This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region. Note: Starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have explicitly taken into account the effects of the growing impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These countries are currently: The Bahamas, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Topic: Afghanistan38,346,720 (2022 est.)

Topic: Akrotiri(2020) approximately 18,195 on the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia including 11,000 Cypriots and 7,195 Service and UK-based contract personnel and dependents

Topic: Albania3,095,344 (2022 est.)

Topic: Algeria44,178,884 (2022 est.)

Topic: American Samoa45,443 (2022 est.)

Topic: Andorra85,560 (2022 est.)

Topic: Angola34,795,287 (2022 est.)

Topic: Anguilla18,741 (2022 est.)

Topic: Antarcticano indigenous inhabitants, but there are both year-round and summer-only staffed research stations

note: 54 countries have signed the 1959 Antarctic Treaty; 30 of those operate through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic Treaty); the population engaging in and supporting science or managing and protecting the Antarctic region varies from approximately 5,000 in summer to 1,100 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard research, are present in the waters of the treaty region
as of 2017, peak summer (December-February) maximum capacity in scientific stations - 4,877 total; Argentina 601, Australia 243, Belarus 12, Belgium 40, Brazil 66, Bulgaria 22, Chile 433, China 166, Czechia 20, Ecuador 34, Finland 17, France 90, France and Italy jointly 80, Germany 104, India 113, Italy 120, Japan 130, South Korea 130, Netherlands 10, NZ 86, Norway 70, Peru 30, Poland 40, Russia 335, South Africa 80, Spain 98, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 196, US 1,399, Uruguay 68 (2017)

winter (June-August) maximum capacity in scientific station - 1,036 total; Argentina 221, Australia 52, Brazil 15, Chile 114, China 32, France 24, France and Italy jointly 13, Germany 9, India 48, Japan 40, Netherlands 10, South Korea 25, NZ 11, Norway 7, Poland 16, Russia 125, South Africa 15, Ukraine 12, UK 44, US 215, Uruguay 8 (2017)

research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60 degrees south latitude) by National Antarctic Programs year-round stations - approximately 40 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 6, China 2, France 1, France and Italy jointly 1, Germany 1, India 2, Japan 1, Netherlands 1, South Korea 2, NZ 1, Norway 1, Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 2 (2017)

a range of seasonal-only (summer) stations, camps, and refuges - Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, and Uruguay (2017)

in addition, during the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in support of research

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda100,335 (2022 est.)

Topic: Argentina46,245,668 (2022 est.)

Topic: Armenia3,000,756 (2022 est.)

Topic: Aruba122,320 (2022 est.)

Topic: Ashmore and Cartier Islands(July 2021 est.) no indigenous inhabitants

note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island; access to East and Middle Islands is by permit only

Topic: Australia26,141,369 (2022 est.)

Topic: Austria8,913,088 (2022 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan10,353,296 (2022 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The355,608 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Bahrain1,540,558 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up approximately 45% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Topic: Bangladesh165,650,475 (2022 est.)

Topic: Barbados302,674 (2022 est.)

Topic: Belarus9,413,505 (2022 est.)

Topic: Belgium11,847,338 (2022 est.)

Topic: Belize412,387 (2022 est.)

Topic: Benin13,754,688 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Bermuda72,337 (2022 est.)

Topic: Bhutan867,775 (2022 est.)

Topic: Bolivia12,054,379 (2022 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina3,816,459 (2022 est.)

Topic: Botswana2,384,246 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Bouvet Islanduninhabited

Topic: Brazil217,240,060 (2022 est.)

Topic: British Indian Ocean Territoryno indigenous inhabitants

note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois, were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and 1970s; approximately 3,000 UK and US military personnel and civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia (2018)

Topic: British Virgin Islands38,632 (2022 est.)

Topic: Brunei478,054 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up approximately 26% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Topic: Bulgaria6,873,253 (2022 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso21,935,389 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Burma57,526,449 (2022 est.)

Topic: Burundi12,696,478 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Cabo Verde596,707 (2022 est.)

Topic: Cambodia16,713,015 (2022 est.)

Topic: Cameroon29,321,637 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Canada38,232,593 (2022 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islands64,309 (2022 est.)

note: most of the population lives on Grand Cayman

Topic: Central African Republic5,454,533 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Chad17,963,211 (2022 est.)

Topic: Chile18,430,408 (2022 est.)

Topic: China1,410,539,758 (2022 est.)

Topic: Christmas Island2,205 (2016 est.)

Topic: Clipperton Islanduninhabited

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islands596 (July 2014 est.)

Topic: Colombia49,059,221 (2022 est.)

Topic: Comoros876,437 (2022 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the108,407,721 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Congo, Republic of the5,546,307 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Cook Islands8,128 (2022 est.)

note: the Cook Islands' Ministry of Finance & Economic Management estimated the resident population to have been 11,700 in September 2016

Topic: Coral Sea Islands(July 2021 est.) no indigenous inhabitants

note: there is a staff of four at the meteorological station on Willis Island

Topic: Costa Rica5,204,411 (2022 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire28,713,423 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Croatia4,188,853 (2022 est.)

Topic: Cuba11,008,112 (2022 est.)

Topic: Curacao152,379 (2022 est.)

Topic: Cyprus1,295,102 (2022 est.)

Topic: Czechia10,705,384 (2022 est.)

Topic: Denmark5,920,767 (2022 est.)

Topic: Dhekeliaapproximately 15,500 on the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia including 9,700 Cypriots and 5,800 Service and UK-based contract personnel and dependents

Topic: Djibouti957,273 (2022 est.)

Topic: Dominica74,629 (2022 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic10,694,700 (2022 est.)

Topic: Ecuador17,289,554 (2022 est.)

Topic: Egypt107,770,524 (2022 est.)

Topic: El Salvador6,568,745 (2022 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea1,679,172 (2022 est.)

Topic: Eritrea6,209,262 (2022 est.)

Topic: Estonia1,211,524 (2022 est.)

Topic: Eswatini1,121,761 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Ethiopia113,656,596 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: European Union(July 2022 est.) 450,858,381

rank by population:    Germany - 84,316,622;  France - 68,305,148;  Italy - 61,095,551;  Spain - 47,163,418;  Poland - 38,093,101;  Romania - 18,519,899;  Netherlands - 17,400,824;  Belgium - 11,847,338;  Czechia - 10,705,384;  Greece - 10,533,871;  Sweden - 10,483,647;  Portugal - 10,242,081;  Hungary - 9,699,577;  Austria - 8,913,088;  Bulgaria - 6,873,253;  Denmark - 5,920,767;  Finland - 5,601,547;  Slovakia - 5,431,252;  Ireland - 5,275,004;  Croatia - 4,188,853;  Lithuania - 2,683,546;  Slovenia - 2,101,208;  Latvia - 1,842,226;  Cyprus - 1,295,102;  Estonia - 1,211,524;  Luxembourg - 650,364;  Malta - 464,186 (July 2022 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)3,198 (2016 est.)

note: data include all persons usually resident in the islands at the time of the 2016 census

Topic: Faroe Islands52,269 (2022 est.)

Topic: Fiji943,737 (2022 est.)

Topic: Finland5,601,547 (2022 est.)

Topic: France68,305,148 (2022 est.)

note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233

Topic: French Polynesia299,356 (2022 est.)

Topic: French Southern and Antarctic Landsno indigenous inhabitants

Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but has a meteorological station
Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): uninhabited but is frequently visited by fishermen and has a scientific research cabin for short stays
 Iles Crozet: uninhabited except for 18 to 30 people staffing the Alfred Faure research station on Ile del la Possession
 Iles Kerguelen: 50 to 100 scientists are located at the main base at Port-aux-Francais on Ile Kerguelen
 Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): uninhabitable
 Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): a small French military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession; visited by scientists
 Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): uninhabited, except for visits by scientists

Topic: Gabon2,340,613 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Gambia, The2,413,403 (2022 est.)

Topic: Gaza Strip1,997,328 (2022 est.)

Topic: Georgia4,935,518 (2022 est.)

Topic: Germany84,316,622 (2022 est.)

Topic: Ghana33,107,275 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Gibraltar29,573 (2022 est.)

Topic: Greece10,533,871 (2022 est.)

Topic: Greenland57,792 (2022 est.)

Topic: Grenada113,949 (2022 est.)

Topic: Guam169,086 (2022 est.)

Topic: Guatemala17,703,190 (2022 est.)

Topic: Guernsey67,491 (2022 est.)

Topic: Guinea13,237,832 (2022 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau2,026,778 (2022 est.)

Topic: Guyana789,683 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Haiti11,334,637 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Heard Island and McDonald Islandsuninhabited

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)1,000 (2022 est.)

Topic: Honduras9,459,440 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Hong Kong7,276,588 (2022 est.)

Topic: Hungary9,699,577 (2022 est.)

Topic: Iceland357,603 (2022 est.)

Topic: India1,389,637,446 (2022 est.)

Topic: Indonesia277,329,163 (2022 est.)

Topic: Iran86,758,304 (2022 est.)

Topic: Iraq40,462,701 (2022 est.)

Topic: Ireland5,275,004 (2022 est.)

Topic: Isle of Man91,382 (2022 est.)

Topic: Israel8,914,885 (2022 est.) (includes populations of the Golan Heights or Golan Sub-District and also East Jerusalem, which was annexed by Israel after 1967)

note: approximately 227,100 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2019); following the March 2019 US recognition of the Golan Heights as being part of Israel, The World Factbook no longer includes Israeli settler population of the Golan Heights (estimated at 23,400 in 2019) in its overall Israeli settler total

Topic: Italy61,095,551 (2022 est.)

Topic: Jamaica2,818,596 (2022 est.)

Topic: Jan Mayenno indigenous inhabitants

note: military personnel operate the the weather and coastal services radio station

Topic: Japan124,214,766 (2022 est.)

Topic: Jersey102,146 (2022 est.)

Topic: Jordan10,998,531 (2022 est.)

note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees

Topic: Kazakhstan19,398,331 (2022 est.)

Topic: Kenya55,864,655 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Kiribati114,189 (2022 est.)

Topic: Korea, North25,955,138 (2022 est.)

Topic: Korea, South51,844,834 (2022 est.)

Topic: Kosovo1,952,701 (2022 est.)

Topic: Kuwait3,068,155 (2022 est.)

note: Kuwait's Public Authority for Civil Information estimates the country's total population to be 4,420,110 for 2019, with non-Kuwaitis accounting for nearly 70% of the population

Topic: Kyrgyzstan6,071,750 (2022 est.)

Topic: Laos7,749,595 (2022 est.)

Topic: Latvia1,842,226 (2022 est.)

Topic: Lebanon5,296,814 (2022 est.)

Topic: Lesotho2,193,970 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Liberia5,358,483 (2022 est.)

Topic: Libya7,137,931 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Topic: Liechtenstein39,711 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up 67% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Topic: Lithuania2,683,546 (2022 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg650,364 (2022 est.)

Topic: Macau635,293 (2022 est.)

Topic: Madagascar28,172,462 (2022 est.)

Topic: Malawi20,794,353 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Malaysia33,871,431 (2022 est.)

Topic: Maldives390,164 (2022 est.)

Topic: Mali20,741,769 (2022 est.)

Topic: Malta464,186 (2022 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islands79,906 (2022 est.)

Topic: Mauritania4,161,925 (2022 est.)

Topic: Mauritius1,308,222 (2022 est.)

Topic: Mexico129,150,971 (2022 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of101,009 (2022 est.)

Topic: Moldova3,287,326 (2022 est.)

Topic: Monaco31,400 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up almost 68% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Topic: Mongolia3,227,863 (2022 est.)

note: Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China

Topic: Montenegro604,966 (2022 est.)

Topic: Montserrat5,414 (2022 est.)

note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned

Topic: Morocco36,738,229 (2022 est.)

note: includes Western Sahara

Topic: Mozambique31,693,239 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Namibia2,727,409 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Nauru9,811 (2022 est.)

Topic: Navassa Islanduninhabited; transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island

Topic: Nepal30,666,598 (2022 est.)

Topic: Netherlands17,400,824 (2022 est.)

Topic: New Caledonia297,160 (2022 est.)

Topic: New Zealand5,053,004 (2022 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua6,301,880 (2022 est.)

Topic: Niger24,484,587 (2022 est.)

Topic: Nigeria225,082,083 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Niue2,000 (July 2022 est.)

note: because of the island's limited economic and educational opportunities, Niueans have emigrated for decades - primarily to New Zealand, but also to Australia and other Pacific island states; Niue's population peaked in 1966 at 5,194, but by 2005 had fallen to 1,508; since then it has rebounded slightly; as of 2013, 23,883 people of Niuean ancestry lived in New Zealand - with more than 20% Niue-born; this means that there are about 15 times as many persons of Niuean ancestry living in New Zealand as in Niue, possibly the most eccentric population distribution in the world

Topic: Norfolk Island1,748 (2016 est.)

Topic: North Macedonia2,130,936 (2022 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands51,475 (2022 est.)

Topic: Norway5,553,840 (2022 est.)

Topic: Oman3,764,348 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up approximately 46% of the total population (2019)

Topic: Pakistan242,923,845 (2022 est.)

note: results of Pakistan's 2017 national census estimate the country's total population to be 207,684,626

Topic: Palau21,695 (2022 est.)

Topic: Panama4,337,768 (2022 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea9,593,498 (2022 est.)

Topic: Paracel Islands1,440 (July 2014 est.)

note: Chinese activity has increased in recent years, particularly on Woody Island, where the population exceeds 1,000; there are scattered Chinese garrisons on some other islands

Topic: Paraguay7,356,409 (2022 est.)

Topic: Peru32,275,736 (2022 est.)

Topic: Philippines114,597,229 (2022 est.)

Topic: Pitcairn Islands50 (2021 est.)

Topic: Poland38,093,101 (2022 est.)

Topic: Portugal10,242,081 (2022 est.)

Topic: Puerto Rico3,098,423 (2022 est.)

Topic: Qatar2,508,182 (2022 est.)

Topic: Romania18,519,899 (2022 est.)

Topic: Russia142,021,981 (2022 est.)

Topic: Rwanda13,173,730 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Saint Barthelemy7,103 (2022 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha7,925 (2022 est.)

note: Saint Helena's Statistical Office estimated the resident population to be 4,439 in 2021; only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are inhabited, none of the other nearby islands/islets are

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis54,488 (2022 est.)

Topic: Saint Lucia167,122 (2022 est.)

Topic: Saint Martin32,792 (2022 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon5,257 (2022 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines100,969 (2022 est.)

Topic: Samoa206,179 (2022 est.)

Topic: San Marino34,682 (2022 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe217,164 (2022 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia35,354,380 (2022 est.)

note: immigrants make up 38.3% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)

Topic: Senegal17,923,036 (2022 est.)

Topic: Serbia6,739,471 (2022 est.)

note: does not include the population of Kosovo

Topic: Seychelles97,017 (2022 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone8,692,606 (2022 est.)

Topic: Singapore5,921,231 (2022 est.)

Topic: Sint Maarten45,126 (2022 est.)

Topic: Slovakia5,431,252 (2022 est.)

Topic: Slovenia2,101,208 (2022 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islands702,694 (2022 est.)

Topic: Somalia12,386,248 (2022 est.)

note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine and clan warfare

Topic: South Africa57,516,665 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands(July 2021 est.) no indigenous inhabitants

note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March 2001, replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited

Topic: South Sudan11,544,905 (2022 est.)

Topic: Spain47,163,418 (2022 est.)

Topic: Spratly Islands(July 2021 est.) no indigenous inhabitants

note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by military personnel of several claimant states

Topic: Sri Lanka23,187,516 (2022 est.)

Topic: Sudan47,958,856 (2022 est.)

Topic: Suriname632,638 (2022 est.)

Topic: Svalbard2,926 (January 2021 est.)

Topic: Sweden10,483,647 (2022 est.)

Topic: Switzerland8,508,698 (2022 est.)

Topic: Syria21,563,800 (2022 est.)

note: approximately 22,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2018)

Topic: Taiwan23,580,712 (2022 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan9,119,347 (2022 est.)

Topic: Tanzania63,852,892 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Thailand69,648,117 (2022 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste1,445,006 (2022 est.)

Topic: Togo8,492,333 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Tokelau1,647 (2019 est.)

Topic: Tonga105,517 (2022 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago1,405,646 (2022 est.)

Topic: Tunisia11,896,972 (2022 est.)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)83,047,706 (2022 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan5,636,011 (2022 est.)

note: some sources suggest Turkmenistan's population could be as much as 1 to 2 million people lower than available estimates because of large-scale emigration during the last 10 years

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands58,286 (2022 est.)

Topic: Tuvalu11,544 (2022 est.)

Topic: Uganda46,205,893 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Ukraine43,528,136 (2022 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirates9,915,803 (2022 est.)

note: the UN estimated the country's total population was 10,082,000 as of 2022; immigrants make up 88.1% of the total population, according to UN data (2020)

Topic: United Kingdom67,791,400 (2022 est.) United Kingdom

constituent countries by percentage of total population:
England 84.3%
Scotland 8.1%
Wales 4.7%
Northern Ireland 2.8%

Topic: United States337,341,954 (2022 est.)

note: the US Census Bureau's 2020 census results show the US population as 331,449,281 as of 1 April 2020

Topic: United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refugesno indigenous inhabitants

note: public entry is only by special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service and generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service

Jarvis Island: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; currently unoccupied

Johnston Atoll: in previous years, an average of 1,100 US military and civilian contractor personnel were present; as of May 2005, all US Government personnel had left the island

Midway Islands: approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the atoll

Palmyra Atoll: four to 20 Nature Conservancy, US Fish and Wildlife staff, and researchers

Topic: Uruguay3,407,213 (2022 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan31,104,937 (2022 est.)

Topic: Vanuatu308,043 (2022 est.)

Topic: Venezuela29,789,730 (2022 est.)

Topic: Vietnam103,808,319 (2022 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islands105,413 (2022 est.)

Topic: Wake Island(2018 est.) no indigenous inhabitants

note: approximately 100 military personnel and civilian contractors maintain and operate the airfield and communications facilities

Topic: Wallis and Futuna15,891 (2022 est.)

Topic: West Bank3,000,021 (2022 est.)

note: approximately 432,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank (2019); approximately 227,100 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2019)

Topic: World7,905,336,896 (July 2022 est.)

top ten most populous countries (in millions): China 1410.54; India 1389.37; United States 337.34; Indonesia 277.33; Pakistan 242.92; Nigeria 225.08; Brazil 217.24; Bangladesh 165.65; Russia 142.02; Mexico 129.15

ten least populous countries: Holy See (Vatican City) 1,000; Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5,257; Montserrat 5,414; Saint Barthelemy 7,103; Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan de Cunha 7,925; Cook Islands 8,128; Nauru 9,811; Tuvalu 11,544; Wallis and Futuna 15,891; Anguilla 18,741

ten most densely populated countries (population per sq km): Macau 22,689; Monaco 15,700; Singapore 8,351.5; Hong Kong 6,781.5; Gaza Strip 5,548.1; Gibraltar 4,224.7; Bahrain 2,027; Malta 1,468.9; Bermuda 1,339.6; Maldives 1,327.2

ten least densely populated countries (population per sq km): Greenland .026; Falkland Islands .26; Mongolia 2.1; Namibia 3.3; Australia 3.4; Iceland 3.6; Guyana 4; Mauritania 4; Suriname 4.1; Libya 4.1

Topic: Yemen30,984,689 (2022 est.)

Topic: Zambia19,642,123 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic

Topic: Zimbabwe15,121,004 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic


Topic: Introduction
Background: The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate. Independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries. The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate. Independence was achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six centuries.

Topic: Geography
Area: total: 5,765 sq km

land: 5,265 sq km

water: 500 sq km
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, timber

Topic: People and Society
Population: 478,054 (2022 est.)
Ethnic groups: Malay 65.8%, Chinese 10.2%, other 24% (2020 est.)
Languages: Malay (Bahasa Melayu) (official), English, Chinese dialects
Religions: Muslim (official) 80.9%, Christian 7.1%, Buddhist 7.1%, other (includes indigenous beliefs) 5% (2016 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.45% (2022 est.)

Topic: Government
Government type: absolute monarchy or sultanate
Capital: name: Bandar Seri Begawan
Executive branch: chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967)
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Legislative Council or Majlis Mesyuarat Negara Brunei (33 seats; 20 members appointed by the sultan from ex-officio cabinet ministers, titled people, and prominent citizens in public service and various professional fields and 13 members from 4 multi-seat constituencies, and 3 ex-officio members - the speaker and first and second secretaries

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: almost exclusively an oil and gas economy; high income country; expansive and robust welfare system; the majority of the population works for the government; promulgating a nationalized halal brand; considering establishment of a bond market and stock exchangealmost exclusively an oil and gas economy; high income country; expansive and robust welfare system; the majority of the population works for the government; promulgating a nationalized halal brand; considering establishment of a bond market and stock exchange
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $27.23 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $62,200 (2020 est.)
Agricultural products: poultry, eggs, fruit, cassava, bananas, legumes, cucumbers, rice, pineapples, beef
Industries: petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction, agriculture, aquaculture, transportation
Exports: $7.83 billion (2019 est.)
Exports - partners: Japan 34%, Australia 12%, Singapore 10%, India 8%, Malaysia 8%, Thailand 7%, China 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: natural gas, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, industrial hydrocarbons (2019)
Imports: $6.81 billion (2019 est.)
Imports - partners: Singapore 18%, China 14%, Malaysia 12%, Nigeria 5%, United Arab Emirates 5%, United States 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, cars, tug boats, valves (2019)Page last updated: Wednesday, May 11, 2022


Topic: Photos of Mexico

Topic: Introduction
Background: The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PENA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in December 2018.

The global financial crisis in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn in Mexico the following year. Growth rebounded to about 5% in 2010, but then averaged roughly half that for the rest of the decade. Notwithstanding this challenge, Mexico is currently the largest goods trading partner of the US – with $614.5 billion in two-way goods trade during 2019. US exports of goods and services to Mexico supported 1.2 million jobs in the US in 2015 (the latest data available) according to estimates from the Department of Commerce. Mexico's GDP contracted by 8.2% in 2020 due to pandemic-induced closures, its lowest level since the Great Depression, but Mexico’s economy rebounded in 2021 when it grew by 4.8%, driven largely by increased remittances, despite supply chain and pandemic-related challenges. The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force on 1 July 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution on 1 May 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.The site of several advanced Amerindian civilizations - including the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec - Mexico was conquered and colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. Administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain for three centuries, it achieved independence early in the 19th century. Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since the 1910 Mexican Revolution that an opposition candidate - Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) - defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PENA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012. Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in December 2018.

The global financial crisis in late 2008 caused a massive economic downturn in Mexico the following year. Growth rebounded to about 5% in 2010, but then averaged roughly half that for the rest of the decade. Notwithstanding this challenge, Mexico is currently the largest goods trading partner of the US – with $614.5 billion in two-way goods trade during 2019. US exports of goods and services to Mexico supported 1.2 million jobs in the US in 2015 (the latest data available) according to estimates from the Department of Commerce. Mexico's GDP contracted by 8.2% in 2020 due to pandemic-induced closures, its lowest level since the Great Depression, but Mexico’s economy rebounded in 2021 when it grew by 4.8%, driven largely by increased remittances, despite supply chain and pandemic-related challenges.The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force on 1 July 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Mexico amended its constitution on 1 May 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages, high underemployment, inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the largely indigenous population in the impoverished southern states. Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States
Geographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 W
Map references: North America
Area: total: 1,964,375 sq km

land: 1,943,945 sq km

water: 20,430 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 4,389 km

border countries (3): Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km
Coastline: 9,330 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: varies from tropical to desert
Terrain: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert
Elevation: highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m

lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m

mean elevation: 1,111 m
Natural resources: petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Land use: agricultural land: 54.9% (2018 est.)

arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)

other: 11.8% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 65,000 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km

Salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)
Major aquifers: Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer
Population distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City
Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coastsvolcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coastsvolcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under "Geography - note"
Geography - note: note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire note 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the "Three Sisters" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatan Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaursnote 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Firenote 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the "Three Sisters" companion plants - winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans - served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato

note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see "Geography - note" under United States)

note 4: the prominent Yucatan Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species - including the non-avian dinosaurs
Map description: Mexico map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and bodies of water.Mexico map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and bodies of water.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 129,150,971 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Mexican(s)

adjective: Mexican
Ethnic groups: Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)

note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity
Languages: Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2%; note - indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages (2020 est.)

major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant/evangelical Christian 11.2%, other 0.002%, unaffiliated (includes atheism) 10.6% (2020 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 26.01% (male 17,111,199/female 16,349,767)

15-24 years: 16.97% (male 11,069,260/female 10,762,784)

25-54 years: 41.06% (male 25,604,223/female 27,223,720)

55-64 years: 8.29% (male 4,879,048/female 5,784,176)

65 years and over: 7.67% (2020 est.) (male 4,373,807/female 5,491,581)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 50.3

youth dependency ratio: 38.8

elderly dependency ratio: 11.4

potential support ratio: 8.7 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 29.3 years

male: 28.2 years

female: 30.4 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.51% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 13.55 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 7.71 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City
Urbanization: urban population: 81.3% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 22.085 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.340 million Guadalajara, 5.037 million Monterrey, 3.295 million Puebla, 2.576 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.221 million Tijuana (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.09 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2008 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 33 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 11.86 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 13.11 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 10.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.32 years

male: 68.93 years

female: 75.88 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.68 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 73.1% (2018)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 98.3% of population

total: 99.7% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 1.7% of population

total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 5.4% (2019)
Physicians density: 2.43 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2018)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 99.9% of population

rural: 96.4% of population

total: 99.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population

rural: 3.6% of population

total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 340,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,300 (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 6 June 2022, Mexico has reported a total of 5,782,405 cases of COVID-19 or 4,484.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 324,966 cumulative deaths or a rate of 252 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 20 May 2022, 66.68% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 28.9% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 13.1% (2020 est.)

male: 19.9% (2020 est.)

female: 6.2% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 4.7% (2018/19)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 3.6%

women married by age 18: 20.7% (2018 est.)
Education expenditures: 4.3% of GDP (2018 est.)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95.2%

male: 96.1%

female: 94.5% (2020)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 15 years

male: 15 years

female: 15 years (2019)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 8.1%

male: 7.8%

female: 8.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion

note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 20.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 486.41 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 135.77 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: varies from tropical to desert
Land use: agricultural land: 54.9% (2018 est.)

arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)

other: 11.8% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 81.3% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever

note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of 6 June 2022, Mexico has reported a total of 5,782,405 cases of COVID-19 or 4,484.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 324,966 cumulative deaths or a rate of 252 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 20 May 2022, 66.68% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 53.1 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 2.655 million tons (2013 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5% (2013 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Laguna de Chapala - 1,140 sq km

Salt water lake(s): Laguna de Terminos - 1,550 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 sq km)
Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 sq km)
Major aquifers: Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains Aquifer
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 14.23 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 6.814 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 66.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 461.888 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: United Mexican States

conventional short form: Mexico

local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos

local short form: Mexico

former: Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire

etymology: named after the capital city, whose name stems from the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain
Government type: federal presidential republic
Capital: name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)

geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W

time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last Sunday in October

time zone note: Mexico has four time zones

etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain
Administrative divisions: 32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas
Independence: 16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)
Constitution: history: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917

amendments: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2020
Legal system: civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: not specified

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch: chief of state: President Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (since 1 December 2018)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general, the head of the Bank of Mexico, and senior treasury officials require consent of the Senate

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held in July 2024)

election results:
2018: Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA (PAN) 22.3%, Jose Antonio MEADE Kuribrena (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRIGUEZ Calderon 5.2% (independent), other 2.9%

2012: Enrique PENA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PENA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andres Manuel LOPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VAZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%
Legislative branch: description: bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of:
Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)

elections:
Senate - last held on 1 July 2018 (next to be held in July 2024)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 6 June 2021 (next to be held in July 2024)

election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 58, PAN 22, PRI 14, PRD 9, MC 7, PT 7, PES 5, PVEM 5, PNA/PANAL 1; composition (as of July 2018) - men 65, women 63, percent of women 49.2%
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MORENA 197, PAN 111, PRI 69, PVEM 44, PT 38, MC 25, PRD 16; composition - men 250, women 250, percent of women 50%; note - overall percent of women in National Congress 49.8%

note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms

subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts

note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation
Political parties and leaders: Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Clemente CASTANEDA Hoeflich]
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Claudia RUIZ Massieu]
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [Karen CASTREJON Trujillo]
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneracion Nacional) or MORENA [Mario DELGADO Carillo]
National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Antonio CORTES Mendoza]
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Jesus ZAMBRANO Grijalva]
This Is For Mexico (Va Por Mexico) – alliance that includes PAN, PRI, and PRD
Together We Make History (Juntos Hacemos Historia) - alliance that includes MORENA, PT, PVEM

Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC [Clemente CASTANEDA Hoeflich]
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI [Claudia RUIZ Massieu]
Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]
Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de Mexico) or PVEM [Karen CASTREJON Trujillo]
Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneracion Nacional) or MORENA [Mario DELGADO Carillo]
National Action Party (Partido Accion Nacional) or PAN [Antonio CORTES Mendoza]
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica) or PRD [Jesus ZAMBRANO Grijalva]
This Is For Mexico (Va Por Mexico) – alliance that includes PAN, PRI, and PRD
Together We Make History (Juntos Hacemos Historia) - alliance that includes MORENA, PT, PVEM

International organization participation: APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragan (since 20 April 2021)

chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600

FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698

email address and website:
mexembussa@sre.gob.mx

https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/eua/index.php/en/

consulate(s) general: Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)

consulate(s): Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ken SALAZAR (since 14 September 2021)

embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico, CDMX

mailing address: 8700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC  20521-8700

telephone: (011) [52]-55-5080-2000

FAX: (011) 52-55-5080-2005

email address and website:
ACSMexicoCity@state.gov

https://mx.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City

note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band
National symbol(s): golden eagle; national colors: green, white, red
National anthem: name: "Himno Nacional Mexicano" (National Anthem of Mexico)

lyrics/music: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA

note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as "Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra" (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 35 (27 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Historic Mexico City (c); Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (c); Teotihuacan (c); Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (n); Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (n); Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley (m); Historic Puebla (c); El Tajin (c); Historic Tlacotalpan (c); Historic Oaxaca and Monte Albán (c); Palenque (c); Chichen-Itza (c); Uxmal (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Mexico's $2.4 trillion economy – 11th largest in the world - has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force in 1994. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.   Mexico has become the US' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2017, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $623 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of its trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia, and Chile.   Mexico's current government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, has emphasized economic reforms, passing and implementing sweeping energy, financial, fiscal, and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Since 2015, Mexico has held public auctions of oil and gas exploration and development rights and for long-term electric power generation contracts. Mexico has also issued permits for private sector import, distribution, and retail sales of refined petroleum products in an effort to attract private investment into the energy sector and boost production.   Since 2013, Mexico’s economic growth has averaged 2% annually, falling short of private-sector expectations that President PENA NIETO’s sweeping reforms would bolster economic prospects. Growth is predicted to remain below potential given falling oil production, weak oil prices, structural issues such as low productivity, high inequality, a large informal sector employing over half of the workforce, weak rule of law, and corruption. Mexico’s economy remains vulnerable to uncertainty surrounding the future of NAFTA — because the United States is its top trading partner and the two countries share integrated supply chains — and to potential shifts in domestic policies following the inauguration of a new a president in December 2018.Mexico's $2.4 trillion economy – 11th largest in the world - has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force in 1994. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal. Mexico has become the US' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2017, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $623 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of its trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia, and Chile. Mexico's current government, led by President Enrique PENA NIETO, has emphasized economic reforms, passing and implementing sweeping energy, financial, fiscal, and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Since 2015, Mexico has held public auctions of oil and gas exploration and development rights and for long-term electric power generation contracts. Mexico has also issued permits for private sector import, distribution, and retail sales of refined petroleum products in an effort to attract private investment into the energy sector and boost production. Since 2013, Mexico’s economic growth has averaged 2% annually, falling short of private-sector expectations that President PENA NIETO’s sweeping reforms would bolster economic prospects. Growth is predicted to remain below potential given falling oil production, weak oil prices, structural issues such as low productivity, high inequality, a large informal sector employing over half of the workforce, weak rule of law, and corruption. Mexico’s economy remains vulnerable to uncertainty surrounding the future of NAFTA — because the United States is its top trading partner and the two countries share integrated supply chains — and to potential shifts in domestic policies following the inauguration of a new a president in December 2018.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $2,306,320,000,000 (2020 est.)

$2,513,410,000,000 (2019 est.)

$2,514,780,000,000 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: -0.3% (2019 est.)

2.19% (2018 est.)

2.34% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $17,900 (2020 est.)

$19,700 (2019 est.)

$19,900 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $1,269,956,000,000 (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.6% (2019 est.)

4.9% (2018 est.)

6% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: BBB- (2020)

Moody's rating: Baa1 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2020)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 3.6% (2017 est.)

industry: 31.9% (2017 est.)

services: 64.5% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 67% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 11.8% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.3% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.8% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 37.8% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -39.7% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, poultry, wheat, green chillies/peppers, eggs
Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: -0.6% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 50.914 million (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 13.4%

industry: 24.1%

services: 61.9% (2011)
Unemployment rate: 3.49% (2019 est.)

3.33% (2018 est.)

note: underemployment may be as high as 25%
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 8.1%

male: 7.8%

female: 8.7% (2020 est.)
Population below poverty line: 41.9% (2018 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 36.8 (2018 est.)

48.3 (2008)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2%

highest 10%: 40% (2014)
Budget: revenues: 261.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 273.8 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -1.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 54.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

56.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 22.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$4.351 billion (2019 est.)

-$25.415 billion (2018 est.)
Exports: $434.93 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$492.73 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$480.1 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: United States 75% (2019)
Exports - commodities: cars and vehicle parts, computers, delivery trucks, crude petroleum, insulated wiring (2019)
Imports: $410.66 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$495.79 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$505.05 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: United States 54%, China 14% (2019)
Imports - commodities: integrated circuits, refined petroleum, cars and vehicle parts, office machinery/parts, telephones (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $175.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$178.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

note: Mexico also maintains access to an $88 million Flexible Credit Line with the IMF
Debt - external: $456.713 billion (2019 est.)

$448.268 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar -

19.8 (2020 est.)

19.22824 (2019 est.)

20.21674 (2018 est.)

15.848 (2014 est.)

13.292 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity: Installed generating capacity: 93.43 million kW (2020 est.)

Consumption: 267.34 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Exports: 5.954 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Imports: 9.965 billion kWh (2020 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses: 42.121 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Electricity generation sources: Fossil fuels: 75.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Nuclear: 3.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Solar: 4.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Wind: 6.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Hydroelectricity: 7.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Geothermal: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Biomass and waste: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Coal: Production: 9.886 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Consumption: 10.241 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Exports: 3,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

Imports: 5.182 million metric tons (2020 est.)

Proven reserves: 1.211 billion metric tons (2019 est.)
Petroleum: Total petroleum production: 1,905,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption: 1,928,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)

Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 1,283,300 barrels/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 3,900 barrels/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves: 5,786,100,000 barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 844,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 155,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 867,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Natural gas: Production: 27,037,730,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Consumption: 86,101,223,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Exports: 53.037 million cubic meters (2019 est.)

Imports: 59,119,362,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

Proven reserves: 180.321 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 463.739 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke: 43.24 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids: 260.311 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

From consumed natural gas: 160.188 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
Energy consumption per capita: 61.597 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 24,500,456 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 122,898,392 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 95 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: with a large population and relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, (86 lines for mobile broadband for every 100 habitants in June 2021) Mexico’s telecom sector has potential for growth; adequate telephone service for business and government; improving quality and increasing mobile cellular availability, with mobile subscribers far outnumbering fixed-line subscribers (24.6 million fixed line subscribers and 125 million mobile line subscribers in June 2021); relatively low broadband and mobile penetration, potential for growth and international investment; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable; 5G development slow in part due to high costs (AT&T announced 5G rollout in some sections of Mexico City in December 2021 and Telcel announced a plan to launch 5G network in 18 cities in February 2022); IXP in Mexico City; exporter of computers and broadcasting equipment to USA and importer of same from China (2021)

domestic: fixed-line teledensity exceeds 65 lines per every 100 households; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 99 per 100 persons; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations (2021)

international: country code - 52; Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Spain, and Italy; the ARCOS-1 and the MAYA-1 submarine cable system together provide access to Central America, parts of South America and the Caribbean, and the U.S.; Pan-American Crossing (PAC) submarine cable system provides access to Panama, California, U.S., and Costa Rica; Lazaro Cardenas-Manzanillo Santiago submarines cable system (LCMSSCS) provides access to Michoacan, Guerrero, and Colima, Mexico; AMX-1 submarine cable system with access to Colombia, Brazil, Puerto Rico, Gulf of California Cable submarine cable systems that connects La Paz, Baja California Sur and Topolobambo, Sinaloa; and Aurora submarine cable system provides access to Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, and the U.S. satellite earth stations - 124 (36 Intelsat, 1 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), 9 Panamsat, numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations); linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections (2022)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: telecom reform in 2013 enabled the creation of new broadcast television channels after decades of a quasi-monopoly; Mexico has 885 TV stations and 1,841 radio stations and most are privately owned; the Televisa group once had a virtual monopoly in TV broadcasting, but new broadcasting groups and foreign satellite and cable operators are now available; in 2016, Mexico became the first country in Latin America to complete the transition from analog to digital transmissions, allowing for better image and audio quality and a wider selection of programming from networks (2022)
Internet country code: .mx
Internet users: total: 92,831,582 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 72% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 21,936,131 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 16 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 370

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 64,569,640 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,090,380,000 (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: XA
Airports: total: 1,714 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 243

over 3,047 m: 12

2,438 to 3,047 m: 32

1,524 to 2,437 m: 80

914 to 1,523 m: 86

under 914 m: 33 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1,471

over 3,047 m: 1

2,438 to 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 42

914 to 1,523 m: 281

under 914 m: 1,146 (2021)
Heliports: 1 (2021)
Pipelines: 17,210 km natural gas (2022), 9,757 km oil (2017), 10,237 km refined products (2020)
Railways: total: 23,389 km (2017)

standard gauge: 23,389 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (27 km electrified)
Roadways: total: 704,884 km (2017)

paved: 175,526 km (2017) (includes 10,845 km of expressways)

unpaved: 529,358 km (2017)
Waterways: 2,900 km (2012) (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast)
Merchant marine: total: 671

by type: container ship 1, bulk carrier 4, general cargo 11, oil tanker 31, other 624 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Veracruz

oil terminal(s): Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal

cruise port(s): Cancun, Cozumel, Ensenada

container port(s) (TEUs): Lazaro Cardenas (1,318,732), Manzanillo (3,069,189), Veracruz (1,144,156) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Altamira, Ensenada

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA): Army (Ejercito), Mexican Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Mexicana, FAM); Secretariat of the Navy (Secretaria de Marina, SEMAR): Mexican Navy (Armada de Mexico (ARM), includes Naval Air Force (FAN), Mexican Naval Infantry Corps (Cuerpo de Infanteria de Marina, Mexmar or CIM)); Secretariat of Public Security and Civilian Protection (Secretaria de Seguridad y Proteccion Ciudadana): National Guard (Guardia Nacional) (2022)

note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 and consists of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy; while the Guard is part of the civilian-led Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection, the Secretariat of National Defense has day-to-day operational control; in addition, the armed forces provide the commanders and the training; the Guard, along with state and municipal police are responsible for enforcing the law and maintaining order; the military also actively supports police operations
Military expenditures: 0.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

0.8% of GDP (2021)

0.6% of GDP (2020)

0.5% of GDP (2019) (approximately $13.4 billion)

0.5% of GDP (2018) (approximately $12.5 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; approximately 218,000 armed forces personnel (160,000 Army; 8,000 Air Force; 50,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines); approximately 110,000 National Guard (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Mexican military inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported equipment from a variety of mostly Western suppliers; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of military hardware to Mexico; Mexico's defense industry produces naval vessels and light armored vehicles, as well as small arms and other miscellaneous equipment (2022)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service for males (selection for service determined by lottery); conscript service obligation is 12 months; those selected serve on Saturdays in a Batallón del Servicio Militar Nacional (National Military Service Battalion) composed entirely of 1-year Servicio Militar Nacional (SMN) conscripts; conscripts remain in reserve status until the age of 40; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; women are eligible for voluntary military service (2022)

note: as of 2022, women comprised about 15% of the active duty military
Military - note: the constitution was amended in 2019 to grant the president the authority to use the armed forces to protect internal and national security, and courts have upheld the legality of the armed forces’ role in law enforcement activities in support of civilian authorities through 2024; as of 2022, Mexican military operations were heavily focused on internal security duties, particularly in countering drug cartels and organized crime groups, as well as border control and immigration enforcement; the armed forces also administered most of the country's land and sea ports and customs services, and it built and ran approximately 2,700 branches of a state-owned development bank; in addition, President LOPEZ OBRADOR has placed the military in charge of a growing number of infrastructure projects, such as building a new airport for Mexico City and sections of a train line in the country’s southeast (2022)

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Mexico-Belize: Mexico and Belize are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treaty Mexico-Guatemala: Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the US Mexico-US: the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal persons, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico  Mexico-Belize: Mexico and Belize are working to solve minor border demarcation discrepancies arising from inaccuracies in the 1898 border treatyMexico-Guatemala: Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the USMexico-US: the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal persons, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 22,254 (Honduras), 10,662 (El Salvador) (mid-year 2021); 82,976 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)

IDPs: 379,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2021)

stateless persons: 13 (mid-year 2021)
Illicit drugs: major source and transit country for heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, and illicit synthetic drugs including fentanyl and counterfeit pills destined for the United States; main transit country for cocaine from South America, a transit route and destination for fentanyl and associated precursors originating from Chinamajor source and transit country for heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine, and illicit synthetic drugs including fentanyl and counterfeit pills destined for the United States; main transit country for cocaine from South America, a transit route and destination for fentanyl and associated precursors originating from China