Topic: Photos of Jordan

Topic: Introduction
Background: Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in 1921 and recognized ABDALLAH I from the Hashemite family as the country's first leader. The Hashemites also controlled Hijaz, or the western coastal area of modern day Saudi Arabia until 1925, when they were pushed out by Ibn Saud and Wahhabi tribes. The country gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The country has had four kings. Jordan's long-time ruler, King HUSSEIN (1953-99), successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and Palestinian militants, which led to a brief civil war in 1970 referred to as "Black September" and ended in King HUSSEIN's ouster of the militants from Jordan. Jordan's borders also have changed. In 1948, Jordan took control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem, eventually annexing those territories in 1950 and granting its new Palestinian residents Jordanian citizenship. In 1967, Jordan lost the West Bank and East Jerusalem to Israel in the Six-Day War but retained administrative claims until 1988 when King HUSSEIN permanently relinquished Jordanian claims to the West Bank in favor of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). King HUSSEIN signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994 after Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords in 1993.

Jordanian kings continue to claim custodianship of the holy sites in Jerusalem by virtue of their Hashemite heritage as descendants of Prophet Mohammad and agreements with Israel and Jerusalem-based religious and Palestinian leaders. After Israel captured East Jerusalem in the 1967 War, it authorized the Jordanian-controlled Islamic Trust, or Waqf, to continue administering affairs in the Al Haram ash Sharif/Temple Mount holy compound, and the Jordan-Israel peace treaty reaffirmed Jordan's "special role" in administering the Muslim holy shrines in Jerusalem.

King HUSSEIN died in 1999 and was succeeded by his eldest son, ABDALLAH II, who remains the current king. In 2009, King ABDALLAH II designated his son HUSSEIN as the Crown Prince. During his reign, ABDALLAH II has contended with a series of challenges, including the Arab Spring influx of refugees from neighboring states and a perennially weak economy.  Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in 1921 and recognized ABDALLAH I from the Hashemite family as the country's first leader. The Hashemites also controlled Hijaz, or the western coastal area of modern day Saudi Arabia until 1925, when they were pushed out by Ibn Saud and Wahhabi tribes. The country gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia, between Israel (to the west) and Iraq
Geographic coordinates: 31 00 N, 36 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area: total: 89,342 sq km

land: 88,802 sq km

water: 540 sq km
Area - comparative: about three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries: total: 1,744 km

border countries (5): Iraq 179 km; Israel 307 km; Saudi Arabia 731 km; Syria 379 km; West Bank 148 km
Coastline: 26 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Terrain: mostly arid desert plateau; a great north-south geological rift along the west of the country is the dominant topographical feature and includes the Jordan River Valley, the Dead Sea, and the Jordanian Highlands
Elevation: highest point: Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m

lowest point: Dead Sea -431 m

mean elevation: 812 m
Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oil
Land use: agricultural land: 11.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.1% (2018 est.)

other: 87.5% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 964 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Salt water lake(s): Dead Sea (shared with Israel and West Bank) - 1,020 sq km
note - endorheic hypersaline lake; 9.6 times saltier than the ocean; lake shore is 431 meters below sea level
Major watersheds (area sq km): Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)
Major aquifers: Arabian Aquifer System
Population distribution: population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba
Natural hazards: droughts; periodic earthquakes; flash floods
Geography - note: strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank; the Dead Sea, the lowest point in Asia and the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lac Assal in Djibouti), lies on Jordan's western border with Israel and the West Bank; Jordan is almost landlocked but does have a 26 km southwestern coastline with a single port, Al 'Aqabah (Aqaba)
Map description: Jordan map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries.Jordan map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 10,998,531 (2022 est.)

note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees
Nationality: noun: Jordanian(s)

adjective: Jordanian
Ethnic groups: Jordanian 69.3%, Syrian 13.3%, Palestinian 6.7%, Egyptian 6.7%, Iraqi 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes Armenian, Circassian) (2015 est.)

note: data represent population by self-identified nationality
Languages: Arabic (official), English (widely understood among upper and middle classes)

major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Muslim 97.1% (official; predominantly Sunni), Christian 2.1% (majority Greek Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), Buddhist 0.4%, Hindu 0.1%, Jewish <0.1%, folk <0.1%, other <0.1%, unaffiliated <0.1% (2020 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 33.05% (male 1,837,696/female 1,738,935)

15-24 years: 19.77% (male 1,126,567/female 1,012,812)

25-54 years: 38.39% (male 2,250,328/female 1,903,996)

55-64 years: 5.11% (male 290,633/female 262,827)

65 years and over: 3.67% (2020 est.) (male 194,464/female 202,386)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 58.2

youth dependency ratio: 52

elderly dependency ratio: 6.3

potential support ratio: 16 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 23.5 years

male: 23.9 years

female: 22.9 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.81% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 22.58 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 3.45 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -11.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba
Urbanization: urban population: 91.8% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 2.210 million AMMAN (capital) (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.17 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 24.6 years (2017/18 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio: 46 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 13.9 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 15.04 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 12.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.01 years

male: 74.51 years

female: 77.6 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.96 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 51.8% (2017/18)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 99.2% of population

rural: 97.9% of population

total: 99.1% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.8% of population

rural: 2.1% of population

total: 0.9% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 7.6% (2019)
Physicians density: 2.32 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density: 1.5 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 98.8% of population

rural: 97.8% of population

total: 98.7% of population

unimproved: urban: 1.2% of population

rural: 2.2% of population

total: 1.3% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: (2020 est.) <.1%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: (2020 est.) <1,000
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020 est.) <100
Major infectious diseases: note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Jordan; as of 30 March 2022, Jordan has reported a total of 1,692,485 cases of COVID-19 or 16,587.89 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 14,031 cumulative deaths or a rate of 137.51 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 29 March 2022, 45.91% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 35.5% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3% (2012)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 1.5% (2018)

women married by age 18: 9.7% (2018)

men married by age 18: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Education expenditures: 3% of GDP (2019)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 98.2%

male: 98.6%

female: 97.8% (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 11 years

male: 10 years

female: 11 years (2020)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 37.3%

male: 34.8%

female: 49.4% (2019 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: limited natural freshwater resources; declining water table; salinity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; biodiversity and ecosystem damage/loss
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 32.09 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 25.11 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 6.04 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Land use: agricultural land: 11.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 8.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.1% (2018 est.)

other: 87.5% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 91.8% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.98% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Jordan; as of 30 March 2022, Jordan has reported a total of 1,692,485 cases of COVID-19 or 16,587.89 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 14,031 cumulative deaths or a rate of 137.51 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 29 March 2022, 45.91% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,529,997 tons (2013 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 177,100 tons (2014 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 7% (2014 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Salt water lake(s): Dead Sea (shared with Israel and West Bank) - 1,020 sq km
note - endorheic hypersaline lake; 9.6 times saltier than the ocean; lake shore is 431 meters below sea level
Major watersheds (area sq km): Indian Ocean drainage: (Persian Gulf) Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)
Major aquifers: Arabian Aquifer System
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 456.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 32.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 554.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 937 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

conventional short form: Jordan

local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah

local short form: Al Urdun

former: Transjordan

etymology: named for the Jordan River, which makes up part of Jordan's northwest border
Government type: parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Capital: name: Amman

geographic coordinates: 31 57 N, 35 56 E

time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in February; ends last Friday in October

etymology: in the 13th century B.C., the Ammonites named their main city "Rabbath Ammon"; "rabbath" designated "capital," so the name meant "The Capital of [the] Ammon[ites]"; over time, the "Rabbath" came to be dropped and the city became known simply as "Ammon" and then "Amman"
Administrative divisions: 12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); 'Ajlun, Al 'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, Al ‘Asimah (Amman), At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba
Independence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
Constitution: history: previous 1928 (preindependence); latest initially adopted 28 November 1947, revised and ratified 1 January 1952

amendments: constitutional amendments require at least a two-thirds majority vote of both the Senate and the House and ratification by the king; no amendment of the constitution affecting the rights of the king and the succession to the throne is permitted during the regency period; amended several times, last in 2016
Legal system: mixed system developed from codes instituted by the Ottoman Empire (based on French law), British common law, and Islamic law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICC jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Jordan

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HUSSEIN (eldest son of the monarch, born on 28 June 1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Bisher AL-KHASAWNEH (since 7 October 2020)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch prime minister in consultation with the prime minister

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Legislative branch: description: bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of:
Senate or the House of Notables or Majlis al-Ayan (65 seats; members appointed by the monarch to serve 4-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies or House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwaab (130 seats; 115 members directly elected in 23 multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote and 15 seats for women; 12 of the 115 seats reserved for Christian, Chechen, and Circassian candidates; members serve 4-year terms)

elections: Senate - last appointments on 27 Sep 2020 (next appointments in 2024)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 10 November 2020 (next to be held in November 2024)

election results: Senate - composition men 58, women 7, percent of women 10.8%
Chamber of Deputies - note - tribal, centrist, and pro-government candidates dominated in the 130-seat election; the Islamic Action Front, the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood, garnered only 10 seats, down from 15 in the previous election; women, who are guaranteed 15 seats by Jordan’s legislative quota system, won 16 seats, down from 20 seats won in the previous election; composition - men 114, women 16, percent of women 12.3%; note - total National Assembly percent of women 11.8%

Judicial branch: highest courts: Court of Cassation or Supreme Court (consists of 15 members, including the chief justice); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the king; other judges nominated by the Judicial Council, an 11-member judicial policymaking body consisting of high-level judicial officials and judges, and approved by the king; judge tenure generally not limited; Constitutional Court members appointed by the king for 6-year non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 2 years

subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Great Felonies Court; religious courts; military courts; juvenile courts; Land Settlement Courts; Income Tax Court; Higher Administrative Court; Customs Court; special courts including the State Security Court
Political parties and leaders: Jordan has 54 registered political parties, four of which currently have seats in the elected Chamber of Deputies including the Islamic Action Front, the Islamic Centrist Party, the United Jordanian Front Party, and the National Loyalty Party
International organization participation: ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, CICA, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, NATO (partner), OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dina Khalil Tawfiq KAWAR (since 27 June 2016)

chancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 966-2664

FAX: [1] (202) 966-3110

email address and website:
hkjconsular@jordanembassyus.org

http://www.jordanembassyus.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Henry T. WOOSTER (since 8 October 2020)

embassy: Abdoun, Al-Umawyeen St., Amman

mailing address: 6050 Amman Place, Washington DC  20521-6050

telephone: [962] (6) 590-6000

FAX: [962] (6) 592-0163

email address and website:
Amman-ACS@state.gov

https://jo.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I
National symbol(s): eagle; national colors: black, white, green, red
National anthem: name: "As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni" (Long Live the King of Jordan)

lyrics/music: Abdul-Mone'm al-RIFAI'/Abdul-Qader al-TANEER

note: adopted 1946; the shortened version of the anthem is used most commonly, while the full version is reserved for special occasions
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 6 (5 cultural, 1 mixed)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Petra (c), Quseir Amra (c), Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a) (c), Wadi Rum Protected Area (m), Baptism Site “Bethany Beyond the Jordan” (Al-Maghtas) (c), As-Salt - The Place of Tolerance and Urban Hospitality (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of unemployment and underemployment, budget and current account deficits, and government debt.   King ABDALLAH, during the first decade of the 2000s, implemented significant economic reforms, such as expanding foreign trade and privatizing state-owned companies that attracted foreign investment and contributed to average annual economic growth of 8% for 2004 through 2008. The global economic slowdown and regional turmoil contributed to slower growth from 2010 to 2017 - with growth averaging about 2.5% per year - and hurt export-oriented sectors, construction/real estate, and tourism. Since the onset of the civil war in Syria and resulting refugee crisis, one of Jordan’s most pressing socioeconomic challenges has been managing the influx of approximately 660,000 UN-registered refugees, more than 80% of whom live in Jordan’s urban areas. Jordan’s own official census estimated the refugee number at 1.3 million Syrians as of early 2016.   Jordan is nearly completely dependent on imported energy—mostly natural gas—and energy consistently makes up 25-30% of Jordan’s imports. To diversify its energy mix, Jordan has secured several contracts for liquefied and pipeline natural gas, developed several major renewables projects, and is currently exploring nuclear power generation and exploitation of abundant oil shale reserves. In August 2016, Jordan and the IMF agreed to a $723 million Extended Fund Facility that aims to build on the three-year, $2.1 billion IMF program that ended in August 2015 with the goal of helping Jordan correct budgetary and balance of payments imbalances.Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of unemployment and underemployment, budget and current account deficits, and government debt. King ABDALLAH, during the first decade of the 2000s, implemented significant economic reforms, such as expanding foreign trade and privatizing state-owned companies that attracted foreign investment and contributed to average annual economic growth of 8% for 2004 through 2008. The global economic slowdown and regional turmoil contributed to slower growth from 2010 to 2017 - with growth averaging about 2.5% per year - and hurt export-oriented sectors, construction/real estate, and tourism. Since the onset of the civil war in Syria and resulting refugee crisis, one of Jordan’s most pressing socioeconomic challenges has been managing the influx of approximately 660,000 UN-registered refugees, more than 80% of whom live in Jordan’s urban areas. Jordan’s own official census estimated the refugee number at 1.3 million Syrians as of early 2016. Jordan is nearly completely dependent on imported energy—mostly natural gas—and energy consistently makes up 25-30% of Jordan’s imports. To diversify its energy mix, Jordan has secured several contracts for liquefied and pipeline natural gas, developed several major renewables projects, and is currently exploring nuclear power generation and exploitation of abundant oil shale reserves. In August 2016, Jordan and the IMF agreed to a $723 million Extended Fund Facility that aims to build on the three-year, $2.1 billion IMF program that ended in August 2015 with the goal of helping Jordan correct budgetary and balance of payments imbalances.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $100.16 billion (2020 est.)

$101.74 billion (2019 est.)

$99.79 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 2% (2019 est.)

1.94% (2018 est.)

2.12% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $9,800 (2020 est.)

$10,100 (2019 est.)

$10,000 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $44.568 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.3% (2019 est.)

4.4% (2018 est.)

3.3% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: BB- (2019)

Moody's rating: B1 (2013)

Standard & Poors rating: B+ (2017)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 4.5% (2017 est.)

industry: 28.8% (2017 est.)

services: 66.6% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 80.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 19.8% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.8% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 34.2% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -58% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: tomatoes, poultry, olives, milk, potatoes, cucumbers, vegetables, watermelons, green chillies/peppers, peaches/nectarines
Industries: tourism, information technology, clothing, fertilizer, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing
Industrial production growth rate: 1.4% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 731,000 (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 2%

industry: 20%

services: 78% (2013 est.)
Unemployment rate: 19.1% (2019 est.)

18.61% (2018 est.)

note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 37.3%

male: 34.8%

female: 49.4% (2019 est.)
Population below poverty line: 15.7% (2018 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 33.7 (2010 est.)

36.4 (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4%

highest 10%: 28.7% (2010 est.)
Budget: revenues: 9.462 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.51 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -5.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 95.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

95.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues: 23.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$1.222 billion (2019 est.)

-$2.964 billion (2018 est.)
Exports: $16.29 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$15.09 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: United States 21%, Saudi Arabia 13%, India 8%, Iraq 7%, United Arab Emirates 5%, China 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: fertilizers, calcium phosphates, packaged medicines, clothing and apparel, phosphoric acid (2019)
Imports: $22.04 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$22.92 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: China 17%, Saudi Arabia 15%, United States 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Egypt 5%, India 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: cars, refined petroleum, natural gas, crude petroleum, clothing and apparel (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $15.56 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$15.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $32.088 billion (2019 est.)

$29.916 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar -

0.709 (2020 est.)

0.709 (2019 est.)

0.70925 (2018 est.)

0.71 (2014 est.)

0.71 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production: 18.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 16.82 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 50 million kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity - imports: 334 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 4.764 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 87% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 22 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 67,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 1 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 67,240 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 139,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 68,460 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 121.8 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 5.238 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 1.359 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 6.456 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 6.031 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 391,486 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 6,987,891 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 68 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Jordan is host to a growing number of ICT companies and has emerged as a technology start-up hub for the Middle East; recently focused on telecom solutions to pandemic issues such as e-health and education; progress in the digital financial services; economic goals rely on digital economy, developed mobile sector, and extensive LTE infrastructure; preparation for 5G and e-commerce; importer of broadcasting equipment from Vietnam and China (2020)

domestic: 1995 a telecommunications law opened all non-fixed-line services to private competition; in 2005, the monopoly over fixed-line services terminated and the entire telecommunications sector was opened to competition; currently fixed-line stands at nearly 4 per 100 persons and multiple mobile-cellular providers with subscribership over 68 per 100 persons (2020)

international: country code - 962; landing point for the FEA and Taba-Aqaba submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Asia; satellite earth stations - 33 (3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite TV and Israeli and Syrian TV broadcasts are available; roughly 30 radio stations with JRTV operating the main government-owned station; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are available
Internet country code: .jo
Internet users: total: 6,768,137 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 67% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 630,545 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 6 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 54

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,383,805 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 175.84 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: JY
Airports: total: 18 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 16

over 3,047 m: 8

2,438 to 3,047 m: 5

1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 2

under 914 m: 2 (2021)
Heliports: 1 (2021)
Pipelines: 473 km gas, 49 km oil (2013)
Railways: total: 1,596 km (2020)

narrow gauge: 509 km (2014) 1.050-m gauge
Roadways: total: 7,203 km (2011)

paved: 7,203 km (2011)
Merchant marine: total: 35

by type: general cargo 6, oil tanker 1, other 28 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Al 'Aqabah

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Army (includes Special Operations Forces, Border Guards, Royal Guard), Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard; Ministry of Interior: Public Security Directorate (includes national police, the Gendarmerie, and the Civil Defense Directorate) (2021)
Military expenditures: 5% of GDP (2021 est.)

5% of GDP (2020 est.)

5.6% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $5.18 billion)

5.6% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $5.14 billion)

5.7% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $5.18 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 90,000 active JAF personnel (77,000 Army; 500 Navy; 12,500 Air Force); approximately 15,000 Gendarmerie Forces (2021)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the JAF inventory is comprised of a wide mix of imported equipment from Europe, some Gulf States, Russia, and the US; since 2010, the Netherlands and the US are the leading suppliers (2021)
Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary male military service (women can volunteer to serve in noncombat military positions in the Royal Jordanian Arab Army Women's Corps and RJAF); initial service term 2 years, with option to reenlist for 18 years; conscription abolished in 1991; however, in 2020, Jordan announced the reinstatement of compulsory military service for jobless men aged between 25 and 29 with 12 months of service, made up of 3 months of military training and 9 months of professional and technical training; in 2019, announced a voluntary 4-month National Military Service program for men and women aged between 18-25 years who have been unemployed for at least 6 months; service would include 1 month for military training with the remaining 3 months dedicated to vocational training in the sectors of construction and tourism (2021)

note - most women serve in the medical service; outside the medical service, women comprised about 1.5% of the military as of 2019; the Jordanian Government intended to raise this to 3%
Military deployments: 330 Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)
Military - note: the Jordanian military traces its origins back to the Arab Legion, which was formed under the British protectorate of Transjordan in the 1920s due largely to its proximity to regional conflicts in Iraq and Syria, the presence of major terrorist organizations in both of those countries, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the highest priorities of Jordan’s military and security services in 2021 included securing its borders and the potential for domestic terrorist attacks; the terrorist group Hizballah and Iranian-backed militia forces were operating in southwestern Syria near Jordan’s border while fighters from the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group continued operating in both Iraq and Syria; ISIS fighters included Jordanian nationals, some of whom have returned to Jordan; meanwhile, individuals and groups sympathetic to Palestine have planned and conducted terrorist attacks in Jordan Jordan has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994the Jordanian military traces its origins back to the Arab Legion, which was formed under the British protectorate of Transjordan in the 1920sdue largely to its proximity to regional conflicts in Iraq and Syria, the presence of major terrorist organizations in both of those countries, and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the highest priorities of Jordan’s military and security services in 2021 included securing its borders and the potential for domestic terrorist attacks; the terrorist group Hizballah and Iranian-backed militia forces were operating in southwestern Syria near Jordan’s border while fighters from the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) terrorist group continued operating in both Iraq and Syria; ISIS fighters included Jordanian nationals, some of whom have returned to Jordan; meanwhile, individuals and groups sympathetic to Palestine have planned and conducted terrorist attacks in JordanJordan has Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status with the US; MNNA is a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation; while MNNA status provides military and economic privileges, it does not entail any security commitments

Jordan signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: 2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 2,307,011 (Palestinian refugees) (2020); 66,665 (Iraq), 12,866 (Yemen), 6,013 Sudan (2021); 674,458 (Syria) (2022)

stateless persons: 63 (mid-year 2021)
Trafficking in persons: current situation: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Jordan and Jordanians abroad; victims are primarily from South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, Egypt, and Syria; foreign migrants, many undocumented, working in construction, agriculture, textiles, and domestic work are the most vulnerable to trafficking because of informal work agreements and frequently changing employers; forced labor victims experience withheld or unpaid wages, confiscation of identity documents, restricted freedom of movement, unsafe living conditions, long hours without rest, isolation, and verbal and physical abuse; child labor and potential forced child labor increased; traffickers exploit Lebanese, North African, and Eastern European women who have migrated to Jordan to work in restaurants and nightclubs are subject to sex trafficking

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Jordan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government increased the training of law enforcement personnel and victim advocates, maintained a trafficking shelter offering a wide range of services, partnered with civil society actors to proactively identify and protect trafficking victims, and conducted anti-trafficking awareness campaigns; the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts as fewer traffickers were investigated, prosecuted, and convicted; fewer victims were identified and assisted, and victims were still arrested, detained, and deported for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit; under Jordan’s anti-trafficking law, penalties for sex trafficking offenses were not commensurate with penalties for other serious crimes (2020)human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Jordan and Jordanians abroad; victims are primarily from South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, Egypt, and Syria; foreign migrants, many undocumented, working in construction, agriculture, textiles, and domestic work are the most vulnerable to trafficking because of informal work agreements and frequently changing employers; forced labor victims experience withheld or unpaid wages, confiscation of identity documents, restricted freedom of movement, unsafe living conditions, long hours without rest, isolation, and verbal and physical abuse; child labor and potential forced child labor increased; traffickers exploit Lebanese, North African, and Eastern European women who have migrated to Jordan to work in restaurants and nightclubs are subject to sex trafficking
Illicit drugs: primarily a transshipment country for amphetamine tablets originating in Lebanon and Syria and destined for Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Gulf countries; the government is increasingly concerned about domestic consumption of illicit drugs


This entry includes revenues and expenditures. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Topic: Afghanistanrevenues: 2.276 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.328 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Albaniarevenues: 3.614 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.874 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Algeriarevenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 70.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: American Samoarevenues: 249 million (2016 est.)

expenditures: 262.5 million (2016 est.)

Topic: Andorrarevenues: 1.872 billion (2016)

expenditures: 2.06 billion (2016)

Topic: Angolarevenues: 37.02 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 45.44 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Anguillarevenues: 81.92 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 80.32 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Antigua and Barbudarevenues: 298.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 334 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Argentinarevenues: 120.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 158.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Armeniarevenues: 2.644 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.192 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Arubarevenues: 681.6 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 755.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Australiarevenues: 490 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 496.9 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Austriarevenues: 201.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 204.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijanrevenues: 9.556 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.22 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, Therevenues: 2.139 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.46 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahrainrevenues: 5.854 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.407 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bangladeshrevenues: 25.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 33.5 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Barbadosrevenues: 1.466 billion (2017 est.) (2013 est.)

expenditures: 1.664 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belarusrevenues: 22.15 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 20.57 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belgiumrevenues: 253.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 258.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belizerevenues: 553.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 572 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Beninrevenues: 1.578 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.152 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bermudarevenues: 999.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.176 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bhutanrevenues: 655.3 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 737.4 million (2017 est.)

note: the Government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures

Topic: Boliviarevenues: 15.09 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 18.02 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinarevenues: 7.993 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 7.607 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Botswanarevenues: 5.305 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.478 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Brazilrevenues: 733.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 756.3 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islandsrevenues: 400 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 400 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Bruneirevenues: 2.245 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.345 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bulgariarevenues: 20.35 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.35 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Burkina Fasorevenues: 2.666 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.655 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Burmarevenues: 9.108 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.23 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Burundirevenues: 536.7 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 729.6 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verderevenues: 493.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 546.7 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Cambodiarevenues: 3.947 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.354 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cameroonrevenues: 5.363 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.556 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Canadarevenues: 649.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 665.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islandsrevenues: 874.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 766.6 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Central African Republicrevenues: 282.9 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 300.1 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Chadrevenues: 1.337 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.481 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Chilerevenues: 57.75 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 65.38 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Chinarevenues: 2.553 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.008 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Christmas Islandrevenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islandsrevenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Topic: Colombiarevenues: 83.35 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 91.73 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Comorosrevenues: 165.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 207.3 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of therevenues: 4.634 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.009 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of therevenues: 1.965 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.578 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cook Islandsrevenues: 86.9 million (2010)

expenditures: 77.9 million (2010)

Topic: Costa Ricarevenues: 8.357 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.92 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoirerevenues: 7.749 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.464 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Croatiarevenues: 25.24 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 24.83 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cubarevenues: 54.52 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.64 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cyprusrevenues: 8.663 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 8.275 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Czechiarevenues: 87.37 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 83.92 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Denmarkrevenues: 172.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 168.9 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Djiboutirevenues: 717 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 899.2 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Dominicarevenues: 227.8 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 260.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republicrevenues: 11.33 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.62 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ecuadorrevenues: 33.43 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.08 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Egyptrevenues: 42.32 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 62.61 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: El Salvadorrevenues: 5.886 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.517 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinearevenues: 2.114 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.523 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Eritrearevenues: 2.029 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.601 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Estoniarevenues: 10.37 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.44 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Eswatinirevenues: 1.263 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.639 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ethiopiarevenues: 11.24 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.79 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)revenues: 67.1 million (FY09/10)

expenditures: 75.3 million (FY09/10)

Topic: Faroe Islandsrevenues: 835.6 million (2014 est.)

expenditures: 883.8 million (2014)

note: Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of its public funds

Topic: Fijirevenues: 1.454 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.648 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Finlandrevenues: 134.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 135.6 billion (2017 est.)

note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting

Topic: Francerevenues: 1.392 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.459 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: French Polynesiarevenues: 1.891 billion (2012)

expenditures: 1.833 billion (2011)

Topic: Gabonrevenues: 2.634 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.914 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Gambia, Therevenues: 300.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 339 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Gaza Stripsee entry for the West Bank

Topic: Georgiarevenues: 4.352 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.925 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Germanyrevenues: 1.665 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.619 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ghanarevenues: 9.544 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 12.36 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Gibraltarrevenues: 475.8 million (2008 est.)

expenditures: 452.3 million (2008 est.)

Topic: Greecerevenues: 97.99 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 96.35 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Greenlandrevenues: 1.719 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.594 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Grenadarevenues: 288.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 252.3 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Guamrevenues: 1.24 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.299 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Guatemalarevenues: 8.164 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.156 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Guernseyrevenues: 563.6 million (2005)

expenditures: 530.9 million (2005 est.)

Topic: Guinearevenues: 1.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.748 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissaurevenues: 246.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 263.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Guyanarevenues: 1.002 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.164 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Haitirevenues: 1.567 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.65 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)revenues: 315 million (2013)

expenditures: 348 million (2013)

Topic: Hondurasrevenues: 4.658 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.283 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Hong Kongrevenues: 79.34 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 61.64 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Hungaryrevenues: 61.98 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Icelandrevenues: 10.39 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.02 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Indiarevenues: 238.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 329 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Indonesiarevenues: 131.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 159.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Iranrevenues: 74.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 84.45 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Iraqrevenues: 68.71 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 76.82 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Irelandrevenues: 86.04 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 87.19 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Isle of Manrevenues: 965 million (FY05/06 est.)

expenditures: 943 million (FY05/06 est.)

Topic: Israelrevenues: 93.11 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 100.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Italyrevenues: 903.3 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 948.1 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Jamaicarevenues: 4.382 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.314 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Japanrevenues: 1.714 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.885 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Jerseyrevenues: 829 million (2005)

expenditures: 851 million (2005)

Topic: Jordanrevenues: 9.462 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.51 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstanrevenues: 35.48 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.3 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kenyarevenues: 13.95 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.24 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kiribatirevenues: 151.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 277.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Korea, Northrevenues: 3.2 billion (2007 est.)

expenditures: 3.3 billion (2007 est.)

Topic: Korea, Southrevenues: 357.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 335.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kosovorevenues: 2.054 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.203 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kuwaitrevenues: 50.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 62.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstanrevenues: 2.169 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.409 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Laosrevenues: 3.099 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.038 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Latviarevenues: 11.39 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.53 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Lebanonrevenues: 11.62 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 15.38 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Lesothorevenues: 1.09 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.255 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Liberiarevenues: 553.6 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 693.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Libyarevenues: 15.78 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 23.46 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Liechtensteinrevenues: 995.3 million (2012 est.)

expenditures: 890.4 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Lithuaniarevenues: 15.92 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 15.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Luxembourgrevenues: 27.75 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 26.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Macaurevenues: 14.71 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.684 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Madagascarrevenues: 1.828 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.136 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Malawirevenues: 1.356 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.567 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Malaysiarevenues: 51.25 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 60.63 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Maldivesrevenues: 1.19 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.643 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Malirevenues: 3.075 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.513 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Maltarevenues: 5.076 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.583 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islandsrevenues: 116.7 million (2013 est.)

expenditures: 113.9 million (2013 est.)

Topic: Mauritaniarevenues: 1.354 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.396 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mauritiusrevenues: 2.994 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.038 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mexicorevenues: 261.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 273.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States ofrevenues: 213.8 million (FY12/13 est.)

expenditures: 192.1 million (FY12/13 est.)

Topic: Moldovarevenues: 2.886 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.947 billion (2017 est.)

note: National Public Budget

Topic: Monacorevenues: 896.3 million (2011 est.)

expenditures: 953.6 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Mongoliarevenues: 2.967 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.681 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Montenegrorevenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Montserratrevenues: 66.67 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 47.04 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Moroccorevenues: 22.81 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 26.75 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mozambiquerevenues: 3.356 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.054 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Namibiarevenues: 4.268 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Naururevenues: 103 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 113.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Nepalrevenues: 5.925 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.945 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Netherlandsrevenues: 361.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 352.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: New Caledoniarevenues: 1.995 billion (2015 est.)

expenditures: 1.993 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: New Zealandrevenues: 74.11 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 70.97 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Nicaraguarevenues: 3.871 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.15 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Nigerrevenues: 1.757 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.171 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Nigeriarevenues: 12.92 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.54 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Niuerevenues: 15.07 million (FY04/05)

expenditures: 16.33 million (FY04/05)

Topic: Norfolk Islandrevenues: 4.6 million (FY99/00)

expenditures: 4.8 million (FY99/00)

Topic: North Macedoniarevenues: 3.295 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.605 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandsrevenues: 389.6 million (2016 est.)

expenditures: 344 million (2015 est.)

Topic: Norwayrevenues: 217.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 199.5 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Omanrevenues: 22.14 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 31.92 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Pakistanrevenues: 46.81 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.49 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are for fiscal years

Topic: Palaurevenues: 193 million (2012 est.)

expenditures: 167.3 million (2012 est.)

Topic: Panamarevenues: 12.43 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.44 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinearevenues: 3.638 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.591 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Paraguayrevenues: 5.524 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.968 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Perurevenues: 58.06 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.81 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Philippinesrevenues: 49.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 56.02 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Pitcairn Islandsrevenues: 746,000 (FY04/05)

expenditures: 1.028 million (FY04/05)

Topic: Polandrevenues: 207.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 216.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Portugalrevenues: 93.55 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 100 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Puerto Ricorevenues: 9.268 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.974 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Qatarrevenues: 44.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 53.82 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Romaniarevenues: 62.14 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 68.13 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Russiarevenues: 258.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 281.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Rwandarevenues: 1.943 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.337 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunharevenues: 8.427 million (FY06/07 est.)

expenditures: 20.7 million (FY06/07 est.)

note: revenue data reflect only locally raised revenues; the budget deficit is resolved by grant aid from the UK

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevisrevenues: 307 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 291.1 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Luciarevenues: 398.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 392.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelonrevenues: 70 million (1996 est.)

expenditures: 60 million (1996 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesrevenues: 225.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 230 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Samoarevenues: 237.3 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 276.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: San Marinorevenues: 667.7 million (2011 est.)

expenditures: 715.3 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principerevenues: 103 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 112.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabiarevenues: 181 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 241.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Senegalrevenues: 4.139 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.9 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Serbiarevenues: 17.69 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 17.59 billion (2017 est.)

note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets

Topic: Seychellesrevenues: 593.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 600.7 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leonerevenues: 562 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 846.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Singaporerevenues: 50.85 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 51.87 billion (2017 est.)

note: expenditures include both operational and development expenditures

Topic: Slovakiarevenues: 37.79 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.79 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sloveniarevenues: 21.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 21.06 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islandsrevenues: 532.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 570.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Somaliarevenues: 145.3 million (2014 est.)

expenditures: 151.1 million (2014 est.)

Topic: South Africarevenues: 92.86 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 108.3 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: South Sudanrevenues: 259.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)

expenditures: 298.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)

Topic: Spainrevenues: 498.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 539 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sri Lankarevenues: 12.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 16.88 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sudanrevenues: 8.48 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.36 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Surinamerevenues: 560.7 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 827.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Svalbardrevenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Topic: Swedenrevenues: 271.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 264.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Switzerlandrevenues: 242.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 234.4 billion (2017 est.)

note: includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets

Topic: Syriarevenues: 1.162 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.211 billion (2017 est.)

note: government projections for FY2016

Topic: Taiwanrevenues: 91.62 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 92.03 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tajikistanrevenues: 2.269 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.374 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tanzaniarevenues: 7.873 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 8.818 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Thailandrevenues: 69.23 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 85.12 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Timor-Lesterevenues: 300 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Togorevenues: 1.023 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.203 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tokelaurevenues: 24,324,473 (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11,666,542 (2017 est.)

Topic: Tongarevenues: 181.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 181.2 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagorevenues: 5.581 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 7.446 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tunisiarevenues: 9.876 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 12.21 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkeyrevenues: 172.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 185.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistanrevenues: 5.657 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.714 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandsrevenues: 247.3 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 224.3 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Tuvalurevenues: 42.68 million (2013 est.)

expenditures: 32.46 million (2012 est.)

note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia

Topic: Ugandarevenues: 3.848 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.928 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ukrainerevenues: 29.82 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 31.55 billion (2017 est.)

note: this is the planned, consolidated budget

Topic: United Arab Emiratesrevenues: 110.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 111.1 billion (2017 est.)

note: the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai

Topic: United Kingdomrevenues: 1.028 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.079 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: United Statesrevenues: 3.315 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.981 trillion (2017 est.)

note: revenues exclude social contributions of approximately $1.0 trillion; expenditures exclude social benefits of approximately $2.3 trillion

Topic: Uruguayrevenues: 17.66 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.72 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistanrevenues: 15.22 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 15.08 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Vanuaturevenues: 236.7 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 244.1 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Venezuelarevenues: 92.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 189.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Vietnamrevenues: 54.59 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 69.37 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islandsrevenues: 1.496 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.518 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Wallis and Futunarevenues: 32.54 million (2015 est.) NA

expenditures: 34.18 million (2015 est.) NA

Topic: West Bankrevenues: 1.314 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.278 billion (2017 est.)

note: includes Palestinian Authority expenditures in the Gaza Strip

Topic: Worldrevenues: 21.68 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 23.81 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Yemenrevenues: 2.821 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.458 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Zambiarevenues: 4.473 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.357 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwerevenues: 3.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.5 billion (2017 est.)


Topic: Photos of Pacific Ocean

Topic: Introduction
Background: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). Strategically important access waterways include the La Perouse, Tsugaru, Tsushima, Taiwan, Singapore, and Torres Straits.The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Pacific Ocean south of 60 degrees south.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere
Geographic coordinates: 0 00 N, 160 00 W
Map references: Political Map of the World
Area: total: 161.760 million sq km

note: includes Arafura Sea, Bali Sea, Banda Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Celebes Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, Solomon Sea, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative: about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global surface; almost equal to the total land area of the world
Coastline: 135,663 km
Climate: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
Terrain: surface dominated by two large gyres (broad, circular systems of currents), one in the northern Pacific and another in the southern Pacific; in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana Trench, which is the world's deepest at 10,924 m major surface currents: clockwise North Pacific Gyre formed by the warm northward flowing Kuroshio Current in the west, the eastward flowing North Pacific Current in the north, the southward flowing cold California Current in the east, and the westward flowing North Equatorial Current in the south; the counterclockwise South Pacific Gyre composed of the southward flowing warm East Australian Current in the west, the eastward flowing South Pacific Current in the south, the northward flowing cold Peru (Humbolt) Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the northsurface dominated by two large gyres (broad, circular systems of currents), one in the northern Pacific and another in the southern Pacific; in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana Trench, which is the world's deepest at 10,924 mmajor surface currents: clockwise North Pacific Gyre formed by the warm northward flowing Kuroshio Current in the west, the eastward flowing North Pacific Current in the north, the southward flowing cold California Current in the east, and the westward flowing North Equatorial Current in the south; the counterclockwise South Pacific Gyre composed of the southward flowing warm East Australian Current in the west, the eastward flowing South Pacific Current in the south, the northward flowing cold Peru (Humbolt) Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the north
Elevation: highest point: sea level

lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench -10,924 m
note - the Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean basin

mean depth: -4,080 m

ocean zones: Composed of water and in a fluid state, the oceans are delimited differently than the solid continents. Oceans are divided into three zones based on depth and light level. Although some sea creatures depend on light to live, others can do without it. Sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 m into the oceans under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light beyond 200 m.

The upper 200 m (656 ft) of oceans is called the euphotic, or "sunlight," zone. This zone contains the vast majority of commercial fisheries and is home to many protected marine mammals and sea turtles. Only a small amount of light penetrates beyond this depth.

The zone between 200 m (656 ft) and 1,000 m (3,280 ft) is usually referred to as the "twilight" zone, but is officially the dysphotic zone. In this zone, the intensity of light rapidly dissipates as depth increases. Such a minuscule amount of light penetrates beyond a depth of 200 m that photosynthesis is no longer possible.

The aphotic, or "midnight," zone exists in depths below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Sunlight does not penetrate to these depths and the zone is bathed in darkness.
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Natural hazards: surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December
Geography - note: the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; much of the Pacific Ocean's rim lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters that accounts for up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes; the Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean basin averaging 4,000 m in depth
Map description: Pacific Ocean map highlights the Ocean in relation to surrounding continents and shows the major chokepoints.Pacific Ocean map highlights the Ocean in relation to surrounding continents and shows the major chokepoints.
Volume: Ocean volume: 660 million cu km

Percent of total ocean volume: 50.1%

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: pollution (such as sewage, runoff from land and toxic waste); habitat destruction; over-fishing; climate change leading to sea level rise, ocean acidification, and warming; endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea
Marine fisheries: the Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 57.8%, or 46,144,490 mt, of the global marine capture in 2019; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important: Northwest Pacific region (Region 61) is the world’s most important fishery producing 24% of the global catch or 19,151,516 mt in 2019; it encompasses the waters north of 20º north latitude and west of 175º west longitude with the major producers including China (29,080726 mt), Japan (3,417,871 mt), South Korea (1,403,892 mt), and Taiwan (487,739 mt); the principal catches include Alaska Pollock, Japanese anchovy, chub mackerel, and scads Western Central Pacific region (Region 71) is the world’s second most important fishing region producing 17.3%, or 13,798,443 mt, of the global catch in 2019; tuna is the most important species in this region; the region includes the waters between 20º North and 25º South latitude and west of 175º West longitude with the major producers including Indonesia (6,907,932 mt), Vietnam (4,571,497 mt), Philippines (2,416,879 mt), Thailand (1,509,574 mt), and Malaysia (692,553 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, sardinellas, and cephalopods Southeast Pacific region (Region 87) is the third major Pacific fishery and third largest in the world producing 9.7%, or 7,755,134 mt, of the global catch in 2019; this region includes the nutrient rich upwelling waters off the west coast of South America between 5º North and 60º South latitude and east of 120º West longitude with the major producers including Peru (4,888,730 mt), Chile (3,298,795 mt), and Ecuador (1,186,249 mt); the principal catches include Peruvian anchovy (68.5% of the catch), Jumbo flying squid, and Chilean jack mackerel Pacific Northeast region (Region 67) is the fourth largest Pacific Ocean fishery and seventh largest in the world producing 4% of the global catch or 3,160,372 mt in 2019; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º North latitude and east of 175º West longitude including the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea with the major producers including the US (3,009,568 mt), Canada (276,677 mt), and Russia (6,908 mt); the principal catches include Alaska pollock, Pacific cod, and North Pacific hake

Regional fisheries bodies: Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, International  Council for the Exploration of the Seas, North Pacific Fisheries Commission, South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organization, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commissionthe Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 57.8%, or 46,144,490 mt, of the global marine capture in 2019; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important:Northwest Pacific region (Region 61) is the world’s most important fishery producing 24% of the global catch or 19,151,516 mt in 2019; it encompasses the waters north of 20º north latitude and west of 175º west longitude with the major producers including China (29,080726 mt), Japan (3,417,871 mt), South Korea (1,403,892 mt), and Taiwan (487,739 mt); the principal catches include Alaska Pollock, Japanese anchovy, chub mackerel, and scadsWestern Central Pacific region (Region 71) is the world’s second most important fishing region producing 17.3%, or 13,798,443 mt, of the global catch in 2019; tuna is the most important species in this region; the region includes the waters between 20º North and 25º South latitude and west of 175º West longitude with the major producers including Indonesia (6,907,932 mt), Vietnam (4,571,497 mt), Philippines (2,416,879 mt), Thailand (1,509,574 mt), and Malaysia (692,553 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, sardinellas, and cephalopodsSoutheast Pacific region (Region 87) is the third major Pacific fishery and third largest in the world producing 9.7%, or 7,755,134 mt, of the global catch in 2019; this region includes the nutrient rich upwelling waters off the west coast of South America between 5º North and 60º South latitude and east of 120º West longitude with the major producers including Peru (4,888,730 mt), Chile (3,298,795 mt), and Ecuador (1,186,249 mt); the principal catches include Peruvian anchovy (68.5% of the catch), Jumbo flying squid, and Chilean jack mackerel
Climate: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December

Topic: Government
Country name: etymology: named by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand MAGELLAN during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521; encountering favorable winds upon reaching the ocean, he called it "Mar Pacifico," which means "peaceful sea" in both Portuguese and Spanish

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1996, over 60% of the world's fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean. Exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of the US, Australia, NZ, China, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has led to fluctuations in new drillings.

Topic: Transportation
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong (China), Kao-hsiung (Taiwan), Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Topic: Military and Security
Maritime threats: the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; an emerging threat area lies in the Celebes and Sulu Seas between the Philippines and Malaysia where 11 ships were attacked in 2021; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargoes stolen

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Topic: People and Society
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens DO NOT TRAVEL to Aruba due to COVID-related conditions. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required.
US Embassy/Consulate: US does not have an embassy in Aruba; the Consul General to Curacao is accredited to Aruba; US citizens may call US Dept of State (202)-501-4444 for emergencies; alternate contact is the US General Council to Curacao [599] (9) 4613066; US Consulate General in Curacao, PO Box 158, J.B. Gorsiraweg 1, Curacao
Telephone Code: 297
Local Emergency Phone: 911
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Tropical marine, little seasonal temperature variation
Currency (Code): Guilders/florins (AWG); USD accepted
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 120 V / 60 Hz / plug types(s): A, B, F

Major Languages: Papiamento (official) (a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, French, elements of African languages, and the language of the Arawak) 69.4%, Spanish 13.7%, English 7.1%, Dutch (official) 6.1%
Major Religions: Roman Catholic 75.3%, Protestant 4.9%, other 12%
Time Difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water: Yes
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: Arikok National Park (includes Boca Prins and Natural Pool); California Dunes and Lighthouse; Alto Vista Chapel
Major Sports: Soccer, windsurfing, sailing
Cultural Practices: Wearing swimwear around town is considered rude.
Tipping Guidelines: Some bars and restaurants already add a 10-15% service charge. If you really like the service, you can still tip. Tipping $1-2 (USD) per bag is customary for the bellhops.Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Tuesday, March 22, 2022