Topic: Introduction
Background: The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent and India was seen as the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule eventually resulted in Indian independence in 1947.The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. By the 19th century, Great Britain had become the dominant political power on the subcontinent and India was seen as the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire. Years of nonviolent resistance to British rule eventually resulted in Indian independence in 1947.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 3,287,263 sq km

land: 2,973,193 sq km

water: 314,070 sq km
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land

Topic: People and Society
Population: 1,389,637,446 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, and other 3% (2000)
Languages: Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6%; note - English enjoys the status of subsidiary official language but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; there are 22 other officially recognized languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language (2011 est.)
Religions: Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.67% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: federal parliamentary republic
Capital: name: New Delhi
Executive branch: chief of state: President Ram Nath KOVIND (since 25 July 2017); Vice President M. Venkaiah NAIDU (since 11 August 2017)

head of government: Prime Minister Narendra MODI (since 26 May 2014)
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of:
Council of States or Rajya Sabha (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by state and territorial assemblies by proportional representation vote and 12 members appointed by the president; members serve 6-year terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 2 years at various dates)
House of the People or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: largest South Asian economy; still informal domestic economies; COVID-19 reversed both economic growth and poverty reduction; credit access weaknesses contributing to lower private consumption and inflation; new social and infrastructure equity effortslargest South Asian economy; still informal domestic economies; COVID-19 reversed both economic growth and poverty reduction; credit access weaknesses contributing to lower private consumption and inflation; new social and infrastructure equity efforts
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $8,443,360,000,000 (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $6,100 (2020 est.)
Agricultural products: sugar cane, rice, wheat, buffalo milk, milk, potatoes, vegetables, bananas, maize, mangoes/guavas
Industries: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals
Exports: $484.95 billion (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: United States 17%, United Arab Emirates 9%, China 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: refined petroleum, diamonds, packaged medicines, jewelry, cars (2019)
Imports: $493.18 billion (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: China 15%, United States 7%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: crude petroleum, gold, coal, diamonds, natural gas (2019)Page last updated: Thursday, May 12, 2022


Topic: Introduction
Background: Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. It withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. It withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 747 sq km

land: 717 sq km

water: 30 sq km
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Natural resources: arable land, fish

Topic: People and Society
Population: 105,517 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Tongan 97%, part-Tongan 0.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified <0.1% (2016 est.)
Languages: Tongan and English 76.8%, Tongan, English, and other language 10.6%, Tongan only (official) 8.7%, English only (official) 0.7%, other 1.7%, none 2.2% (2016 est.)
Religions: Protestant 64.1% (includes Free Wesleyan Church 35%, Free Church of Tonga 11.9%, Church of Tonga 6.8%, Assembly of God 2.3%, Seventh Day Adventist 2.2%, Tokaikolo Christian Church 1.6%, other 4.3%), Church of Jesus Christ 18.6%, Roman Catholic 14.2%, other 2.4%, none 0.5%, unspecified 0.1% (2016 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.26% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: name: Nuku'alofa
Executive branch: chief of state: King TUPOU VI (since 18 March 2012); Heir Apparent Crown Prince Siaosi Manumataogo 'Alaivahamama'o 'Ahoeitu Konstantin Tuku'aho, son of the king (born 17 September 1985); note - on 18 March 2012, King George TUPOU V died and his brother, Crown Prince TUPOUTO'A Lavaka, assumed the throne as TUPOU VI

head of government: Prime Minister Siaosi SOVALENI (since 27 December 2021)
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (26 seats); 17 people's representatives directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, and 9 indirectly elected by hereditary leaders; members serve 4-year terms)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: upper middle-income Pacific island economy; enormous diaspora and remittance reliance; key tourism and agricultural sectors; major fish exporter; rapidly growing Chinese infrastructure investments; rising methamphetamine hubupper middle-income Pacific island economy; enormous diaspora and remittance reliance; key tourism and agricultural sectors; major fish exporter; rapidly growing Chinese infrastructure investments; rising methamphetamine hub
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $670 million (2019 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $6,400 (2019 est.)
Agricultural products: coconuts, gourds, cassava, sweet potatoes, vegetables, yams, taro, roots/tubers nes, plantains, lemons/limes
Industries: tourism, construction, fishing
Exports: $90 million (2020 est.)
Exports - partners: United States 38%, South Korea 18%, Australia 14%, New Zealand 14%, Japan 6%,  (2019)
Exports - commodities: squash, fish, various fruits and nuts, antiques, coral and shells (2019)
Imports: $300 million (2020 est.)
Imports - partners: Fiji 29%, New Zealand 23%, China 14%, United States 8%, Australia 6%, Japan 6% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, poultry meats, audio equipment, mutton, goat meat, broadcasting equipment (2019)
Exchange rates: pa'anga (TOP) per US dollar -Page last updated: Thursday, May 12, 2022


This entry is the country's total output of refined petroleum products, in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of refined petroleum products produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.

Topic: Afghanistan0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Albania5,638 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Algeria627,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: American Samoa0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Andorra0 bbl/day (2016)

Topic: Angola53,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Argentina669,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Armenia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Aruba0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Australia462,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Austria186,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan138,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Bahrain274,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Bangladesh26,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Barbados0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Belarus477,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Belgium731,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Belize36 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Benin0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Bermuda0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Bhutan0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Bolivia65,960 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Botswana0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Brazil2.811 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Brunei10,310 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Bulgaria144,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Burma13,330 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Burundi0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verde0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cambodia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cameroon39,080 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Canada2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islands0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Central African Republic0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Chad0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Chile216,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: China11.51 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Colombia303,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Comoros0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the15,760 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cook Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Costa Rica0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire69,360 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Croatia74,620 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cuba104,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Curacao189,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Cyprus0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Czechia177,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Denmark183,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Djibouti0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Dominica0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic16,060 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Ecuador137,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Egypt547,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: El Salvador0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Eritrea0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Estonia0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Eswatini0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Ethiopia0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: European Union11.66 million bbl/day (2016 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Faroe Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Fiji0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Finland310,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: France1.311 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: French Polynesia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Gabon16,580 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Gambia, The0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Georgia247 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Germany2.158 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Ghana2,073 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Gibraltar0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Greece655,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Greenland0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Grenada0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Guam0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Guatemala1,162 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Guinea0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Guyana0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Haiti0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Honduras0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Hong Kong0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Hungary152,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Iceland0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: India4.897 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Indonesia950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Iran1.764 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Iraq398,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Ireland64,970 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Israel294,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Italy1.607 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Jamaica24,250 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Japan3.467 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Jordan67,240 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstan290,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Kenya13,960 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Kiribati0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Korea, North11,270 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Korea, South3.302 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Kosovo0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Kuwait915,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan6,996 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Laos0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Latvia0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Lebanon0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Lesotho0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Liberia0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Libya89,620 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Lithuania196,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Macau0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Madagascar0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Malawi0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Malaysia528,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Maldives0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Mali0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Malta0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Mauritania0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Mauritius0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Mexico844,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of0 bbl/day (2014)

Topic: Moldova232 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Mongolia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Montenegro0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Montserrat0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Morocco66,230 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Mozambique0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Namibia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Nauru0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Nepal0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Netherlands1.282 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: New Caledonia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: New Zealand115,100 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua14,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Niger15,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Nigeria35,010 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Niue0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: North Macedonia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Norway371,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Oman229,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Pakistan291,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Panama0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea22,170 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Paraguay0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Peru166,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Philippines215,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Poland554,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Portugal323,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Puerto Rico0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Qatar273,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Romania232,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Russia6.076 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Rwanda0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Lucia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Samoa0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia2.476 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Senegal17,590 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Serbia74,350 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Seychelles0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Singapore755,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Sint Maarten0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Slovakia131,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Slovenia0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Somalia0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: South Africa487,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: South Sudan0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Spain1.361 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Sri Lanka34,210 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Sudan94,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Suriname7,571 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Sweden413,200 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Switzerland61,550 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Syria111,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Taiwan924,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan172 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Tanzania0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Thailand1.328 million bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Togo0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Tonga0 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago134,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Tunisia27,770 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Turkey657,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan191,100 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Tuvalu0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Topic: Uganda0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Ukraine63,670 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirates943,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: United Kingdom1.29 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: United States20.3 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Topic: Uruguay42,220 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan61,740 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Vanuatu0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Venezuela926,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Vietnam153,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islands0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: West Bank0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: World88.4 million bbl/day (2014 est.)

Topic: Yemen20,180 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Zambia13,120 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwe0 bbl/day (2015 est.)


Topic: Photos of Kazakhstan

Topic: Introduction
Background: Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Kazakh steppe was conquered by the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Repression and starvation caused by forced agricultural collectivization led to more than a million deaths in the early 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural "Virgin Lands" program led to an influx of settlers (mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities) and at the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) back to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two thirds.

Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in Central Asia, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening economic relations with neighboring states and foreign powers.  Ethnic Kazakhs derive from a mix of Turkic nomadic tribes that migrated to the region in the 15th century. The Kazakh steppe was conquered by the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925. Repression and starvation caused by forced agricultural collectivization led to more than a million deaths in the early 1930s. During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural "Virgin Lands" program led to an influx of settlers (mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities) and at the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs (from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China) back to Kazakhstan. As a result of this shift, the ethnic Kazakh share of the population now exceeds two thirds.

Kazakhstan's economy is the largest in Central Asia, mainly due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: diversifying the economy, attracting foreign direct investment, enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness, and strengthening economic relations with neighboring states and foreign powers. Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe
Geographic coordinates: 48 00 N, 68 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 2,724,900 sq km

land: 2,699,700 sq km

water: 25,200 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 13,364 km

border countries (5): China 1,765 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,212 km; Russia 7,644 km; Turkmenistan 413 km; Uzbekistan 2,330 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain: vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south
Elevation: highest point: Pik Khan-Tengri 7,010 m
note - the northern most 7,000 meter peak in the World

lowest point: Qauyndy Oyysy -132 m

mean elevation: 387 m
Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use: agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)

other: 21.4% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 20,660 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Ozero Balkhash - 22,000 sq km; Ozero Zaysan - 1,800 sq km

Salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Russia) - 374,000 sq km; Aral Sea (north) - 3,300 sq km; Ozero Alakol - 2,650 sq km; Ozero Teniz 1,590 sq km; Ozero Seletytenzi - 780 sq km; Ozero Sasykkol - 740 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Population distribution: most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Natural hazards: earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty
Geography - note: world's largest landlocked country and one of only two landlocked countries in the world that extends into two continents (the other is Azerbaijan); Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory enclosing the Baikonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050
Map description: Kazakhstan map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Caspian Sea.Kazakhstan map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Caspian Sea.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 19,398,331 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Kazakhstani(s)

adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 68%, Russian 19.3%, Uzbek 3.2%, Ukrainian 1.5%, Uighur 1.5%, Tatar 1.1%, German 1%, other 4.4% (2019 est.)
Languages: Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 83.1% (understand spoken language) and trilingual (Kazakh, Russian, English) 22.3% (2017 est.); Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Әлемдік деректер кітабы, негізгі ақпараттың таптырмайтын көзі. (Kazakh)

Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник  базовой информации. (Russian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Muslim 70.2%, Christian 26.2% (mainly Russian Orthodox), other 0.2%, atheist 2.8%, unspecified 0.5% (2009 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 26.13% (male 2,438,148/female 2,550,535)

15-24 years: 12.97% (male 1,262,766/female 1,212,645)

25-54 years: 42.23% (male 3,960,188/female 4,102,845)

55-64 years: 10.25% (male 856,180/female 1,099,923)

65 years and over: 8.43% (2020 est.) (male 567,269/female 1,041,450)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 58.8

youth dependency ratio: 46.3

elderly dependency ratio: 12.6

potential support ratio: 8 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 31.6 years

male: 30.3 years

female: 32.8 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.77% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 15.38 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 8.11 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: most of the country displays a low population density, particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country
Urbanization: urban population: 58% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 1.958 million Almaty, 1.254 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.126 million Shimkent (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 0.94 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.78 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.35 male(s)/female

total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 28.9 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 19.18 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 21.73 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 16.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.53 years

male: 67.43 years

female: 77.31 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.11 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 53% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 18-49
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 93.8% of population

total: 97.4% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 6.2% of population

total: 2.6% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 2.8% (2019)
Physicians density: 3.98 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density: 6.1 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 99.9% of population

rural: 99.9% of population

total: 99.9% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population

rural: 0.1% of population

total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 35,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020 est.) <500
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 21% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 23.2% (2020 est.)

male: 39.6% (2020 est.)

female: 6.7% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2% (2015)
Education expenditures: 2.9% of GDP (2019 est.)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99.8%

male: 99.8%

female: 99.7% (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 16 years (2020)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 3.8%

male: 3.4%

female: 4.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; desertification; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 11.32 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 247.21 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 45.03 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Land use: agricultural land: 77.4% (2018 est.)

arable land: 8.9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 68.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 1.2% (2018 est.)

other: 21.4% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 58% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.19% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0.99% of GDP (2018 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 4,659,740 tons (2012 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 136,064 tons (2012 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2.9% (2012 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Ozero Balkhash - 22,000 sq km; Ozero Zaysan - 1,800 sq km

Salt water lake(s): Caspian Sea (shared with Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Russia) - 374,000 sq km; Aral Sea (north) - 3,300 sq km; Ozero Alakol - 2,650 sq km; Ozero Teniz 1,590 sq km; Ozero Seletytenzi - 780 sq km; Ozero Sasykkol - 740 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Syr Darya river mouth (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) - 3,078 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km), Lake Balkash (510,015 sq km)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 2.347 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 6.984 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 15.12 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 108.41 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan

conventional short form: Kazakhstan

local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy

local short form: Qazaqstan

former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

etymology: the name "Kazakh" may derive from the Turkic word "kaz" meaning "to wander," recalling the Kazakh's nomadic lifestyle; the Persian suffix "-stan" means "place of" or "country," so the word Kazakhstan literally means "Land of the Wanderers"
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Nur-Sultan

geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E

time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note: Kazakhstan has two time zones

etymology: on 20 March 2019, Kazakhstan changed the name of its capital city from Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of its long-serving, recently retired president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV; this was not the first time the city had its name changed; founded in 1830 as Akmoly, it became Akmolinsk in 1832, Tselinograd in 1961, Akmola (Aqmola) in 1992, and Astana in 1998
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (oblyslar, singular - oblys) and 4 cities* (qalalar, singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan), Almaty*, Aqmola (Kokshetau), Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral), Bayqongyr*, Mangghystau (Aqtau), Nur-Sultan*, Pavlodar, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen), Shymkent*, Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl), Turkistan, Zhambyl (Taraz)

note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the Baikonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baikonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the lease to 2050
Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution: history: previous 1937, 1978 (preindependence), 1993; latest approved by referendum 30 August 1995, effective 5 September 1995

amendments: introduced by a referendum initiated by the president of the republic, on the recommendation of Parliament, or by the government; the president has the option of submitting draft amendments to Parliament or directly to a referendum; passage of amendments by Parliament requires four-fifths majority vote of both houses and the signature of the president; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote by more than one half of the voters in at least two thirds of the oblasts, major cities, and the capital, followed by the signature of the president; amended several times, last in 2019
Legal system: civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019); note - Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, who was president since 24 April 1990 (and in power since 22 June 1989 under the Soviet period), resigned on 20 March 2019; NAZARBAYEV retained the title and powers of "First President"; TOKAYEV completed NAZARBAYEV's term, which was shortened due to the early election of 9 June 2019, and then continued as president following his election victory

head of government: Prime Minister Alikhan SMAILOV (since 11 January 2022); note - Prime Minister Askar MAMIN resigned on 5 January 2022 in the wake of massive protests of his government that began 2 January 2022 following a sudden, steep rise in gasoline prices

cabinet: the president appoints ministers after consultations with the Chair of the Security Council (NAZARBAYEV) who has veto power over all appointments except for the ministers of defense, internal affairs, and foreign affairs; however, the president is required to discuss these three offices with the National Security Committee, which NAZARBAYEV chairs under a lifetime appointment; however, in January 2022, the Mazhilis of Kazakhstan canceled Nursultan NAZARBAYEV’s lifelong chairmanship of the Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 9 June 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Mazhilis

election results: Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV elected president; percent of vote - Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (Nur Otan) 71%, Amirzhan KOSANOV (Ult Tagdyry) 16.2%, Daniya YESPAYEVA (Ak Zhol) 5.1%, other 7.7%
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate (49 seats statutory, 48 as of October 2021); 34 members indirectly elected by 2-round majority vote by the oblast-level assemblies and 15 members appointed by decree of the president; members serve 6-year terms, with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)
Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan, a 351-member, presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)

elections:
Senate - last held on 12 August 2020 (next to be held in August 2023)
Mazhilis - last held on 10 January 2021 (next to be held in 2026)

election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition (as of October 2021) - men 39, women 9, percent of women 18.4%
Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 71.1%, Ak Zhol 11%, People's Party 9.1%, other 8.8%; seats by party - Nur Otan 76, Ak Zhol 12, People's Party 10; composition (as of October 2021) - men 78, women 29, percent of women 27.1%; note - total Parliament percent of women 24.4%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of 44 members); Constitutional Council (consists of the chairperson and 6 members)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council and confirmed by the Senate; judges normally serve until age 65 but can be extended to age 70; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic, the Senate chairperson, and the Mazhilis chairperson each appoints 2 members for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president for a 6-year term

subordinate courts: regional and local courts
Political parties and leaders: Adal [Serik SULTANGALI] (formerly Birlik (Unity) Party)
Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]
Amanat [Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV] (formerly Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland))
National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]
People's Democratic (Patriotic) Party "Auyl" [Ali BEKTAYEV]
People's Party of Kazakhstan [Aikyn KONUROV]
International organization participation: ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (compliant country), FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yerzhan ASHIKBAYEV (since 7 July 2021)

chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488

FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845

email address and website:
washington@mfa.kz

https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-washington?lang=en

consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Judy KUO (since October 2021)

embassy: Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Avenue, No. 3, Nur-Sultan 010010

mailing address: 2230 Nur-Sultan Place, Washington DC  20521-2230

telephone: [7] (7172) 70-21-00

FAX: [7] (7172) 54-09-14

email address and website:
USAKZ@state.gov

https://kz.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Almaty
Flag description: a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle, both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern "koshkar-muiz" (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country, and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun, a source of life and energy, exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain, which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom, power, and the flight to the future
National symbol(s): golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow
National anthem: name: "Menin Qazaqstanim" (My Kazakhstan)

lyrics/music: Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV

note: adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi (c), Petroglyphs at Tanbaly (c), Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan (n), Silk Roads: the Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor (c), Western Tien-Shan (n)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, Kazakhstan, g possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has made initial attempts to diversify its economy by targeting sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing for greater development and investment. It also adopted a Subsoil Code in December 2017 with the aim of increasing exploration and investment in the hydrocarbon, and particularly mining, sectors.   Kazakhstan's oil production and potential is expanding rapidly. A $36.8 billion expansion of Kazakhstan’s premiere Tengiz oil field by Chevron-led Tengizchevroil should be complete in 2022. Meanwhile, the super-giant Kashagan field finally launched production in October 2016 after years of delay and an estimated $55 billion in development costs. Kazakhstan’s total oil production in 2017 climbed 10.5%.   Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. It also exports oil directly to China. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015. Supported by rising commodity prices, Kazakhstan’s exports to EAEU countries increased 30.2% in 2017. Imports from EAEU countries grew by 24.1%.   The economic downturn of its EAEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices from 2014 to 2016 contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan. In 2014, Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, and announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economy, Kazakhstan announced in 2015 it would replace its currency band with a floating exchange rate, leading to a sharp fall in the value of the tenge. Since reaching a low of 391 to the dollar in January 2016, the tenge has modestly appreciated, helped by somewhat higher oil prices. While growth slowed to about 1% in both 2015 and 2016, a moderate recovery in oil prices, relatively stable inflation and foreign exchange rates, and the start of production at Kashagan helped push 2017 GDP growth to 4%.   Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes in the last several years, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels. An additional concern is the condition of the country’s banking sector, which suffers from poor asset quality and a lack of transparency. Investors also question the potentially negative effects on the economy of a contested presidential succession as Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, turned 77 in 2017.Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, Kazakhstan, g possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has made initial attempts to diversify its economy by targeting sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing for greater development and investment. It also adopted a Subsoil Code in December 2017 with the aim of increasing exploration and investment in the hydrocarbon, and particularly mining, sectors. Kazakhstan's oil production and potential is expanding rapidly. A $36.8 billion expansion of Kazakhstan’s premiere Tengiz oil field by Chevron-led Tengizchevroil should be complete in 2022. Meanwhile, the super-giant Kashagan field finally launched production in October 2016 after years of delay and an estimated $55 billion in development costs. Kazakhstan’s total oil production in 2017 climbed 10.5%. Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. It also exports oil directly to China. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in January 2015. Supported by rising commodity prices, Kazakhstan’s exports to EAEU countries increased 30.2% in 2017. Imports from EAEU countries grew by 24.1%. The economic downturn of its EAEU partner, Russia, and the decline in global commodity prices from 2014 to 2016 contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan. In 2014, Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, and announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In the face of further decline in the ruble, oil prices, and the regional economy, Kazakhstan announced in 2015 it would replace its currency band with a floating exchange rate, leading to a sharp fall in the value of the tenge. Since reaching a low of 391 to the dollar in January 2016, the tenge has modestly appreciated, helped by somewhat higher oil prices. While growth slowed to about 1% in both 2015 and 2016, a moderate recovery in oil prices, relatively stable inflation and foreign exchange rates, and the start of production at Kashagan helped push 2017 GDP growth to 4%. Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes in the last several years, investors remain concerned about corruption, bureaucracy, and arbitrary law enforcement, especially at the regional and municipal levels. An additional concern is the condition of the country’s banking sector, which suffers from poor asset quality and a lack of transparency. Investors also question the potentially negative effects on the economy of a contested presidential succession as Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan NAZARBAYEV, turned 77 in 2017.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $475.18 billion (2020 est.)

$487.87 billion (2019 est.)

$466.86 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 6.13% (2019 est.)

4.41% (2018 est.)

4.38% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $25,300 (2020 est.)

$26,400 (2019 est.)

$25,500 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $181.194 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.2% (2019 est.)

6% (2018 est.)

7.3% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: BBB (2016)

Moody's rating: Baa3 (2016)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2016)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 4.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 34.1% (2017 est.)

services: 61.2% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 53.2% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 11.1% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.5% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 4.8% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 35.4% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -27.1% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, milk, potatoes, barley, watermelons, melons, linseed, onions, maize, sunflower seed
Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: 5.8% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 8.685 million (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 18.1%

industry: 20.4%

services: 61.6% (2017 est.)
Unemployment rate: 4.8% (2019 est.)

4.85% (2018 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 3.8%

male: 3.4%

female: 4.2% (2020 est.)
Population below poverty line: 4.3% (2018 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 27.5 (2017 est.)

31.5 (2003)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.2%

highest 10%: 23.3% (2016)
Budget: revenues: 35.48 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.3 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 20.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

19.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 22.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$7.206 billion (2019 est.)

-$138 million (2018 est.)
Exports: $51.75 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$65.91 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$67.15 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: China 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: crude petroleum, natural gas, copper, iron alloys, radioactive chemicals (2019)
Imports: $44.3 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$51.5 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$46.23 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: Russia 34%, China 24% (2019)
Imports - commodities: packaged medicines, natural gas, cars, broadcasting equipment, aircraft (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $30.75 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$29.53 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $159.351 billion (2019 est.)

$163.73 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: tenge (KZT) per US dollar -

420.0049 (2020 est.)

385.9248 (2019 est.)

370.4648 (2018 est.)

221.73 (2014 est.)

179.19 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity: Installed generating capacity: 25.022 million kW (2020 est.)

Consumption: 92,133,960,000 kWh (2019 est.)

Exports: 2.419 billion kWh (2019 est.)

Imports: 1.935 billion kWh (2019 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses: 9.689 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Electricity generation sources: Fossil fuels: 88.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Wind: 0.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Hydroelectricity: 10.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: Production: 102.338 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Consumption: 74.819 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Exports: 3.002 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Imports: 993,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

Proven reserves: 25.605 billion metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: Total petroleum production: 1,864,900 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption: 320,600 bbl/day (2019 est.)

Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 1,531,600 barrels/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 500 barrels/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves: 30 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 290,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 105,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 39,120 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas: Production: 25,785,505,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Consumption: 14,557,101,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Exports: 16,418,081,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Imports: 7,713,978,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Proven reserves: 2,406,928,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 263.689 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke: 195.926 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids: 39.205 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From consumed natural gas: 28.557 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: 180.726 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 3.091 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 24,293,900 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Kazakhstan has one of the most developed telecommunications sectors in the Central Asian region; this is especially true of the mobile segment, where widespread network coverage has enabled very high penetration rates reaching 180% as far back as 2012; the mobile and fixed-line segments have both pared back their subscriber numbers to more modest levels; the telcos have still been successful in terms of improving their margins and revenues by growing value-added services along with exploiting the capabilities of their higher speed networks (4G LTE as well as fiber) to drive significant increases in data usage; Kazakhstan has enjoyed a  high fixed-line teledensity thanks to concerted efforts to invest in the fixed-line infrastructure as well as next-generation networks; demand for traditional voice services is on the wane as customers take a preference for the flexibility and ubiquity of the mobile platform for voice as well as data services; mobile clearly dominates the telecom sector in Kazakhstan, yet 2020 saw a sharp drop in subscriber numbers for both mobile voice and mobile broadband services as the Covid-19 crisis took hold; with the exception of fixed-line voice services, Kazakhstan’s telecom market is expected to return to moderate growth from 2022 onwards; the extensive deployment of LTE networks across the country (along with the prospect of 5G services being added to the mix in 2023) points towards an even greater uptake of lucrative mobile broadband services, in particular.  (2021)

domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is approximately 17 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscriber base 134 per 100 persons (2020)

international: country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the TAE fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: the state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; there are 96 TV channels, many of which are owned by the government, and 4 state-run radio stations; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2018; broadcasts reach some 99% of the population as well as neighboring countries (2018)
Internet country code: .kz
Internet users: total: 16,128,818 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 86% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 2,620,400 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 12 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 84

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,143,797 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 50.22 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UP
Airports: total: 96 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 63

over 3,047 m: 10

2,438 to 3,047 m: 25

1,524 to 2,437 m: 15

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 8 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 33

over 3,047 m: 5

2,438 to 3,047 m: 7

1,524 to 2,437 m: 3

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 13 (2021)
Heliports: 3 (2021)
Pipelines: 658 km condensate, 15,429 km gas (2020), 8,020 km oil (2020), 1,095 km refined products, 1,975 km water (2017) (2020)
Railways: total: 16,636 km (2020)

broad gauge: 16,636 km (2020) 1.520-m gauge (4,237 km electrified)
Roadways: total: 96,167 km (2021)

paved: 83,813 km (2021)

unpaved: 12,354 km (2021)
Waterways: 43,983 km (2020) (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River)
Merchant marine: total: 119

by type: general cargo 3, oil tanker 7, other 109 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Caspian Sea - Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev)

river port(s): Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk) (Irtysh River)

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces; Ministry of Internal Affairs: National Police; Committee for National Security: Border Service (2022)
Military expenditures: 1% of GDP (2021 est.)

1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.1% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $3.6 billion)

0.9% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $3.06 billion)

0.8% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $2.85 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; approximately 40,000 active duty personnel (25,000 Land Forces; 3,000 Naval Forces; 12,000 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Kazakh military's inventory is comprised of mostly older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; since 2010, Russia is the leading supplier of weapons systems (2022)
Military service age and obligation: all men 18-27 are required to serve in the military for at least one year (2022)
Military - note: Kazakhstan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force (2022)

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Kazakhstan-China: in 1998, Kazakhstan and China agreed to split two disputed border areas nearly evenly; demarcation with China completed in 2002 Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan: in January 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the 2017 agreement on the demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border Kazakhstan-Russia: Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013 Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan: Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan signed a treaty on the delimitation and demarcation process in 2001; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed to their border in the Caspian Sea in 2014 Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan: field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; disputed territory is held by Uzbekistan but the overwhelming majority of residents are ethnic Kazakhs; the two countries agreed on draft final demarcation documents in March 2022 and planned to hold another meeting in April 2022Kazakhstan-China: in 1998, Kazakhstan and China agreed to split two disputed border areas nearly evenly; demarcation with China completed in 2002Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan: in January 2019, Kyrgyzstan ratified the 2017 agreement on the demarcation of the Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan borderKazakhstan-Russia: Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005; field demarcation commenced in 2007 and was expected to be completed by 2013Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan: Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan signed a treaty on the delimitation and demarcation process in 2001; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005; Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed to their border in the Caspian Sea in 2014Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan: field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; disputed territory is held by Uzbekistan but the overwhelming majority of residents are ethnic Kazakhs; the two countries agreed on draft final demarcation documents in March 2022 and planned to hold another meeting in April 2022
Refugees and internally displaced persons: stateless persons: 7,915 (mid-year 2021)
Trafficking in persons: current situation: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Kazakhstan and Kazakhstanis abroad; traffickers lure victims from rural areas to larger cities with fake offers of employment; traffickers coerce or force Kazakhstani men and women into labor in Russia, Bahrain, Brazil, the Republic of Korea, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates; sex traffickers exploit Kazakhstani women and girls in the Middle East, Europe, East Asia, the United States, Central Asian and Eastern European countries and rural areas in Kazakhstan; children are forced to beg and adults and children may be coerced into criminal behavior; traffickers are increasingly using debt-based coercion; traffickers capitalize on tough law enforcement policies on migrants to coerce them to remain and leverage these policies to threaten victims with punishment and deportation if they notify authorities, which fosters a distrust in law enforcement

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Kazakhstan does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government adopted amendments increasing criminal penalties for traffickers, including rescinding the provision allowing alleged traffickers to pay a settlement to victims to withdraw their criminal cases; authorities developed victim identification guidelines for diplomatic staff and provided victim identification training to some labor inspectors; the government took initial steps toward improving its annual NGO funding process; the government’s efforts to identify and protect foreign victims increased; foreign victims who did not participate in criminal investigations were ineligible for services and were deported; law enforcement continued to make limited efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict labor trafficking crimes; trafficking convictions decreased for the fourth consecutive year; NGOs reported allegations of police officers’ involvement in human trafficking, but few police or other officials suspected of complicity were investigated or prosecuted (2020)
Illicit drugs: synthetic drugs dominate the local illicit drug market, smuggled from Southeast Asia, China, Russia and Europe; however the number of domestic clandestine laboratories producing synthetic drugs continues to increase.  Kazakhstan remains a transit country for Afghan heroin destined for Russia and Europe.synthetic drugs dominate the local illicit drug market, smuggled from Southeast Asia, China, Russia and Europe; however the number of domestic clandestine laboratories producing synthetic drugs continues to increase.  Kazakhstan remains a transit country for Afghan heroin destined for Russia and Europe.