Topic: Photos of Papua New Guinea

Topic: Introduction
Background: Papua New Guinea (PNG) was first settled between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. PNG’s harsh geography consisting of mountains, jungles, and numerous river valleys, kept many of the arriving groups isolated, giving rise to PNG’s incredible ethnic and linguistic diversity. Agriculture was independently developed by some of these groups. Around 500 B.C., Austronesian voyagers settled along the coast. Spanish and Portuguese explorers periodically visited the island starting in the 1500s, but none made it into the country’s interior. American and British whaling ships frequented the islands off the coast of New Guinea in the mid-1800s. In 1884, Germany declared a protectorate - and eventually a colony - over the northern part of what would become PNG and named it German New Guinea; days later the UK followed suit on the southern part and nearby islands and called it Papua. Most of their focus was on the coastal regions, leaving the highlands largely unexplored.

The UK put its colony under Australian administration in 1902 and formalized the act in 1906. At the outbreak of World War I, Australia occupied German New Guinea and continued to rule it after the war as a League of Nations Mandate. The discovery of gold along the Bulolo River in the 1920s, led prospectors to venture into the highlands, where they found about 1 million people living in isolated communities. Japan invaded New Guinea in 1941 and reached Papua the following year. Allied victories during the New Guinea campaign pushed out the Japanese, and after the end of the war, Australia combined the two territories into one administration. Sir Michael SOMARE won elections in 1972 on the promise of achieving independence, which was realized in 1975.

A secessionist movement in Bougainville, an island well endowed in copper and gold resources, reignited in 1988 with debates about land use, profits, and an influx of outsiders at the Panguna Copper Mine. Following elections in 1992, the PNG Government took a hardline stance against Bougainville rebels and the resulting civil war led to about 20,000 deaths. In 1997, the PNG Government hired mercenaries to support its troops in Bougainville, sparking an army mutiny and forcing the prime minister to resign. PNG and Bougainville signed a truce in 1997 and a peace agreement in 2001, which granted Bougainville autonomy. An internationally-monitored nonbinding referendum asking Bougainvilleans to chose independence or greater self-rule occurred in November 2019, with 98% of voters opting for independence.Papua New Guinea (PNG) was first settled between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. PNG’s harsh geography consisting of mountains, jungles, and numerous river valleys, kept many of the arriving groups isolated, giving rise to PNG’s incredible ethnic and linguistic diversity. Agriculture was independently developed by some of these groups. Around 500 B.C., Austronesian voyagers settled along the coast. Spanish and Portuguese explorers periodically visited the island starting in the 1500s, but none made it into the country’s interior. American and British whaling ships frequented the islands off the coast of New Guinea in the mid-1800s. In 1884, Germany declared a protectorate - and eventually a colony - over the northern part of what would become PNG and named it German New Guinea; days later the UK followed suit on the southern part and nearby islands and called it Papua. Most of their focus was on the coastal regions, leaving the highlands largely unexplored.

The UK put its colony under Australian administration in 1902 and formalized the act in 1906. At the outbreak of World War I, Australia occupied German New Guinea and continued to rule it after the war as a League of Nations Mandate. The discovery of gold along the Bulolo River in the 1920s, led prospectors to venture into the highlands, where they found about 1 million people living in isolated communities. Japan invaded New Guinea in 1941 and reached Papua the following year. Allied victories during the New Guinea campaign pushed out the Japanese, and after the end of the war, Australia combined the two territories into one administration. Sir Michael SOMARE won elections in 1972 on the promise of achieving independence, which was realized in 1975.

A secessionist movement in Bougainville, an island well endowed in copper and gold resources, reignited in 1988 with debates about land use, profits, and an influx of outsiders at the Panguna Copper Mine. Following elections in 1992, the PNG Government took a hardline stance against Bougainville rebels and the resulting civil war led to about 20,000 deaths. In 1997, the PNG Government hired mercenaries to support its troops in Bougainville, sparking an army mutiny and forcing the prime minister to resign. PNG and Bougainville signed a truce in 1997 and a peace agreement in 2001, which granted Bougainville autonomy. An internationally-monitored nonbinding referendum asking Bougainvilleans to chose independence or greater self-rule occurred in November 2019, with 98% of voters opting for independence.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia
Geographic coordinates: 6 00 S, 147 00 E
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 462,840 sq km

land: 452,860 sq km

water: 9,980 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries: total: 824 km

border countries (1): Indonesia 824 km
Coastline: 5,152 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
Elevation: highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 667 m
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries
Land use: agricultural land: 2.6% (2018 est.)

arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 63.1% (2018 est.)

other: 34.3% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km (2012)
Major rivers (by length in km): Sepik river source and mouth (shared with Indonesia) - 1,126 km; Fly river source and mouth (shared with Indonesia) - 1,050 km
Population distribution: population concentrated in the highlands and eastern coastal areas on the island of New Guinea; predominantly a rural distribution with only about one-fifth of the population residing in urban areas
Natural hazards: active volcanism; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamisvolcanism: severe volcanic activity; Ulawun (2,334 m), one of Papua New Guinea's potentially most dangerous volcanoes, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Rabaul (688 m) destroyed the city of Rabaul in 1937 and 1994; Lamington erupted in 1951 killing 3,000 people; Manam's 2004 eruption forced the island's abandonment; other historically active volcanoes include Bam, Bagana, Garbuna, Karkar, Langila, Lolobau, Long Island, Pago, St. Andrew Strait, Victory, and Waiowa; see note 2 under "Geography - note"active volcanism; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamisvolcanism: severe volcanic activity; Ulawun (2,334 m), one of Papua New Guinea's potentially most dangerous volcanoes, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Rabaul (688 m) destroyed the city of Rabaul in 1937 and 1994; Lamington erupted in 1951 killing 3,000 people; Manam's 2004 eruption forced the island's abandonment; other historically active volcanoes include Bam, Bagana, Garbuna, Karkar, Langila, Lolobau, Long Island, Pago, St. Andrew Strait, Victory, and Waiowa; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note: note 1: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; generally east-west trending highlands break up New Guinea into diverse ecoregions; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast

note 2: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcane note 3: Papua New Guinea is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Firenote 1: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; generally east-west trending highlands break up New Guinea into diverse ecoregions; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast

note 2: two major food crops apparently developed on the island of New Guinea: bananas and sugarcanenote 3: Papua New Guinea is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire
Map description: Papua New Guinea map showing major cities and islands of this archipelagic Pacific Ocean country as well as parts of neighboring countries.Papua New Guinea map showing major cities and islands of this archipelagic Pacific Ocean country as well as parts of neighboring countries.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 9,593,498 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Papua New Guinean(s)

adjective: Papua New Guinean
Ethnic groups: Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Languages: Tok Pisin (official), English (official), Hiri Motu (official), some 839 indigenous languages spoken (about 12% of the world's total); many languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers

note: Tok Pisin, a creole language, is widely used and understood; English is spoken by 1%-2%; Hiri Motu is spoken by less than 2%
Religions: Protestant 64.3% (Evangelical Lutheran 18.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 12.9%, Pentecostal 10.4%, United Church 10.3%, Evangelical Alliance 5.9%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.8%, Salvation Army .4%), Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 5.3%, non-Christian 1.4%, unspecified 3.1% (2011 est.)

note: data represent only the citizen population; roughly 0.3% of the population are non-citizens, consisting of Christian 52% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 10.7% , none 37.3%
Age structure: 0-14 years: 31.98% (male 1,182,539/female 1,139,358)

15-24 years: 19.87% (male 731,453/female 711,164)

25-54 years: 37.68% (male 1,397,903/female 1,337,143)

55-64 years: 5.83% (male 218,529/female 204,717)

65 years and over: 4.64% (2020 est.) (male 164,734/female 171,916)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 63.2

youth dependency ratio: 57.4

elderly dependency ratio: 5.8

potential support ratio: 17.2 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 24 years

male: 24 years

female: 24 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.35% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 29.03 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: population concentrated in the highlands and eastern coastal areas on the island of New Guinea; predominantly a rural distribution with only about one-fifth of the population residing in urban areas
Urbanization: urban population: 13.6% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 400,000 PORT MORESBY (capital) (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.9 years (2016/18)

note: median age a first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio: 145 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 33.59 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 36.91 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 30.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.43 years

male: 67.76 years

female: 71.19 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.92 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 36.7% (2016/18)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 86.2% of population

rural: 41.5% of population

total: 47.5% of population

unimproved: urban: 13.8% of population

rural: 58.5% of population

total: 52.5% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 2.3% (2019)
Physicians density: 0.07 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 57.8% of population

rural: 18.2% of population

total: 23.5% of population

unimproved: urban: 42.2% of population

rural: 81.8% of population

total: 76.5% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.9% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 55,000 (2020 est.)

note: estimate does not include children
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020 est.) <500

note: estimate does not include children
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 21.3% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 39.3% (2020 est.)

male: 53.5% (2020 est.)

female: 25.1% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 27.8% (2009/11)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 8%

women married by age 18: 27.3%

men married by age 18: 3.7% (2018 est.)
Education expenditures: 1.9% of GDP (2018 est.)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 64.2%

male: 65.6%

female: 62.8% (2015)
People - note: the indigenous population of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of the most heterogeneous in the world; PNG has several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people; divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities have engaged in low-scale tribal conflict with their neighbors for millennia; the advent of modern weapons and modern migrants into urban areas has greatly magnified the impact of this lawlessness

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: rain forest loss as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; unsustainable logging practices result in soil erosion, water quality degredation, and loss of habitat and biodiversity; large-scale mining projects cause adverse impacts on forests and water quality (discharge of heavy metals, cyanide, and acids into rivers); severe drought; inappropriate farming practices accelerate land degradion (soil erosion, siltation, loss of soil fertility); destructive fishing practices and coastal pollution due to run-off from land-based activities and oil spills
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 10.91 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 7.54 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 11.05 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Land use: agricultural land: 2.6% (2018 est.)

arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 63.1% (2018 est.)

other: 34.3% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 13.6% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 2.08% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 1 million tons (2014 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 20,000 tons (2016 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2% (2016 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km): Sepik river source and mouth (shared with Indonesia) - 1,126 km; Fly river source and mouth (shared with Indonesia) - 1,050 km
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 223.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 167.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 1 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 801 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guinea

conventional short form: Papua New Guinea

local short form: Papuaniugini

former: German New Guinea, British New Guinea, Territory of Papua and New Guinea

abbreviation: PNG

etymology: the word "papua" derives from the Malay "papuah" describing the frizzy hair of the Melanesians; Spanish explorer Ynigo ORTIZ de RETEZ applied the term "Nueva Guinea" to the island of New Guinea in 1545 after noting the resemblance of the locals to the peoples of the Guinea coast of Africa
Government type: parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital: name: Port Moresby

geographic coordinates: 9 27 S, 147 11 E

time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note: Papua New Guinea has two time zones, including Bougainville (UTC+11)

etymology: named in 1873 by Captain John Moresby (1830-1922) in honor of his father, British Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby (1786-1877)
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces, 1 autonomous region*, and 1 district**; Bougainville*, Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Hela, Jiwaka, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital**, New Ireland, Northern, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain, West Sepik
Independence: 16 September 1975 (from the Australia-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
Constitution: history: adopted 15 August 1975, effective at independence 16 September 1975

amendments: proposed by the National Parliament; passage has prescribed majority vote requirements depending on the constitutional sections being amended – absolute majority, two-thirds majority, or three-fourths majority; amended many times, last in 2016
Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law and customary law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Papua New Guinea

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Grand Chief Sir Bob DADAE (since 28 February 2017)

head of government: Prime Minister James MARAPE (since 30 May 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Sam BASIL (since 20 December 2020)

cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general nominated by the National Parliament and appointed by the chief of state; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general pending the outcome of a National Parliament vote

election results: James MARAPE elected prime minister; National Parliament vote - 101 to 8
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Parliament (111 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies - 89 local, 20 provinicial, the autonomous province of Bouganville, and the National Capital District - by majority preferential vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the constitution allows up to 126 seats

elections: last held from 24 June 2017 to 8 July 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)

election results: percent of vote by party - PNC 37%; NA 13%; Pangu 14%; URP 11%; PPP 4%; SDP 4%; Independents 3%; and smaller parties 14%; seats by party - NA; composition - men 108, women 3, percent of women 3%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, 35 justices, and 5 acting justices); National Courts (consists of 13 courts located in the provincial capitals, with a total of 19 resident judges)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor general upon advice of the National Executive Council (cabinet) after consultation with the National Justice Administration minister; deputy chief justice and other justices appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, a 5-member body that includes the Supreme Court chief and deputy chief justices, the chief ombudsman, and a member of the National Parliament; full-time citizen judges appointed for 10-year renewable terms; non-citizen judges initially appointed for 3-year renewable terms and after first renewal can serve until age 70; appointment and tenure of National Court resident judges NA

subordinate courts: district, village, and juvenile courts, military courts, taxation courts, coronial courts, mining warden courts, land courts, traffic courts, committal courts, grade five courts
Political parties and leaders: National Alliance Party or NAP [Patrick PRUAITCH]
Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Sam BASIL]
Papua New Guinea Party or PNGP [Belden NAMAH]
People's National Congress Party or PNC [Peter Paire O'NEILL]
People's Party or PP [Peter IPATAS]
People's Progress Party or PPP [Sir Julius CHAN]
Social Democratic Party or SDP [Powes PARKOP]
Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party or THE [Don POLYE]
United Resources Party or URP [William DUMA]

note: as of 8 July 2017, 45 political parties were registered
International organization participation: ACP, ADB, AOSIS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (observer), C, CD, CP, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d’Affaires Cephas KAYO, Minister (since 31 January 2018)

chancery: 1825 K Street NW, Suite 1010, Washington, DC 20006

telephone: [1] (202) 745-3680

FAX: [1] (202) 745-3679

email address and website:
info@pngembassy.org

http://www.pngembassy.org/
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Joe ZADROZNY (since 14 April 2022); note - also accredited to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu

embassy: P.O. Box 1492, Port Moresby

mailing address: 4240 Port Moresby Place, Washington DC  20521-4240

telephone: [675] 308-2100

email address and website:
ConsularPortMoresby@state.gov

https://pg.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific
National symbol(s): bird of paradise; national colors: red, black
National anthem: name: "O Arise All You Sons"

lyrics/music: Thomas SHACKLADY

note: adopted 1975
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Kuk Early Agricultural Site

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Papua New Guinea (PNG) is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure. The economy has a small formal sector, focused mainly on the export of those natural resources, and an informal sector, employing the majority of the population. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the people. The global financial crisis had little impact because of continued foreign demand for PNG's commodities.   Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two-thirds of export earnings. Natural gas reserves amount to an estimated 155 billion cubic meters. Following construction of a $19 billion liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, PNG LNG, a consortium led by ExxonMobil, began exporting liquefied natural gas to Asian markets in May 2014. The project was delivered on time and only slightly above budget. The success of the project has encouraged other companies to look at similar LNG projects. French supermajor Total is hopes to begin construction on the Papua LNG project by 2020. Due to lower global commodity prices, resource revenues of all types have fallen dramatically. PNG’s government has recently been forced to adjust spending levels downward.   Numerous challenges still face the government of Peter O'NEILL, including providing physical security for foreign investors, regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and maintaining good relations with Australia, its former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural challenges could upend the economy including chronic law and order and land tenure issues. In August, 2017, PNG launched its first-ever national trade policy, PNG Trade Policy 2017-2032. The policy goal is to maximize trade and investment by increasing exports, to reduce imports, and to increase foreign direct investment (FDI).Papua New Guinea (PNG) is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure. The economy has a small formal sector, focused mainly on the export of those natural resources, and an informal sector, employing the majority of the population. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the people. The global financial crisis had little impact because of continued foreign demand for PNG's commodities. Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two-thirds of export earnings. Natural gas reserves amount to an estimated 155 billion cubic meters. Following construction of a $19 billion liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, PNG LNG, a consortium led by ExxonMobil, began exporting liquefied natural gas to Asian markets in May 2014. The project was delivered on time and only slightly above budget. The success of the project has encouraged other companies to look at similar LNG projects. French supermajor Total is hopes to begin construction on the Papua LNG project by 2020. Due to lower global commodity prices, resource revenues of all types have fallen dramatically. PNG’s government has recently been forced to adjust spending levels downward. Numerous challenges still face the government of Peter O'NEILL, including providing physical security for foreign investors, regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and maintaining good relations with Australia, its former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural challenges could upend the economy including chronic law and order and land tenure issues. In August, 2017, PNG launched its first-ever national trade policy, PNG Trade Policy 2017-2032. The policy goal is to maximize trade and investment by increasing exports, to reduce imports, and to increase foreign direct investment (FDI).
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $36.69 billion (2020 est.)

$38.17 billion (2019 est.)

$36.06 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 2.5% (2017 est.)

1.6% (2016 est.)

5.3% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $4,100 (2020 est.)

$4,300 (2019 est.)

$4,200 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $19.82 billion (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (2017 est.)

6.7% (2016 est.)
Credit ratings: Moody's rating: B2 (2016)

Standard & Poors rating: B- (2020)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 22.1% (2017 est.)

industry: 42.9% (2017 est.)

services: 35% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 43.7% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 19.7% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 10% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 49.3% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -22.3% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: oil palm fruit, bananas, coconuts, fruit, sweet potatoes, game meat, yams, roots/tubers nes, vegetables, taro
Industries: copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining (gold, silver, copper); crude oil and petroleum products; construction, tourism, livestock (pork, poultry, cattle), dairy products, spice products (turmeric, vanilla, ginger, cardamom, chili, pepper, citronella, and nutmeg), fisheries products
Industrial production growth rate: 3.3% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 3.681 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 85%

industry: NA

services: NA
Unemployment rate: 2.5% (2017 est.)

2.5% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line: 37% (2002 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 50.9 (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)
Budget: revenues: 3.638 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.591 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -4.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 36.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

36.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 18.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: $4.859 billion (2017 est.)

$4.569 billion (2016 est.)
Exports: $10.6 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$9.224 billion (2016 est.)
Exports - partners: Australia 26%, China 26%, Japan 22%, Taiwan 7% (2019)
Exports - commodities: natural gas, gold, copper, lumber, crude petroleum, nickel, palm oil, fish, coffee (2019)
Imports: $4.84 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$2.077 billion (2016 est.)
Imports - partners: Australia 33%, China 19%, Singapore 14%, Malaysia 9% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, excavation machinery, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, delivery trucks (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.735 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$1.656 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $17.94 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$18.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates: kina (PGK) per US dollar -

3.5131 (2020 est.)

3.4042 (2019 est.)

3.36915 (2018 est.)

2.7684 (2014 est.)

2.4614 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 58.9% (2018)

electrification - urban areas: 82% (2018)

electrification - rural areas: 55.4% (2018)
Electricity: installed generating capacity: 1.139 million kW (2020 est.)

consumption: 3,701,693,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)

transmission/distribution losses: 340 million kWh (2019 est.)
Electricity generation sources: fossil fuels: 80.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity: 18.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: total petroleum production: 37,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption: 38,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate exports: 60,300 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports: 27,400 barrels/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves: 159.7 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 22,170 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 17,110 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas: production: 11,784,065,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

consumption: 166.984 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

exports: 11,764,498,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves: 183.125 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 6.491 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids: 5.965 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas: 526,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: 11.316 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 166,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 4.818 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 54 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: fixed-line teledensity in Papua New Guinea has seen little change over the past two decades; progress in the country’s telecom sector has come primarily from mobile networks, where accessibility has expanded considerably in recent years, with population coverage increasing from less than 3% in 2006 to more than 90% by early 2021; Digitec Communications ,operating under the Vodafone PNG banner, launched services in April 2022, becoming the country’s third mobile network operator (MNO), and joining Digicel and Bmobile; the three MNOs operate networks offering services based on GSM, 3G, and LTE, depending on location; GSM is prevalent in many rural and remote areas, while 3G and LTE are centred more on urban areas. MNOs’ investments in 4G are growing, though GSM still represents the bulk of all mobile connections owing to the low penetration of smartphones and the concentration of high-speed data networks predominantly in high value urban areas; a lack of sufficient competition and investment in the wire line segment has driven up prices and hampered network coverage and quality; infrastructure deployment costs are high, partly due to the relatively low subscriber base, the difficult terrain, and the high proportion of the population living in rural areas; fixed telecom infrastructure is almost non-existent outside urban centers, leaving most of the population unserved; PNG is the Pacific region’s largest poorly developed telecom market, with only around 22% of its people connected to the internet; this falls far behind the recommended targets set in the country’s National Broadband Policy drafted in 2013, which aimed to provide broadband access to 90% of the total population by 2018; the existing submarine cable infrastructure is insufficient to serve the country’s needs; low international capacity has meant that internet services are expensive and slow; internet access has improved, however, with the Coral Sea Cable System which came online in 2019; the cable links PNG to the Solomon Islands and Australia (landing at Sydney); despite the improvement in recent years, the country is still impacted by a connectivity infrastructure deficit, making it reliant on more expensive alternatives such as satellites, also weighing on the affordability of services for end-users; after Chinese investors expressed their interest in acquiring the financially troubled Digicel Pacific, the Australian government decided to back Telstra’s purchase of the operator, in a bid to limit Chinese expansion and influence in the region; the transaction will include Digicel’s units in Fiji, Nauru, PNG (its largest market), Samoa, Tonga, and Vanuatu; as part of its efforts to promote itself in the region, and to counter the growing influence of China’s telcos, the Australian government provided the bulk of the funds to complete the deal; in June 2021, the National Executive Council voted to abolish Kumul Telikom Holdings, and in September 2021 the government announced its decision to merge the state-owned telcos Bmobile and Telikom, creating a more efficient vertically integrated operator. (2022)

domestic: access to telephone services is not widely available; fixed-line nearly 2 per 100 and mobile-cellular nearly 48 per 100 persons (2019)

international: country code - 675; landing points for the Kumul Domestic Submarine Cable System, PNG-LNG, APNG-2, CSCS and the PPC-1 submarine cables to Australia, Guam, PNG and Solomon Islands; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress towards 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services
Broadcast media: 4 TV stations: 1 commercial station operating since 1987, 1 state-run station launched in 2008, 1 digital free-to-view network launched in 2014, and 1 satellite network Click TV (PNGTV) launched in 2015; the state-run National Broadcasting Corporation operates 3 radio networks with multiple repeaters and about 20 provincial stations; several commercial radio stations with multiple transmission points as well as several community stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are accessible (2018)
Internet country code: .pg
Internet users: total: 965,373 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 11% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 21,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.2 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 48

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 964,713 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 30.93 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: P2
Airports: total: 561 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 21

over 3,047 m: 1

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2

1,524 to 2,437 m: 12

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 1 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 540

1,524 to 2,437 m: 11

914 to 1,523 m: 53

under 914 m: 476 (2021)
Heliports: 2 (2021)
Pipelines: 264 km oil (2013)
Roadways: total: 9,349 km (2011)

paved: 3,000 km (2011)

unpaved: 6,349 km (2011)
Waterways: 11,000 km (2011)
Merchant marine: total: 177

by type: container ship 6, general cargo 81, oil tanker 3, other 87 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Kimbe, Lae, Madang, Rabaul, Wewak

LNG terminal(s) (export): Port Moresby

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF; includes land, maritime, and air elements); Ministry of Police: Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary (2022)
Military expenditures: 0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

0.3% of GDP (2019) (approximately $100 million)

0.3% of GDP (2018) (approximately $100 million)

0.3% of GDP (2017) (approximately $110 million)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 3,000 active duty troops (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the PNGDF has a limited inventory consisting of a diverse mix of foreign-supplied weapons and equipment; Papua New Guinea has received most of its military assistance from Australia (2021)
Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription (2021)
Military - note: as of 2022, Australia and the US were assisting Papua New Guinea with expanding and improving the Defense Force naval base at Lombrum on Manus Island; the US first established a Lombrum base in 1944 during World War IIas of 2022, Australia and the US were assisting Papua New Guinea with expanding and improving the Defense Force naval base at Lombrum on Manus Island; the US first established a Lombrum base in 1944 during World War II

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Papua New Guinea-Australia: relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionistsPapua New Guinea-Australia: relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 11,601 (Indonesia) (mid-year 2021)

IDPs: 24,000 (natural disasters, tribal conflict, inter-communal violence, development projects) (2021)

stateless persons: 9 (mid-year 2021)
Trafficking in persons: current situation: Papua New Guinea is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are subjected to sex trafficking and domestic servitude; families may sell girls into forced marriages to settle debts, leaving them vulnerable to forced domestic service; local and Chinese men are forced to labor in logging and mining camps; migrant women from Malaysia, Thailand, China, and the Philippines are subjected to sex trafficking and domestic servitude at logging and mining camps, fisheries, and entertainment sites

tier rating: Tier 3 — Papua New Guinea does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; despite remaining at Tier 3, the government continued to identify some trafficking victims and a prominent trafficking case was advanced; however, the government did not provide protective services for victims and did not systematically implement its victim identification procedures; corruption among officials in the logging sector remains a problem, and they continue to facilitate sex trafficking and forced labor; no alleged traffickers were convicted; the government dedicates little financial and human resources to combat trafficking, and awareness of trafficking is low among government officials (2020)
Illicit drugs: transit point for smuggling drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine; major consumer of cannabistransit point for smuggling drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine; major consumer of cannabis


Current Health Expenditure (CHE) describes the share of spending on health in each country relative to the size of its economy.  It includes expenditures corresponding to the final consumption of health care goods and services and excludes investment, exports, and intermediate consumption.  CHE shows the importance of the health sector in the economy and indicates the priority given to health in monetary terms.  Note: Current Health Expenditure replaces the former Health Expenditures field and is calculated differently.

Topic: Afghanistan13.2% (2019)

Topic: AkrotiriNA

Topic: Albania5.2% (2018)

Topic: Algeria6.2% (2019)

Topic: American SamoaNA

Topic: Andorra6.7% (2019)

Topic: Angola2.5% (2019)

Topic: AnguillaNA

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda4.4% (2019)

Topic: Argentina9.5% (2019)

Topic: Armenia11.3% (2019)

Topic: ArubaNA

Topic: Ashmore and Cartier IslandsNA

Topic: Australia9.9% (2019)

Topic: Austria10.4% (2019)

Topic: Azerbaijan4% (2019)

Topic: Bahamas, The5.8% (2019)

Topic: Bahrain4% (2019)

Topic: Bangladesh2.5% (2019)

Topic: Barbados6.3% (2019)

Topic: Belarus5.9% (2019)

Topic: Belgium10.7% (2019)

Topic: Belize6% (2019)

Topic: Benin2.4% (2019)

Topic: BermudaNA

Topic: Bhutan3.6% (2019)

Topic: Bolivia6.9% (2019)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina9.1% (2019)

Topic: Botswana6.1% (2019)

Topic: Bouvet IslandNA

Topic: Brazil9.6% (2019)

Topic: British Indian Ocean TerritoryNA

Topic: British Virgin IslandsNA

Topic: Brunei2.2% (2019)

Topic: Bulgaria7.1% (2019)

Topic: Burkina Faso5.5% (2019)

Topic: Burma4.7% (2019)

Topic: Burundi8% (2019)

Topic: Cabo Verde4.9% (2019)

Topic: Cambodia7% (2019)

Topic: Cameroon3.6% (2019)

Topic: Canada10.8% (2019)

Topic: Cayman IslandsNA

Topic: Central African Republic7.8% (2019)

Topic: Chad4.4% (2019)

Topic: Chile9.3% (2019)

Topic: China5.4% (2019)

Topic: Christmas IslandNA

Topic: Clipperton IslandNA

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNA

Topic: Colombia7.7% (2019)

Topic: Comoros5.2% (2019)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the3.5% (2019)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the2.1% (2019)

Topic: Cook Islands3.1% (2019)

Topic: Coral Sea IslandsNA

Topic: Costa Rica7.3% (2019)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire3.3% (2019)

Topic: Croatia7% (2019)

Topic: Cuba11.3% (2019)

Topic: CuracaoNA

Topic: Cyprus7% (2019)

Topic: Czechia7.8% (2019)

Topic: Denmark10% (2019)

Topic: DhekeliaNA

Topic: Djibouti1.8% (2019)

Topic: Dominica5.5% (2019)

Topic: Dominican Republic5.9% (2019)

Topic: Ecuador7.8% (2019)

Topic: Egypt4.7% (2019)

Topic: El Salvador7.2% (2019)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea3.1% (2019)

Topic: Eritrea4.5% (2019)

Topic: Estonia6.7% (2019)

Topic: Eswatini6.8% (2019)

Topic: Ethiopia3.2% (2019)

Topic: European Union9.9% (2016)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)NA

Topic: Faroe IslandsNA

Topic: Fiji3.8% (2019)

Topic: Finland9.2% (2019)

Topic: France11.1% (2019)

Topic: French PolynesiaNA

Topic: French Southern and Antarctic LandsNA

Topic: Gabon2.8% (2019)

Topic: Gambia, The3.8% (2019)

Topic: Gaza StripNA

Topic: Georgia6.7% (2019)

Topic: Germany11.7% (2019)

Topic: Ghana3.4% (2019)

Topic: GibraltarNA

Topic: Greece7.8% (2019)

Topic: GreenlandNA

Topic: Grenada5% (2019)

Topic: GuamNA

Topic: Guatemala6.2% (2019)

Topic: GuernseyNA

Topic: Guinea4% (2019)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau8.4% (2019)

Topic: Guyana4.9% (2019)

Topic: Haiti4.7% (2019)

Topic: Heard Island and McDonald IslandsNA

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)NA

Topic: Honduras7.3% (2019)

Topic: Hong KongNA

Topic: Hungary6.4% (2019)

Topic: Iceland8.6% (2019)

Topic: India3% (2019)

Topic: Indonesia2.9% (2019)

Topic: Iran6.7% (2019)

Topic: Iraq4.5% (2019)

Topic: Ireland6.7% (2019)

Topic: Isle of ManNA

Topic: Israel7.5% (2019)

Topic: Italy8.7% (2019)

Topic: Jamaica6.1% (2019)

Topic: Jan MayenNA

Topic: Japan10.7% (2019)

Topic: JerseyNA

Topic: Jordan7.6% (2019)

Topic: Kazakhstan2.8% (2019)

Topic: Kenya4.6% (2019)

Topic: Kiribati10.3% (2019)

Topic: Korea, NorthNA

Topic: Korea, South8.2% (2019)

Topic: KosovoNA

Topic: Kuwait5.5% (2019)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan4.5% (2019)

Topic: Laos2.6% (2019)

Topic: Latvia6.6% (2019)

Topic: Lebanon8.7% (2019)

Topic: Lesotho11.3% (2019)

Topic: Liberia8.5% (2019)

Topic: LibyaNA

Topic: LiechtensteinNA

Topic: Lithuania7% (2019)

Topic: Luxembourg5.4% (2019)

Topic: MacauNA

Topic: Madagascar3.7% (2019)

Topic: Malawi7.4% (2019)

Topic: Malaysia3.8% (2019)

Topic: Maldives8% (2019)

Topic: Mali3.9% (2019)

Topic: Malta8.2% (2019)

Topic: Marshall Islands16.3% (2019)

Topic: Mauritania3.3% (2019)

Topic: Mauritius6.2% (2019)

Topic: Mexico5.4% (2019)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of11.4% (2019)

Topic: Moldova6.4% (2019)

Topic: Monaco1.5% (2019)

Topic: Mongolia3.8% (2019)

Topic: Montenegro8.3% (2019)

Topic: MontserratNA

Topic: Morocco5.3% (2019)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

Topic: Mozambique7.8% (2019)

Topic: Namibia8.5% (2019)

Topic: Nauru9.8% (2019)

Topic: Navassa IslandNA

Topic: Nepal4.5% (2019)

Topic: Netherlands10.1% (2019)

Topic: New CaledoniaNA

Topic: New Zealand9.7% (2019)

Topic: Nicaragua8.4% (2019)

Topic: Niger5.7% (2019)

Topic: Nigeria3% (2019)

Topic: Niue5.3% (2019)

Topic: Norfolk IslandNA

Topic: North Macedonia7.3% (2019)

Topic: Northern Mariana IslandsNA

Topic: Norway10.5% (2019)

Topic: Oman4.1% (2019)

Topic: Pakistan3.4% (2019)

Topic: Palau15.2% (2019)

Topic: Panama7.6% (2019)

Topic: Papua New Guinea2.3% (2019)

Topic: Paracel IslandsNA

Topic: Paraguay7.2% (2019)

Topic: Peru5.2% (2019)

Topic: Philippines4.1% (2019)

Topic: Pitcairn IslandsNA

Topic: Poland6.5% (2019)

Topic: Portugal9.5% (2019)

Topic: Puerto RicoNA

Topic: Qatar2.9% (2019)

Topic: Romania5.7% (2019)

Topic: Russia5.7% (2019)

Topic: Rwanda6.4% (2019)

Topic: Saint BarthelemyNA

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaNA

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis5.4% (2019)

Topic: Saint Lucia4.3% (2019)

Topic: Saint MartinNA

Topic: Saint Pierre and MiquelonNA

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines4.8% (2019)

Topic: Samoa6.4% (2019)

Topic: San Marino6.4% (2019)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe5.5% (2019)

Topic: Saudi Arabia5.7% (2019)

Topic: Senegal4.1% (2019)

Topic: Serbia8.7% (2019)

Topic: Seychelles5.2% (2019)

Topic: Sierra Leone8.8% (2019)

Topic: Singapore4.1% (2019)

Topic: Sint MaartenNA

Topic: Slovakia7% (2019)

Topic: Slovenia8.5% (2019)

Topic: Solomon Islands4.8% (2019)

Topic: SomaliaNA

Topic: South Africa9.1% (2019)

Topic: South Georgia and South Sandwich IslandsNA

Topic: South Sudan6% (2019)

Topic: Spain9.1% (2019)

Topic: Spratly IslandsNA

Topic: Sri Lanka4.1% (2019)

Topic: Sudan4.6% (2019)

Topic: Suriname9.7% (2019)

Topic: SvalbardNA

Topic: Sweden10.9% (2019)

Topic: Switzerland11.3% (2019)

Topic: SyriaNA

Topic: TaiwanNA

Topic: Tajikistan7.1% (2019)

Topic: Tanzania3.8% (2019)

Topic: Thailand3.8% (2019)

Topic: Timor-Leste7.2% (2019)

Topic: Togo5.7% (2019)

Topic: TokelauNA

Topic: Tonga5% (2019)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago7% (2019)

Topic: Tunisia7% (2019)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)4.3% (2019)

Topic: Turkmenistan6.6% (2019)

Topic: Turks and Caicos IslandsNA

Topic: Tuvalu24% (2019)

Topic: Uganda3.8% (2019)

Topic: Ukraine7.1% (2019)

Topic: United Arab Emirates4.3% (2019)

Topic: United Kingdom10.2% (2019)

Topic: United States16.8% (2019)

Topic: United States Pacific Island Wildlife RefugesNA

Topic: Uruguay9.4% (2019)

Topic: Uzbekistan5.6% (2019)

Topic: Vanuatu3.4% (2019)

Topic: Venezuela5.4% (2019)

Topic: Vietnam5.3% (2019)

Topic: Virgin IslandsNA

Topic: Wake IslandNA

Topic: Wallis and FutunaNA

Topic: West BankNA

Topic: World10% (2016)

Topic: Yemen4.3% (2015)

Topic: Zambia5.3% (2019)

Topic: Zimbabwe7.7% (2019)


Topic: Introduction
Background: The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959 and his authoritarian regime continues to rule.The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959 and his authoritarian regime continues to rule.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 110,860 sq km

land: 109,820 sq km

water: 1,040 sq km
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land

Topic: People and Society
Population: 11,008,112 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: White 64.1%, Mulatto or mixed 26.6%, Black 9.3% (2012 est.)
Languages: Spanish (official)
Religions: Christian 58.9%, folk religion 17.6%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, Muslim <1%, other <1%, none 23.2% (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.21% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: communist state
Capital: name: Havana
Executive branch: chief of state: President Miguel DIAZ-CANEL Bermudez (since 19 April 2018); Vice President Salvador Antonio VALDES Mesa (since 10 October 2019)

head of government: Prime Minister Manuel MARRERO Cruz (since 21 December 2019); Deputy Prime Ministers Ramiro VALDES Menendez, Ines Maria CHAPMAN Waugh, Jorge Luis TAPIA Fonseca, Alejandro GIL Fernandez, Ricardo CABRISAS Ruiz (since 21 December 2019), and Jorge Luis PERDOMO DI-LELLA (since 20 April 2021)
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular (605 seats; (586 seats filled in 2021); members directly elected by absolute majority vote; members serve 5-year terms); note 1 - the National Candidature Commission submits a slate of approved candidates; to be elected, candidates must receive more than 50% of valid votes otherwise the seat remains vacant or the Council of State can declare another election; note 2 - in July 2019, the National Assembly passed a law which reduces the number of members from 605 to 474, effective with the 2023 general election

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: still largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruptionstill largely state-run planned economy, although privatization increasing under new constitution; widespread protests due to lack of basic necessities and electricity; massive foreign investment increases recently; known tobacco exporter; unique oil-for-doctors relationship with Venezuela; widespread corruption
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $137 billion (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $12,300 (2016 est.)
Agricultural products: sugar cane, cassava, vegetables, plantains, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, milk, pumpkins, mangoes/guavas, rice
Industries: petroleum, nickel, cobalt, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, construction, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, sugar
Exports: $2.63 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners: China 38%, Spain 11%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: cigars, raw sugar, nickel products, rum, zinc (2019)
Imports: $11.06 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners: Spain 19%, China 15%, Italy 6%, Canada 5%, Russia 5%, United States 5%, Brazil 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: poultry meat, wheat, soybean products, corn, concentrated milk (2019)Page last updated: Wednesday, May 11, 2022


Topic: Introduction
Background: Armenia declared independence from the Soviet Union on 21 September 1991. Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Armenia declared independence from the Soviet Union on 21 September 1991. Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century).

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 29,743 sq km

land: 28,203 sq km

water: 1,540 sq km
Climate: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Natural resources: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite

Topic: People and Society
Population: 3,000,756 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.2%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)
Languages: Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurdish (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1%; note - Russian is widely spoken (2011 est.)
Religions: Armenian Apostolic 92.6%, Evangelical 1%, other 2.4%, none 1.1%, unspecified 2.9% (2011 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.38% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system
Capital: name: Yerevan
Executive branch: chief of state: President Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (since 13 March 2022)

head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Hambardzum MATEVOSYAN (since 25 November 2021); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (minimum 101 seats, with additional seats allocated as necessary and generally changing with each parliamentary convocation; current - 107; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms; four mandates are reserved for national minorities; no more than 70% of the top membership of a party list can belong to the same sex; political parties must meet a 5% threshold and alliances a 7% threshold to win seats; at least three parties must be seated in the parliament)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: EEU-and CIS-member state but seeking more EU and US trade; business-friendly growth environments; stable monetary regime but vulnerable demand economy; key copper and gold exporter; persistent unemployment; large diaspora and remittancesEEU-and CIS-member state but seeking more EU and US trade; business-friendly growth environments; stable monetary regime but vulnerable demand economy; key copper and gold exporter; persistent unemployment; large diaspora and remittances
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $37.31 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $12,600 (2020 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley
Industries: brandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing
Exports: $3.82 billion (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: Russia 22%, Switzerland 20%, China 7%, Bulgaria 6%, Iraq 5%, Serbia 5%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: copper ore, gold, tobacco, liquors, iron alloys (2019)
Imports: $5 billion (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: Russia 29%, China 10%, Georgia 8%, Iran 6%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: natural gas, cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, diamonds (2019)Page last updated: Wednesday, Jun 15, 2022


This entry includes miscellaneous demographic information of significance not included elsewhere.

Topic: Chinain October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that it would change its rules to allow all couples to have two children, loosening a 1979 mandate that restricted many couples to one child; the new policy was implemented on 1 January 2016 to address China’s rapidly aging population and future economic needs

Topic: Cubaillicit emigration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and overland via the southwest border; the number of Cubans migrating to the US surged after the announcement of normalization of US-Cuban relations in late December 2014 but has decreased since the end of the so-called "wet-foot, dry-foot" policy on 12 January 2017

Topic: Cyprusdemographic data for Cyprus represent the population of the government-controlled area and the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, unless otherwise indicated

Topic: Dominica3,000-3,500 Kalinago (Carib) still living on Dominica are the only pre-Columbian population remaining in the Caribbean; only 70-100 may be "pure" Kalinago because of years of integration into the broader population

Topic: IndonesiaIndonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the World after China, India, and the United States; more than half of the Indonesian population - roughly 150 million people or 55% - live on the island of Java (about the size of California) making it the most crowded island on earth

Topic: Papua New Guineathe indigenous population of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of the most heterogeneous in the world; PNG has several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people; divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities have engaged in low-scale tribal conflict with their neighbors for millennia; the advent of modern weapons and modern migrants into urban areas has greatly magnified the impact of this lawlessness

Topic: Philippinesone of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being Timor-Leste

Topic: Timor-Lesteone of only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia, the other being the Philippines

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandsdestination and transit point for illegal Haitian immigrants bound for the Bahamas and the US