This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea.

Topic: Afghanistan0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Akrotiri56.3 km

Topic: Albania362 km

Topic: Algeria998 km

Topic: American Samoa116 km

Topic: Andorra0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Angola1,600 km

Topic: Anguilla61 km

Topic: Antarctica17,968 km

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda153 km

Topic: Arctic Ocean45,389 km

Topic: Argentina4,989 km

Topic: Armenia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Aruba68.5 km

Topic: Ashmore and Cartier Islands74.1 km

Topic: Atlantic Ocean111,866 km

Topic: Australia25,760 km

Topic: Austria0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Azerbaijan0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)

Topic: Bahamas, The3,542 km

Topic: Bahrain161 km

Topic: Bangladesh580 km

Topic: Barbados97 km

Topic: Belarus0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Belgium66.5 km

Topic: Belize386 km

Topic: Benin121 km

Topic: Bermuda103 km

Topic: Bhutan0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Bolivia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina20 km

Topic: Botswana0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Bouvet Island29.6 km

Topic: Brazil7,491 km

Topic: British Indian Ocean Territory698 km

Topic: British Virgin Islands80 km

Topic: Brunei161 km

Topic: Bulgaria354 km

Topic: Burkina Faso0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Burma1,930 km

Topic: Burundi0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Cabo Verde965 km

Topic: Cambodia443 km

Topic: Cameroon402 km

Topic: Canada202,080 km

note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

Topic: Cayman Islands160 km

Topic: Central African Republic0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Chad0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Chile6,435 km

Topic: China14,500 km

Topic: Christmas Island138.9 km

Topic: Clipperton Island11.1 km

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islands26 km

Topic: Colombia3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)

Topic: Comoros340 km

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the37 km

Topic: Congo, Republic of the169 km

Topic: Cook Islands120 km

Topic: Coral Sea Islands3,095 km

Topic: Costa Rica1,290 km

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire515 km

Topic: Croatia5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Topic: Cuba3,735 km

Topic: Curacao364 km

Topic: Cyprus648 km

Topic: Czechia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Denmark7,314 km

Topic: Dhekelia27.5 km

Topic: Djibouti314 km

Topic: Dominica148 km

Topic: Dominican Republic1,288 km

Topic: Ecuador2,237 km

Topic: Egypt2,450 km

Topic: El Salvador307 km

Topic: Equatorial Guinea296 km

Topic: Eritrea2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)

Topic: Estonia3,794 km

Topic: Eswatini0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Ethiopia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: European Union53,563.9 km

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)1,288 km

Topic: Faroe Islands1,117 km

Topic: Fiji1,129 km

Topic: Finland1,250 km

Topic: France4,853 km

metropolitan France: 3,427 km

Topic: French Polynesia2,525 km

Topic: French Southern and Antarctic LandsIle Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): 28 km
 Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):
 Iles Kerguelen: 2,800 km
 Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km
 Europa Island (Iles Eparses): 22.2 km
 Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km
 Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): 24.1 km
 Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): 3.7 km

Topic: Gabon885 km

Topic: Gambia, The80 km

Topic: Gaza Strip40 km

Topic: Georgia310 km

Topic: Germany2,389 km

Topic: Ghana539 km

Topic: Gibraltar12 km

Topic: Greece13,676 km

Topic: Greenland44,087 km

Topic: Grenada121 km

Topic: Guam125.5 km

Topic: Guatemala400 km

Topic: Guernsey50 km

Topic: Guinea320 km

Topic: Guinea-Bissau350 km

Topic: Guyana459 km

Topic: Haiti1,771 km

Topic: Heard Island and McDonald Islands101.9 km

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Honduras823 km (Caribbean Sea 669 km, Gulf of Fonseca 163 km)

Topic: Hong Kong733 km

Topic: Hungary0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Iceland4,970 km

Topic: India7,000 km

Topic: Indian Ocean66,526 km

Topic: Indonesia54,716 km

Topic: Iran2,440 km - note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Topic: Iraq58 km

Topic: Ireland1,448 km

Topic: Isle of Man160 km

Topic: Israel273 km

Topic: Italy7,600 km

Topic: Jamaica1,022 km

Topic: Jan Mayen124.1 km

Topic: Japan29,751 km

Topic: Jersey70 km

Topic: Jordan26 km

Topic: Kazakhstan0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Topic: Kenya536 km

Topic: Kiribati1,143 km

Topic: Korea, North2,495 km

Topic: Korea, South2,413 km

Topic: Kosovo0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Kuwait499 km

Topic: Kyrgyzstan0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Laos0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Latvia498 km

Topic: Lebanon225 km

Topic: Lesotho0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Liberia579 km

Topic: Libya1,770 km

Topic: Liechtenstein0 km (doubly landlocked)

Topic: Lithuania90 km

Topic: Luxembourg0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Macau41 km

Topic: Madagascar4,828 km

Topic: Malawi0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Malaysia4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)

Topic: Maldives644 km

Topic: Mali0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Malta196.8 km (excludes 56 km for the island of Gozo)

Topic: Marshall Islands370.4 km

Topic: Mauritania754 km

Topic: Mauritius177 km

Topic: Mexico9,330 km

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of6,112 km

Topic: Moldova0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Monaco4.1 km

Topic: Mongolia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Montenegro293.5 km

Topic: Montserrat40 km

Topic: Morocco2,945 km

Topic: Mozambique2,470 km

Topic: Namibia1,572 km

Topic: Nauru30 km

Topic: Navassa Island8 km

Topic: Nepal0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Netherlands451 km

Topic: New Caledonia2,254 km

Topic: New Zealand15,134 km

Topic: Nicaragua910 km

Topic: Niger0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Nigeria853 km

Topic: Niue64 km

Topic: Norfolk Island32 km

Topic: North Macedonia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands1,482 km

Topic: Norway25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)

Topic: Oman2,092 km

Topic: Pacific Ocean135,663 km

Topic: Pakistan1,046 km

Topic: Palau1,519 km

Topic: Panama2,490 km

Topic: Papua New Guinea5,152 km

Topic: Paracel Islands518 km

Topic: Paraguay0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Peru2,414 km

Topic: Philippines36,289 km

Topic: Pitcairn Islands51 km

Topic: Poland440 km

Topic: Portugal1,793 km

Topic: Puerto Rico501 km

Topic: Qatar563 km

Topic: Romania225 km

Topic: Russia37,653 km

Topic: Rwanda0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaSaint Helena: 60 km
 Ascension Island: NA
 Tristan da Cunha (island only): 34 km

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis135 km

Topic: Saint Lucia158 km

Topic: Saint Martin58.9 km (for entire island)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon120 km

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines84 km

Topic: Samoa403 km

Topic: San Marino0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe209 km

Topic: Saudi Arabia2,640 km

Topic: Senegal531 km

Topic: Serbia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Seychelles491 km

Topic: Sierra Leone402 km

Topic: Singapore193 km

Topic: Sint Maarten58.9 km (for entire island)

Topic: Slovakia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Slovenia46.6 km

Topic: Solomon Islands5,313 km

Topic: Somalia3,025 km

Topic: South Africa2,798 km

Topic: South Georgia and South Sandwich IslandsNA

Topic: South Sudan0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Southern Ocean17,968 km

Topic: Spain4,964 km

Topic: Spratly Islands926 km

Topic: Sri Lanka1,340 km

Topic: Sudan853 km

Topic: Suriname386 km

Topic: Svalbard3,587 km

Topic: Sweden3,218 km

Topic: Switzerland0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Syria193 km

Topic: Taiwan1,566.3 km

Topic: Tajikistan0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Tanzania1,424 km

Topic: Thailand3,219 km

Topic: Timor-Leste706 km

Topic: Togo56 km

Topic: Tokelau101 km

Topic: Tonga419 km

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago362 km

Topic: Tunisia1,148 km

Topic: Turkey7,200 km

Topic: Turkmenistan0 km (landlocked); note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands389 km

Topic: Tuvalu24 km

Topic: Uganda0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Ukraine2,782 km

Topic: United Arab Emirates1,318 km

Topic: United Kingdom12,429 km

Topic: United States19,924 km

Topic: United States Pacific Island Wildlife RefugesBaker Island: 4.8 km
 Howland Island: 6.4 km
 Jarvis Island: 8 km
 Johnston Atoll: 34 km
 Kingman Reef: 3 km
 Midway Islands: 15 km
 Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km

Topic: Uruguay660 km

Topic: Uzbekistan0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Topic: Vanuatu2,528 km

Topic: Venezuela2,800 km

Topic: Vietnam3,444 km (excludes islands)

Topic: Virgin Islands188 km

Topic: Wake Island19.3 km

Topic: Wallis and Futuna129 km

Topic: West Bank0 km (landlocked)

Topic: World356,000 km

note: 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cabo Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Taiwan, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna

Topic: Yemen1,906 km

Topic: Zambia0 km (landlocked)

Topic: Zimbabwe0 km (landlocked)


This entry lists major ports and terminals primarily on the basis of the amount of cargo tonnage shipped through the facilities on an annual basis. In some instances, the number of containers handled or ship visits were also considered. Most ports service multiple classes of vessels including bulk carriers (dry and liquid), break bulk cargoes (goods loaded individually in bags, boxes, crates, or drums; sometimes palletized), containers, roll-on/roll-off, and passenger ships. The listing leads off with major seaports handling all types of cargo. Inland river/lake ports are listed separately along with the river or lake name. Ports configured specifically to handle bulk cargoes are designated as oil terminals or dry bulk cargo ports. LNG terminals handle liquefied natural gas (LNG) and are differentiated as either export, where the gas is chilled to a liquid state to reduce its volume for transport on specialized gas carriers, or import, where the off-loaded LNG undergoes a regasification process before entering pipelines for distribution. As break bulk cargoes are largely transported by containers today, the entry also includes a listing of major container ports with the corresponding throughput measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) referring to a standard container size. Some ports are significant for handling passenger traffic and are listed as cruise/ferry ports. In addition to commercial traffic, many seaports also provide important military infrastructure such as naval bases or dockyards.

Topic: Afghanistanriver port(s): Hairatan, Qizil Qal`ah (Amu Darya)

Topic: Albaniamajor seaport(s): Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Topic: Algeriamajor seaport(s): Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda

LNG terminal(s) (export): Arzew, Bethioua, Skikda

Topic: American Samoamajor seaport(s): Pago Pago

Topic: Angolamajor seaport(s): Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Namibe

LNG terminal(s) (export): Angola Soyo

Topic: Anguillamajor seaport(s): Blowing Point, Road Bay

Topic: Antarcticamost coastal stations have sparse and intermittent offshore anchorages; a few stations have basic wharf facilities

Topic: Antigua and Barbudamajor seaport(s): Saint John's

Topic: Arctic Oceanmajor seaport(s): Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Topic: Argentinamajor seaport(s): Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, La Plata, Punta Colorada, Ushuaia

container port(s) (TEUs): Buenos Aires (1,485,328) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Bahia Blanca

river port(s): Arroyo Seco, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin (Parana)

Topic: Arubamajor seaport(s): Barcadera, Oranjestad

oil terminal(s): Sint Nicolaas

cruise port(s): Oranjestad

Topic: Ashmore and Cartier Islandsnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Atlantic Oceanmajor seaport(s): Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Stockholm (Sweden)

Topic: Australiamajor seaport(s):
Indian Ocean: Adelaide, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Melbourne
Pacific Ocean: Brisbane, Cairns, Gladstone, Hobart, Newcastle, Port Port Kembla, Sydney

container port(s) (TEUs): Melbourne (2,967,315), Sydney (2,572,714) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Australia Pacific, Barrow Island, Burrup (Pluto), Curtis Island, Darwin, Karratha, Bladin Point (Ichthys), Gladstone, Prelude (offshore FLNG), Wheatstone

dry bulk cargo port(s): Dampier (iron ore), Dalrymple Bay (coal), Hay Point (coal), Port Hedland (iron ore), Port Walcott (iron ore)

Topic: Austriariver port(s): Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna (Danube)

Topic: Azerbaijanmajor seaport(s): Baku (Baki) located on the Caspian Sea

Topic: Bahamas, Themajor seaport(s): Freeport, Nassau, South Riding Point

cruise port(s): Nassau

container port(s) (TEUs): Freeport (1,396,568) (2019)

Topic: Bahrainmajor seaport(s): Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Topic: Bangladeshmajor seaport(s): Chattogram (Chittagong)

container port(s) (TEUs): Chattogram (Chittagong) (3,088,187) (2019)

river port(s): Mongla Port (Sela River)

Topic: Barbadosmajor seaport(s): Bridgetown

Topic: Belarusriver port(s): Mazyr (Prypyats')

Topic: Belgiummajor seaport(s): Oostende, Zeebrugge

container port(s) (TEUs): Antwerp (11,860,204) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Zeebrugge

river port(s): Antwerp, Gent (Schelde River)

Brussels (Senne River) Liege (Meuse River)

Topic: Belizemajor seaport(s): Belize City, Big Creek

Topic: Beninmajor seaport(s): Cotonou

LNG terminal(s) (import): Cotonou

Topic: Bermudamajor seaport(s): Hamilton, Ireland Island, Saint George

Topic: Boliviariver port(s): Puerto Aguirre (Paraguay/Parana)

note: Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinariver port(s): Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)

Topic: Bouvet Islandnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Brazilmajor seaport(s): Belem, Itajai, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Sao Sebastiao, Tubarao

oil terminal(s): DTSE/Gegua oil terminal, Ilha Grande (Gebig), Guaiba Island terminal, Guamare oil terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Itajai (1,223,262), Paranagua (865,110), Santos (4,165,248) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Pecem, Rio de Janiero

river port(s): Manaus (Amazon)

dry bulk cargo port(s): Sepetiba ore terminal, Tubarao

Topic: British Indian Ocean Territorymajor seaport(s): Diego Garcia

Topic: British Virgin Islandsmajor seaport(s): Road Harbor

Topic: Bruneimajor seaport(s): Muara

oil terminal(s): Lumut, Seria

LNG terminal(s) (export): Lumut

Topic: Bulgariamajor seaport(s): Burgas, Varna (Black Sea)

Topic: Burmamajor seaport(s): Mawlamyine (Moulmein), Sittwe

river port(s): Rangoon (Yangon) (Rangoon River)

Topic: Burundilake port(s): Bujumbura (Lake Tanganyika)

Topic: Cabo Verdemajor seaport(s): Porto Grande

Topic: Cambodiamajor seaport(s): Sihanoukville (Kampong Saom)

river port(s): Phnom Penh (Mekong)

Topic: Cameroonoil terminal(s): Limboh Terminal

river port(s): Douala (Wouri)

Garoua (Benoue)

Topic: Canadamajor seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver

oil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Montreal (1,745,244), Vancouver (3,398,860) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John

river and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)

dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),

Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)

Topic: Cayman Islandsmajor seaport(s): Cayman Brac, George Town

Topic: Central African Republicriver port(s): Bangui (Oubangui)

Nola (Sangha)

Topic: Chilemajor seaport(s): Coronel, Huasco, Lirquen, Puerto Ventanas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Valparaiso

container port(s) (TEUs): San Antonio (1,709,635), Valparaiso (898,715) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Mejillones, Quintero

Topic: Chinamajor seaport(s): Dalian, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin

container port(s) (TEUs): Dalian (8,760,000), Guangzhou (23,236,200), Ningbo (27,530,000), Qingdao (21,010,000), Shanghai (43,303,000), Shenzhen (25,770,000), Tianjin (17,264,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanghai, Tangshan, Zhejiang

river port(s): Guangzhou (Pearl)

Topic: Christmas Islandmajor seaport(s): Flying Fish Cove

Topic: Clipperton Islandnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islandsmajor seaport(s): Port Refuge

Topic: Colombiamajor seaport(s): Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Cartagena, Santa Marta, Turbo
Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura

oil terminal(s): Covenas offshore terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Buenaventura (1,121,267), Cartagena (2,995,031) (2019)

river port(s): Barranquilla (Rio Magdalena)

dry bulk cargo port(s): Puerto Bolivar (coal)

Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura

Topic: Comorosmajor seaport(s): Moroni, Moutsamoudou

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of themajor seaport(s): Banana

river or lake port(s): Boma, Bumba, Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka (Congo); Kindu (Lualaba); Bukavu, Goma (Lake Kivu); Kalemie (Lake Tanganyika)

Topic: Congo, Republic of themajor seaport(s): Pointe-Noire

oil terminal(s): Djeno

river port(s): Brazzaville (Congo)

Impfondo (Oubangui) Ouesso (Sangha) Oyo (Alima)

Topic: Cook Islandsmajor seaport(s): Avatiu

Topic: Coral Sea Islandsnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Costa Ricamajor seaport(s): Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Puerto Limon

Pacific Ocean - Caldera

Topic: Cote d'Ivoiremajor seaport(s): Abidjan, San-Pedro

oil terminal(s): Espoir Offshore Terminal

Topic: Croatiamajor seaport(s): Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split

oil terminal(s): Omisalj

river port(s): Vukovar (Danube)

Topic: Cubamajor seaport(s): Antilla, Cienfuegos, Guantanamo, Havana, Matanzas, Mariel, Nuevitas Bay, Santiago de Cuba

Topic: Curacaomajor seaport(s): Willemstad

oil terminal(s): Bullen Baai (Curacao Terminal)

bulk cargo port(s): Fuik Bay (phosphate rock)

Topic: Cyprusmajor seaport(s): area under government control: Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos

area administered by Turkish Cypriots: Famagusta, Kyrenia

Topic: Czechiariver port(s): Prague (Vltava)

Decin, Usti nad Labem (Elbe)

Topic: Denmarkmajor seaport(s): Baltic Sea - Aarhus, Copenhagen, Fredericia, Kalundborg

cruise port(s): Copenhagen

river port(s): Aalborg (Langerak)

dry bulk cargo port(s): Ensted (coal)

North Sea - Esbjerg,

Topic: Djiboutimajor seaport(s): Djibouti

Topic: Dominicamajor seaport(s): Portsmouth, Roseau

Topic: Dominican Republicmajor seaport(s): Puerto Haina, Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo

oil terminal(s): Punta Nizao oil terminal

LNG terminal(s) (import): Andres LNG terminal (Boca Chica)

Topic: Ecuadormajor seaport(s): Esmeraldas, Manta, Puerto Bolivar

container port(s) (TEUs): Guayaquil (1,680,751) (2019)

river port(s): Guayaquil (Guayas)

Topic: Egyptmajor seaport(s): Mediterranean Sea - Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said

oil terminal(s): Ain Sukhna terminal, Sidi Kerir terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Port Said (East) (3,816,084) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Damietta, Idku (Abu Qir Bay)

Gulf of Suez - Suez

Topic: El Salvadormajor seaport(s): Puerto Cutuco

oil terminal(s): Acajutla offshore terminal

Topic: Equatorial Guineamajor seaport(s): Bata, Luba, Malabo

LNG terminal(s) (export): Bioko Island

Topic: Eritreamajor seaport(s): Assab, Massawa

Topic: Estoniamajor seaport(s): Kuivastu, Kunda, Muuga, Parnu Reid, Sillamae, Tallinn

Topic: EthiopiaEthiopia is landlocked and uses the ports of Djibouti in Djibouti and Berbera in Somalia

Topic: European Unionmajor port(s): Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Braila (Romania), Bremen (Germany), Burgas (Bulgaria), Constanta (Romania), Copenhagen (Denmark), Galati (Romania), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), Marseille (France), Naples (Italy), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Riga (Latvia), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Split (Croatia), Stockholm (Sweden), Talinn (Estonia), Tulcea (Romania), Varna (Bulgaria)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)major seaport(s): Stanley

Topic: Faroe Islandsmajor seaport(s): Fuglafjordur, Torshavn, Vagur

Topic: Fijimajor seaport(s): Lautoka, Levuka, Suva

Topic: Finlandmajor seaport(s): Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Porvoo, Raahe, Rauma

Topic: Francemajor seaport(s):
Atlantic Ocean: Brest, Calais, Dunkerque, Le Havre, Nantes
Mediterranean Sea: Marseille

container port(s) (TEUs): Le Havre (2,822,910) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Fos Cavaou, Fos Tonkin, Montoir de Bretagne

river port(s): Bordeaux (Garronne); Nantes - Saint Nazaire (Loire); Paris, Rouen (Seine); Strasbourg (Rhine)

cruise/ferry port(s): Calais, Cherbourg, Le Havre

Topic: French Polynesiamajor seaport(s): Papeete

Topic: French Southern and Antarctic Landsnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Gabonmajor seaport(s): Libreville, Owendo, Port-Gentil

oil terminal(s): Gamba, Lucina

Topic: Gambia, Themajor seaport(s): Banjul

Topic: Gaza Stripmajor seaport(s): Gaza

Topic: Georgiamajor seaport(s): Black Sea - Bat'umi, P'ot'i

Topic: Germanymajor seaport(s):
Baltic Sea: Kiel, Rostock
North Sea: Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Emden, Hamburg, Wilhelmshaven

oil terminal(s): Brunsbuttel Canal terminals

container port(s) (TEUs): Bremen/Bremerhaven (4,856,900), Hamburg (9,274,215) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Hamburg

river port(s): Bremen (Weser); Bremerhaven (Geeste); Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Neuss-Dusseldorf (Rhine); Lubeck (Wakenitz); Brunsbuttel, Hamburg (Elbe)

Topic: Ghanamajor seaport(s): Takoradi, Tema

Topic: Gibraltarmajor seaport(s): Gibraltar

Topic: Greecemajor seaport(s): Aspropyrgos, Pachi, Piraeus, Thessaloniki

oil terminal(s): Agioi Theodoroi

container port(s) (TEUs): Piraeus (5,648,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Revithoussa

Topic: Greenlandmajor seaport(s): Sisimiut

Topic: Grenadamajor seaport(s): Saint George's

Topic: Guammajor seaport(s): Apra Harbor

Topic: Guatemalamajor seaport(s): Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla

Topic: Guernseymajor seaport(s): Braye Bay, Saint Peter Port

Topic: Guineamajor seaport(s): Conakry, Kamsar

Topic: Guinea-Bissaumajor seaport(s): Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim

Topic: Guyanamajor seaport(s): Georgetown

Topic: Haitimajor seaport(s): Cap-Haitien, Gonaives, Jacmel, Port-au-Prince

Topic: Heard Island and McDonald Islandsnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Hondurasmajor seaport(s): La Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela

Topic: Hong Kongmajor seaport(s): Hong Kong

container port(s) (TEUs): Hong Kong (18,361,000) (2019)

Topic: Hungaryriver port(s): Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)

Topic: Icelandmajor seaport(s): Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Reykjavik

Topic: Indiamajor seaport(s): Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam

container port(s) (TEUs): Jawaharal Nehru Port (5,100,891), Mundra (4,732,699) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Dabhol, Dahej, Hazira

Topic: Indian Oceanmajor seaport(s): Chennai (Madras, India); Colombo (Sri Lanka); Durban (South Africa); Jakarta (Indonesia); Kolkata (Calcutta, India); Melbourne (Australia); Mumbai (Bombay, India); Richards Bay (South Africa)

Topic: Indonesiamajor seaport(s): Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

container port(s) (TEUs): Tanjung Perak (3,900,000), Tanjung Priok (7,600,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Bontang, Tangguh

LNG terminal(s) (import): Arun, Lampung, West Java

Topic: Iranmajor seaport(s): Bandar-e Asaluyeh, Bandar Abbas, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni

container port(s) (TEUs): Bandar Abbas

Topic: Iraqriver port(s): Al Basrah (Shatt al Arab); Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr (Khawr az Zubayr waterway)

Topic: Irelandmajor seaport(s): Dublin, Shannon Foynes

cruise port(s): Cork (250,000), Dublin (359,966) (2020)

container port(s) (TEUs): Dublin (529,563) (2016)

river port(s): Cork (Lee), Waterford (Suir)

Topic: Isle of Manmajor seaport(s): Douglas, Ramsey

Topic: Israelmajor seaport(s): Ashdod, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa

container port(s) (TEUs): Ashdod (1,584,000) (2019)

Topic: Italymajor seaport(s): Augusta, Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice

oil terminal(s): Melilli (Santa Panagia) oil terminal, Sarroch oil terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Genoa (2,621,472), Gioia Tauro (2,523,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): La Spezia, Panigaglia, Porto Levante

Topic: Jamaicamajor seaport(s): Discovery Bay (Port Rhoades), Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Rocky Point

container port(s) (TEUs): Kingston (1,647,609) (2019)

Topic: Jan Mayennone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Japanmajor seaport(s): Chiba, Kawasaki, Kobe, Mizushima, Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Tomakomai, Yokohama

container port(s) (TEUs): Kobe (2,871,642), Nagoya (2,844,004), Osaka (2,456,028), Tokyo (4,510,000), Yokohama (2,990,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Chita, Fukwoke, Futtsu, Hachinone, Hakodate, Hatsukaichi, Higashi Ohgishima, Higashi Niigata, Himeiji, Joetsu, Kagoshima, Kawagoe, Kita Kyushu, Mizushima, Nagasaki, Naoetsu, Negishi, Ohgishima, Oita, Sakai, Sakaide, Senboku, Shimizu, Shin Minato, Sodegaura, Tobata, Yanai, Yokkaichi

Okinawa - Nakagusuku

Topic: Jerseymajor seaport(s): Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier

Topic: Jordanmajor seaport(s): Al 'Aqabah

Topic: Kazakhstanmajor seaport(s): Caspian Sea - Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev)

river port(s): Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk) (Irtysh River)

Topic: Kenyamajor seaport(s): Kisumu, Mombasa

LNG terminal(s) (import): Mombasa

Topic: Kiribatimajor seaport(s): Betio (Tarawa Atoll), Canton Island, English Harbor

Topic: Korea, Northmajor seaport(s): Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Wonsan

Topic: Korea, Southmajor seaport(s): Busan, Incheon, Gunsan, Kwangyang, Mokpo, Pohang, Ulsan, Yeosu

container port(s) (TEUs): Busan (21,992,001), Incheon (3,091,955), Kwangyang (2,378,337) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Incheon, Kwangyang, Pyeongtaek, Samcheok, Tongyeong, Yeosu

Topic: Kuwaitmajor seaport(s): Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Az Zawr (Mina' Sa'ud), Mina' 'Abd Allah, Mina' al Ahmadi

Topic: Kyrgyzstanlake port(s): Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)(Lake Ysyk-Kol)

Topic: Latviamajor seaport(s): Riga, Ventspils

Topic: Lebanonmajor seaport(s): Beirut, Tripoli

container port(s) (TEUs): Beirut (1,229,100) (2019)

Topic: Liberiamajor seaport(s): Buchanan, Monrovia

Topic: Libyamajor seaport(s): Marsa al Burayqah (Marsa el Brega), Tripoli

oil terminal(s): Az Zawiyah, Ra's Lanuf

LNG terminal(s) (export): Marsa el Brega

Topic: Lithuaniamajor seaport(s): Klaipeda

oil terminal(s): Butinge oil terminal

LNG terminal(s) (import): Klaipeda

Topic: Luxembourgriver port(s): Mertert (Moselle)

Topic: Macaumajor seaport(s): Macau

Topic: Madagascarmajor seaport(s): Antsiranana (Diego Suarez), Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara (Tulear)

Topic: Malawilake port(s): Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba (Lake Nyasa)

Topic: Malaysiamajor seaport(s): Bintulu, Johor Bahru, George Town (Penang), Pelabuhan Klang (Port Klang), Tanjung Pelepas

container port(s) (TEUs): Port Kelang (Port Klang) (13,580,717), Tanjung Pelepas (9,100,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Bintulu (Sarawak)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Sungei Udang

Topic: Maldivesmajor seaport(s): Male

Topic: Maliriver port(s): Koulikoro (Niger)

Topic: Maltamajor seaport(s): Marsaxlokk (Malta Freeport), Valletta

container port(s) (TEUs): Marsaxlokk (2,722,889) (2019)

Topic: Marshall Islandsmajor seaport(s): Enitwetak Island, Kwajalein, Majuro

Topic: Mauritaniamajor seaport(s): Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

Topic: Mauritiusmajor seaport(s): Port Louis

Topic: Mexicomajor seaport(s): Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Veracruz

oil terminal(s): Cayo Arcas terminal, Dos Bocas terminal

cruise port(s): Cancun, Cozumel, Ensenada

container port(s) (TEUs): Lazaro Cardenas (1,318,732), Manzanillo (3,069,189), Veracruz (1,144,156) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Altamira, Ensenada

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States ofmajor seaport(s): Colonia (Tamil Harbor), Molsron Lele Harbor, Pohnepi Harbor

Topic: Monacomajor seaport(s): Hercules Port

Topic: Montenegromajor seaport(s): Bar

Topic: Montserratmajor seaport(s): Little Bay, Plymouth

Topic: Moroccomajor seaport(s): Ad Dakhla, Agadir, Casablanca, Jorf Lasfar, Laayoune (El Aaiun), Mohammedia, Safi, Tangier

container port(s) (TEUs): Tangier (4,801,713) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Jorf Lasfar (planned)

Topic: Mozambiquemajor seaport(s): Beira, Maputo, Nacala

Topic: Namibiamajor seaport(s): Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Topic: Naurumajor seaport(s): Nauru

Topic: Navassa Islandnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Netherlandsmajor seaport(s): IJmuiden, Vlissingen

container port(s) (TEUs): Rotterdam (14,810,804) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Rotterdam

river port(s): Amsterdam (Nordsee Kanaal); Moerdijk (Hollands Diep River); Rotterdam (Rhine River); Terneuzen (Western Scheldt River)

Topic: New Caledoniamajor seaport(s): Noumea

Topic: New Zealandmajor seaport(s): Auckland, Lyttelton, Manukau Harbor, Marsden Point, Tauranga, Wellington

Topic: Nicaraguamajor seaport(s): Bluefields, Corinto

Topic: Nigeriamajor seaport(s): Bonny Inshore Terminal, Calabar, Lagos

oil terminal(s): Bonny Terminal, Brass Terminal, Escravos Terminal, Forcados Terminal, Pennington Terminal, Qua Iboe Terminal

LNG terminal(s) (export): Bonny Island

Topic: Niuemajor seaport(s): Alofi

Topic: Norfolk Islandmajor seaport(s): Kingston

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandsmajor seaport(s): Saipan, Tinian, Rota

Topic: Norwaymajor seaport(s): Bergen, Haugesund, Maaloy, Mongstad, Narvik, Sture

LNG terminal(s) (export): Kamoy, Kollsnes, Melkoya Island

LNG terminal(s) (import): Fredrikstad, Mosjoen

Topic: Omanmajor seaport(s): Mina' Qabus, Salalah, Suhar

container port(s) (TEUs): Salalah (4,109,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Qalhat

Topic: Pacific Oceanmajor seaport(s): Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong (China), Kao-hsiung (Taiwan), Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Topic: Pakistanmajor seaport(s): Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim

container port(s) (TEUs): Karachi (2,097,855) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Port Qasim

Topic: Palaumajor seaport(s): Koror

Topic: Panamamajor seaport(s): Balboa, Colon, Cristobal

container port(s) (TEUs): Balboa (2,894,654), Colon (4,379,477) (2019)

Topic: Papua New Guineamajor seaport(s): Kimbe, Lae, Madang, Rabaul, Wewak

LNG terminal(s) (export): Port Moresby

Topic: Paracel Islandssmall Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island

Topic: Paraguayriver port(s): Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion (Parana)

Topic: Perumajor seaport(s): Callao, Matarani, Paita

oil terminal(s): Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Callao (2,313,907) (2019)

river port(s): Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon)

Topic: Philippinesmajor seaport(s): Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Liman, Manila

container port(s) (TEUs): Manila (5,315,500) (2019)

Topic: Pitcairn Islandsmajor seaport(s): Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)

Topic: Polandmajor seaport(s): Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie

container port(s) (TEUs): Gdansk (2,073,215) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Swinoujscie

river port(s): Szczecin (River Oder)

Topic: Portugalmajor seaport(s): Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines

container port(s) (TEUs): Sines (1,420,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Sines

Topic: Puerto Ricomajor seaport(s): Ensenada Honda, Mayaguez, Playa de Guayanilla, Playa de Ponce, San Juan

container port(s) (TEUs): San Juan (2,142,662) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Guayanilla Bay

Topic: Qatarmajor seaport(s): Doha, Musay'id, Ra's Laffan

LNG terminal(s) (export): Ras Laffan

Topic: Romaniamajor seaport(s): Constanta, Midia

river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

Topic: Russiamajor seaport(s):
Arctic Ocean: Arkhangelsk, Murmansk
Baltic Sea: Kaliningrad, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg
Black Sea: Novorossiysk
Pacific Ocean: Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vostochnyy

oil terminal(s): Kavkaz oil terminal, Primorsk

container port(s) (TEUs): Saint Petersburg (2,221,724) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Sabetta, Sakhalin Island

river port(s): Astrakhan, Kazan (Volga River); Rostov-on-Don (Don River); Saint Petersburg (Neva River)

Topic: Rwandalake port(s): Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye (Lake Kivu)

Topic: Saint Barthelemymajor seaport(s): Gustavia

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunhamajor seaport(s): Saint Helena

Saint Helena: Jamestown

Ascension Island: Georgetown

Tristan da Cunha: Calshot Harbor (Edinburgh)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevismajor seaport(s): Basseterre, Charlestown

Topic: Saint Luciamajor seaport(s): Castries, Cul-de-Sac, Vieux-Fort

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelonmajor seaport(s): Saint-Pierre

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesmajor seaport(s): Kingstown

Topic: Samoamajor seaport(s): Apia

Topic: Sao Tome and Principemajor seaport(s): Sao Tome

Topic: Saudi Arabiamajor seaport(s): Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jeddah, King Abdulla, Yanbu'

container port(s) (TEUs): Ad Dammam (1,822,642), Jeddah (4,433,991), King Abdulla (2,020,683) (2019)

Topic: Senegalmajor seaport(s): Dakar

Topic: Serbiariver port(s): Belgrade (Danube)

Topic: Seychellesmajor seaport(s): Victoria

Topic: Sierra Leonemajor seaport(s): Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands

Topic: Singaporemajor seaport(s): Singapore

container port(s) (TEUs): Singapore (37,195,636) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Singapore

Topic: Sint Maartenmajor seaport(s): Philipsburg

oil terminal(s): Coles Bay oil terminal

Topic: Slovakiariver port(s): Bratislava, Komarno (Danube)

Topic: Sloveniamajor seaport(s): Koper

Topic: Solomon Islandsmajor seaport(s): Honiara, Malloco Bay, Viru Harbor, Tulagi

Topic: Somaliamajor seaport(s): Berbera, Kismaayo

Topic: South Africamajor seaport(s): Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay

container port(s) (TEUs): Durban (2,769,869) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Mossel Bay

Topic: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islandsmajor seaport(s): Grytviken

Topic: Southern Oceanmajor seaport(s): McMurdo, Palmer, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica

note: few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most to short periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without icebreaker escort; most Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to commercial or private vessels

Topic: Spainmajor seaport(s):
Atlantic Ocean: Bilbao, Huelva; Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (in the Canary Islands)
Mediterranean Sea: Algeciras, Barcelona, Cartagena, Tarragona, Valencia

container port(s) (TEUs): Algeciras (5,125,385), Barcelona (3,324,650), Valencia (5,439,827) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Mugardos, Sagunto

river port(s): Seville (Guadalquivir River)

Topic: Spratly Islandsnone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Sri Lankamajor seaport(s): Colombo

container port(s) (TEUs): Colombo (7,228,337) (2019)

Topic: Sudanmajor seaport(s): Port Sudan

Topic: Surinamemajor seaport(s): Paramaribo, Wageningen

Topic: Svalbardmajor seaport(s): Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Topic: Swedenmajor seaport(s): Brofjorden, Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Stockholm, Trelleborg, Visby

LNG terminal(s) (import): Brunnsviksholme, Lysekil

Topic: Switzerlandriver port(s): Basel (Rhine)

Topic: Syriamajor seaport(s): Baniyas, Latakia, Tartus

Topic: Taiwanmajor seaport(s): Keelung (Chi-lung), Kaohsiung, Hualian, Taichung

container port(s) (TEUs): Kaohsiung (10,428,634), Taichung (1,793,966), Taipei (1,620,392) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Yung An (Kaohsiung), Taichung

Topic: Tanzaniamajor seaport(s): Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar

Topic: Thailandmajor seaport(s): Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Map Ta Phut, Prachuap Port, Si Racha

container port(s) (TEUs): Laem Chabang (8,106,928) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Map Ta Phut

Topic: Timor-Lestemajor seaport(s): Dili

Topic: Togomajor seaport(s): Kpeme, Lome

Topic: Tokelaunone; offshore anchorage only

Topic: Tongamajor seaport(s): Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, Pangai

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagomajor seaport(s): Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port of Spain, Scarborough

oil terminal(s): Galeota Point terminal

LNG terminal(s) (export): Port Fortin

Topic: Tunisiamajor seaport(s): Bizerte, Gabes, Rades, Sfax, Skhira

Topic: Turkeymajor seaport(s): Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mersin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca

container port(s) (TEUs): Ambarli (3,104,882), Mersin (Icel) (1,854,312), Izmet (1,715,193) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Izmir Aliaga, Marmara Ereglisi

Topic: Turkmenistanmajor seaport(s): Caspian Sea - Turkmenbasy

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandsmajor seaport(s): Cockburn Harbour, Grand Turk, Providenciales

Topic: Tuvalumajor seaport(s): Funafuti

Topic: Ugandalake port(s): Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell (Lake Victoria)

Topic: Ukrainemajor seaport(s): Feodosiia, Chornomorsk, Mariupol, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Yuzhne

river port(s): Kherson, Kyiv (Dnieper River), Mykolaiv (Pivdennyy Buh River)

Topic: United Arab Emiratesmajor seaport(s): Al Fujayrah, Mina' Jabal 'Ali (Dubai), Khor Fakkan (Khawr Fakkan) (Sharjah), Mubarraz Island (Abu Dhabi), Mina' Rashid (Dubai), Mina' Saqr (Ra's al Khaymah)

container port(s) (TEUs): Dubai Port (14,111,000) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Das Island

Topic: United Kingdommajor seaport(s): Dover, Felixstowe, Immingham, Liverpool, London, Southampton, Teesport (England); Forth Ports (Scotland); Milford Haven (Wales)

oil terminal(s): Fawley Marine terminal, Liverpool Bay terminal (England); Braefoot Bay terminal, Finnart oil terminal, Hound Point terminal (Scotland)

container port(s) (TEUs): Felixstowe (3,584,000), London (2,790,000), Southampton (1,924,847) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Isle of Grain, Milford Haven, Teesside

Topic: United Statesmajor seaport(s):
Atlantic Ocean: Charleston, Hampton Roads, New York/New Jersey, Savannah
Pacific Ocean: Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oakland, Seattle/Tacoma
Gulf of Mexico: Houston

oil terminal(s): LOOP terminal, Haymark terminal

container port(s) (TEUs): Charleston (2,436,185), Hampton Roads (2,937,962), Houston (2,987,291), Long Beach (7,632,032), Los Angeles (9,337,632), New York/New Jersey (7,471,131), Oakland (2,500,431), Savannah (4,599,177), Seattle/Tacoma (3,775,303) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (export): Cameron (LA), Corpus Christi (TX), Cove Point (MD), Elba Island (GA), Freeport (TX), Sabine Pass (LA)
note - two additional export facilities are under construction and expected to begin commercial operations in 2023-2024

LNG terminal(s) (import): Cove Point (MD), Elba Island (GA), Everett (MA), Freeport (TX), Golden Pass (TX), Hackberry (LA), Lake Charles (LA), Neptune (offshore), Northeast Gateway (offshore), Pascagoula (MS), Sabine Pass (TX)

river port(s): Baton Rouge, Plaquemines, New Orleans (Mississippi River)

cargo ports: Baton Rouge, Corpus Christi, Hampton Roads, Houston, Long Beach, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Plaquemines (LA), Tampa, Texas City

cruise departure ports (passengers): Miami, Port Everglades, Port Canaveral, Seattle, Long Beach

Topic: United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refugesmajor seaport(s): Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands, and Kingman Reef

Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands, and Kingman Reef: none; offshore anchorage only

Johnston Atoll: Johnston Island

Midway Islands: Sand Island

Palmyra Atoll: West Lagoon

Topic: Uruguaymajor seaport(s): Montevideo

Topic: Uzbekistanriver port(s): Termiz (Amu Darya)

Topic: Vanuatumajor seaport(s): Forari Bay, Luganville (Santo, Espiritu Santo), Port-Vila

Topic: Venezuelamajor seaport(s): La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

oil terminal(s): Jose terminal

Topic: Vietnammajor seaport(s): Cam Pha Port, Da Nang, Haiphong, Phu My, Quy Nhon

container port(s) (TEUs): Saigon (7,220,377), Cai Mep (3,742,384), Haiphong (5,133,150) (2019)

river port(s): Ho Chi Minh (Mekong)

Topic: Virgin Islandsmajor seaport(s): Charlotte Amalie, Christiansted, Cruz Bay, Frederiksted, Limetree Bay

Topic: Wake Islandnone; two offshore anchorages for large ships

Topic: Wallis and Futunamajor seaport(s): Leava, Mata-Utu

Topic: Worldtop twenty container ports as measured by Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) throughput: Shanghai (China) - 43,303,000; Singapore (Singapore) - 37,195,636; Ningbo (China) - 27,530,000; Shenzhen (China) - 25,770,000; Guangzhou (China) - 23,236,200; Busan (South Korea) - 21,992,001; Qingdao (China) - 21,010,000; Hong Kong (China) - 18,361,000; Tianjin (China) - 17,264,000; Rotterdam (Netherlands) - 14,810,804; Dubai (UAE) - 14,111,000; Port Kelang (Malaysia) - 13,580,717; Antwerp (Belgium) - 11,860,204; Xiamen (China) - 11,122,200; Kaohsiung (Taiwan) - 10,428,634; Los Angeles (US) - 9,337,632; Hamburg (Germany) - 9,274,215; Tanjung Pelepas (Malaysia) - 9,100,000; Dalian (China) - 8,760,000; Laem Chabang (Thailand) - 8,106,928 (2019)

Topic: Yemenmajor seaport(s): Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla

Topic: Zambiariver port(s): Mpulungu (Zambezi)

Topic: Zimbabweriver port(s): Binga, Kariba (Zambezi)


Topic: Photos of Kenya

Topic: Introduction
Background: Trade centers such as Mombasa have existed along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coastlines, known as the Land of Zanj, since at least the 2nd century. These centers traded with the outside world, including China, India, Indonesia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Persia. By around the 9th century, the mix of Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived and traded there became known as Swahili ("people of the coast") with a distinct language (KiSwahili) and culture. The Portuguese arrived in the 1490s and, using Mombasa as a base, sought to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese were pushed out in the late 1600s by the combined forces of Oman and Pate, an island off the coast. In 1890, Germany and the UK divided up the region, with the UK taking the north and the Germans the south, including present-day Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. The British established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which in 1920 was converted into a colony and named Kenya after its highest mountain. Numerous political disputes between the colony and the UK subsequently led to the violent Mau Mau Uprising, which began in 1952, and the eventual declaration of independence in 1963. Jomo KENYATTA, the founding president and an icon of the liberation struggle, led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978, when Vice President Daniel Arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession. The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982, after which time the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) changed the constitution to make itself the sole legal political party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992 and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud. President MOI stepped down in December 2002 following fair and peaceful elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic, united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC), defeated KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA, the son of founding president Jomo KENYATTA, and assumed the presidency following a campaign centered on an anticorruption platform.

KIBAKI's reelection in 2007 resulted in two months of post-election ethnic violence that caused the death of more than 1,100 people and the dislocation of hundreds of thousands. Opposition candidate, Raila ODINGA, accused the government of widespread vote rigging. African Union-sponsored mediation led by former UN Secretary General Kofi ANNAN resulted in a power-sharing accord that brought ODINGA into the government in the restored position of prime minister. The power sharing accord included a broad reform agenda, the centerpiece of which was constitutional reform. In 2010, Kenyans overwhelmingly adopted a new constitution in a national referendum. The new constitution introduced additional checks and balances to executive power and devolved power and resources to 47 newly created counties. It also eliminated the position of prime minister. Uhuru KENYATTA won the first presidential election under the new constitution in March 2013. KENYATTA won a second and final term in office in November 2017 following a contentious, repeat election.Trade centers such as Mombasa have existed along the Kenyan and Tanzanian coastlines, known as the Land of Zanj, since at least the 2nd century. These centers traded with the outside world, including China, India, Indonesia, the Middle East, North Africa, and Persia. By around the 9th century, the mix of Africans, Arabs, and Persians who lived and traded there became known as Swahili ("people of the coast") with a distinct language (KiSwahili) and culture. The Portuguese arrived in the 1490s and, using Mombasa as a base, sought to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese were pushed out in the late 1600s by the combined forces of Oman and Pate, an island off the coast. In 1890, Germany and the UK divided up the region, with the UK taking the north and the Germans the south, including present-day Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. The British established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which in 1920 was converted into a colony and named Kenya after its highest mountain. Numerous political disputes between the colony and the UK subsequently led to the violent Mau Mau Uprising, which began in 1952, and the eventual declaration of independence in 1963.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area: total: 580,367 sq km

land: 569,140 sq km

water: 11,227 sq km
Area - comparative: five times the size of Ohio; slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries: total: 3,457 km

border countries (5): Ethiopia 867 km; Somalia 684 km; South Sudan 317 km; Tanzania 775 km; Uganda 814 km
Coastline: 536 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west
Elevation: highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 762 m
Natural resources: limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower
Land use: agricultural land: 48.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 6.1% (2018 est.)

other: 45.8% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 1,030 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq km

Salt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Major aquifers: Ogaden-Juba Basin
Population distribution: population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map
Natural hazards: recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasonsvolcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcanorecurring drought; flooding during rainy seasonsvolcanism: limited volcanic activity; the Barrier (1,032 m) last erupted in 1921; South Island is the only other historically active volcano
Geography - note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

Topic: People and Society
Population: 55,864,655 (2022 est.)

note: estimates for this country explicitly taken into account the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic
Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s)

adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 17.1%, Luhya 14.3%, Kalenjin 13.4%, Luo 10.7%, Kamba 9.8%, Somali 5.8%, Kisii 5.7%, Mijikenda 5.2%, Meru 4.2%, Maasai 2.5%, Turkana 2.1%, non-Kenyan 1%, other 8.2% (2019 est.)
Languages: English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages

major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. (English)

The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)
Religions: Christian 85.5% (Protestant 33.4%, Catholic 20.6%, Evangelical 20.4%, African Instituted Churches 7%, other Christian 4.1%), Muslim 10.9%, other 1.8%, none 1.6%, don't know/no answer 0.2% (2019 est.)
Demographic profile: Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. More than 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. Kenya’s persistent rapid population growth strains the labor market, social services, arable land, and natural resources. Although Kenya in 1967 was the first Sub-Saharan country to launch a nationwide family planning program, progress in reducing the birth rate has largely stalled since the late 1990s, when the government decreased its support for family planning to focus on the HIV epidemic. Government commitment and international technical support spurred Kenyan contraceptive use, decreasing the fertility rate (children per woman) from about 8 in the late 1970s to less than 5 children twenty years later, but it has plateaued at just over 3 children today.Kenya is a source of emigrants and a host country for refugees. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. Kenya’s stagnant economy and political problems during the 1980s and 1990s led to an outpouring of Kenyan students and professionals seeking permanent opportunities in the West and southern Africa. Nevertheless, Kenya’s relative stability since its independence in 1963 has attracted hundreds of thousands of refugees escaping violent conflicts in neighboring countries; Kenya shelters more than 300,000 Somali refugees as of April 2017.Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. More than 40% of Kenyans are under the age of 15 because of sustained high fertility, early marriage and childbearing, and an unmet need for family planning. Kenya’s persistent rapid population growth strains the labor market, social services, arable land, and natural resources. Although Kenya in 1967 was the first Sub-Saharan country to launch a nationwide family planning program, progress in reducing the birth rate has largely stalled since the late 1990s, when the government decreased its support for family planning to focus on the HIV epidemic. Government commitment and international technical support spurred Kenyan contraceptive use, decreasing the fertility rate (children per woman) from about 8 in the late 1970s to less than 5 children twenty years later, but it has plateaued at just over 3 children today.Kenya is a source of emigrants and a host country for refugees. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. Kenya’s stagnant economy and political problems during the 1980s and 1990s led to an outpouring of Kenyan students and professionals seeking permanent opportunities in the West and southern Africa. Nevertheless, Kenya’s relative stability since its independence in 1963 has attracted hundreds of thousands of refugees escaping violent conflicts in neighboring countries; Kenya shelters more than 300,000 Somali refugees as of April 2017.
Age structure: 0-14 years: 38.71% (male 10,412,321/female 10,310,908)

15-24 years: 20.45% (male 5,486,641/female 5,460,372)

25-54 years: 33.75% (male 9,046,946/female 9,021,207)

55-64 years: 4.01% (male 1,053,202/female 1,093,305)

65 years and over: 3.07% (male 750,988/female 892,046) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 69.8

youth dependency ratio: 65.5

elderly dependency ratio: 4.3

potential support ratio: 23.5 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 20 years

male: 19.9 years

female: 20.1 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.12% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 26.39 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 5.01 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: population heavily concentrated in the west along the shore of Lake Victoria; other areas of high density include the capital of Nairobi, and in the southeast along the Indian Ocean coast as shown in this population distribution map
Urbanization: urban population: 29% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 5.119 million NAIROBI (capital), 1.389 million Mombassa (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 20.3 years (2014 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 25-49
Maternal mortality ratio: 342 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 27.86 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 30.92 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 24.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.69 years

male: 67.98 years

female: 71.43 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.29 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 59.7% (2019)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 91.3% of population

rural: 63.3% of population

total: 71.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 8.7% of population

rural: 36.7% of population

total: 28.8% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 4.6% (2019)
Physicians density: 0.16 physicians/1,000 population (2018)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 84% of population

rural: 48.1% of population

total: 58.2% of population

unimproved: urban: 16% of population

rural: 51.9% of population

total: 41.8% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 4.2% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 1.4 million (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 29,000 (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis

animal contact diseases: rabies
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 7.1% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 11.2% (2014)
Education expenditures: 5.1% of GDP (2020)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 81.5%

male: 85%

female: 78.2% (2018)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.9%

male: 12%

female: 13.8% (2019)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; water shortage and degraded water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; flooding; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 25.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 17.91 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 37.65 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Land use: agricultural land: 48.1% (2018 est.)

arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.9% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 37.4% (2018 est.)

forest: 6.1% (2018 est.)

other: 45.8% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 29% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 4.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 1.3% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis

animal contact diseases: rabies
Food insecurity: exceptional shortfall in aggregate food production/supplies: due to poor seasonal rains, and desert locusts - about 2 million people were estimated to be severely food insecure in the March−May 2021 period, reflecting the poor performance of both the October−December 2020 “short-rains” and the March−May 2021 “long-rains” that affected crop and livestock production in northern and eastern pastoral, agro-pastoral and marginal agriculture areas; other limiting factors include the measures implemented to curb the spread of the COVID‑19 pandemic which affected off‑farm income earning opportunities, including petty trade, charcoal and firewood sales, and to localized but significant locust‑induced pasture losses (2021)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 5,595,099 tons (2010 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 447,608 tons (2009 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 8% (2009 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Lake Victoria (shared with Tanzania and Uganda) - 62,940 sq km

Salt water lake(s): Lake Turkana (shared with Ethiopia) - 6,400 sq km
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)
Major aquifers: Ogaden-Juba Basin
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 495 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 303 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 3.234 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 30.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Kenya

conventional short form: Kenya

local long form: Republic of Kenya/Jamhuri ya Kenya

local short form: Kenya

former: British East Africa

etymology: named for Mount Kenya; the meaning of the name is unclear but may derive from the Kikuyu, Embu, and Kamba words "kirinyaga," "kirenyaa," and "kiinyaa" - all of which mean "God's resting place"
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Nairobi

geographic coordinates: 1 17 S, 36 49 E

time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name derives from the Maasai expression meaning "cool waters" and refers to a cold water stream that flowed through the area in the late 19th century
Administrative divisions: 47 counties; Baringo, Bomet, Bungoma, Busia, Elgeyo/Marakwet, Embu, Garissa, Homa Bay, Isiolo, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kericho, Kiambu, Kilifi, Kirinyaga, Kisii, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Laikipia, Lamu, Machakos, Makueni, Mandera, Marsabit, Meru, Migori, Mombasa, Murang'a, Nairobi City, Nakuru, Nandi, Narok, Nyamira, Nyandarua, Nyeri, Samburu, Siaya, Taita/Taveta, Tana River, Tharaka-Nithi, Trans Nzoia, Turkana, Uasin Gishu, Vihiga, Wajir, West Pokot
Independence: 12 December 1963 (from the UK)
National holiday: Jamhuri Day (Independence Day), 12 December (1963); note - Madaraka Day, 1 June (1963) marks the day Kenya attained internal self-rule
Constitution: history: current constitution passed by referendum on 4 August 2010 (2021)

amendments: amendments can be proposed by either house of Parliament or by petition of at least one million eligible voters; passage of amendments by Parliament requires approval by at least two-thirds majority vote of both houses in each of two readings, approval in a referendum by majority of votes cast by at least 20% of eligible voters in at least one half of Kenya’s counties, and approval by the president; passage of amendments introduced by petition requires approval by a majority of county assemblies, approval by majority vote of both houses, and approval by the president
Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law, and customary law; judicial review in the new Supreme Court established by the new constitution
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kenya

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 4 out of the previous 7 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Uhuru KENYATTA (since 9 April 2013); Deputy President William RUTO (since 9 April 2013); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Uhuru KENYATTA (since 9 April 2013); Deputy President William RUTO (since 9 April 2013); note - position of the prime minister was abolished after the March 2013 elections

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the National Assembly

elections/appointments: president and deputy president directly elected on the same ballot by qualified majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); in addition to receiving an absolute majority popular vote, the presidential candidate must also win at least 25% of the votes cast in at least 24 of the 47 counties to avoid a runoff; election last held on 26 October 2017 (next to be held on 9 August 2022)

election results: Uhuru KENYATTA reelected president; percent of vote - Uhuru KENYATTA (Jubilee Party) 98.3%, Raila ODINGA (ODM) 1%, other 0.7%; note - Kenya held a previous presidential election on 8 August 2017, but Kenya's Supreme Court on 1 September 2017 nullified the results, citing irregularities; the political opposition boycotted the October vote
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
Senate (67 seats; 47 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 20 directly elected by proportional representation vote - 16 women, 2 representing youth, and 2 representing the disabled; members serve 5-year terms)
National Assembly (349 seats; 290 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 47 women in single-seat constituencies elected by simple majority vote, and 12 members nominated by the National Assembly - 6 representing youth and 6 representing the disabled; members serve 5-year terms)

elections: Senate - last held on 8 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022)
National Assembly - last held on 8 August 2017 (next to be held on 9 August 2022)

election results: Senate - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Jubilee Party 24; National Super Alliance 28, other 14, independent 1; composition - men 46, women 41, percent of women is 31.3%

National Assembly - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Jubilee Party 165, National Super Alliance 119, other 51, independent 13; composition - men 273, women 76, percent of women 21.8%; note - total Parliament percent of women is 23%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of chief and deputy chief justices and 5 judges)

judge selection and term of office: chief and deputy chief justices nominated by Judicial Service Commission (JSC) and appointed by the president with approval of the National Assembly; other judges nominated by the JSC and appointed by president; chief justice serves a nonrenewable 10-year term or until age 70, whichever comes first; other judges serve until age 70

subordinate courts: High Court; Court of Appeal; military courts; magistrates' courts; religious courts
Political parties and leaders: Alliance Party of Kenya or APK [Kiraitu MURUNGI]
Amani National Congress or ANC [Musalia MUDAVADI]
Federal Party of Kenya or FPK [Cyrus JIRONGA]
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-Kenya or FORD-K [Moses WETANGULA]
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-P [Henry OBWOCHA]
Jubilee Party [Uhuru KENYATTA]
Kenya African National Union or KANU [Gideon MOI]
National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Charity NGILU]
Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya or ODM [Raila ODINGA]
Wiper Democratic Movement-K or WDM-K (formerly Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya or ODM-K) [Kalonzo MUSYOKA]
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCT, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Lazarus Ombai AMAYO (since 17 July 2020)

chancery: 1616 P Street NW, Suite 340, Washington, DC 20036

telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101

FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829

email address and website:
information@kenyaembassydc.org

https://kenyaembassydc.org/#

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

consulate(s): New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Eric W. Kneedler (since 20 January 2021)

embassy: P.O. Box 606 Village Market, 00621 Nairobi

mailing address: 8900 Nairobi Place, Washington, DC  20521-8900

telephone: [254] (20) 363-6000

FAX: [254] (20) 363-6157

email address and website:
kenya_acs@state.gov

https://ke.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large Maasai warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center; black symbolizes the majority population, red the blood shed in the struggle for freedom, green stands for natural wealth, and white for peace; the shield and crossed spears symbolize the defense of freedom
National symbol(s): lion; national colors: black, red, green, white
National anthem: name: "Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu" (Oh God of All Creation)

lyrics/music: Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE/traditional, adapted by Graham HYSLOP, Thomas KALUME, Peter KIBUKOSYA, Washington OMONDI, and George W. SENOGA-ZAKE

note: adopted 1963; based on a traditional Kenyan folk song
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 7 (4 cultural, 3 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Lake Turkana National Parks (n); Mount Kenya National Park (n); Lamu Old Town (c); Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests (c); Fort Jesus, Mombasa (c); Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley (n); Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Kenya is the economic, financial, and transport hub of East Africa. Kenya’s real GDP growth has averaged over 5% for the last decade. Since 2014, Kenya has been ranked as a lower middle income country because its per capita GDP crossed a World Bank threshold. While Kenya has a growing entrepreneurial middle class and steady growth, its economic development has been impaired by weak governance and corruption. Although reliable numbers are hard to find, unemployment and under-employment are extremely high, and could be near 40% of the population. In 2013, the country adopted a devolved system of government with the creation of 47 counties, and is in the process of devolving state revenues and responsibilities to the counties.Agriculture remains the backbone of the Kenyan economy, contributing one-third of GDP. About 75% of Kenya’s population of roughly 48.5 million work at least part-time in the agricultural sector, including livestock and pastoral activities. Over 75% of agricultural output is from small-scale, rain-fed farming or livestock production. Tourism also holds a significant place in Kenya’s economy. In spite of political turmoil throughout the second half of 2017, tourism was up 20%, showcasing the strength of this sector. Kenya has long been a target of terrorist activity and has struggled with instability along its northeastern borders. Some high visibility terrorist attacks during 2013-2015 (e.g., at Nairobi’s Westgate Mall and Garissa University) affected the tourism industry severely, but the sector rebounded strongly in 2016-2017 and appears poised to continue growing.Inadequate infrastructure continues to hamper Kenya’s efforts to improve its annual growth so that it can meaningfully address poverty and unemployment. The KENYATTA administration has been successful in courting external investment for infrastructure development. International financial institutions and donors remain important to Kenya's growth and development, but Kenya has also successfully raised capital in the global bond market issuing its first sovereign bond offering in mid-2014, with a second occurring in February 2018. The first phase of a Chinese-financed and constructed standard gauge railway connecting Mombasa and Nairobi opened in May 2017.In 2016 the government was forced to take over three small and undercapitalized banks when underlying weaknesses were exposed. The government also enacted legislation that limits interest rates banks can charge on loans and set a rate that banks must pay their depositors. This measure led to a sharp shrinkage of credit in the economy. A prolonged election cycle in 2017 hurt the economy, drained government resources, and slowed GDP growth. Drought-like conditions in parts of the country pushed 2017 inflation above 8%, but the rate had fallen to 4.5% in February 2018.The economy, however, is well placed to resume its decade-long 5%-6% growth rate. While fiscal deficits continue to pose risks in the medium term, other economic indicators, including foreign exchange reserves, interest rates, current account deficits, remittances and FDI are positive. The credit and drought-related impediments were temporary. Now In his second term, President KENYATTA has pledged to make economic growth and development a centerpiece of his second administration, focusing on his "Big Four" initiatives of universal healthcare, food security, affordable housing, and expansion of manufacturing.Kenya is the economic, financial, and transport hub of East Africa. Kenya’s real GDP growth has averaged over 5% for the last decade. Since 2014, Kenya has been ranked as a lower middle income country because its per capita GDP crossed a World Bank threshold. While Kenya has a growing entrepreneurial middle class and steady growth, its economic development has been impaired by weak governance and corruption. Although reliable numbers are hard to find, unemployment and under-employment are extremely high, and could be near 40% of the population. In 2013, the country adopted a devolved system of government with the creation of 47 counties, and is in the process of devolving state revenues and responsibilities to the counties.Agriculture remains the backbone of the Kenyan economy, contributing one-third of GDP. About 75% of Kenya’s population of roughly 48.5 million work at least part-time in the agricultural sector, including livestock and pastoral activities. Over 75% of agricultural output is from small-scale, rain-fed farming or livestock production. Tourism also holds a significant place in Kenya’s economy. In spite of political turmoil throughout the second half of 2017, tourism was up 20%, showcasing the strength of this sector. Kenya has long been a target of terrorist activity and has struggled with instability along its northeastern borders. Some high visibility terrorist attacks during 2013-2015 (e.g., at Nairobi’s Westgate Mall and Garissa University) affected the tourism industry severely, but the sector rebounded strongly in 2016-2017 and appears poised to continue growing.Inadequate infrastructure continues to hamper Kenya’s efforts to improve its annual growth so that it can meaningfully address poverty and unemployment. The KENYATTA administration has been successful in courting external investment for infrastructure development. International financial institutions and donors remain important to Kenya's growth and development, but Kenya has also successfully raised capital in the global bond market issuing its first sovereign bond offering in mid-2014, with a second occurring in February 2018. The first phase of a Chinese-financed and constructed standard gauge railway connecting Mombasa and Nairobi opened in May 2017.In 2016 the government was forced to take over three small and undercapitalized banks when underlying weaknesses were exposed. The government also enacted legislation that limits interest rates banks can charge on loans and set a rate that banks must pay their depositors. This measure led to a sharp shrinkage of credit in the economy. A prolonged election cycle in 2017 hurt the economy, drained government resources, and slowed GDP growth. Drought-like conditions in parts of the country pushed 2017 inflation above 8%, but the rate had fallen to 4.5% in February 2018.The economy, however, is well placed to resume its decade-long 5%-6% growth rate. While fiscal deficits continue to pose risks in the medium term, other economic indicators, including foreign exchange reserves, interest rates, current account deficits, remittances and FDI are positive. The credit and drought-related impediments were temporary. Now In his second term, President KENYATTA has pledged to make economic growth and development a centerpiece of his second administration, focusing on his "Big Four" initiatives of universal healthcare, food security, affordable housing, and expansion of manufacturing.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $226.94 billion (2020 est.)

$227.64 billion (2019 est.)

$216.05 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 5.39% (2019 est.)

6.32% (2018 est.)

4.79% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $4,200 (2020 est.)

$4,300 (2019 est.)

$4,200 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $95.52 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.1% (2019 est.)

4.6% (2018 est.)

8% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: B+ (2007)

Moody's rating: B2 (2018)

Standard & Poors rating: B+ (2010)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 34.5% (2017 est.)

industry: 17.8% (2017 est.)

services: 47.5% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 79.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 14.3% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 18.9% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: -1% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 13.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -25.5% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: sugar cane, milk, maize, potatoes, bananas, camel milk, cassava, sweet potatoes, mangoes/guavas, cabbages
Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, oil refining; aluminum, steel, lead; cement, commercial ship repair, tourism, information technology
Industrial production growth rate: 3.6% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 19.6 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 61.1%

industry: 6.7%

services: 32.2% (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate: 40% (2013 est.)

40% (2001 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.9%

male: 12%

female: 13.8% (2019)
Population below poverty line: 36.1% (2015 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 40.8 (2015 est.)

42.5 (2008 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.8%

highest 10%: 37.8% (2005)
Budget: revenues: 13.95 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.24 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -6.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 54.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

53.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 17.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
Current account balance: -$57.594 billion (2019 est.)

-$56.194 billion (2018 est.)
Exports: $11.49 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$11.56 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

$9.723 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners: Uganda 10%, United States 9%, Netherlands 8%, Pakistan 7%, United Kingdom 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Tanzania 5% (2019)
Exports - commodities: tea, cut flowers, refined petroleum, coffee, titanium (2019)
Imports: $20.41 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$20.17 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

$18.653 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners: China 24%, United Arab Emirates 10%, India 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Japan 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, wheat, iron products (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $7.354 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$7.256 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $29.289 billion (2019 est.)

$25.706 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar -

111.45 (2020 est.)

101.4 (2019 est.)

102.4 (2018 est.)

98.179 (2014 est.)

87.921 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 85% (2019)

electrification - urban areas: 99% (2019)

electrification - rural areas: 79% (2019)
Electricity - production: 9.634 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 7.863 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 39.1 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports: 184 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 2.401 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 33% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 34% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 33% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 12,550 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 13,960 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 109,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 173 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 90,620 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 66,646 (2020)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 61,408,904 (2020)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 114.2 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: through increased competition, Kenya’s telecom market has improved international bandwidth and experienced rapid development in mobile sector, including remote regions; four fiber-optic submarine cables reduced costs and increased service to population; government supported LTE and broadband, promising economic support of free WiFi; mobile operators progress with 5G tests; e-commerce interoperability; importer of broadcasting equipment, video displays, and computers from China (2020)

domestic: fixed-line subscriptions stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; multiple providers in the mobile-cellular segment of the market fostering a boom in mobile-cellular telephone usage with teledensity reaching 114 per 100 persons (2020)

international: country code - 254; landing point for the EASSy, TEAMS, LION2, DARE1, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems covering East, North and South Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat; launched first micro satellites in 2018 (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: about a half-dozen large-scale privately owned media companies with TV and radio stations, as well as a state-owned TV broadcaster, provide service nationwide; satellite and cable TV subscription services available; state-owned radio broadcaster operates 2 national radio channels and provides regional and local radio services in multiple languages; many private radio stations broadcast on a national level along with over 100 private and non-profit regional stations broadcasting in local languages; TV transmissions of all major international broadcasters available, mostly via paid subscriptions; direct radio frequency modulation transmissions available for several foreign government-owned broadcasters (2019)
Internet country code: .ke
Internet users: total: 21.75 million (2021 est.)

percent of population: 22.57% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 674,191 (2020)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1.25 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 188

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 5,935,831 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 294.97 million mt-km (2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5Y
Airports: total: 197 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 16

over 3,047 m: 5

2,438 to 3,047 m: 2

1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 6

under 914 m: 1 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 181

1,524 to 2,437 m: 14

914 to 1,523 m: 107

under 914 m: 60 (2021)
Pipelines: 4 km oil, 1,432 km refined products (2018)
Railways: total: 3,819 km (2018)

standard gauge: 485 km 1.435-m gauge (2018)

narrow gauge: 3,334 km 1.000-m gauge (2018)
Roadways: total: 177,800 km (2018)

paved: 14,420 km (8,500 km highways, 1,872 urban roads, and 4,048 rural roads) (2017)

unpaved: 147,032 km (2017)
Waterways: none specifically; the only significant inland waterway is the part of Lake Victoria within the boundaries of Kenya; Kisumu is the main port and has ferry connections to Uganda and Tanzania (2011)
Merchant marine: total: 26

by type: oil tanker 3, other 23 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Kisumu, Mombasa

LNG terminal(s) (import): Mombasa

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Kenya Defense Forces: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Kenya Air Force (2021)

note - the National Police Service maintains internal security and reports to the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government; it includes a paramilitary General Service Unit; the Kenya Coast Guard Service (established 2018) is under the Ministry of Interior, but led by a military officer and comprised of personnel from the military, as well as the National Police Service, intelligence services, and other government agencies
Military expenditures: 1.2% of GDP (2020)

1.2% of GDP (approximately $1.21 billion) (2019)

1.3% of GDP (approximately $1.24 billion) (2018)

1.4% of GDP (approximately $1.19 billion) (2017)

1.4% of GDP (approximately $1.16 billion) (2016)
Military and security service personnel strengths:  approximately 24,000 personnel (20,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 2,500 Air Force) (2021)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the KDF's inventory traditionally carried mostly older or second-hand Western weapons systems, particularly from France, the UK, and the US; however, since the 2000s it has sought to modernize and diversify its imports, and suppliers have included more than a dozen countries ranging from China to Italy, Jordan, and the US (2022)
Military service age and obligation: no conscription; 18-26 years of age for male and female voluntary service (under 18 with parental consent; upper limit 30 years of age for specialists, tradesmen, or women with a diploma; 39 years of age for chaplains/imams), with a 9-year obligation (7 years for Kenyan Navy) and subsequent 3-year re-enlistments; applicants must be Kenyan citizens (2021)
Military deployments: 3,650 Somalia (AMISOM) (2021)
Military - note: Kenyan military forces intervened in Somalia in October 2011 to combat the al Qaida-affiliated al-Shabaab terrorist group, which had conducted numerous cross-border attacks into Kenya; in November 2011, the UN and the African Union invited Kenya to incorporate the force into the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM in February 2012; as of mid-2021, they consisted of approximately 3,600 troops and were responsible for AMISOM’s Sector 2 comprising Lower and Middle Jubba (see Appendix-T for additional details on al-Shabaab)Kenyan military forces intervened in Somalia in October 2011 to combat the al Qaida-affiliated al-Shabaab terrorist group, which had conducted numerous cross-border attacks into Kenya; in November 2011, the UN and the African Union invited Kenya to incorporate the force into the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM in February 2012; as of mid-2021, they consisted of approximately 3,600 troops and were responsible for AMISOM’s Sector 2 comprising Lower and Middle Jubba (see Appendix-T for additional details on al-Shabaab)
Maritime threats: the International Maritime Bureau reports that shipping in territorial and offshore waters in the Indian Ocean remain at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): al-Shabaab; Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005; as of March 2019, Kenya provides shelter to nearly 475,000 refugees and asylum seekers, including Ugandans who flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's Resistance Army rebels; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; the boundary that separates Kenya's and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times

Uganda-Kenya: Kenya and Uganda have begun a joint demarcation of the boundary in 2021 Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005; as of March 2019, Kenya provides shelter to nearly 475,000 refugees and asylum seekers, including Ugandans who flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's Resistance Army rebels; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; the boundary that separates Kenya's and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times

Uganda-Kenya: Kenya and Uganda have begun a joint demarcation of the boundary in 2021
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 278,998 (Somalia), 139,846 (South Sudan), 48,284 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 20,924 (Ethiopia), 7,521 (Burundi) (2022)

IDPs: 190,000 (election-related violence, intercommunal violence, resource conflicts, al-Shabaab attacks in 2017 and 2018) (2020)

stateless persons: 16,820 (mid-year 2021); note - the stateless population consists of Nubians, Kenyan Somalis, and coastal Arabs; the Nubians are descendants of Sudanese soldiers recruited by the British to fight for them in East Africa more than a century ago; Nubians did not receive Kenyan citizenship when the country became independent in 1963; only recently have Nubians become a formally recognized tribe and had less trouble obtaining national IDs; Galjeel and other Somalis who have lived in Kenya for decades are included with more recent Somali refugees and denied ID cards
Illicit drugs: a transit country for a variety of illicit drugs, including heroin and cocaine; transit location for precursor chemicals used to produce methamphetamine and other drugs; heroin from Southwest Asia enters Kenya destined for international markets, mainly Europe; cocaine transits through Kenya shipped through Ethiopia from South America;  cultivates cannabis and miraa (khat) for both local use and exporta transit country for a variety of illicit drugs, including heroin and cocaine; transit location for precursor chemicals used to produce methamphetamine and other drugs; heroin from Southwest Asia enters Kenya destined for international markets, mainly Europe; cocaine transits through Kenya shipped through Ethiopia from South America;  cultivates cannabis and miraa (khat) for both local use and export