Denmarklion, mute swan; national colors: red, white

Topic: Djiboutired star; national colors: light blue, green, white, red

Topic: DominicaSisserou parrot, Carib Wood flower; national colors: green, yellow, black, white, red

Topic: Dominican Republicpalmchat (bird); national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: EcuadorAndean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red

Topic: Egyptgolden eagle, white lotus; national colors: red, white, black

Topic: El Salvadorturquoise-browed motmot (bird); national colors: blue, white

Topic: Equatorial Guineasilk cotton tree; national colors: green, white, red, blue

Topic: Eritreacamel; national colors: green, red, blue

Topic: Estoniabarn swallow, cornflower; national colors: blue, black, white

Topic: Eswatinilion, elephant; national colors: blue, yellow, red

Topic: EthiopiaAbyssinian lion (traditional), yellow pentagram with five rays of light on a blue field (promoted by current government); national colors: green, yellow, red

Topic: European Uniona circle of 12, five-pointed, golden yellow stars on a blue field; union colors: blue, yellow

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)ram

Topic: Faroe Islandsram; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: FijiFijian canoe; national color: light blue

Topic: Finlandlion; national colors: blue, white

Topic: FranceGallic rooster, fleur-de-lis, Marianne (female personification); national colors: blue, white, red

Topic: French Polynesiaoutrigger canoe, Tahitian gardenia (Gardenia taitensis) flower; national colors: red, white

Topic: Gabonblack panther; national colors: green, yellow, blue

Topic: Gambia, Thelion; national colors: red, blue, green, white

Topic: GeorgiaSaint George, lion; national colors: red, white

Topic: Germanyeagle; national colors: black, red, yellow

Topic: Ghanablack star, golden eagle; national colors: red, yellow, green, black

Topic: GibraltarBarbary macaque; national colors: red, white, yellow

Topic: GreeceGreek cross (white cross on blue field, arms equal length); national colors: blue, white

Topic: Greenlandpolar bear; national colors: red, white

Topic: GrenadaGrenada dove, bougainvillea flower; national colors: red, yellow, green

Topic: Guamcoconut tree; national colors: deep blue, red

Topic: Guatemalaquetzal (bird); national colors: blue, white

Topic: GuernseyGuernsey cow, donkey; national colors: red, white, yellow

Topic: Guineaelephant; national colors: red, yellow, green

Topic: Guinea-Bissaublack star; national colors: red, yellow, green, black

Topic: GuyanaCanje pheasant (hoatzin), jaguar, Victoria Regia water lily; national colors: red, yellow, green, black, white

Topic: HaitiHispaniolan trogon (bird), hibiscus flower; national colors: blue, red

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)crossed keys beneath a papal tiara; national colors: yellow, white

Topic: Hondurasscarlet macaw, white-tailed deer; national colors: blue, white

Topic: Hong Kongorchid tree flower; national colors: red, white

Topic: HungaryHoly Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green

Topic: Icelandgyrfalcon; national colors: blue, white, red

Topic: Indiathe Lion Capital of Ashoka, which depicts four Asiatic lions standing back to back mounted on a circular abacus, is the official emblem; Bengal tiger; lotus flower; national colors: saffron, white, green

Topic: Indonesiagaruda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white

Topic: Iranlion; national colors: green, white, red

Topic: Iraqgolden eagle; national colors: red, white, black

Topic: Irelandharp, shamrock (trefoil); national colors: blue, green

Topic: Isle of Mantriskelion (a motif of three legs); national colors: red, white

Topic: IsraelStar of David (Magen David), menorah (seven-branched lampstand); national colors: blue, white

Topic: Italywhite, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red, white, green

Topic: Jamaicagreen-and-black streamertail (bird), Guaiacum officinale (Guaiacwood); national colors: green, yellow, black

Topic: Japanred sun disc, chrysanthemum; national colors: red, white

Topic: JerseyJersey cow; national colors: red, white

Topic: Jordaneagle; national colors: black, white, green, red

Topic: Kazakhstangolden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow

Topic: Kenyalion; national colors: black, red, green, white

Topic: Kiribatifrigatebird; national colors: red, white, blue, yellow

Topic: Korea, Northred star, chollima (winged horse); national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Korea, Southtaegeuk (yin yang symbol), Hibiscus syriacus (Rose of Sharon), Siberian tiger; national colors: red, white, blue, black

Topic: Kosovosix, five-pointed, white stars; national colors: blue, gold, white

Topic: Kuwaitgolden falcon; national colors: green, white, red, black

Topic: Kyrgyzstanwhite falcon; national colors: red, yellow

Topic: Laoselephant; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Latviawhite wagtail (bird); national colors: maroon, white

Topic: Lebanoncedar tree; national colors: red, white, green

Topic: Lesothomokorotio (Basotho hat); national colors: blue, white, green, black

Topic: Liberiawhite star; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Libyastar and crescent, hawk; national colors: red, black, green

Topic: Liechtensteinprincely hat (crown); national colors: blue, red

Topic: Lithuaniamounted knight known as Vytis (the Chaser), white stork; national colors: yellow, green, red

Topic: Luxembourgred, rampant lion; national colors: red, white, light blue

Topic: Macaulotus blossom; national colors: green, white, yellow

Topic: Madagascartraveller's palm, zebu; national colors: red, green, white

Topic: Malawilion; national colors: black, red, green

Topic: Malaysiatiger, hibiscus; national colors: gold, black

Topic: Maldivescoconut palm, yellowfin tuna; national colors: red, green, white

Topic: MaliGreat Mosque of Djenne; national colors: green, yellow, red

Topic: MaltaMaltese eight-pointed cross; national colors: red, white

Topic: Marshall Islandsa 24-rayed star; national colors: blue, white, orange

Topic: Mauritaniafive-pointed star between the horns of a horizontal crescent moon; national colors: green, yellow

Topic: Mauritiusdodo bird, Trochetia Boutoniana flower; national colors: red, blue, yellow, green

Topic: Mexicogolden eagle; national colors: green, white, red

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States offour, five-pointed, white stars on a light blue field, hibiscus flower; national colors: light blue, white

Topic: Moldovaaurochs (a type of wild cattle); national colors: blue, yellow, red

Topic: Monacored and white lozenges (diamond shapes); national colors: red, white

Topic: Mongoliasoyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow

Topic: Montenegrodouble-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold

Topic: Moroccopentacle symbol, lion; national colors: red, green

Topic: Mozambiquenational colors: green, black, yellow, white, red

Topic: Namibiaoryx (antelope); national colors: blue, red, green, white, yellow

Topic: Naurufrigatebird, calophyllum flower; national colors: blue, yellow, white

Topic: Nepalrhododendron blossom; national color: red

Topic: Netherlandslion, tulip; national color: orange

Topic: New Caledoniafleche faitiere (native rooftop adornment), kagu bird; national colors: gray, red

Topic: New ZealandSouthern Cross constellation (four, five-pointed stars), kiwi (bird), silver fern; national colors: black, white, red (ochre)

Topic: Nicaraguaturquoise-browed motmot (bird); national colors: blue, white

Topic: Nigerzebu; national colors: orange, white, green

Topic: Nigeriaeagle; national colors: green, white

Topic: Niueyellow, five-pointed star; national color: yellow

Topic: Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island pine

Topic: North Macedoniaeight-rayed sun; national colors: red, yellow

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandslatte stone; national colors: blue, white

Topic: Norwaylion; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Omankhanjar dagger superimposed on two crossed swords; national colors: red, white, green

Topic: Pakistanfive-pointed star between the horns of a waxing crescent moon, jasmine; national colors: green, white

Topic: Palaubai (native meeting house); national colors: blue, yellow

Topic: Panamaharpy eagle; national colors: blue, white, red

Topic: Papua New Guineabird of paradise; national colors: red, black

Topic: Paraguaylion; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Peruvicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white

Topic: Philippinesthree stars and sun, Philippine eagle; national colors: red, white, blue, yellow

Topic: Polandwhite crowned eagle; national colors: white, red

Topic: Portugalarmillary sphere (a spherical astrolabe modeling objects in the sky and representing the Republic); national colors: red, green

Topic: Puerto RicoPuerto Rican spindalis (bird), coqui (frog); national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Qatara maroon field surmounted by a white serrated band with nine white points; national colors: maroon, white

Topic: Romaniagolden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

Topic: Russiabear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red

Topic: Rwandatraditional woven basket with peaked lid; national colors: blue, yellow, green

Topic: Saint Barthelemypelican

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaSaint Helena plover (bird)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevisbrown pelican, royal poinciana (flamboyant) tree; national colors: green, yellow, red, black, white

Topic: Saint Luciatwin pitons (volcanic peaks), Saint Lucia parrot; national colors: cerulean blue, gold, black, white

Topic: Saint Martinbrown pelican

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon16th-century sailing ship

Topic: Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent parrot; national colors: blue, gold, green

Topic: SamoaSouthern Cross constellation (five, five-pointed stars); national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: San Marinothree peaks each displaying a tower; national colors: white, blue

Topic: Sao Tome and Principepalm tree; national colors: green, yellow, red, black

Topic: Saudi Arabiapalm tree surmounting two crossed swords; national colors: green, white

Topic: Senegallion; national colors: green, yellow, red

Topic: Serbiawhite double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white

Topic: Seychellescoco de mer (sea coconut); national colors: blue, yellow, red, white, green

Topic: Sierra Leonelion; national colors: green, white, blue

Topic: Singaporelion, merlion (mythical half lion-half fish creature), orchid; national colors: red, white

Topic: Sint Maartenbrown pelican, yellow sage (flower); national colors: red, white, bluebrown pelican, yellow sage (flower); national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Slovakiadouble-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) surmounting three peaks; national colors: white, blue, red

Topic: SloveniaMount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red

Topic: Solomon Islandsnational colors: blue, yellow, green, white

Topic: Somalialeopard; national colors: blue, white

Topic: South Africaspringbok (antelope), king protea flower; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white

Topic: South SudanAfrican fish eagle; national colors: red, green, blue, yellow, black, white

Topic: SpainPillars of Hercules; national colors: red, yellow

Topic: Sri Lankalion, water lily; national colors: maroon, yellow

Topic: Sudansecretary bird; national colors: red, white, black, green

Topic: Surinameroyal palm, faya lobi (flower); national colors: green, white, red, yellow

Topic: Swedenthree crowns, lion; national colors: blue, yellow

Topic: SwitzerlandSwiss cross (white cross on red field, arms equal length); national colors: red, white

Topic: Syriahawk; national colors: red, white, black, green

Topic: Taiwanwhite, 12-rayed sun on blue field; national colors: blue, white, red

Topic: Tajikistancrown surmounted by an arc of seven, five-pointed stars; snow leopard; national colors: red, white, green

Topic: TanzaniaUhuru (Freedom) torch, giraffe; national colors: green, yellow, blue, black

Topic: Thailandgaruda (mythical half-man, half-bird figure), elephant; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: Timor-LesteMount Ramelau; national colors: red, yellow, black, white

Topic: Togolion; national colors: green, yellow, red, white

Topic: Tokelautuluma (fishing tackle box); national colors: blue, yellow, white

Topic: Tongared cross on white field, arms equal length; national colors: red, white

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagoscarlet ibis (bird of Trinidad), cocrico (bird of Tobago), Chaconia flower; national colors: red, white, black

Topic: Tunisiaencircled red crescent moon and five-pointed star; national colors: red, white

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star; national colors: red, white

Topic: TurkmenistanAkhal-Teke horse; national colors: green, white

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandsconch shell, Turk's cap cactus

Topic: Tuvalumaneapa (native meeting house); national colors: light blue, yellow

Topic: Ugandagrey crowned crane; national colors: black, yellow, red

Topic: Ukrainetryzub (trident), sunflower; national colors: blue, yellow

Topic: United Arab Emiratesgolden falcon; national colors: green, white, black, red

Topic: United Kingdomlion (Britain in general); lion, Tudor rose, oak (England); lion, unicorn, thistle (Scotland); dragon, daffodil, leek (Wales); shamrock, flax (Northern Ireland); national colors: red, white, blue (Britain in general); red, white (England); blue, white (Scotland); red, white, green (Wales)

Topic: United Statesbald eagle; national colors: red, white, blue

Topic: UruguaySun of May (a sun-with-face symbol); national colors: blue, white, yellow

Topic: Uzbekistankhumo (mythical bird); national colors: blue, white, red, green

Topic: Vanuatuboar's tusk with crossed fern fronds; national colors: red, black, green, yellow

Topic: Venezuelatroupial (bird); national colors: yellow, blue, red

Topic: Vietnamyellow, five-pointed star on red field; lotus blossom; national colors: red, yellow

Topic: Wallis and Futunared saltire (Saint Andrew's Cross) on a white square on a red field; national colors: red, white

Topic: Yemengolden eagle; national colors: red, white, black

Topic: ZambiaAfrican fish eagle; national colors: green, red, black, orange

Topic: ZimbabweZimbabwe bird symbol, African fish eagle, flame lily; national colors: green, yellow, red, black, white


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens DO NOT TRAVEL to Eritrea due to COVID-19, travel restrictions, limited consular assistance, and landmines. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 2 blank pages in their passport for any entry stamp and or visa that will be required. A visa is required. US citizens will need to get in touch with the country’s embassy or nearest consulate to obtain a visa prior to visiting the country.
US Embassy/Consulate: [291] (1) 120004; US Embassy Asmara, 179 Alaa Street, Asmara, Eritrea; https://er.usembassy.gov/; consularasmara@state.gov
Telephone Code: 291
Local Emergency Phone: Local numbers only
Vaccinations: An International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever is required for travelers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission and for travelers having transited through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. See WHO recommendations.

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Currency (Code): Nakfa (ERN)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 230 V / 50 Hz / plug types(s): C, L

Major Languages: Trigrinya, Arabic, English, Tigre, Kunama, Afar, other Cushitic languages
Major Religions: Sunni Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant
Time Difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water: Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: Asmara (includes St. Mariam Cathedral, Our Lady of the Rosary Church, Kulafah Al Rashidin Mosque); Dahlak Marine National Park
Major Sports: Soccer, cycling, volleyball
Cultural Practices: Unlike in western countries where raised eyebrows indicate puzzlement, in Eretria they signal affirmation or approval.
Tipping Guidelines: Tipping up to 10% of the bill in restaurants is appreciated, but not always expected; this amount may sometimes be included as a service charge. Tipping taxi drivers is uncommon.Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Tuesday, March 22, 2022


This entry provides a listing of the highest-valued exported commodities.

Topic: Afghanistangold, grapes, opium, fruits and nuts, insect resins, cotton, handwoven carpets, soapstone, scrap metal (2019)

Topic: Albanialeather footwear and parts, crude petroleum, iron alloys, clothing, electricity, perfumes (2019)

Topic: Algeriacrude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, ammonia (2019)

Topic: American Samoacanned tuna

Topic: Andorraintegrated circuits, medical supplies, essential oils, cars, tanned hides (2019)

Topic: Angolacrude petroleum, diamonds, natural gas, refined petroleum, ships (2019)

Topic: Anguillalobster, fish, livestock, salt, concrete blocks, rum

Topic: Antigua and Barbudaships, refined petroleum, precious/semi-precious metal scraps, rice, corn (2019)

Topic: Argentinasoybean products, corn, delivery trucks, wheat, frozen meat, gold (2019)

Topic: Armeniacopper ore, gold, tobacco, liquors, iron alloys (2019)

Topic: Arubarefined petroleum, liquors, scrap iron, soap, tobacco (2019)

Topic: Australiairon ore, coal, natural gas, gold, aluminum oxide (2019)

Topic: Austriacars, packaged medical supplies, vehicle parts, medical vaccines/cultures, flavored water (2019)

Topic: Azerbaijancrude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, tomatoes, gold (2019)

Topic: Bahamas, Theships, refined petroleum, nitrogen compounds, crustaceans, styrene polymers (2019)

Topic: Bahrainrefined petroleum, aluminum and plating, crude petroleum, iron ore, gold (2019)

Topic: Bangladeshclothing, knitwear, leather footwear (2019)

Topic: Barbadosrums and other hard liquor, ships, orthopedic appliances, cement, packaged medicines (2019)

Topic: Belarusrefined petroleum, fertilizers, cheese, delivery trucks, crude petroleum (2019)

Topic: Belgiumcars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, diamonds, natural gas (2019)

Topic: Belizeraw sugar, bananas, fruit juice, fish products, crude petroleum (2019)

Topic: Benincotton, refined petroleum, gold, cashews, copper (2019)

Topic: Bermudare-exports of pharmaceuticals

Topic: Bhutaniron alloys, dolomite, refined iron, cement, silicon carbides (2019)

Topic: Bolivianatural gas, gold, zinc, soybean oil and soy products, tin, silver, lead (2019)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinaelectricity, seating, leather shoes, furniture, insulated wiring (2019)

Topic: Botswanadiamonds, insulated wiring, gold, beef, carbonates (2019)

Topic: Brazilsoybeans, crude petroleum, iron, corn, wood pulp products (2019)

Topic: British Virgin Islandsrecreational boats, aircraft, diamonds, paintings, precious stones (2019)

Topic: Bruneinatural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, industrial hydrocarbons (2019)

Topic: Bulgariarefined petroleum, packaged medicines, copper, wheat, electricity (2019)

Topic: Burkina Fasogold, cotton, zinc, cashews, sesame seeds (2019)

Topic: Burmanatural gas, clothing products, rice, copper, dried legumes (2019)

Topic: Burundigold, coffee, tea, raw earth metal ores, wheat flours (2019)

Topic: Cabo Verdeprocessed and frozen fish, mollusks, clothing, scrap iron (2019)

Topic: Cambodiaclothing, precious metal scraps, trunks/cases, gold, leather footwear (2019)

Topic: Camerooncrude petroleum, cocoa beans, lumber, gold, natural gas, bananas (2019)

Topic: Canadacrude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, gold, refined petroleum, natural gas (2019)

Topic: Cayman Islandsrecreational boats, gold, broadcasting equipment, sulfates, collector's items (2019)

Topic: Central African Republiclumber, gold, diamonds, sea vessels, cocoa paste (2019)

Topic: Chadcrude petroleum, gold, livestock, sesame seeds, gum arabic, insect resins (2019)

Topic: Chilecopper, wood pulp, fish fillets, pitted fruits, wine (2019)

Topic: Chinabroadcasting equipment, computers, integrated circuits, office machinery and parts, telephones (2019)

Topic: Christmas Islandcalcium phosphates, fertilizers, valves, air pumps, industrial printers (2019)

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islandscomputers, packaged medicines, precious metal watches, office machinery/parts, chemical analysis instruments (2019)

Topic: Colombiacrude petroleum, coal, refined petroleum, coffee, gold (2019)

Topic: Comoroscloves, essential oils, vacuum flask, vanilla, scrap vessels (2019)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of thecopper, cobalt, crude petroleum, diamonds (2019)

Topic: Congo, Republic of thecrude petroleum, copper, lumber, ships, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Cook Islandsfish products, recreational boats, precious metal scraps, fruit juice, chemical analysis instruments (2019)

Topic: Costa Ricamedical instruments, bananas, tropical fruits, orthopedic appliances, food preparations (2019)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoirecocoa beans, gold, rubber, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2019)

Topic: Croatiarefined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019)

Topic: Cubacigars, raw sugar, nickel products, rum, zinc (2019)

Topic: Curacaogold, precious metal scraps, petroleum coke, frozen fish, coal tar oil (2019)

Topic: Cyprusships, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cheese, crude petroleum (2019)

Topic: Czechiacars and vehicle parts, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, seating (2019)

Topic: Denmarkpackaged medicines, electric generators, pork, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)

Topic: Djiboutivarious animals, chlorides, dried legumes, industrial fatty acids/oils, coffee, chickpeas (2019)

Topic: Dominicamedical instruments, pharmaceuticals, low-voltage protection equipment, tropical fruits, bandages (2019)

Topic: Dominican Republicgold, medical instruments, cigars, low-voltage protection equipment, bananas (2019)

Topic: Ecuadorcrude petroleum, crustaceans, bananas, fish, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Egyptcrude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, natural gas, fertilizers (2019)

Topic: El Salvadortextiles and apparel, electrical capacitors, plastic lids, raw sugar, toilet paper (2019)

Topic: Equatorial Guineacrude petroleum, natural gas, industrial alcohols, lumber, veneer sheeting (2019)

Topic: Eritreagold and other minerals, livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small industry manufactures

Topic: Estoniabroadcasting equipment, refined petroleum, coal tar oil, cars, prefabricated buildings (2019)

Topic: Eswatinisoft drink concentrates, sugar, timber, cotton yarn, refrigerators, citrus, and canned fruit

Topic: Ethiopiacoffee, sesame seeds, gold, cut flowers, zinc (2019)

Topic: European Unionmachinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, aircraft, plastics, iron and steel, wood pulp and paper products, alcoholic beverages, furniture

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)mollusks, fish, wool, sheep/goat meats, engine parts (2019)

Topic: Faroe Islandsfish and fish products (97%) (2017 est.)

Topic: Fijiwater, refined petroleum, fish, raw sugar, gold (2019)

Topic: Finlandrefined petroleum, paper and wood pulp products, cars, stainless steel, lumber (2019)

Topic: Franceaircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)

Topic: French Polynesiacultured pearls, coconut products, mother-of-pearl, vanilla, shark meat

Topic: Gaboncrude petroleum, manganese, lumber, veneer sheeting, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Gambia, Thelumber, cashews, refined petroleum, fish oil, ground nut oil (2019)

Topic: Gaza Stripstrawberries, carnations, vegetables, fish (small and irregular shipments, as permitted to transit the Israeli-controlled Kerem Shalom crossing)

Topic: Georgiacopper, cars, iron alloys, wine, packaged medicines (2019)

Topic: Germanycars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)

Topic: Ghanagold, crude petroleum, cocoa products, manganese, cashews (2019)

Topic: Gibraltarcars, ships, refined petroleum, fish, recreational boats (2019)

Topic: Greecerefined petroleum, packaged medicines, aluminum plating, computers, cotton (2019)

Topic: Greenlandfish, crustaceans, fishing ships (2019)

Topic: Grenadafish, nutmeg, cocoa beans, fruits, wheat, toilet paper (2019)

Topic: Guamscrap iron, electric batteries, gas turbines, scrap copper, beauty products (2019)

Topic: Guatemalabananas, raw sugar, coffee, cardamom, palm oil (2019)

Topic: Guernseytomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other vegetables

Topic: Guineaaluminum, gold, bauxite, diamonds, fish, cashews (2019)

Topic: Guinea-Bissaucashews, gold, fish, lumber, aluminum ores (2019)

Topic: Guyanaships, gold, shipping containers, excavation machinery, aluminum ores, rice (2019)

Topic: Haiticlothing and apparel, eels, essential oils, perfumes, mangoes, cocoa beans (2019)

Topic: Hondurasclothing and apparel, coffee, insulated wiring, bananas, palm oil (2019)

Topic: Hong Konggold, broadcasting equipment, integrated circuits, diamonds, telephones (2019)

Topic: Hungarycars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, video displays, broadcasting equipment (2019)

Topic: Icelandaluminum and aluminum products, fish products, aircraft, iron alloys, animal meal (2019)

Topic: Indiarefined petroleum, diamonds, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars (2019)

Topic: Indonesiacoal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019)

Topic: Irancrude petroleum, polymers, industrial alcohols, iron, pistachios (2019)

Topic: Iraqcrude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, dates, petroleum coke (2019)

Topic: Irelandmedical cultures/vaccines, nitrogen compounds, packaged medicines, integrated circuits, scented mixtures (2019)

Topic: Isle of Mantweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb

Topic: Israeldiamonds, packaged medicines, medical instruments, integrated circuits, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Italypackaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, valves, trunks/cases, wine (2019)

Topic: Jamaicabauxite, refined petroleum, aluminum, rum, fruits, nuts (2019)

Topic: Japancars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, personal appliances, ships (2019)

Topic: Jerseylight industrial and electrical goods, dairy cattle, foodstuffs, textiles, flowers

Topic: Jordanfertilizers, calcium phosphates, packaged medicines, clothing and apparel, phosphoric acid (2019)

Topic: Kazakhstancrude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)

Topic: Kenyatea, cut flowers, refined petroleum, coffee, titanium (2019)

Topic: Kiribatifish and fish produces, ships, coconut oil, copra (2019)

Topic: Korea, Northwatch components, fake hair, iron alloys, instructional models, tungsten (2019)

Topic: Korea, Southintegrated circuits, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, ships, office machinery (2019)

Topic: Kosovomining and processed metal products, scrap metals, leather products, machinery, appliances, prepared foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco, vegetable products, textiles and apparel

Topic: Kuwaitcrude petroleum, refined petroleum, aircraft, natural gas, industrial hydrocarbon products (2019)

Topic: Kyrgyzstangold, precious metals, various beans, refined petroleum, scrap copper (2019)

Topic: Laoselectricity, copper, rubber, gold, flavored water (2019)

Topic: Latvialumber, broadcasting equipment, whiskey and other hard liquors, wheat, packaged medicines (2019)

Topic: Lebanongold, jewelry, shotguns, diamonds, scrap copper (2019)

Topic: Lesothodiamonds, clothing and apparel, low-voltage protection equipment, wheat products, footwear (2019)

Topic: Liberiaships, iron, gold, rubber, crude petroleum (2019)

Topic: Libyacrude petroleum, natural gas, gold, refined petroleum, scrap iron (2019)

Topic: Liechtensteinsmall specialty machinery, connectors for audio and video, parts for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared foodstuffs, electronic equipment, optical products

Topic: Lithuaniarefined petroleum, furniture, cigarettes, wheat, polyethylene (2019)

Topic: Luxembourgiron and iron products, tires, cars, broadcasting equipment, clothing and apparel  (2019)

Topic: Macaubroadcasting equipment, jewelry, watches, trunks/cases, telephones (2019)

Topic: Madagascarvanilla, nickel, gold, clothing and apparel, gemstones (2019)

Topic: Malawitobacco, tea, raw sugar, beans, soybean products, clothing and apparel (2019)

Topic: Malaysiaintegrated circuits, refined petroleum, natural gas, semiconductors, palm oil (2019)

Topic: Maldivesfish products, natural gas, scrap iron, jewelry, liquid pumps (2019)

Topic: Maligold, cotton, sesame seeds, lumber, vegetable oils/residues (2019)

Topic: Maltaintegrated circuits, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, children's toys and stuffed animals, postage stamps  (2019)

Topic: Marshall Islandsships, fish, recreational boats, broadcasting equipment, coal tar oil (2019)

Topic: Mauritaniairon ore, fish products, gold, mollusks, processed crustaceans (2019)

Topic: Mauritiusfish products, raw sugar, clothing and apparel, diamonds, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Mexicocars and vehicle parts, computers, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, insulated wiring (2019)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States offish and fish products, coral/shells, scrap metals, mollusks, office machinery/parts (2019)

Topic: Moldovainsulated wiring, sunflower seeds, wine, corn, seats (2019)

Topic: Monacojewelry, perfumes, watches, packaged medicines, plastic products (2019)

Topic: Mongoliacoal, copper, gold, iron, crude petroleum (2019)

Topic: Montenegroaluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)

Topic: Montserratsand, iron products, seats, medical instruments, fish (2019)

Topic: Moroccocars, insulated wiring, fertilizers, phosphoric acid, clothing and apparel (2019)

Topic: Mozambiquecoal, aluminum, natural gas, tobacco, electricity, gold, lumber (2019)

Topic: Namibiacopper, diamonds, uranium, thorium, gold, radioactive chemicals, fish (2019)

Topic: Naurufish, calcium phosphates, low-voltage protection equipment, air conditioners, leather apparel (2019)

Topic: Nepalpalm oil, clothing and apparel, carpets, soybean oil, flavored water (2019)

Topic: Netherlandsrefined petroleum, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, photography equipment, computers (2019)

Topic: New Caledoniairon alloys, nickel, cobalt, carbonates, essential oils (2019)

Topic: New Zealanddairy products, sheep/goat meats, lumber, beef products, fresh fruits (2019)

Topic: Nicaraguaclothing and apparel, gold, insulated wiring, coffee, beef (2019)

Topic: Nigergold, sesame seeds, uranium, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Nigeriacrude petroleum, natural gas, scrap vessels, flexible metal tubing, cocoa beans (2019)

Topic: Niuetanker ships, fruit juice, thermostats, textiles, measurement devices/appliances (2019)

Topic: Norfolk Islandsoybean meal, Norfolk Island pine seeds, Kentia palm seeds, activated carbon, centrifuges, pesticides, postage stamps (2019)

Topic: North Macedoniasupport catalysts, centrifuges, insulated wiring, vehicle parts, buses, seats (2019)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandsscrap iron, scrap copper, scrap aluminum, computers, laboratory diagnostic equipment (2019)

Topic: Norwaycrude petroleum, natural gas, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2019)

Topic: Omancrude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, iron products, fertilizers (2019)

Topic: Pakistantextiles, clothing and apparel, rice, leather goods, surgical instruments (2019)

Topic: Palaufish, computers, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts, scrap vessels (2019)

Topic: Panamarefined petroleum, copper, bananas, ships, coal tar oil, packaged medicines (2019)

Topic: Papua New Guineanatural gas, gold, copper, lumber, crude petroleum, nickel, palm oil, fish, coffee (2019)

Topic: Paraguaysoybeans and soybean products, electricity, beef, corn, insulated wiring (2019)

Topic: Perucopper, gold, refined petroleum, zinc, fishmeal, tropical fruits, lead, iron, molybdenum (2019)

Topic: Philippinesintegrated circuits, office machinery/parts, insulated wiring, semiconductors, transformers (2019)

Topic: Pitcairn Islandsleather footwear, gas turbine parts, precious metal ores, clothing and apparel, beef (2019)

Topic: Polandcars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)

Topic: Portugalcars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, leather footwear, paper products, tires (2019)

Topic: Puerto Ricopackaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, hormones, orthopedic and medical appliances, sulfur compounds (2019)

Topic: Qatarnatural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, ethylene polymers, fertilizers (2019)

Topic: Romaniacars and vehicle parts, insulated wiring, refined petroleum, electrical control boards, seats (2019)

Topic: Russiacrude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)

Topic: Rwandagold, refined petroleum, coffee, tea, tin (2019)

Topic: Saint Barthelemybeauty products, broadcasting equipment, sunflower seed oil, plastics, cars (2019)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunhacrustaceans, fish, integrated circuits, air conditioners, clothing and apparel (2019)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevislow-voltage protection equipment, broadcasting equipment, measuring instruments, electric motor parts, electrical transformers (2019)

Topic: Saint Luciacrude petroleum, beer, jewelry, bananas, refined petroleum, rum (2019)

Topic: Saint Martingold, special use vessels, furniture, scrap aluminum, rum (2019)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miqueloncrustaceans, fish, medical instruments, electrical parts, pasta (2019)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesnatural gas, drilling platforms and ships, recreational boats, collector's items, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch (2019)

Topic: Samoarefined petroleum, fish, fruit juice, coconut oil, beer (2019)

Topic: San Marinoindustrial washing/bottling machinery, packaged medicines, woodworking machinery, foodstuffs, aircraft (2019)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principegas turbines, cocoa beans, aircraft parts, iron products, chocolate (2019)

Topic: Saudi Arabiacrude petroleum, refined petroleum, polymers, industrial alcohols, natural gas (2019)

Topic: Senegalgold, refined petroleum, phosphoric acid, fish, ground nuts (2019)

Topic: Serbiainsulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)

Topic: Seychellesrefined petroleum, fish, recreational boats, cigarettes, animal meal (2019)

Topic: Sierra Leonetitanium, lumber, diamonds, aluminum, cocoa beans (2019)

Topic: Singaporeintegrated circuits, refined petroleum, gold, gas turbines, packaged medicines (2019)

Topic: Sint Maartensugar

Topic: Slovakiacars and vehicle parts, video displays, broadcasting equipment, tires, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Sloveniapackaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019)

Topic: Solomon Islandslumber, fish, aluminum, palm oil, cocoa beans (2019)

Topic: Somaliagold, sheep, goats, sesame seeds, insect resins, cattle (2019)

Topic: South Africagold, platinum, cars, iron products, coal, manganese, diamonds  (2019)

Topic: South Sudancrude petroleum, gold, forage crops, lumber, insect resins (2019)

Topic: Spaincars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, delivery trucks, clothing and apparel (2019)

Topic: Sri Lankaclothing and apparel, tea, used tires, rubber products, precious stones, cinnamon (2019)

Topic: Sudangold, crude petroleum, sesame seeds, sheep, goats, cotton, ground nuts (2019)

Topic: Surinamegold, lumber, refined petroleum, fish, cigarettes (2019)

Topic: Swedencars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, lumber (2019)

Topic: Switzerlandgold, packaged medicines, medical cultures/vaccines, watches, jewelry (2019)

Topic: Syriaolive oil, cumin seeds, pistachios, tomatoes, apples, pears, spices, pitted fruits (2019)

Topic: Taiwanintegrated circuits, office machinery/parts, computers, refined petroleum, liquid crystal displays (2019)

Topic: Tajikistangold, aluminum, cotton, zinc, antimony, lead (2019)

Topic: Tanzaniagold, tobacco, cashews, sesame seeds, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Thailandoffice machinery/parts, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, delivery trucks, gold (2019)

Topic: Timor-Lestecrude petroleum, natural gas, coffee, various vegetables, scrap iron (2019)

Topic: Togorefined petroleum, crude petroleum, electricity, calcium phosphates, cotton (2019)

Topic: Tokelauoscilloscopes, house linens, fruits, nuts, recreational boats, iron products (2019)

Topic: Tongasquash, fish, various fruits and nuts, antiques, coral and shells (2019)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagonatural gas, industrial alcohols, crude petroleum, ammonia, iron products, refined petroleum (2019)

Topic: Tunisiainsulated wiring, clothing and apparel, crude petroleum, olive oil, vehicle parts (2019)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, jewelry, clothing and apparel (2019)

Topic: Turkmenistannatural gas, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cotton fibers, fertilizers (2019)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandsplastic building materials, stone processing machinery, iron structures, crustaceans, integrated circuits (2019)

Topic: Tuvalufish, ships, coins, metal-clad products, electrical power accessories (2019)

Topic: Ugandagold, coffee, milk, fish and fish products, tobacco (2019)

Topic: Ukrainecorn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)

Topic: United Arab Emiratescrude petroleum, refined petroleum, gold, jewelry, broadcasting equipment (2019)

Topic: United Kingdomcars, gas turbines, gold, crude petroleum, packaged medicines (2019)

Topic: United Statesrefined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, aircraft (2019)

Topic: Uruguaysulfate wood pulp, beef, soybeans, concentrated milk, rice (2019)

Topic: Uzbekistangold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (2019)

Topic: Vanuatufish and fish products, tug boats, perfume plants, mollusks, cocoa beans (2019)

Topic: Venezuelacrude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, gold, iron (2019)

Topic: Vietnambroadcasting equipment, telephones, integrated circuits, footwear, furniture (2019)

Topic: Virgin Islandsrefined petroleum, jewelry, recreational boats, watches, rum (2019)

Topic: Wallis and Futunaintegrated circuits, jewelry, cars, aircraft parts, polyacetals (2019)

Topic: West Bankstone, olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone

Topic: Worldthe whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

top ten - share of world trade: 14.8 electrical machinery, including computers; 14.4 mineral fuels, including oil, coal, gas, and refined products; 14.2 nuclear reactors, boilers, and parts; 8.9 cars, trucks, and buses; 3.5 scientific and precision instruments; 3.4 plastics; 2.7 iron and steel; 2.6 organic chemicals; 2.6 pharmaceutical products; 1.9 diamonds, pearls, and precious stones (2007 est.)

Topic: Yemencrude petroleum, gold, fish, industrial chemical liquids, scrap iron (2019)

Topic: Zambiacopper, gold, gemstones, sulfuric acid, raw sugar, tobacco (2019)

Topic: Zimbabwegold, tobacco, iron alloys, nickel, diamonds, jewelry (2019)