Topic: Photos of Seychelles

Topic: Introduction
Background: Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being discovered by Europeans early in the 16th century. A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. During colonial rule, a plantation-based economy developed that relied on imported labor, primarily from European colonies in Africa. Independence came in 1976. Following a coup d’etat in 1977, the country was a socialist one-party state until adopting a new constitution and holding free elections in 1993. President France-Albert RENE, who had served since 1977, was reelected in 2001, but stepped down in 2004. Vice President James Alix MICHEL took over the presidency and in 2006 was elected to a new five-year term; he was reelected in 2011 and again in 2015. In 2016, James MICHEL resigned and handed over the presidency to his vice-president, Danny FAURE. In 2020, Wavel RAMKALAWAN was elected president, the first time an opposition candidate has won the presidency since independence.Seychelles was uninhabited prior to being discovered by Europeans early in the 16th century. A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. During colonial rule, a plantation-based economy developed that relied on imported labor, primarily from European colonies in Africa. Independence came in 1976. Following a coup d’etat in 1977, the country was a socialist one-party state until adopting a new constitution and holding free elections in 1993. President France-Albert RENE, who had served since 1977, was reelected in 2001, but stepped down in 2004. Vice President James Alix MICHEL took over the presidency and in 2006 was elected to a new five-year term; he was reelected in 2011 and again in 2015. In 2016, James MICHEL resigned and handed over the presidency to his vice-president, Danny FAURE. In 2020, Wavel RAMKALAWAN was elected president, the first time an opposition candidate has won the presidency since independence.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: archipelago in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: 4 35 S, 55 40 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 455 sq km

land: 455 sq km

water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Terrain: Mahe Group is volcanic with a narrow coastal strip and rocky, hilly interior; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Elevation: highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Natural resources: fish, coconuts (copra), cinnamon trees
Land use: agricultural land: 6.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)

forest: 88.5% (2018 est.)

other: 5% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 3 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: more than three-quarters of the population lives on the main island of Mahe; Praslin contains less than 10%; a smaller percent on La Digue and the outer islands as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; occasional short droughts
Geography - note: the smallest African country in terms of both area and population; the constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155 islands: 42 granitic and 113 coralline; by far the largest island is Mahe, which is home to about 90% of the population and the site of the capital city of Victoria
Map description: Seychelles map showing the major islands and atolls that comprise this country in the Indian Ocean.Seychelles map showing the major islands and atolls that comprise this country in the Indian Ocean.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 97,017 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)

adjective: Seychellois
Ethnic groups: predominantly Creole (mainly of East African and Malagasy heritage); also French, Indian, Chinese, and Arab populations
Languages: Seychellois Creole (official) 89.1%, English (official) 5.1%, French (official) 0.7%, other 3.8%, unspecified 1.4% (2010 est.)
Religions: Roman Catholic 76.2%, Protestant 10.5% (Anglican 6.1%, Pentecostal Assembly 1.5%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.2%, other Protestant 1.7%), other Christian 2.4%, Hindu 2.4%, Muslim 1.6%, other non-Christian 1.1%, unspecified 4.8%, none 0.9% (2010 est.)
Demographic profile: Seychelles has no indigenous population and was first permanently settled by a small group of French planters, African slaves, and South Indians in 1770. Seychelles’ modern population is composed of the descendants of French and later British settlers, Africans, and Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern traders and is concentrated on three of its 155 islands – the vast majority on Mahe and lesser numbers on Praslin and La Digue. Seychelles’ population grew rapidly during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to natural increase, but the pace has slowed because of fertility decline. The total fertility rate dropped sharply from 4.0 children per woman in 1980 to 1.9 in 2015, mainly as a result of a family planning program, free education and health care, and increased female labor force participation. Life expectancy has increased steadily, but women on average live 9 years longer than men, a difference that is higher than that typical of developed countries.The combination of reduced fertility and increased longevity has resulted in an aging population, which will put pressure on the government’s provision of pensions and health care. Seychelles’ sustained investment in social welfare services, such as free primary health care and education up to the post-secondary level, have enabled the country to achieve a high human development index score – among the highest in Africa. Despite some of its health and education indicators being nearly on par with Western countries, Seychelles has a high level of income inequality.An increasing number of migrant workers – mainly young men – have been coming to Seychelles in recent years to work in the construction and tourism industries. As of 2011, foreign workers made up nearly a quarter of the workforce. Indians are the largest non-Seychellois population – representing half of the country’s foreigners – followed by Malagasy.Seychelles has no indigenous population and was first permanently settled by a small group of French planters, African slaves, and South Indians in 1770. Seychelles’ modern population is composed of the descendants of French and later British settlers, Africans, and Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern traders and is concentrated on three of its 155 islands – the vast majority on Mahe and lesser numbers on Praslin and La Digue. Seychelles’ population grew rapidly during the second half of the 20th century, largely due to natural increase, but the pace has slowed because of fertility decline. The total fertility rate dropped sharply from 4.0 children per woman in 1980 to 1.9 in 2015, mainly as a result of a family planning program, free education and health care, and increased female labor force participation. Life expectancy has increased steadily, but women on average live 9 years longer than men, a difference that is higher than that typical of developed countries.The combination of reduced fertility and increased longevity has resulted in an aging population, which will put pressure on the government’s provision of pensions and health care. Seychelles’ sustained investment in social welfare services, such as free primary health care and education up to the post-secondary level, have enabled the country to achieve a high human development index score – among the highest in Africa. Despite some of its health and education indicators being nearly on par with Western countries, Seychelles has a high level of income inequality.An increasing number of migrant workers – mainly young men – have been coming to Seychelles in recent years to work in the construction and tourism industries. As of 2011, foreign workers made up nearly a quarter of the workforce. Indians are the largest non-Seychellois population – representing half of the country’s foreigners – followed by Malagasy.
Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.85% (male 9,297/female 8,798)

15-24 years: 12.39% (male 6,283/female 5,607)

25-54 years: 49.03% (male 25,209/female 21,851)

55-64 years: 11.46% (male 5,545/female 5,455)

65 years and over: 8.27% (2020 est.) (male 3,272/female 4,664)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 46.7

youth dependency ratio: 34.9

elderly dependency ratio: 11.8

potential support ratio: 8.5 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 36.8 years

male: 36.3 years

female: 37.4 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.64% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 12.37 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: more than three-quarters of the population lives on the main island of Mahe; Praslin contains less than 10%; a smaller percent on La Digue and the outer islands as shown in this population distribution map
Urbanization: urban population: 58.4% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 28,000 VICTORIA (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.17 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female

total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 10.6 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 13.35 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 7.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.1 years

male: 71.67 years

female: 80.66 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA
Drinking water source: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 96.2% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 3.8% of population (2017 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 5.2% (2019)
Physicians density: 2.25 physicians/1,000 population (2019)
Hospital bed density: 3.6 beds/1,000 population (2011)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 14% (2016)
Tobacco use: total: 20.2% (2020 est.)

male: 34% (2020 est.)

female: 6.4% (2020 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3.6% (2012)
Education expenditures: 3.9% of GDP (2019)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 95.9%

male: 95.4%

female: 96.4% (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years

male: 13 years

female: 15 years (2020)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 16.4%

male: 17.4%

female: 15.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater; water pollution; biodiversity maintainance
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 18.72 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 0.61 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 0.1 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Land use: agricultural land: 6.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 4.3% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)

forest: 88.5% (2018 est.)

other: 5% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 58.4% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.09% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 48,000 tons (2012 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 3.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 900,000 cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 0 cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles

conventional short form: Seychelles

local long form: Republic of Seychelles

local short form: Seychelles

etymology: named by French Captain Corneille Nicholas MORPHEY after Jean Moreau de SECHELLES, the finance minister of France, in 1756
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Victoria

geographic coordinates: 4 37 S, 55 27 E

time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: founded as L'etablissement in 1778 by French colonists, the town was renamed in 1841 by the British after Queen Victoria (1819-1901); "victoria" is the Latin word for "victory"
Administrative divisions: 27 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Royale, Au Cap, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand Anse Mahe, Grand Anse Praslin, Ile Perseverance I, Ile Perseverance II, La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Les Mamelles, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Roche Caiman, Saint Louis, Takamaka
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from the UK)
National holiday: Constitution Day, 18 June (1993); Independence Day (National Day), 29 June (1976)
Constitution: history: previous 1970, 1979; latest drafted May 1993, approved by referendum 18 June 1993, effective 23 June 1993

amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting the country’s sovereignty, symbols and languages, the supremacy of the constitution, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, and dissolution of the Assembly also requires approval by at least 60% of voters in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2018
Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law, French civil law, and customary law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of the Seychelles

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Wavel RAMKALAWAN (since 26 October 2020); Vice President Ahmed AFIF (since 27 October 2020); the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Wavel RAMKALAWAN (since 26 October 2020); Vice President Ahmed AFIF (since 27 October 2020)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for 1 additional term); election last held on 22-24 Oct 2020 (originally scheduled for December 2020 but moved up to coincide with the 22-24 October National Assembly election in order to cut election costs)

election results: Wavel RAMKALAWAN elected president; Wavel RAMKALAWAN (LDS) 54.9%, Danny FAURE (US) 43.5%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (35 seats in the 2020 -25 term; 26 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and up to 9 members elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)

elections: last held on 22-24 Oct 2020 (next to be held October 2025); note - the election was originally scheduled for 2021 but was moved up a year and will be held alongside the presidential election in order to cut election costs

election results: percent of vote by party - LDS 54.8%, US 42.3% , other 2.9%; seats by party - LDS 25, US10; composition - men 25, women 10, percent of women 29%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Seychelles Court of Appeal (consists of the court president and 4 justices); Supreme Court of Seychelles (consists of the chief justice and 9 puisne judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 3 Supreme Court judges)

judge selection and term of office: all judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Constitutional Appointments Authority, a 3-member body, with 1 member appointed by the president of the republic, 1 by the opposition leader in the National Assembly, and 1 by the other 2 appointees; judges serve until retirement at age 70

subordinate courts: Magistrates' Courts of Seychelles; Family Tribunal for issues such as domestic violence, child custody, and maintenance; Employment Tribunal for labor-related disputes
Political parties and leaders: Linyon Sanzman or LS [Martin AGLAE]
One Seychelles [Peter SINON]
Seychelles Party for Social Justice and Democracy or SPSJD [Vesna RAKIC]
Seychellois Democratic Alliance (Linyon Demokratik Seselwa) or LDS [Roger MANCIENNE] (includes SPSJD)
United Seychelles or US [Patrick HERMINIE] (formerly People's Party (Parti Lepep) or PL; (formerly SPPF)
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AOSIS, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ian MADELEINE (since 1 December 2021)

chancery: 685 Third Avenue, Suite 1107, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10017

telephone: [1] (212) 972-1785

FAX: [1] (212) 972-1786

email address and website:
seychelles@un.int

consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the US Ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to Seychelles
Flag description: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side; the oblique bands are meant to symbolize a dynamic new country moving into the future; blue represents sky and sea, yellow the sun giving light and life, red the peoples' determination to work for the future in unity and love, white social justice and harmony, and green the land and natural environment
National symbol(s): coco de mer (sea coconut); national colors: blue, yellow, red, white, green
National anthem: name: "Koste Seselwa" (Seychellois Unite)

lyrics/music: David Francois Marc ANDRE and George Charles Robert PAYET

note: adopted 1996
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Aldabra Atoll, Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the high income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourism sector, which directly employs about 26% of the labor force and directly and indirectly accounts for more than 55% of GDP, and by tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and tourism industry services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of the offshore financial, information, and communication sectors and renewable energy. In 2008, having depleted its foreign exchange reserves, Seychelles defaulted on interest payments due on a $230 million Eurobond, requested assistance from the IMF, and immediately enacted a number of significant structural reforms, including liberalization of the exchange rate, reform of the public sector to include layoffs, and the sale of some state assets. In December 2013, the IMF declared that Seychelles had successfully transitioned to a market-based economy with full employment and a fiscal surplus. However, state-owned enterprises still play a prominent role in the economy. Effective 1 January 2017, Seychelles was no longer eligible for trade benefits under the US African Growth and Opportunities Act after having gained developed country status. Seychelles grew at 5% in 2017 because of a strong tourism sector and low commodity prices. The Seychellois Government met the IMF’s performance criteria for 2017 but recognizes a need to make additional progress to reduce high income inequality, represented by a Gini coefficient of 46.8. As a very small open economy dependent on tourism, Seychelles remains vulnerable to developments such as economic downturns in countries that supply tourists, natural disasters, and changes in local climatic conditions and ocean temperature. One of the main challenges facing the government is implementing strategies that will increase Seychelles' long-term resilience to climate change without weakening economic growth.Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the high income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourism sector, which directly employs about 26% of the labor force and directly and indirectly accounts for more than 55% of GDP, and by tuna fishing. In recent years, the government has encouraged foreign investment to upgrade hotels and tourism industry services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the development of the offshore financial, information, and communication sectors and renewable energy.In 2008, having depleted its foreign exchange reserves, Seychelles defaulted on interest payments due on a $230 million Eurobond, requested assistance from the IMF, and immediately enacted a number of significant structural reforms, including liberalization of the exchange rate, reform of the public sector to include layoffs, and the sale of some state assets. In December 2013, the IMF declared that Seychelles had successfully transitioned to a market-based economy with full employment and a fiscal surplus. However, state-owned enterprises still play a prominent role in the economy. Effective 1 January 2017, Seychelles was no longer eligible for trade benefits under the US African Growth and Opportunities Act after having gained developed country status. Seychelles grew at 5% in 2017 because of a strong tourism sector and low commodity prices. The Seychellois Government met the IMF’s performance criteria for 2017 but recognizes a need to make additional progress to reduce high income inequality, represented by a Gini coefficient of 46.8.As a very small open economy dependent on tourism, Seychelles remains vulnerable to developments such as economic downturns in countries that supply tourists, natural disasters, and changes in local climatic conditions and ocean temperature. One of the main challenges facing the government is implementing strategies that will increase Seychelles' long-term resilience to climate change without weakening economic growth.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $2.4 billion (2020 est.)

$2.69 billion (2019 est.)

$2.65 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 5.3% (2017 est.)

4.5% (2016 est.)

4.9% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $24,400 (2020 est.)

$27,500 (2019 est.)

$27,300 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $1.748 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.8% (2019 est.)

3.7% (2018 est.)

2.8% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: B+ (2020)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 2.5% (2017 est.)

industry: 13.8% (2017 est.)

services: 83.7% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 52.7% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 34.4% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 26.7% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 79.4% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -93.2% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: coconuts, vegetables, bananas, fruit, eggs, poultry, tomatoes, pork, tropical fruit, cassava
Industries: fishing, tourism, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: 2.3% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 51,000 (2018 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 3%

industry: 23%

services: 74% (2006)
Unemployment rate: 3% (2017 est.)

2.7% (2016 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 16.4%

male: 17.4%

female: 15.5% (2020 est.)
Population below poverty line: 25.3% (2018 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 46.8 (2013 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.7%

highest 10%: 15.4% (2007)
Budget: revenues: 593.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 600.7 million (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -0.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 63.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

69.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 39.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$307 million (2017 est.)

-$286 million (2016 est.)
Exports: $1.09 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.61 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.68 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: United Arab Emirates 17%, United Kingdom 13%, France 12%, British Virgin Islands 11%, Zambia 9%, Mauritius 5%, Japan 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: refined petroleum, fish, recreational boats, cigarettes, animal meal (2019)
Imports: $1.35 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.79 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.86 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: United Arab Emirates 21%, Qatar 13%, British Virgin Islands 7%, Germany 6%, France 6%, China 5%, Spain 5%, South Africa 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: recreational boats, refined petroleum, fish, aircraft, cars (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $545.2 million (31 December 2017 est.)

$523.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $4.802 billion (2019 est.)

$4.613 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar -

13.64 (2017 est.)

13.319 (2016 est.)

13.319 (2015 est.)

13.314 (2014 est.)

12.747 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production: 350 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 325.5 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 88,000 kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 91% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 7,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 7,225 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 18,882 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 183,498 (2020)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 187 (2020)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: effective system; direct international calls to over 100 countries; radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago; 3 ISPs; use of Internet cafes' for access to Internet; 4G services and 5G pending (2020)

domestic: fixed-line a little over 19 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity is nearly 187 telephones per 100 persons (2020)

international: country code - 248; landing points for the PEACE and the SEAS submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia; direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: the national broadcaster, Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), which is funded by taxpayer money, operates the only terrestrial TV station, which provides local programming and airs broadcasts from international services; a privately owned Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) channel also provides local programming multi-channel cable and satellite TV are available through 2 providers; the national broadcaster operates 1 AM and 1 FM radio station; there are 2 privately operated radio stations; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are accessible in Victoria (2019)the national broadcaster, Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation (SBC), which is funded by taxpayer money, operates the only terrestrial TV station, which provides local programming and airs broadcasts from international services; a privately owned Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) channel also provides local programming multi-channel cable and satellite TV are available through 2 providers; the national broadcaster operates 1 AM and 1 FM radio station; there are 2 privately operated radio stations; transmissions of 2 international broadcasters are accessible in Victoria
Internet country code: .sc
Internet users: total: 77,785 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 79% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 34,966 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 7

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 455,201 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 7.79 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: S7
Airports: total: 14 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 7

2,438 to 3,047 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 1 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 7

914 to 1,523 m: 2

under 914 m: 5 (2021)
Heliports: 1 (2021)
Roadways: total: 526 km (2015)

paved: 514 km (2015)

unpaved: 12 km (2015)
Merchant marine: total: 27

by type: general cargo 5, oil tanker 6, other 16 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Victoria

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Seychelles Defense Forces (SDF): Army (includes infantry, special forces, and a presidential security unit), Coast Guard, and Air Force; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Seychelles Police Force (includes unarmed police and an armed paramilitary Police Special Support Wing, the Anti-Narcotics Bureau, and the Marine Police Unit) (2022)

note - the military reports to the president, who acts as minister of defense
Military expenditures: 1.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

1.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.3% of GDP (2019 est.)

1.4% of GDP (2018 est.)

1.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 500 personnel (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the SDF's inventory primarily consists of Soviet-era equipment delivered in the 1970s and 1980s; since 2010, the SDF has received limited amounts of more modern equipment (mostly donations of patrol boats and aircraft) from several suppliers led by China and India (2022)
Military service age and obligation: 18-28 (18-25 for officers) years of age for voluntary military service (including women); 6-year initial commitment; no conscription (2022)
Military - note: formed in 1977, the SDF's primary responsibility is maritime security, particularly countering illegal fishing, piracy, and drug smuggling (2022)

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Seychelles-UK: Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)Seychelles-UK: Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Islands (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Trafficking in persons: current situation: Seychelles is a source and destination country for children and women subjected to sex trafficking; Seychellois girls and, to a lesser extent boys, are forced into prostitution in nightclubs, bars, guest houses, hotels, brothels, private homes, and on the streets by peers, family members, and pimps; foreign tourists, sailors, and migrant workers contribute to the demand for commercial sex acts in Seychelles; some of the large population of foreign migrant workers reportedly experience the underpayment of wages and substandard housing

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Seychelles does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government allocated an operational and programmatic budget to the National Coordinating Committee on Trafficking in Persons, signed a bilateral agreement outlining procedures for employment and repatriation in Seychelles of migrant workers from Bangladesh and established a hotline to report forced labor concerns; however, no victims of trafficking were identified; efforts to address sex trafficking remained inadequate, its standard operating procedures for victim identification and referral to care services were not implemented; there are no shelters or care facilities for trafficking victims; investigations, prosecutions, and convictions of traffickers decreased; Seychelles did not establish a secretariat to support the Coordinating Committee, hindering the committee’s ability to direct anti-trafficking efforts across government and drive national policy; Seychelles was downgraded to Tier 2 Watch List (2020)


Topic: Photos of Tajikistan

Topic: Introduction
Background: The Tajik people came under Russian imperial rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. At that time, bands of indigenous guerrillas (known as "basmachi") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but in 1929 the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between political, regional, and religious factions from 1992 to 1997. Though the country holds general elections for both the presidency (once every seven years) and legislature (once every five years), observers note an electoral system rife with irregularities and abuse, with results that are neither free nor fair. President Emomali RAHMON, who came to power in 1992 during the civil war and was first elected president in 1994, used an attack planned by a disaffected deputy defense minister in 2015 to ban the last major opposition political party in Tajikistan. In December 2015, RAHMON further strengthened his position by having himself declared "Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation," with limitless terms and lifelong immunity through constitutional amendments ratified in a referendum. The referendum also lowered the minimum age required to run for president from 35 to 30, which made RAHMON's first-born son Rustam EMOMALI, the mayor of the capital city of Dushanbe, eligible to run for president in 2020. In April 2020, RAHMON orchestrated EMOMALI's selection as Chairman of the Majlisi Milli (Tajikistan's senate), positioning EMOMALI as next in line of succession for the presidency. RAHMON opted to run in the presidential election in October 2020 and received 91% of the vote.

The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the WTO in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistani migrant laborers working in Russia and Kazakhstan, pervasive corruption, and the opiate trade and other destabilizing violence emanating from neighboring Afghanistan. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and residents and informal leaders in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Tajikistan suffered its first ISIS-claimed attack in 2018, when assailants attacked a group of Western bicyclists with vehicles and knives, killing four.    The Tajik people came under Russian imperial rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. At that time, bands of indigenous guerrillas (known as "basmachi") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first created as an autonomous republic within Uzbekistan in 1924, but in 1929 the USSR designated Tajikistan a separate republic and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union, and experienced a civil war between political, regional, and religious factions from 1992 to 1997.Though the country holds general elections for both the presidency (once every seven years) and legislature (once every five years), observers note an electoral system rife with irregularities and abuse, with results that are neither free nor fair. President Emomali RAHMON, who came to power in 1992 during the civil war and was first elected president in 1994, used an attack planned by a disaffected deputy defense minister in 2015 to ban the last major opposition political party in Tajikistan. In December 2015, RAHMON further strengthened his position by having himself declared "Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation," with limitless terms and lifelong immunity through constitutional amendments ratified in a referendum. The referendum also lowered the minimum age required to run for president from 35 to 30, which made RAHMON's first-born son Rustam EMOMALI, the mayor of the capital city of Dushanbe, eligible to run for president in 2020. In April 2020, RAHMON orchestrated EMOMALI's selection as Chairman of the Majlisi Milli (Tajikistan's senate), positioning EMOMALI as next in line of succession for the presidency. RAHMON opted to run in the presidential election in October 2020 and received 91% of the vote.

The country remains the poorest in the former Soviet sphere. Tajikistan became a member of the WTO in March 2013. However, its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistani migrant laborers working in Russia and Kazakhstan, pervasive corruption, and the opiate trade and other destabilizing violence emanating from neighboring Afghanistan. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and residents and informal leaders in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Tajikistan suffered its first ISIS-claimed attack in 2018, when assailants attacked a group of Western bicyclists with vehicles and knives, killing four.  Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan
Geographic coordinates: 39 00 N, 71 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 144,100 sq km

land: 141,510 sq km

water: 2,590 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Wisconsin
Land boundaries: total: 4,130 km

border countries (4): Afghanistan 1,357 km; China 477 km; Kyrgyzstan 984 km; Uzbekistan 1,312 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Terrain: mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest
Elevation: highest point: Qullai Somoniyon 7,495 m

lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m

mean elevation: 3,186 m
Natural resources: hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Land use: agricultural land: 34.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 2.9% (2018 est.)

other: 62.4% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 7,420 sq km (2012)
Major rivers (by length in km): Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river source (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Population distribution: the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west
Natural hazards: earthquakes; floods
Geography - note: landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR
Map description: Tajikistan map showing major population centers as well as parts of surrounding countries.Tajikistan map showing major population centers as well as parts of surrounding countries.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 9,119,347 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Tajikistani(s)

adjective: Tajikistani
Ethnic groups: Tajik 84.3% (includes Pamiri and Yagnobi), Uzbek 13.8%, other 2% (includes Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2014 est.)
Languages: Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s):
Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

note: Russian widely used in government and business
Religions: Muslim 98% (Sunni 95%, Shia 3%) other 2% (2014 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 31.43% (male 1,420,271/female 1,368,445)

15-24 years: 18.13% (male 816,658/female 792,231)

25-54 years: 40.58% (male 1,789,271/female 1,811,566)

55-64 years: 6.23% (male 253,862/female 299,378)

65 years and over: 3.63% (2020 est.) (male 132,831/female 189,156)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 67.9

youth dependency ratio: 62.6

elderly dependency ratio: 5.3

potential support ratio: 18.7 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 25.3 years

male: 24.6 years

female: 26 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.4% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 20.73 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: the country's population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as much as 90% of the people living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west
Urbanization: urban population: 28% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 962,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 23.2 years (2017 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 32.33 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 37.03 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 27.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.36 years

male: 66.2 years

female: 72.69 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.45 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 29.3% (2017)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 96.5% of population

rural: 79.9% of population

total: 84.4% of population

unimproved: urban: 3.5% of population

rural: 20.1% of population

total: 15.6% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 7.1% (2019)
Physicians density: 1.72 physicians/1,000 population (2014)
Hospital bed density: 4.7 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 98.9% of population

rural: 99.6% of population

total: 99.4% of population

unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population

rural: 0.4% of population

total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 14,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020 est.) <500
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Asia; Tajikistan is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 14.2% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 7.6% (2017)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.1%

women married by age 18: 8.7% (2017 est.)
Education expenditures: 5.7% of GDP (2019)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99.8%

male: 99.8%

female: 99.7% (2015)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 11 years

male: 12 years

female: 11 years (2013)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: areas of high air pollution from motor vehicles and industry; water pollution from agricultural runoff and disposal of untreated industrial waste and sewage; poor management of water resources; soil erosion; increasing levels of soil salinity
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 40.05 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 5.31 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 4.87 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Land use: agricultural land: 34.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 6.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 27.7% (2018 est.)

forest: 2.9% (2018 est.)

other: 62.4% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 28% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 1.12% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0.54% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Asia; Tajikistan is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,787,400 tons (2013 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km): Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river source (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 647 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 407.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 10.44 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 21.91 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan

conventional short form: Tajikistan

local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston

local short form: Tojikiston

former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

etymology: the Persian suffix "-stan" means "place of" or "country," so the word Tajikistan literally means "Land of the Tajik [people]"
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Dushanbe

geographic coordinates: 38 33 N, 68 46 E

time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar occurred on Mondays, hence the name Dushanbe, which in Persian means Monday, i.e., the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)
Administrative divisions: 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)

note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses
Independence: 9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994

amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by at least one third of the total membership of both houses of the Supreme Assembly; adoption of any amendment requires a referendum, which includes approval of the president or approval by at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly of Representatives; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s form of government, its territory, and its democratic nature, cannot be amended; amended 1999, 2003, 2016
Legal system: civil law system
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan

dual citizenship recognized: no

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 7-year term for a maximum of two terms; however, as the "Leader of the Nation" President RAHMON can run an unlimited number of times; election last held on 11 October 2020 (next to be held in 2027); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 90.9%
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of:
National Assembly or Majlisi Milli (34 seats; 25 members indirectly elected by local representative assemblies or majlisi, 8 appointed by the president, and 1 reserved for each living former president; members serve 5-year terms)
Assembly of Representatives or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63 seats; 41 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by 2-round absolute majority vote and 22 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)

elections:
National Assembly - last held on 1 March 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
Assembly of Representatives - last held on 1 March 2020 (next to be held in 2025)

election results:
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 28, women 6, percent of women 17.6%
Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDPT 50.4%, PERT 16.6%, APT 16.5%, SPT 5.2%, DPT 5.1%, CPT 3.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - PDPT 47, APT 7, PERT 5, CPT 2, SPT 1, DPT 1; composition - men 48, women 15, percent of women 23.8%; note - total Supreme Assembly percent of women 21.6%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, family, criminal, administrative offense, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, deputy chairman, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists of 16 judicial positions)

judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all 3 courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no term limits, but the last appointment must occur before the age of 65

subordinate courts: regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
Political parties and leaders: Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Rustam LATIFZODA]
Communist Party of Tajikistan or CPT [Miroj ABDULLOEV]
Democratic Party of Tajikistan or DPT [Saidjafar USMONZODA]
Party of Economic Reform of Tajikistan or PERT [Rustam RAHMATZODA]
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMON]
Social Democratic Party of Tajikistan or SDPT [Qiyomiddin AZIZOV]
Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT [Abduhalim GHAFFORZODA]
International organization participation: ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Farrukh HAMRALIZODA (since 17 February 2021)

chancery: 1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090; [1] (202) 223-2666

FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091

email address and website:
tajemus@mfa.tj; tajikistan@verizon.net

https://mfa.tj/en/washington
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador John Mark POMMERSHEIM (since 15 March 2019)

embassy: 109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue (Zarafshon district), Dushanbe 734019

mailing address: 7090 Dushanbe Place, Washington DC  20521-7090

telephone: [992] (37) 229-20-00

FAX: [992] (37) 229-20-50

email address and website:
DushanbeConsular@state.gov

https://tj.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe; red represents the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation, white stands for purity, cotton, and mountain snows, while green is the color of Islam and the bounty of nature; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the seven stars signify the Tajik magic number "seven" - a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness
National symbol(s): crown surmounted by an arc of seven, five-pointed stars; snow leopard; national colors: red, white, green
National anthem: name: "Surudi milli" (National Anthem)

lyrics/music: Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV

note: adopted 1991; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet republic but adopted new lyrics
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 2 (1 cultural, 1 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c), Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, tungsten, and coal. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Today, Tajikistan is the poorest among the former Soviet republics. Because less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the predominant crop, Tajikistan imports approximately 70% of its food.   Since the end of the civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations in the economic sphere, but its poor business climate remains a hindrance to attracting foreign investment. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30%-50% of GDP.   Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that in 2017 were equivalent to nearly 35% of GDP. Tajikistan’s large remittances from migrant workers in Russia exposes it to monetary shocks. Tajikistan often delays devaluation of its currency for fear of inflationary pressures on food and other consumables. Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations have hampered economic growth. The dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by almost 65% in 2015, and the government spent almost $500 million in 2016 to bail out the country’s still troubled banking sector.   Tajikistan’s growing public debt – currently about 50% of GDP – could result in financial difficulties. Remittances from Russia increased in 2017, however, bolstering the economy somewhat. China owns about 50% of Tajikistan’s outstanding debt. Tajikistan has borrowed heavily to finance investment in the country’s vast hydropower potential. In 2016, Tajikistan contracted with the Italian firm Salini Impregilo to build the Roghun dam over a 13-year period for $3.9 billion. A 2017 Eurobond has largely funded Roghun’s first phase, after which sales from Roghun’s output are expected to fund the rest of its construction. The government has not ruled out issuing another Eurobond to generate auxiliary funding for its second phase.Tajikistan is a poor, mountainous country with an economy dominated by minerals extraction, metals processing, agriculture, and reliance on remittances from citizens working abroad. Mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, antimony, tungsten, and coal. Industry consists mainly of small obsolete factories in food processing and light industry, substantial hydropower facilities, and a large aluminum plant - currently operating well below its capacity. The 1992-97 civil war severely damaged an already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. Today, Tajikistan is the poorest among the former Soviet republics. Because less than 7% of the land area is arable and cotton is the predominant crop, Tajikistan imports approximately 70% of its food. Since the end of the civil war, the country has pursued half-hearted reforms and privatizations in the economic sphere, but its poor business climate remains a hindrance to attracting foreign investment. Some experts estimate the value of narcotics transiting Tajikistan is equivalent to 30%-50% of GDP. Because of a lack of employment opportunities in Tajikistan, more than one million Tajik citizens work abroad - roughly 90% in Russia - supporting families back home through remittances that in 2017 were equivalent to nearly 35% of GDP. Tajikistan’s large remittances from migrant workers in Russia exposes it to monetary shocks. Tajikistan often delays devaluation of its currency for fear of inflationary pressures on food and other consumables. Recent slowdowns in the Russian and Chinese economies, low commodity prices, and currency fluctuations have hampered economic growth. The dollar value of remittances from Russia to Tajikistan dropped by almost 65% in 2015, and the government spent almost $500 million in 2016 to bail out the country’s still troubled banking sector. Tajikistan’s growing public debt – currently about 50% of GDP – could result in financial difficulties. Remittances from Russia increased in 2017, however, bolstering the economy somewhat. China owns about 50% of Tajikistan’s outstanding debt. Tajikistan has borrowed heavily to finance investment in the country’s vast hydropower potential. In 2016, Tajikistan contracted with the Italian firm Salini Impregilo to build the Roghun dam over a 13-year period for $3.9 billion. A 2017 Eurobond has largely funded Roghun’s first phase, after which sales from Roghun’s output are expected to fund the rest of its construction. The government has not ruled out issuing another Eurobond to generate auxiliary funding for its second phase.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $34.88 billion (2020 est.)

$33.38 billion (2019 est.)

$31.08 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 7.1% (2017 est.)

6.9% (2016 est.)

6% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $3,700 (2020 est.)

$3,600 (2019 est.)

$3,400 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $2.522 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.7% (2019 est.)

3.9% (2018 est.)

7.3% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Moody's rating: B3 (2017)

Standard & Poors rating: B- (2017)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 28.6% (2017 est.)

industry: 25.5% (2017 est.)

services: 45.9% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 98.4% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 13.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 11.7% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 2.5% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 10.7% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -36.6% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: milk, potatoes, wheat, watermelons, onions, tomatoes, vegetables, cotton, carrots/turnips, beef
Industries: aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil
Industrial production growth rate: 1% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 2.295 million (2016 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 43%

industry: 10.6%

services: 46.4% (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate: 2.4% (2016 est.)

2.5% (2015 est.)

note: official rate; actual unemployment is much higher
Population below poverty line: 26.3% (2019 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 34 (2015 est.)

34.7 (1998)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: (2009 est.) NA

highest 10%: (2009 est.) NA
Budget: revenues: 2.269 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.374 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 50.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

42% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 31.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$35 million (2017 est.)

-$362 million (2016 est.)
Exports: $1.41 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.24 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$1.12 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: Turkey 24%, Switzerland 22%, Uzbekistan 16%, Kazakhstan 12%, China 10% (2019)
Exports - commodities: gold, aluminum, cotton, zinc, antimony, lead (2019)
Imports: $3.13 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.41 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$3.22 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: China 40%, Russia 38%, Kazakhstan 19%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, wheat, natural gas, bauxite, aircraft (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.292 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$652.8 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $6.47 billion (2019 est.)

$5.849 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -

8.764 (2017 est.)

7.8358 (2016 est.)

7.8358 (2015 est.)

6.1631 (2014 est.)

4.9348 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production: 17.03 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 12.96 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 1.4 billion kWh (2015 est.) NA
Electricity - imports: 103 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 5.508 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 6% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 94% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 180 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 12 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 172 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 24,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 22,460 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 19.82 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 19.82 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 5.663 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 502,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 9.904 million (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 111.53 (2019)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: The nation of Tajikistan has had to struggle through a further two years of economic hardship following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic; the strain on financial resources inevitably means a continuation of the absence of any meaningful investment or development programs for telecommunications infrastructure; the fixed line telephony and fixed broadband markets continue to languish far behind the mobile sector in terms of teledensity and penetration; with only around 6,000 fixed broadband customers (0.07% penetration), there would appear to be massive growth potential but the limited fixed line infrastructure in the country suggests there’s little likelihood of that occurring any time soon; the size of Tajikistan’s mobile market dwarfs the fixed line segment, with an estimated penetration rate of nearly 120%; with a number of private sector companies active in the mobile market, there been more commitment to investment in network upgrades and expansion; three MNOs, MegaFon, Tcell, and ZET Mobile have all launched commercial 5G services, initially in areas of the capital city Dushanbe; the move towards higher speed mobile services should further underpin the growth in the nascent mobile broadband market, which is still estimated to be at a relatively low penetration level of 42% (at least relative to most other Asian nations) but is predicted to be a strong compound annual growth rate of more than 8% for at least the next five years.  (2021)

domestic: fixed line availability has not changed significantly since 1998, while mobile cellular subscribership, aided by competition among multiple operators, has expanded; coverage now extends to all major cities and towns; fixed-line over 5 per 100 and mobile-cellular over 111 per 100 (2019)

international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); 3 satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat and 1 Orbita

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: state-run TV broadcasters transmit nationally on 9 TV and 10 radio stations, and regionally on 4 stations; 31 independent TV and 20 radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; many households are able to receive Russian and other foreign stations via cable and satellite (2016)
Internet country code: .tj
Internet users: total: 2,050,625 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 22% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 6,000 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.06 (2020 est.) less than 1

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 492,320 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2.34 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: EY
Airports: total: 24 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 17

over 3,047 m: 2

2,438 to 3,047 m: 4

1,524 to 2,437 m: 5

914 to 1,523 m: 3

under 914 m: 3 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 7

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 1

under 914 m: 5 (2021)
Pipelines: 549 km gas, 38 km oil (2013)
Railways: total: 680 km (2014)

broad gauge: 680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge
Roadways: total: 30,000 km (2018)
Waterways: 200 km (2011) (along Vakhsh River)

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Land Forces, Mobile Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard; Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops (reserves for Armed Forces in wartime); State Committee on National Security: Border Guard Forces (2022)
Military expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $360 million)

2.1% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $350 million)

2.2% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $330 million)

2.2% of GDP (2016 est.) (approximately $320 million)

2.2% of GDP (2015 est.) (approximately $310 million)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 9,500 active troops (8,000 Land and Mobile Forces; 1,500 Air and Air Defense Forces) (2022)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Tajikistan Armed Forces' inventory is comprised of older Russian and Soviet-era equipment; it has received limited quantities of weapons systems since 2010, most of which was second-hand material from Russia (2021)
Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service for men; 24-month conscript service obligation; in August 2021, the Tajik Government began allowing men to pay a fee in order to avoid conscription (2022)
Military - note: Tajikistan has been a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force (2022)

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Tajikistan-Afghanistan: none identified Tajikistan-China: in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; in 2011, Tajikistan and China ratified the 2002 border demarcation agreement whereby Tajikistan ceded approximately 1,100 square kilometers in the Pamirs to China Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan: disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan; in May 2021, both countries agreed to a ceasefire following recent clashes at their border Tajikistan-Uzbekistan: talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and clear minefields; as of January 2020, Uzbekistan reported that it had cleared all mines along its side of the borderTajikistan-Afghanistan: none identifiedTajikistan-China: in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; in 2011, Tajikistan and China ratified the 2002 border demarcation agreement whereby Tajikistan ceded approximately 1,100 square kilometers in the Pamirs to ChinaTajikistan-Kyrgyzstan: disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan; in May 2021, both countries agreed to a ceasefire following recent clashes at their borderTajikistan-Uzbekistan: talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and clear minefields; as of January 2020, Uzbekistan reported that it had cleared all mines along its side of the border
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 6,775 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2021)

stateless persons: 6,141 (mid-year 2021)
Illicit drugs: Tajikistan is a major route for drug trafficking in Central Asia; opiates and cannabis travel from Afghanistan through Tajikistan to markets in Russia, Belarus, and Western and Central Europe


This entry measures the age standardized prevalence of tobacco use, whether smoked or smokeless or both, among persons 15 years and older for the total population, and separately for the male and female populations.

Topic: Afghanistantotal: 23.3% (2020 est.)

male: 39.4% (2020 est.)

female: 7.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Albaniatotal: 22.4% (2020 est.)

male: 38.8% (2020 est.)

female: 6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Algeriatotal: 21% (2020 est.)

male: 41.3% (2020 est.)

female: 0.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Andorratotal: 31.8% (2020 est.)

male: 35.3% (2020 est.)

female: 28.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Argentinatotal: 24.5% (2020 est.)

male: 29.4% (2020 est.)

female: 19.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Armeniatotal: 25.5% (2020 est.)

male: 49.4% (2020 est.)

female: 1.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Australiatotal: 13.6% (2020 est.)

male: 15.6% (2020 est.)

female: 11.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Austriatotal: 26.4% (2020 est.)

male: 27.7% (2020 est.)

female: 25% (2020 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijantotal: 24% (2020 est.)

male: 47.9% (2020 est.)

female: 0.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, Thetotal: 10.6% (2020 est.)

male: 18.8% (2020 est.)

female: 2.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Bahraintotal: 14.9% (2020 est.)

male: 25.3% (2020 est.)

female: 4.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Bangladeshtotal: 34.7% (2020 est.)

male: 52.2% (2020 est.)

female: 17.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Barbadostotal: 8.5% (2020 est.)

male: 15% (2020 est.)

female: 1.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Belarustotal: 30.5% (2020 est.)

male: 47.4% (2020 est.)

female: 13.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Belgiumtotal: 23.4% (2020 est.)

male: 25.8% (2020 est.)

female: 21% (2020 est.)

Topic: Belizetotal: 8.5% (2020 est.)

male: 15.1% (2020 est.)

female: 1.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Benintotal: 6.9% (2020 est.)

male: 11.8% (2020 est.)

female: 1.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Boliviatotal: 12.7% (2020 est.)

male: 20.5% (2020 est.)

female: 4.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinatotal: 35% (2020 est.)

male: 42% (2020 est.)

female: 28% (2020 est.)

Topic: Botswanatotal: 19.4% (2020 est.)

male: 30.4% (2020 est.)

female: 8.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Braziltotal: 12.8% (2020 est.)

male: 16.2% (2020 est.)

female: 9.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Bruneitotal: 16.2% (2020 est.)

male: 30% (2020 est.)

female: 2.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Bulgariatotal: 39% (2020 est.)

male: 40.9% (2020 est.)

female: 37.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Burkina Fasototal: 14.3% (2020 est.)

male: 22.1% (2020 est.)

female: 6.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Burmatotal: 44.1% (2020 est.)

male: 68.5% (2020 est.)

female: 19.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Burunditotal: 11.8% (2020 est.)

male: 17.4% (2020 est.)

female: 6.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verdetotal: 11.4% (2020 est.)

male: 17.3% (2020 est.)

female: 5.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cambodiatotal: 21.1% (2020 est.)

male: 36.1% (2020 est.)

female: 6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cameroontotal: 7.3% (2020 est.)

male: 13.2% (2020 est.)

female: 1.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Canadatotal: 13% (2020 est.)

male: 15.3% (2020 est.)

female: 10.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Chadtotal: 8.3% (2020 est.)

male: 13.8% (2020 est.)

female: 2.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Chiletotal: 29.2% (2020 est.)

male: 31.6% (2020 est.)

female: 26.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Chinatotal: 25.6% (2020 est.)

male: 49.4% (2020 est.)

female: 1.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Colombiatotal: 8.5% (2020 est.)

male: 12.4% (2020 est.)

female: 4.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Comorostotal: 20.3% (2020 est.)

male: 29.5% (2020 est.)

female: 11.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of thetotal: 12.8% (2020 est.)

male: 22.7% (2020 est.)

female: 2.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of thetotal: 14.5% (2020 est.)

male: 26.8% (2020 est.)

female: 2.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cook Islandstotal: 24% (2020 est.)

male: 27.7% (2020 est.)

female: 20.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Costa Ricatotal: 8.8% (2020 est.)

male: 12.9% (2020 est.)

female: 4.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoiretotal: 9.4% (2020 est.)

male: 17.9% (2020 est.)

female: 0.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Croatiatotal: 36.9% (2020 est.)

male: 37.6% (2020 est.)

female: 36.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cubatotal: 17.9% (2020 est.)

male: 25.5% (2020 est.)

female: 10.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Cyprustotal: 35.1% (2020 est.)

male: 47% (2020 est.)

female: 23.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Czechiatotal: 30.7% (2020 est.)

male: 35% (2020 est.)

female: 26.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Denmarktotal: 17.5% (2020 est.)

male: 17.8% (2020 est.)

female: 17.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republictotal: 10.6% (2020 est.)

male: 14.6% (2020 est.)

female: 6.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Ecuadortotal: 11.3% (2020 est.)

male: 18.4% (2020 est.)

female: 4.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Egypttotal: 24.3% (2020 est.)

male: 48.1% (2020 est.)

female: 0.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: El Salvadortotal: 7.9% (2020 est.)

male: 14.1% (2020 est.)

female: 1.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Eritreatotal: 7.5% (2020 est.)

male: 14.7% (2020 est.)

female: 0.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Estoniatotal: 29.7% (2020 est.)

male: 36.3% (2020 est.)

female: 23% (2020 est.)

Topic: Eswatinitotal: 9.2% (2020 est.)

male: 16.5% (2020 est.)

female: 1.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Ethiopiatotal: 5.1% (2020 est.)

male: 8.8% (2020 est.)

female: 1.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Fijitotal: 23.1% (2020 est.)

male: 35.6% (2020 est.)

female: 10.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Finlandtotal: 21.6% (2020 est.)

male: 26.9% (2020 est.)

female: 16.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Francetotal: 33.4% (2020 est.)

male: 34.9% (2020 est.)

female: 31.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Gambia, Thetotal: 11.1% (2020 est.)

male: 21.4% (2020 est.)

female: 0.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Georgiatotal: 31.7% (2020 est.)

male: 56.3% (2020 est.)

female: 7.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Germanytotal: 22% (2020 est.)

male: 24.1% (2020 est.)

female: 19.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Ghanatotal: 3.5% (2020 est.)

male: 6.6% (2020 est.)

female: 0.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Greecetotal: 33.5% (2020 est.)

male: 36.5% (2020 est.)

female: 30.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Guatemalatotal: 10.9% (2020 est.)

male: 20.1% (2020 est.)

female: 1.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissautotal: 9% (2020 est.)

male: 17% (2020 est.)

female: 0.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Guyanatotal: 12.1% (2020 est.)

male: 21.7% (2020 est.)

female: 2.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Haititotal: 7.7% (2020 est.)

male: 12.2% (2020 est.)

female: 3.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Hungarytotal: 31.8% (2020 est.)

male: 35.8% (2020 est.)

female: 27.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Icelandtotal: 12% (2020 est.)

male: 11.9% (2020 est.)

female: 12% (2020 est.)

Topic: Indiatotal: 27.2% (2020 est.)

male: 41.3% (2020 est.)

female: 13% (2020 est.)

Topic: Indonesiatotal: 37.6% (2020 est.)

male: 71.4% (2020 est.)

female: 3.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Irantotal: 13.6% (2020 est.)

male: 24.1% (2020 est.)

female: 3.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Iraqtotal: 18.5% (2020 est.)

male: 35.1% (2020 est.)

female: 1.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Irelandtotal: 20.8% (2020 est.)

male: 22.5% (2020 est.)

female: 19% (2020 est.)

Topic: Israeltotal: 21.2% (2020 est.)

male: 28.9% (2020 est.)

female: 13.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Italytotal: 23.1% (2020 est.)

male: 26.6% (2020 est.)

female: 19.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Jamaicatotal: 9.4% (2020 est.)

male: 15% (2020 est.)

female: 3.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Japantotal: 20.1% (2020 est.)

male: 30.1% (2020 est.)

female: 10% (2020 est.)

Topic: Jordantotal: 34.8% (2020 est.)

male: 56.8% (2020 est.)

female: 12.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstantotal: 23.2% (2020 est.)

male: 39.6% (2020 est.)

female: 6.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Kenyatotal: 11.1% (2020 est.)

male: 19.5% (2020 est.)

female: 2.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Kiribatitotal: 40.6% (2020 est.)

male: 53.9% (2020 est.)

female: 27.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Korea, Northtotal: 17.4% (2020 est.)

male: 34.8% (2020 est.)

female: 0% (2020 est.)

Topic: Korea, Southtotal: 20.8% (2020 est.)

male: 35.7% (2020 est.)

female: 5.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Kuwaittotal: 17.9% (2020 est.)

male: 33.5% (2020 est.)

female: 2.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstantotal: 25.4% (2020 est.)

male: 48% (2020 est.)

female: 2.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Laostotal: 31.8% (2020 est.)

male: 53.3% (2020 est.)

female: 10.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Latviatotal: 37% (2020 est.)

male: 50.3% (2020 est.)

female: 23.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Lebanontotal: 38.2% (2020 est.)

male: 47.5% (2020 est.)

female: 28.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Lesothototal: 24.3% (2020 est.)

male: 43.1% (2020 est.)

female: 5.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Liberiatotal: 8.2% (2020 est.)

male: 14.3% (2020 est.)

female: 2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Lithuaniatotal: 32% (2020 est.)

male: 42.1% (2020 est.)

female: 21.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Luxembourgtotal: 21.1% (2020 est.)

male: 22.4% (2020 est.)

female: 19.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Madagascartotal: 27.8% (2020 est.)

male: 42.7% (2020 est.)

female: 12.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Malawitotal: 10.8% (2020 est.)

male: 17.5% (2020 est.)

female: 4.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Malaysiatotal: 22.5% (2020 est.)

male: 43.8% (2020 est.)

female: 1.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Maldivestotal: 25.2% (2020 est.)

male: 44.4% (2020 est.)

female: 6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Malitotal: 8.3% (2020 est.)

male: 15.6% (2020 est.)

female: 1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Maltatotal: 24% (2020 est.)

male: 26.4% (2020 est.)

female: 21.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islandstotal: 28.5% (2020 est.)

male: 48.7% (2020 est.)

female: 8.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Mauritaniatotal: 10.7% (2020 est.)

male: 19.3% (2020 est.)

female: 2.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Mauritiustotal: 20.2% (2020 est.)

male: 37.3% (2020 est.)

female: 3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Mexicototal: 13.1% (2020 est.)

male: 19.9% (2020 est.)

female: 6.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Moldovatotal: 29% (2020 est.)

male: 51.7% (2020 est.)

female: 6.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Mongoliatotal: 29.4% (2020 est.)

male: 51.7% (2020 est.)

female: 7.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Montenegrototal: 31.4% (2020 est.)

male: 31.6% (2020 est.)

female: 31.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Moroccototal: 14.5% (2020 est.)

male: 28.2% (2020 est.)

female: 0.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Mozambiquetotal: 14.3% (2020 est.)

male: 23% (2020 est.)

female: 5.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Namibiatotal: 15.1% (2020 est.)

male: 24.2% (2020 est.)

female: 6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Naurutotal: 48.5% (2020 est.)

male: 47.8% (2020 est.)

female: 49.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Nepaltotal: 30.4% (2020 est.)

male: 47.9% (2020 est.)

female: 12.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Netherlandstotal: 22.2% (2020 est.)

male: 24.4% (2020 est.)

female: 19.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: New Zealandtotal: 13.7% (2020 est.)

male: 15% (2020 est.)

female: 12.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Nigertotal: 7.4% (2020 est.)

male: 13.7% (2020 est.)

female: 1.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Nigeriatotal: 3.7% (2020 est.)

male: 6.9% (2020 est.)

female: 0.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Norwaytotal: 16.2% (2020 est.)

male: 17% (2020 est.)

female: 15.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Omantotal: 8% (2020 est.)

male: 15.5% (2020 est.)

female: 0.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Pakistantotal: 20.2% (2020 est.)

male: 33% (2020 est.)

female: 7.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Palautotal: 17.6% (2020 est.)

male: 27.3% (2020 est.)

female: 7.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Panamatotal: 5% (2020 est.)

male: 7.7% (2020 est.)

female: 2.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guineatotal: 39.3% (2020 est.)

male: 53.5% (2020 est.)

female: 25.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Paraguaytotal: 11.5% (2020 est.)

male: 18.6% (2020 est.)

female: 4.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Perutotal: 8.1% (2020 est.)

male: 13.2% (2020 est.)

female: 3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Philippinestotal: 22.9% (2020 est.)

male: 39.3% (2020 est.)

female: 6.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Polandtotal: 24% (2020 est.)

male: 27.9% (2020 est.)

female: 20.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Portugaltotal: 25.4% (2020 est.)

male: 30.5% (2020 est.)

female: 20.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Qatartotal: 11.8% (2020 est.)

male: 21.7% (2020 est.)

female: 1.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Romaniatotal: 28% (2020 est.)

male: 35.9% (2020 est.)

female: 20% (2020 est.)

Topic: Russiatotal: 26.8% (2020 est.)

male: 40.8% (2020 est.)

female: 12.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Rwandatotal: 13.7% (2020 est.)

male: 20.1% (2020 est.)

female: 7.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Samoatotal: 25.3% (2020 est.)

male: 36.1% (2020 est.)

female: 14.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principetotal: 5.7% (2020 est.)

male: 10.1% (2020 est.)

female: 1.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabiatotal: 14.3% (2020 est.)

male: 26.5% (2020 est.)

female: 2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Senegaltotal: 6.9% (2020 est.)

male: 13.1% (2020 est.)

female: 0.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Serbiatotal: 39.8% (2020 est.)

male: 40.5% (2020 est.)

female: 39.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Seychellestotal: 20.2% (2020 est.)

male: 34% (2020 est.)

female: 6.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leonetotal: 13.5% (2020 est.)

male: 20.5% (2020 est.)

female: 6.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Singaporetotal: 16.5% (2020 est.)

male: 28% (2020 est.)

female: 5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Slovakiatotal: 31.5% (2020 est.)

male: 37.4% (2020 est.)

female: 25.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Sloveniatotal: 22% (2020 est.)

male: 24.4% (2020 est.)

female: 19.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islandstotal: 36.5% (2020 est.)

male: 53.8% (2020 est.)

female: 19.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: South Africatotal: 20.3% (2020 est.)

male: 34% (2020 est.)

female: 6.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Spaintotal: 27.7% (2020 est.)

male: 28.6% (2020 est.)

female: 26.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Sri Lankatotal: 22% (2020 est.)

male: 41.4% (2020 est.)

female: 2.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Swedentotal: 24% (2020 est.)

male: 29.8% (2020 est.)

female: 18.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Switzerlandtotal: 25.5% (2020 est.)

male: 28.1% (2020 est.)

female: 22.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Tanzaniatotal: 8.7% (2020 est.)

male: 14% (2020 est.)

female: 3.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Thailandtotal: 22.1% (2020 est.)

male: 41.3% (2020 est.)

female: 2.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Timor-Lestetotal: 39.2% (2020 est.)

male: 67.6% (2020 est.)

female: 10.8% (2020 est.)

Topic: Togototal: 6.8% (2020 est.)

male: 12.3% (2020 est.)

female: 1.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Tongatotal: 31% (2020 est.)

male: 46.7% (2020 est.)

female: 15.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Tunisiatotal: 24.6% (2020 est.)

male: 47.2% (2020 est.)

female: 2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)total: 30.7% (2020 est.)

male: 42.1% (2020 est.)

female: 19.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistantotal: 5.5% (2020 est.)

male: 10.6% (2020 est.)

female: 0.4% (2020 est.)

Topic: Tuvalutotal: 35.6% (2020 est.)

male: 49.8% (2020 est.)

female: 21.3% (2020 est.)

Topic: Ugandatotal: 8.4% (2020 est.)

male: 13% (2020 est.)

female: 3.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Ukrainetotal: 25.8% (2020 est.)

male: 40% (2020 est.)

female: 11.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: United Kingdomtotal: 15.4% (2020 est.)

male: 17.3% (2020 est.)

female: 13.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: United Statestotal: 23% (2020 est.)

male: 28.4% (2020 est.)

female: 17.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Uruguaytotal: 21.5% (2020 est.)

male: 24.4% (2020 est.)

female: 18.5% (2020 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistantotal: 17.6% (2020 est.)

male: 34% (2020 est.)

female: 1.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Vanuatutotal: 17.8% (2020 est.)

male: 33% (2020 est.)

female: 2.6% (2020 est.)

Topic: Vietnamtotal: 24.8% (2020 est.)

male: 47.4% (2020 est.)

female: 2.2% (2020 est.)

Topic: Yementotal: 20.3% (2020 est.)

male: 32.5% (2020 est.)

female: 8.1% (2020 est.)

Topic: Zambiatotal: 14.4% (2020 est.)

male: 25.1% (2020 est.)

female: 3.7% (2020 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwetotal: 11.7% (2020 est.)

male: 21.8% (2020 est.)

female: 1.5% (2020 est.)