Data on household income or consumption come from household surveys, with the results adjusted for household size. Nations use different standards and procedures in collecting and adjusting the data. Surveys based on income will normally show a more unequal distribution than surveys based on consumption. The quality of surveys is improving with time, yet caution is still necessary in making inter-country comparisons.

Topic: Afghanistanlowest 10%: 3.8%

highest 10%: 24% (2008)

Topic: Albanialowest 10%: 4.1%

highest 10%: 19.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Algerialowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)

Topic: American Samoalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Andorralowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Angolalowest 10%: 0.6%

highest 10%: 44.7% (2000)

Topic: Anguillalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Antigua and Barbudalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Argentinalowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 31% (2017 est.)

Topic: Armenialowest 10%: 3.5%

highest 10%: 25.7% (2014)

Topic: Arubalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Australialowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)

Topic: Austrialowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 23.5% (2012 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijanlowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 27.4% (2008)

Topic: Bahamas, Thelowest 10%: 1%

highest 10%: 22% (2007 est.)

Topic: Bahrainlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Bangladeshlowest 10%: 4%

highest 10%: 27% (2010 est.)

Topic: Barbadoslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Belaruslowest 10%: 3.8%

highest 10%: 21.9% (2008)

Topic: Belgiumlowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 28.4% (2006)

Topic: Belizelowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Beninlowest 10%: 3.1%

highest 10%: 29% (2003)

Topic: Bermudalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Bhutanlowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 30.6% (2012)

Topic: Bolivialowest 10%: 0.9%

highest 10%: 36.1% (2014 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinalowest 10%: 2.9%

highest 10%: 25.8% (2011 est.)

Topic: Botswanalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Brazillowest 10%: 0.8%

highest 10%: 43.4% (2016 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Bruneilowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Bulgarialowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 31.2% (2017)

Topic: Burkina Fasolowest 10%: 2.9%

highest 10%: 32.2% (2009 est.)

Topic: Burmalowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Topic: Burundilowest 10%: 4.1%

highest 10%: 28% (2006)

Topic: Cabo Verdelowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 40.6% (2000)

Topic: Cambodialowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 28% (2013 est.)

Topic: Cameroonlowest 10%: 37.5%

highest 10%: 35.4% (2001)

Topic: Canadalowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)

Topic: Cayman Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Central African Republiclowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 33% (2003)

Topic: Chadlowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 30.8% (2003)

Topic: Chilelowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 41.5% (2013 est.)

Topic: Chinalowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 31.4% (2012)

note: data are for urban households only

Topic: Colombialowest 10%: 1.2%

highest 10%: 39.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: Comoroslowest 10%: 0.9%

highest 10%: 55.2% (2004)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of thelowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 34.7% (2006)

Topic: Congo, Republic of thelowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 37.1% (2005)

Topic: Cook Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Costa Ricalowest 10%: 1.5%

highest 10%: 36.9% (2014 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoirelowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 31.8% (2008)

Topic: Croatialowest 10%: 2.7%

highest 10%: 23% (2015 est.)

Topic: Cubalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Cypruslowest 10%: 3.3%

highest 10%: 28.8% (2014)

Topic: Czechialowest 10%: 4.1%

highest 10%: 21.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Denmarklowest 10%: 9%

highest 10%: 23.4% (2016 est.)

Topic: Djiboutilowest 10%: 2.4%

highest 10%: 30.9% (2002)

Topic: Dominicalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Dominican Republiclowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 37.4% (2013 est.)

Topic: Ecuadorlowest 10%: 1.4%

highest 10%: 35.4% (2012 est.)

note: data are for urban households only

Topic: Egyptlowest 10%: 4%

highest 10%: 26.6% (2008)

Topic: El Salvadorlowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 32.3% (2014 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinealowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Eritrealowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Estonialowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 25.6% (2015)

Topic: Eswatinilowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 40.1% (2010 est.)

Topic: Ethiopialowest 10%: 4.1%

highest 10%: 25.6% (2005)

Topic: European Unionlowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 23.8% (2016 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Faroe Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Fijilowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 34.9% (2009 est.)

Topic: Finlandlowest 10%: 6.7%

highest 10%: 45.2% (2013)

Topic: Francelowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 25.4% (2013)

Topic: French Polynesialowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Gabonlowest 10%: 2.5%

highest 10%: 32.7% (2005)

Topic: Gambia, Thelowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 36.9% (2003)

Topic: Georgialowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 31.3% (2008)

Topic: Germanylowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 24% (2000)

Topic: Ghanalowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 32.8% (2006)

Topic: Gibraltarlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Greecelowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 26.7% (2015 est.)

Topic: Greenlandlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Grenadalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Guamlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Guatemalalowest 10%: 1.6%

highest 10%: 38.4% (2014)

Topic: Guernseylowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Guinealowest 10%: 2.7%

highest 10%: 30.3% (2007)

Topic: Guinea-Bissaulowest 10%: 2.9%

highest 10%: 28% (2002)

Topic: Guyanalowest 10%: 1.3%

highest 10%: 33.8% (1999)

Topic: Haitilowest 10%: 0.7%

highest 10%: 47.7% (2001)

Topic: Honduraslowest 10%: 1.2%

highest 10%: 38.4% (2014)

Topic: Hong Konglowest 10%: 1.8% NA

highest 10%: 38.1% (2016) NA

Topic: Hungarylowest 10%: 3.3%

highest 10%: 22.4% (2015)

Topic: Icelandlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Indialowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 29.8% (2011)

Topic: Indonesialowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 28.2% (2010)

Topic: Iranlowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 29.6% (2005)

Topic: Iraqlowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 25.7% (2007 est.)

Topic: Irelandlowest 10%: 2.9%

highest 10%: 27.2% (2000)

Topic: Isle of Manlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Israellowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 31.3% (2010)

Topic: Italylowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 26.8% (2000)

Topic: Jamaicalowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 29.3% (2015)

Topic: Japanlowest 10%: 2.7%

highest 10%: 24.8% (2008)

Topic: Jerseylowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Jordanlowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 28.7% (2010 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstanlowest 10%: 4.2%

highest 10%: 23.3% (2016)

Topic: Kenyalowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 37.8% (2005)

Topic: Kiribatilowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Korea, Northlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Korea, Southlowest 10%: 6.8%

highest 10%: 48.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Kosovolowest 10%: 3.8%

highest 10%: 22% (2015 est.)

Topic: Kuwaitlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Kyrgyzstanlowest 10%: 4.4%

highest 10%: 22.9% (2014 est.)

Topic: Laoslowest 10%: 3.3%

highest 10%: 30.3% (2008)

Topic: Latvialowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 26.3% (2015)

Topic: Lebanonlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Lesotholowest 10%: 1%

highest 10%: 39.4% (2003)

Topic: Liberialowest 10%: 2.4%

highest 10%: 30.1% (2007)

Topic: Libyalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Liechtensteinlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Lithuanialowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 28.8% (2015)

Topic: Luxembourglowest 10%: 3.5%

highest 10%: 23.8% (2000)

Topic: Macaulowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Madagascarlowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 34.7% (2010 est.)

Topic: Malawilowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 37.5% (2010 est.)

Topic: Malaysialowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 34.7% (2009 est.)

Topic: Maldiveslowest 10%: 1.2%

highest 10%: 33.3% (FY09/10)

Topic: Malilowest 10%: 3.5%

highest 10%: 25.8% (2010 est.)

Topic: Maltalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Marshall Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Mauritanialowest 10%: 2.5%

highest 10%: 29.5% (2000)

Topic: Mauritiuslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Mexicolowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 40% (2014)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States oflowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Moldovalowest 10%: 4.2%

highest 10%: 22.1% (2014 est.)

Topic: Monacolowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Mongolialowest 10%: 13.7%

highest 10%: 5.7% (2017)

Topic: Montenegrolowest 10%: 3.5%

highest 10%: 25.7% (2014 est.)

Topic: Montserratlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Moroccolowest 10%: 2.7%

highest 10%: 33.2% (2007)

Topic: Mozambiquelowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 36.7% (2008)

Topic: Namibialowest 10%: 2.4%

highest 10%: 42% (2010)

Topic: Naurulowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Nepallowest 10%: 3.2%

highest 10%: 29.5% (2011)

Topic: Netherlandslowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 24.9% (2014 est.)

Topic: New Caledonialowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: New Zealandlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Nicaragualowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 47.1% (2014)

Topic: Nigerlowest 10%: 3.2%

highest 10%: 26.8% (2014)

Topic: Nigerialowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 38.2% (2010 est.)

Topic: Niuelowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: North Macedonialowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 25% (2015 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Norwaylowest 10%: 3.8%

highest 10%: 21.2% (2014)

Topic: Omanlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Pakistanlowest 10%: 4%

highest 10%: 26.1% (FY2013)

Topic: Palaulowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Panamalowest 10%: 1.1%

highest 10%: 38.9% (2014 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinealowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)

Topic: Paraguaylowest 10%: 1.5%

highest 10%: 37.6% (2013 est.)

Topic: Perulowest 10%: 1.4%

highest 10%: 36.1% (2010 est.)

Topic: Philippineslowest 10%: 3.2%

highest 10%: 29.5% (2015 est.)

Topic: Polandlowest 10%: 3%

highest 10%: 23.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Portugallowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 25.9% (2015 est.)

Topic: Puerto Ricolowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Qatarlowest 10%: 1.3%

highest 10%: 35.9% (2007)

Topic: Romanialowest 10%: 15.3%

highest 10%: 7.6% (2014 est.)

Topic: Russialowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 32.2% (2012 est.)

Topic: Rwandalowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 43.2% (2011 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunhalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevislowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Saint Lucialowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelonlowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadineslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Samoalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: San Marinolowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Sao Tome and Principelowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Saudi Arabialowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Senegallowest 10%: 2.5%

highest 10%: 31.1% (2011)

Topic: Serbialowest 10%: 2.2%

highest 10%: 23.8% (2011)

Topic: Seychelleslowest 10%: 4.7%

highest 10%: 15.4% (2007)

Topic: Sierra Leonelowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 33.6% (2003)

Topic: Singaporelowest 10%: 1.6%

highest 10%: 27.5% (2017)

Topic: Slovakialowest 10%: 3.3%

highest 10%: 19.3% (2015 est.)

Topic: Slovenialowest 10%: 3.8%

highest 10%: 20.1% (2016)

Topic: Solomon Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Somalialowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: South Africalowest 10%: 1.2%

highest 10%: 51.3% (2011 est.)

Topic: Spainlowest 10%: 2.5%

highest 10%: 24% (2011)

Topic: Sri Lankalowest 10%: 3%

highest 10%: 32.2% (2012 est.)

Topic: Sudanlowest 10%: 2.7%

highest 10%: 26.7% (2009 est.)

Topic: Surinamelowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Swedenlowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 24% (2012)

Topic: Switzerlandlowest 10%: 7.5%

highest 10%: 19% (2007)

Topic: Syrialowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Taiwanlowest 10%: 6.4% (2010)

highest 10%: 40.3% (2010)

Topic: Tajikistanlowest 10%: (2009 est.) NA

highest 10%: (2009 est.) NA

Topic: Tanzanialowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 29.6% (2007)

Topic: Thailandlowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 31.5% (2009 est.)

Topic: Timor-Lestelowest 10%: 4%

highest 10%: 27% (2007)

Topic: Togolowest 10%: 3.3%

highest 10%: 27.1% (2006)

Topic: Tongalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagolowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Tunisialowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 27% (2010 est.)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)lowest 10%: 2.1%

highest 10%: 30.3% (2008)

Topic: Turkmenistanlowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Tuvalulowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Ugandalowest 10%: 2.4%

highest 10%: 36.1% (2009 est.)

Topic: Ukrainelowest 10%: 4.2%

highest 10%: 21.6% (2015 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirateslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: United Kingdomlowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 31.1% (2012)

Topic: United Stateslowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 30% (2007 est.)

Topic: Uruguaylowest 10%: 1.9%

highest 10%: 30.8% (2014 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistanlowest 10%: 2.8%

highest 10%: 29.6% (2003)

Topic: Vanuatulowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Venezuelalowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 32.7% (2006)

Topic: Vietnamlowest 10%: 2.7%

highest 10%: 26.8% (2014)

Topic: Virgin Islandslowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: Wallis and Futunalowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Topic: West Banklowest 10%: 3.2%

highest 10%: 28.2% (2009 est.)

note: includes Gaza Strip

Topic: Worldlowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 30.2% (2008 est.)

Topic: Yemenlowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 30.3% (2008 est.)

Topic: Zambialowest 10%: 1.5%

highest 10%: 47.4% (2010)

Topic: Zimbabwelowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 40.4% (1995)


Topic: Photos of Venezuela

Topic: Introduction
Background: Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Although democratically elected governments largely held sway since 1959, the executive branch under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government.  This undemocratic trend continued in 2018 when Nicolas MADURO claimed the presidency for his second term in an election boycotted by most opposition parties and widely viewed as fraudulent.

The last democratically-elected institution is the 2015 National Assembly. The president of the 2015 National Assembly, Juan GUAIDO is currently recognized by several countries - including the United States - as the interim president of Venezuela, while MADURO is recognized by most countries. In 2020, legislative elections were held for a new National Assembly, which the opposition boycotted and which were widely condemned as fraudulent. The resulting assembly is viewed by GUAIDO, most opposition parties, and many international actors as illegitimate. In November 2021, most opposition parties broke a three-year election boycott to participate in mayoral and gubernatorial elections, despite flawed conditions. As a result, the opposition more than doubled its representation at the mayoral level and retained four of 23 governorships. The 2021 regional elections marked the first time since 2006 that the EU was allowed to send an electoral observation mission to Venezuela.

The MADURO regime places strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. Since CHAVEZ, the ruling party's economic policies expanded the state's role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. Years of economic mismanagement left Venezuela ill-prepared to weather the global drop in oil prices in 2014, sparking an economic decline that has resulted in reduced government social spending, shortages of basic goods, and high inflation. Worsened living conditions have prompted over 6 million Venezuelans to migrate, mainly settling in nearby countries. Since 2017, the US has imposed financial and sectoral sanctions on the MADURO regime. Since mid-2020, and despite MADURO regime mismanagement and faltering infrastructure, oil production has begun to rise primarily due to strengthened MADURO regime trade relations with China, Russia, Iran, and the illicit oil trade. Caracas has more recently relaxed some economic controls to mitigate the impact of its sustained economic crisis, such as allowing increased currency and liberalizing import flexibility for private citizens and companies. Other concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, political manipulation of the judicial and electoral systems, and corruption.Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Although democratically elected governments largely held sway since 1959, the executive branch under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government.  This undemocratic trend continued in 2018 when Nicolas MADURO claimed the presidency for his second term in an election boycotted by most opposition parties and widely viewed as fraudulent.

The last democratically-elected institution is the 2015 National Assembly. The president of the 2015 National Assembly, Juan GUAIDO is currently recognized by several countries - including the United States - as the interim president of Venezuela, while MADURO is recognized by most countries. In 2020, legislative elections were held for a new National Assembly, which the opposition boycotted and which were widely condemned as fraudulent. The resulting assembly is viewed by GUAIDO, most opposition parties, and many international actors as illegitimate. In November 2021, most opposition parties broke a three-year election boycott to participate in mayoral and gubernatorial elections, despite flawed conditions. As a result, the opposition more than doubled its representation at the mayoral level and retained four of 23 governorships. The 2021 regional elections marked the first time since 2006 that the EU was allowed to send an electoral observation mission to Venezuela.

The MADURO regime places strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. Since CHAVEZ, the ruling party's economic policies expanded the state's role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. Years of economic mismanagement left Venezuela ill-prepared to weather the global drop in oil prices in 2014, sparking an economic decline that has resulted in reduced government social spending, shortages of basic goods, and high inflation. Worsened living conditions have prompted over 6 million Venezuelans to migrate, mainly settling in nearby countries. Since 2017, the US has imposed financial and sectoral sanctions on the MADURO regime. Since mid-2020, and despite MADURO regime mismanagement and faltering infrastructure, oil production has begun to rise primarily due to strengthened MADURO regime trade relations with China, Russia, Iran, and the illicit oil trade. Caracas has more recently relaxed some economic controls to mitigate the impact of its sustained economic crisis, such as allowing increased currency and liberalizing import flexibility for private citizens and companies. Other concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, political manipulation of the judicial and electoral systems, and corruption.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 66 00 W
Map references: South America
Area: total: 912,050 sq km

land: 882,050 sq km

water: 30,000 sq km
Area - comparative: almost six times the size of Georgia; slightly more than twice the size of California
Land boundaries: total: 5,267 km

border countries (3): Brazil 2,137 km; Colombia 2,341 km; Guyana 789 km
Coastline: 2,800 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 15 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
Elevation: highest point: Pico Bolivar 4,978 m

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 450 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Land use: agricultural land: 24.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)

other: 23.4% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 10,550 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Salt water lake(s): Lago de Maracaibo - 13,010 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rio Negro (shared with Colombia [s] and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco river source and mouth (shared with Colombia) - 2,101 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)
Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Natural hazards: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
Geography - note: note 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South America note 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world's highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepuinote 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South Americanote 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world's highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepui
Map description: Venezuela map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Caribbean Sea.Venezuela map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Caribbean Sea.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 29,789,730 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Venezuelan(s)

adjective: Venezuelan
Ethnic groups: unspecified Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, Indigenous
Languages: Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%
Demographic profile: Social investment in Venezuela during the CHAVEZ administration reduced poverty from nearly 50% in 1999 to about 27% in 2011, increased school enrollment, substantially decreased infant and child mortality, and improved access to potable water and sanitation through social investment. "Missions" dedicated to education, nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation were funded through petroleum revenues. The sustainability of this progress remains questionable, however, as the continuation of these social programs depends on the prosperity of Venezuela's oil industry. In the long-term, education and health care spending may increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, but rising costs and the staffing of new health care jobs with foreigners are slowing development. While CHAVEZ was in power, more than one million predominantly middle- and upper-class Venezuelans are estimated to have emigrated. The brain drain is attributed to a repressive political system, lack of economic opportunities, steep inflation, a high crime rate, and corruption. Thousands of oil engineers emigrated to Canada, Colombia, and the United States following CHAVEZ's firing of over 20,000 employees of the state-owned petroleum company during a 2002-03 oil strike. Additionally, thousands of Venezuelans of European descent have taken up residence in their ancestral homelands. Nevertheless, Venezuela has attracted hundreds of thousands of immigrants from South America and southern Europe because of its lenient migration policy and the availability of education and health care. Venezuela also has been a fairly accommodating host to Colombian refugees, numbering about 170,000 as of year-end 2016. However, since 2014, falling oil prices have driven a major economic crisis that has pushed Venezuelans from all walks of life to migrate or to seek asylum abroad to escape severe shortages of food, water, and medicine; soaring inflation; unemployment; and violence. As of March 2020, an estimated 5 million Venezuelans were refugees or migrants worldwide, with almost 80% taking refuge in Latin America and the Caribbean (notably Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina, and Brazil, as well as the Dominican Republic, Aruba, and Curacao). Asylum applications increased significantly in the US and Brazil in 2016 and 2017. Several receiving countries are making efforts to increase immigration restrictions and to deport illegal Venezuelan migrants - Ecuador and Peru in August 2018 began requiring valid passports for entry, which are difficult to obtain for Venezuelans. Nevertheless, Venezuelans continue to migrate to avoid economic collapse at home.Social investment in Venezuela during the CHAVEZ administration reduced poverty from nearly 50% in 1999 to about 27% in 2011, increased school enrollment, substantially decreased infant and child mortality, and improved access to potable water and sanitation through social investment. "Missions" dedicated to education, nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation were funded through petroleum revenues. The sustainability of this progress remains questionable, however, as the continuation of these social programs depends on the prosperity of Venezuela's oil industry. In the long-term, education and health care spending may increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, but rising costs and the staffing of new health care jobs with foreigners are slowing development.While CHAVEZ was in power, more than one million predominantly middle- and upper-class Venezuelans are estimated to have emigrated. The brain drain is attributed to a repressive political system, lack of economic opportunities, steep inflation, a high crime rate, and corruption. Thousands of oil engineers emigrated to Canada, Colombia, and the United States following CHAVEZ's firing of over 20,000 employees of the state-owned petroleum company during a 2002-03 oil strike. Additionally, thousands of Venezuelans of European descent have taken up residence in their ancestral homelands. Nevertheless, Venezuela has attracted hundreds of thousands of immigrants from South America and southern Europe because of its lenient migration policy and the availability of education and health care. Venezuela also has been a fairly accommodating host to Colombian refugees, numbering about 170,000 as of year-end 2016. However, since 2014, falling oil prices have driven a major economic crisis that has pushed Venezuelans from all walks of life to migrate or to seek asylum abroad to escape severe shortages of food, water, and medicine; soaring inflation; unemployment; and violence. As of March 2020, an estimated 5 million Venezuelans were refugees or migrants worldwide, with almost 80% taking refuge in Latin America and the Caribbean (notably Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina, and Brazil, as well as the Dominican Republic, Aruba, and Curacao). Asylum applications increased significantly in the US and Brazil in 2016 and 2017. Several receiving countries are making efforts to increase immigration restrictions and to deport illegal Venezuelan migrants - Ecuador and Peru in August 2018 began requiring valid passports for entry, which are difficult to obtain for Venezuelans. Nevertheless, Venezuelans continue to migrate to avoid economic collapse at home.
Age structure: 0-14 years: 25.66% (male 3,759,280/female 3,591,897)

15-24 years: 16.14% (male 2,348,073/female 2,275,912)

25-54 years: 41.26% (male 5,869,736/female 5,949,082)

55-64 years: 8.76% (male 1,203,430/female 1,305,285)

65 years and over: 8.18% (2020 est.) (male 1,069,262/female 1,272,646)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 54.4

youth dependency ratio: 42.1

elderly dependency ratio: 12.3

potential support ratio: 8.1 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 30 years

male: 29.4 years

female: 30.7 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.43% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 17.27 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 13.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Urbanization: urban population: 88.4% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 2.957 million CARACAS (capital), 2.333 million Maracaibo, 1.959 million Valencia, 1.241 million Barquisimeto, 1.230 million Maracay, 950,000 Ciudad Guayana (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 125 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 17.72 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 19.72 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 15.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.29 years

male: 70.12 years

female: 76.62 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.22 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 75% (2010)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 94.2% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 5.8% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 5.4% (2019)
Physicians density: 1.73 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density: 0.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 95.8% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 4.2% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.5% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 100,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,200 (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

note: as of 30 September 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to Venezuela; the country is experiencing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and adequate health care is currently not available in most of the country
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 25.6% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: 1.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.1%

male: 97%

female: 97.2% (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.1%

male: 10.5% NA

female: 14.9% (2017 est.) NA

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 15.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 164.18 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 68.66 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Land use: agricultural land: 24.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)

other: 23.4% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 88.4% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

note: as of 30 September 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to Venezuela; the country is experiencing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and adequate health care is currently not available in most of the country
Food insecurity: widespread lack of access: due to severe economic crisis - the national economy, highly dependent on oil production and exports, is forecast to contract in 2021 for the eighth consecutive year; with the persistent negative effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic that have compounded the already severe macro‑economic crisis, the access to food of the most vulnerable households is expected to deteriorate throughout 2021 due to widespread losses of income‑generating activities and soaring food prices (2022)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 9,779,093 tons (2010 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Salt water lake(s): Lago de Maracaibo - 13,010 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rio Negro (shared with Colombia [s] and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco river source and mouth (shared with Colombia) - 2,101 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 5.123 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 793.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 16.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 1.325 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

conventional short form: Venezuela

local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela

local short form: Venezuela

former: State of Venezuela, Republic of Venezuela, United States of Venezuela

etymology: native stilt-houses built on Lake Maracaibo reminded early explorers Alonso de OJEDA and Amerigo VESPUCCI in 1499 of buildings in Venice and so they named the region "Venezuola," which in Italian means "Little Venice"
Government type: federal presidential republic
Capital: name: Caracas

geographic coordinates: 10 29 N, 66 52 W

time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city's valley site near the Caribbean coast
Administrative divisions: 23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales (Federal Dependencies)**, Distrito Capital (Capital District)*, Falcon, Guarico, La Guaira, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia

note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Constitution: history: many previous; latest adopted 15 December 1999, effective 30 December 1999

amendments: proposed through agreement by at least 39% of the National Assembly membership, by the president of the republic in session with the cabinet of ministers, or by petition of at least 15% of registered voters; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly and simple majority approval in a referendum; amended 2009; note - in 2016, President MADURO issued a decree to hold an election to form a constituent assembly to change the constitution; the election in July 2017 approved the formation of a 545-member constituent assembly and elected its delegates, empowering them to change the constitution and dismiss government institutions and officials
Legal system: civil law system based on the Spanish civil code
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; reduced to five years in the case of applicants from Spain, Portugal, Italy, or a Latin American or Caribbean country
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Notification Statement: the United States recognizes Juan GUAIDO as the Interim President of Venezuela

President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 19 April 2013); Executive Vice President Delcy RODRIGUEZ Gomez (since 14 June 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 19 April 2013); Executive Vice President Delcy RODRIGUEZ Gomez (since 14 June 2018)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 6-year term (no term limits); election last held on 20 May 2018 (next election scheduled for 2024)

election results: 2018: Nicolas MADURO Moros reelected president; percent of vote - Nicolas MADURO Moros (PSUV) 68%, Henri FALCON (AP) 21%, Javier BERTUCCI 11%; note - the election was marked by serious shortcomings and electoral fraud; voter turnout was approximately 46% due largely to an opposition boycott of the election

2013: Nicolas MADURO Moros elected president; percent of vote - Nicolas MADURO Moros (PSUV) 50.6%, Henrique CAPRILES Radonski (PJ) 49.1%, other 0.3%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (277 seats; 3 seats reserved for indigenous peoples of Venezuela; members serve 5-year terms); note - in 2020, the National Electoral Council increased the number of seats in the National Assembly from 167 to 277 for the 6 December 2020 election

elections: last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2025)

election results: percent of vote by party - GPP (pro-government) 69.32%, Democratic Alliance (opposition coalition) 17.68%, other 13%; seats by party - GPP 253, Democratic Alliance 18, indigenous peoples 3, other 3; composition - NA
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (consists of 32 judges organized into constitutional, political-administrative, electoral, civil appeals, criminal appeals, and social divisions)

judge selection and term of office: judges proposed by the Committee of Judicial Postulation (an independent body of organizations dealing with legal issues and of the organs of citizen power) and appointed by the National Assembly; judges serve nonrenewable 12-year terms; note - in July 2017, the National Assembly named 33 judges to the court to replace a series of judges, it argued, had been illegally appointed in late 2015 by the outgoing, socialist-party-led Assembly; the Government of President MADURO and the Socialist Party-appointed judges refused to recognize these appointments, however, and many of the new judges have since been imprisoned or forced into exile

subordinate courts: Superior or Appeals Courts (Tribunales Superiores); District Tribunals (Tribunales de Distrito); Courts of First Instance (Tribunales de Primera Instancia); Parish Courts (Tribunales de Parroquia); Justices of the Peace (Justicia de Paz) Network
Political parties and leaders: A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Antonio LEDEZMA]
Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano or CMC [Timoteo ZAMBRANO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Miguel SALAZAR]
Citizens Encounter or EC [Delsa SOLORZANO]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Nicolas MADURO -- Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties -- Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democratica) (comprised of AD, EL CAMBIO, COPEI, CMC, and AP)
Come Venezuela (Vente Venezuela) or VV [Maria Corina MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Consenso en la Zona or Conenzo [Enzo SCARANO and Leon JURADO]
Convergencia [Juan Jose CALDERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Jose Bernabe GUTIERREZ Parra]
EL CAMBIO (The Change) [Javier Alejandro BERTUCCI Carrero]
Fatherland for All (Patria para Todos) or PPT [Ilenia MEDINA]
Fuerza Vecinal or FV [leaders include mayors Gustavo DUQUE, Darwin GONZALEZ, Elias SAYEGH, Manuel FERREIRA, Josy FERNANDEZ, and Morel David RODRIGUEZ]; note - national spokesman David UZCATEGUI
Justice First (Primero Justicia) or PJ [Julio BORGES]
LAPIZ [Antonio Ecarri]
Movement to Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo) or MAS [Segundo MELENDEZ]
Popular Will (Voluntad Popular) or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ, Freddy SUPERLANO, and Emilio GRATERON]
Progressive Advance (Avanzada Progresista) or AP [two groups, one led by Henri FALCON and Fanny GARCIA, the other led by Luis Augusto ROMERO and Bruno GALLO]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuela First (Primero Venezuela) or PV [Luis PARRA]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Carlos BERRIZBEITIA]
We Are Venezuela (Somos Venezuela) or MSV [Delcy RODRIGUEZ and Vanessa MONTERO]A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Antonio LEDEZMA]
Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano or CMC [Timoteo ZAMBRANO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Miguel SALAZAR]
Citizens Encounter or EC [Delsa SOLORZANO]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Nicolas MADURO -- Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties -- Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democratica) (comprised of AD, EL CAMBIO, COPEI, CMC, and AP)
Come Venezuela (Vente Venezuela) or VV [Maria Corina MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Consenso en la Zona or Conenzo [Enzo SCARANO and Leon JURADO]
Convergencia [Juan Jose CALDERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Jose Bernabe GUTIERREZ Parra]
EL CAMBIO (The Change) [Javier Alejandro BERTUCCI Carrero]
Fatherland for All (Patria para Todos) or PPT [Ilenia MEDINA]
Fuerza Vecinal or FV [leaders include mayors Gustavo DUQUE, Darwin GONZALEZ, Elias SAYEGH, Manuel FERREIRA, Josy FERNANDEZ, and Morel David RODRIGUEZ]; note - national spokesman David UZCATEGUI
Justice First (Primero Justicia) or PJ [Julio BORGES]
LAPIZ [Antonio Ecarri]
Movement to Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo) or MAS [Segundo MELENDEZ]
Popular Will (Voluntad Popular) or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ, Freddy SUPERLANO, and Emilio GRATERON]
Progressive Advance (Avanzada Progresista) or AP [two groups, one led by Henri FALCON and Fanny GARCIA, the other led by Luis Augusto ROMERO and Bruno GALLO]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuela First (Primero Venezuela) or PV [Luis PARRA]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Carlos BERRIZBEITIA]
We Are Venezuela (Somos Venezuela) or MSV [Delcy RODRIGUEZ and Vanessa MONTERO]
International organization participation: Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos Alfredo VECCHIO (since 8 April 2019)

chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214

FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820

email address and website:
despacho.embveus@mppre.gob.ve
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: James “Jimmy” STORY, Ambassador for the Venezuela Affairs Unit (since November 2020); note - on 11 March 2019, the Department of State announced the temporary suspension of operations of the US Embassy in Caracas and the withdrawal of diplomatic personnel; the Venezuela Affairs Unit is located at the United States Embassy in Bogota, Colombia

embassy: Venezuela Affairs Unit, Carrera 45 N. 24B-27, Bogota

previously - F St. and Suapure St.; Urb. Colinas de Valle Arriba; Caracas 1080

mailing address: 3140 Caracas Place, Washington DC  20521-3140

telephone: 1-888-407-4747

email address and website:
ACSBogota@state.gov

https://ve.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, then President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy - to conform with the flag proclaimed by Simon Bolivar in 1827 and to represent the historic province of Guayana
National symbol(s): troupial (bird); national colors: yellow, blue, red
National anthem: name: "Gloria al bravo pueblo" (Glory to the Brave People)

lyrics/music: Vicente SALIAS/Juan Jose LANDAETA

note: adopted 1881; lyrics written in 1810, the music some years later; both SALIAS and LANDAETA were executed in 1814 during Venezuela's struggle for independence
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Coro and its Port (c); Canaima National Park (n); Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for almost all export earnings and nearly half of the government’s revenue, despite a continued decline in oil production in 2017. In the absence of official statistics, foreign experts estimate that GDP contracted 12% in 2017, inflation exceeded 2000%, people faced widespread shortages of consumer goods and medicine, and the central bank's international reserves dwindled. In late 2017, Venezuela also entered selective default on some of its sovereign and state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., (PDVSA) bonds. Domestic production and industry continues to severely underperform and the Venezuelan Government continues to rely on imports to meet its basic food and consumer goods needs.   Falling oil prices since 2014 have aggravated Venezuela’s economic crisis. Insufficient access to dollars, price controls, and rigid labor regulations have led some US and multinational firms to reduce or shut down their Venezuelan operations. Market uncertainty and PDVSA’s poor cash flow have slowed investment in the petroleum sector, resulting in a decline in oil production.   Under President Nicolas MADURO, the Venezuelan Government’s response to the economic crisis has been to increase state control over the economy and blame the private sector for shortages. MADURO has given authority for the production and distribution of basic goods to the military and to local socialist party member committees. The Venezuelan Government has maintained strict currency controls since 2003. The government has been unable to sustain its mechanisms for distributing dollars to the private sector, in part because it needed to withhold some foreign exchange reserves to make its foreign bond payments. As a result of price and currency controls, local industries have struggled to purchase production inputs necessary to maintain their operations or sell goods at a profit on the local market. Expansionary monetary policies and currency controls have created opportunities for arbitrage and corruption and fueled a rapid increase in black market activity.Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for almost all export earnings and nearly half of the government’s revenue, despite a continued decline in oil production in 2017. In the absence of official statistics, foreign experts estimate that GDP contracted 12% in 2017, inflation exceeded 2000%, people faced widespread shortages of consumer goods and medicine, and the central bank's international reserves dwindled. In late 2017, Venezuela also entered selective default on some of its sovereign and state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., (PDVSA) bonds. Domestic production and industry continues to severely underperform and the Venezuelan Government continues to rely on imports to meet its basic food and consumer goods needs. Falling oil prices since 2014 have aggravated Venezuela’s economic crisis. Insufficient access to dollars, price controls, and rigid labor regulations have led some US and multinational firms to reduce or shut down their Venezuelan operations. Market uncertainty and PDVSA’s poor cash flow have slowed investment in the petroleum sector, resulting in a decline in oil production. Under President Nicolas MADURO, the Venezuelan Government’s response to the economic crisis has been to increase state control over the economy and blame the private sector for shortages. MADURO has given authority for the production and distribution of basic goods to the military and to local socialist party member committees. The Venezuelan Government has maintained strict currency controls since 2003. The government has been unable to sustain its mechanisms for distributing dollars to the private sector, in part because it needed to withhold some foreign exchange reserves to make its foreign bond payments. As a result of price and currency controls, local industries have struggled to purchase production inputs necessary to maintain their operations or sell goods at a profit on the local market. Expansionary monetary policies and currency controls have created opportunities for arbitrage and corruption and fueled a rapid increase in black market activity.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $269.068 billion (2018 est.)

$381.6 billion (2017 est.)

$334.751 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: -19.67% (2018 est.)

-14% (2017 est.)

-15.76% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $7,704 (2018 est.)

$12,500 (2017 est.)

$9,417 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $210.1 billion (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 146,101.7% (2019 est.)

45,518.1% (2018 est.)

416.8% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: RD (2017)

Moody's rating: WR (2019)

Standard & Poors rating: SD (2017)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 4.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 40.4% (2017 est.)

services: 54.9% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 68.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 19.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 13.9% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.7% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 7% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -10.7% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: sugar cane, maize, milk, rice, plantains, bananas, pineapples, potatoes, beef, poultry
Industries: agricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products, crude oil and petroleum products
Industrial production growth rate: -2% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 14.21 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 7.3%

industry: 21.8%

services: 70.9% (4th quarter, 2011 est.)
Unemployment rate: 6.9% (2018 est.)

27.1% (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.1%

male: 10.5% NA

female: 14.9% (2017 est.) NA
Population below poverty line: 33.1% (2015 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 39 (2011)

49.5 (1998)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 32.7% (2006)
Budget: revenues: 92.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 189.7 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues: 44.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: $4.277 billion (2017 est.)

-$3.87 billion (2016 est.)
Exports: $83.401 billion (2018 est.)

$93.485 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners: India 34%, China 28%, United States 12%, Spain 6% (2019)
Exports - commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, gold, iron (2019)
Imports: $18.432 billion (2018 est.)

$18.376 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners: China 28%, United States 22%, Brazil 8%, Spain 6%, Mexico 6%  (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, rice, corn, tires, soybean meal, wheat (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $9.661 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$11 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $100.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$109.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates: bolivars (VEB) per US dollar -

3,345 (2017 est.)

673.76 (2016 est.)

48.07 (2015 est.)

13.72 (2014 est.)

6.284 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 99.6% (2019)

electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019)

electrification - rural areas: 99% (2019)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 32.956 million kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 78,082,020,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 870 million kWh (2019 est.)

imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 26.452 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 30.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 69.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: production: 396,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 33,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 685,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 731 million metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 604,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 470,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 1,002,700 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 303.806 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 926,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 325,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 20,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas: production: 22,694,584,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

consumption: 22,694,584,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports: 0 cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 5,673,894,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 103.708 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 108,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 57.378 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 46.222 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: 85.829 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 5,251,182 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 13,476,300 (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47.26 (2019)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Venezuela’s fixed-line teledensity was relatively high for the region before the steady growth in the number of lines came to an end in 2015; since then, the number of lines has plummeted, and by late 2021 teledensity had fallen to about 17.3%; the cause is largely linked to the country’s ongoing economic troubles, which have compelled many people to terminate fixed-line telecom services and others still to flee the country; these pressures have also distorted sector revenue and have placed into disarray operators’ investment plans aimed at improving networks and expanding the reach and capabilities of new technologies and services; the fixed broadband penetration rate is lower than the regional average, while data speeds are also relatively low; there is no effective competition in the provision of DSL, and as a result the state-owned incumbent CANTV has had little incentive to improve services from its meager revenue streams; mobile penetration in Venezuela is also below the regional average; the number of mobile subscribers fell by an estimated 2.4% in 2020, year-on-year, as subscribers terminated services in a bid to reduce discretionary spending, this decline is expected to continue into 2022, with subscriber growth not returning until 2023; the three MNOs Movilnet, Movistar, and Digitel have also had to contend with widespread theft of equipment and with erratic electricity supply to their remaining base stations; Movistar has also been hit by currency restrictions and has depended on support from Telefónica Group to stay afloat; this report provides an overview of Venezuela’s telecom infrastructure, market, and regulatory environment, together with profiles of the major fixed-line operators. It also provides a range of statistics and market analyses; the report also reviews the fixed and wireless broadband markets, as well as the mobile market, including an assessment of key market statistics and general sector analyses on a very difficult competitive environment. (2021)

domestic: two domestic satellite systems with three earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; 3 major providers operate in the mobile market and compete with state-owned company; fixed-line over 18 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 63 per 100 persons (2020)

international: country code - 58; landing points for the Venezuela Festoon, ARCOS, PAN-AM, SAC, GlobeNet, ALBA-1 and Americas II submarine cable system providing connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat (2020)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media: Venezuela has a mixture of state-run and private broadcast media that are subject to high levels of regime control, including the shuttering of opposition-leaning media outlets; 13 public service networks, 61 privately owned TV networks, a privately owned news channel with limited national coverage, and a regime-backed Pan-American channel; 3 regime-run radio networks officially control roughly 65 news stations and another 30 stations targeted at specific audiences; regime-sponsored community broadcasters include 235 radio stations and 44 TV stations; the number of private broadcast radio stations has been declining, but many still remain in operation (2021)
Internet country code: .ve
Internet users: total: 20,531,397 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 72% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 2,561,556 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 12 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 75

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,137,771 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1.55 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YV
Airports: total: 444 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 127

over 3,047 m: 6

2,438 to 3,047 m: 9

1,524 to 2,437 m: 33

914 to 1,523 m: 62

under 914 m: 17 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 317

2,438 to 3,047 m: 3

1,524 to 2,437 m: 57

914 to 1,523 m: 127

under 914 m: 130 (2021)
Heliports: 3 (2021)
Pipelines: 981 km extra heavy crude, 5941 km gas, 7,588 km oil, 1,778 km refined products (2013)
Railways: total: 447 km (2014)

standard gauge: 447 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (41.4 km electrified)
Roadways: total: 96,189 km (2014)
Waterways: 7,100 km (2011) (Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels)
Merchant marine: total: 281

by type: bulk carrier 4, container ship 1, general cargo 26, oil tanker 18, other 232 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

oil terminal(s): Jose terminal

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Bolivariano, EB), Bolivarian Navy (Armada Bolivariana, AB; includes marines, Coast Guard), Bolivarian Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Bolivariana, AMB; includes a joint-service Aerospace Defense Command (Comando de Defensa Aeroespacial Integral, CODAI), Bolivarian Militia (Milicia Bolivariana), Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB)

Bolivarian National Police: Special Action Forces (Fuerzas de Acciones Especiales, FAES) (2022)

note 1: the Bolivarian Militia was added as a "special component" to the FANB in 2020; it is comprised of armed civilians who receive periodic training in exchange for a small stipend

note 2: the National Guard is responsible for maintaining public order, guarding the exterior of key government installations and prisons, conducting counter-narcotics operations, monitoring borders, and providing law enforcement in remote areas; it reports to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior, Justice, and Peace

note 3: the FAES police paramilitary unit was created by President MADURO after the 2017 anti-government protests to bolster internal security; it has been accused of multiple human rights abuses
Military expenditures: 5.2% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $7.5 billion)

4.4% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $9.9 billion)

2.9% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $8.5 billion)

2.2% of GDP (2016 est.) (approximately $7.7 billion)

1.8% of GDP (2015 est.) (approximately $9.3 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; approximately 125-150,000 active personnel, including about 25-30,000 National Guard; approximately 200-225,000 Bolivarian Militia (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the FANB inventory is mainly of Chinese and Russian origin with a smaller mix of equipment from Western countries, including the US; since 2010, Russia is the top supplier of military hardware to Venezuela (2022)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 (25 for women) for voluntary service; the minimum service obligation is 24-30 months; all citizens of military service age (18-50 years old) are obligated to register for military service and subject to military training, although “forcible recruitment” is forbidden (2022)

note: as of 2017, women made up more than 20% of the active duty military
Military - note: between 2013 and 2017, Venezuela established at least a dozen military-led firms in a variety of economic sectors, such as agriculture, banking, construction, insurance, the media, mining, oil, and tourism; as of 2020, military officers reportedly led at least 60 state-owned companies; as of 2019, 9 of 32 government ministries were controlled by the military, including the ministries of agriculture and energy

as of late 2021, an estimated 1,500- 2,000 members of the terrorist organizations National Liberation Army (ELN) and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia dissidents (FARC-People's Army and Segundo Marquetalia - see Appendix T) operated in Venezuela, mostly in the states of Amazonas, Apure, Bolivar, Guarico, Tachira, and Zulia, although ELN was assessed to be present in 12 of Venezuela’s 23 states; the groups were particularly active in Apure state where the Venezuelan military clashed several times with FARC dissidents of the 10th Front in 2020-2021 (2022)
Maritime threats: The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; in 2021, no attacks were reported

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Venezuela-Brazil: none identified Venezuela-Colombia: dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; the border between the two countries was closed from March 2020 to October 2021 due to COVID, but goods and people fleeing poverty and violence continued to be smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, and illegal narcotics and armed men flowed into Venezuela from Colombia; since the FARC disarmed in 2016, some former members have formed armed dissident groups that operate along the border Venezuela-Guyana: claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; in 2018, Guyana initiated proceedings against Venezuela with the International Court of Justice (ICJ); Venezuela requested a direct dialogue to settle the dispute; the ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the case in December 2020; in September 2021, Venezuelan officials issued a statement reasserting dominion over three-quarters of Guyana, which Guyana stated was a threat to its sovereignty and territorial integrity Venezuela-various:  Venezuela claims Aves Island and thereby an economic exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Venezuela’s claim to Aves Island is disputed by Dominica and several other countries because the island has rich guano deposits useful in producing fertilizer and gunpowder, as well as large fish stocks and natural gas reserves; contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resourcesVenezuela-Brazil: none identifiedVenezuela-Colombia: dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; the border between the two countries was closed from March 2020 to October 2021 due to COVID, but goods and people fleeing poverty and violence continued to be smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, and illegal narcotics and armed men flowed into Venezuela from Colombia; since the FARC disarmed in 2016, some former members have formed armed dissident groups that operate along the borderVenezuela-Guyana: claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; in 2018, Guyana initiated proceedings against Venezuela with the International Court of Justice (ICJ); Venezuela requested a direct dialogue to settle the dispute; the ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the case in December 2020; in September 2021, Venezuelan officials issued a statement reasserting dominion over three-quarters of Guyana, which Guyana stated was a threat to its sovereignty and territorial integrityVenezuela-various:  Venezuela claims Aves Island and thereby an economic exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Venezuela’s claim to Aves Island is disputed by Dominica and several other countries because the island has rich guano deposits useful in producing fertilizer and gunpowder, as well as large fish stocks and natural gas reserves; contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resources
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 67,935 (Colombia) (2020)

note: As of December 2020, more than 800,000 Venezuelans have applied for asylum worldwide
Trafficking in persons: current situation: Venezuela is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, lured from the nation's interior to urban and tourist areas; women from Colombia, Peru, Haiti, China, and South Africa are also reported to have been sexually exploited in Venezuela; some Venezuelan women are transported to Caribbean islands, particularly Aruba, Curacao, and Trinidad & Tobago, where they are subjected to forced prostitution; some Venezuelan children are forced to beg on the streets or work as domestic servants, while Ecuadorian children, often from indigenous communities, are subjected to forced labor; the government provided support to FARC dissidents and the ELN, which grew through the recruitment of child soldiers and exploitation of children in sex trafficking and forced labor; Illegal armed groups lure children in vulnerable conditions and dire economic circumstances with gifts and promises of basic sustenance to later recruit them into their ranks

tier rating: Tier 3 — Venezuela does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government created a specialized prosecutor’s office to oversee trafficking investigations and prosecutions; authorities began legal proceedings against three complicit officials in a notable case; however, the government did not assist any victims or investigate, prosecute, or convict any traffickers; little effort was made to curb the forced recruitment of Venezuelan children by Colombian armed groups operating illegally in Venezuela; authorities made little effort to screen Cuban medical professionals for trafficking indicators as the Cuban Government may have forced them to work by withholding their documentation, and coercing them to falsify medical records (2020)
Illicit drugs:  a major drug transit country and trafficking route in the Western Hemisphere largely destined for the Caribbean, Central America, the United States, West Africa, and Europe for illegal drugs, predominately cocaine; government officials reportedly complicit with illegal armed narcotrafficking groups little international drug control cooperation;  significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border a major drug transit country and trafficking route in the Western Hemisphere largely destined for the Caribbean, Central America, the United States, West Africa, and Europe for illegal drugs, predominately cocaine; government officials reportedly complicit with illegal armed narcotrafficking groups little international drug control cooperation;  significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border


Topic: Introduction
Background: After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Kwajalein hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system.After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Kwajalein hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 181 sq km

land: 181 sq km

water: 0 sq km
Climate: tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt
Natural resources: coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals

Topic: People and Society
Population: 79,906 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2% (2006 est.)
Languages: Marshallese (official) 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 est.)
Religions: Protestant 80.5% (United Church of Christ 47%, Assembly of God 16.2%, Bukot Nan Jesus 5.4%, Full Gospel 3.3%, Reformed Congressional Church 3%, Salvation Army 1.9%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, Meram in Jesus 1.2%, other Protestant 1.1%), Roman Catholic 8.5%, Church of Jesus Christ 7%, Jehovah's Witness 1.7%,  other 1.2%, none 1.1% (2011 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.34% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: mixed presidential-parliamentary system in free association with the US
Capital: name: Majuro; note - the capital is an atoll of 64 islands; governmental buildings are housed on three fused islands on the eastern side of the atoll: Djarrit, Uliga, and Delap
Executive branch: chief of state: President David KABUA (since  13 January 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President David KABUA (since 13 January 2020)
Legislative branch: description: bicameral National Parliament consists of:
Council of Iroij, a 12-member group of tribal leaders advises the Presidential Cabinet and reviews legislation affecting customary law or any traditional practice); members appointed to serve 1-year terms
Nitijela (33 seats; members in 19 single- and 5 multi-seat constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote to serve 4-year terms); note - legislative power resides in the Nitijela

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: upper middle-income Pacific island economy; US aid reliance; large public sector workforce; produces coconut oil as a substitute to diesel fuel; becoming offshore banking locale; fishing rights seller; import-dependentupper middle-income Pacific island economy; US aid reliance; large public sector workforce; produces coconut oil as a substitute to diesel fuel; becoming offshore banking locale; fishing rights seller; import-dependent
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $240 million (2019 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $4,000 (2019 est.)
Agricultural products: coconuts
Industries: copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items (from seashells, wood, and pearls)
Exports: $130 million (2018 est.)
Exports - partners: Poland 28%, Denmark 19%, South Korea 13%, Indonesia 10%, Cyprus 6% (2019)
Exports - commodities: ships, fish, recreational boats, broadcasting equipment, coal tar oil (2019)
Imports: $170 million (2018 est.)
Imports - partners: South Korea 39%, China 27%, Japan 15% (2019)
Imports - commodities: ships, refined petroleum, centrifuges, recreational boats, boat propellers (2019)Page last updated: Friday, May 13, 2022


Topic: Introduction
Background: Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished.Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 187,437 sq km

land: 185,887 sq km

water: 1,550 sq km
Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

Topic: People and Society
Population: 21,563,800 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Arab ~50%, Alawite ~15%, Kurd ~10%, Levantine ~10%, other ~15% (includes Druze, Ismaili, Imami, Nusairi, Assyrian, Turkoman, Armenian)
Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian, French, English
Religions: Muslim 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%), Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian), Druze 3%
Population growth rate: 5.91% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: presidential republic; highly authoritarian regime
Capital: name: Damascus
Executive branch: chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)

head of government: Prime Minister Hussein ARNOUS (since 30 August 2020); Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah AYOUB (Lt Gen.) (since 30 August 2020)
Legislative branch: description: unicameral People's Assembly or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority preferential vote to serve 4-year terms)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: low-income Middle Eastern economy; prior infrastructure and economy devastated by 11-year civil war; ongoing US sanctions; sporadic trans-migration during conflict; currently being supported by World Bank trust fund; ongoing hyperinflationlow-income Middle Eastern economy; prior infrastructure and economy devastated by 11-year civil war; ongoing US sanctions; sporadic trans-migration during conflict; currently being supported by World Bank trust fund; ongoing hyperinflation
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $50.28 billion (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $2,900 (2015 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, barley, milk, olives, tomatoes, oranges, potatoes, sheep milk, lemons, limes
Industries: petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, automobile assembly
Exports: $1.85 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners: Saudi Arabia 23%, Turkey 18%, Egypt 14%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Jordan 7%, Kuwait 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: olive oil, cumin seeds, pistachios, tomatoes, apples, pears, spices, pitted fruits (2019)
Imports: $6.279 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners: Turkey 27%, China 22%, United Arab Emirates 14%, Egypt 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: cigarettes, broadcasting equipment, wheat flours, sunflower oil, refined petroleum (2019)Page last updated: Wednesday, Jun 15, 2022


Topic: Introduction
Background: The huge delta region formed at the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems - now referred to as Bangladesh - was a loosely incorporated outpost of various empires for much of the first millennium A.D. The Bengali independence  movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won independence for Bangladesh in 1971.The huge delta region formed at the confluence of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River systems - now referred to as Bangladesh - was a loosely incorporated outpost of various empires for much of the first millennium A.D. The Bengali independence  movement, led by the Awami League (AL) and supported by India, won independence for Bangladesh in 1971.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 148,460 sq km

land: 130,170 sq km

water: 18,290 sq km
Climate: tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Natural resources: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal

Topic: People and Society
Population: 165,650,475 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Bengali at least 98%, other indigenous ethnic groups 1.1% (2011 est.)
Languages: Bangla 98.8% (official, also known as Bengali), other 1.2% (2011 est.)
Religions: Muslim 88.4%, other 11.6% (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.93% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: parliamentary republic
Capital: name: Dhaka
Executive branch: chief of state: President Abdul HAMID (since 24 April 2013); note - Abdul HAMID served as acting president following the death of Zillur RAHMAN in March 2013; HAMID was subsequently indirectly elected by the National Parliament and sworn in 24 April 2013

head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wazed (since 6 January 2009)
Legislative branch: description: unicameral House of the Nation or Jatiya Sangsad (350 seats; 300 members in single-seat territorial constituencies directly elected by simple majority vote; 50 members - reserved for women only - indirectly elected by the elected members by proportional representation vote using single transferable vote; all members serve 5-year terms)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: one of the fastest growing economies; significant poverty reduction; COVID-19 adversely impacted female labor force participation and undermined previously stable financial conditions; looking to diversify beyond clothing industry; fairly low government debt; new taxation law struggling to increase government revenuesone of the fastest growing economies; significant poverty reduction; COVID-19 adversely impacted female labor force participation and undermined previously stable financial conditions; looking to diversify beyond clothing industry; fairly low government debt; new taxation law struggling to increase government revenues
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $793.49 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $4,800 (2020 est.)
Agricultural products: rice, potatoes, maize, sugar cane, milk, vegetables, onions, jute, mangoes/guavas, wheat
Industries: jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity, natural gas
Exports: $38.78 billion (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: United States 15%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 8%, Spain 7%, France 7% (2019)
Exports - commodities: clothing, knitwear, leather footwear (2019)
Imports: $57.26 billion (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: China 31%, India 15%, Singapore 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, cotton, natural gas, scrap iron, wheat (2019)
Exchange rates: taka (BDT) per US dollar -Page last updated: Wednesday, May 11, 2022