This field gives the percent of women of reproductive age (15-49) who are married or in union and are using, or whose sexual partner is using, a method of contraception according to the date of the most recent available data. The contraceptive prevalence rate is an indicator of health services, development, and women’s empowerment. It is also useful in understanding, past, present, and future fertility trends, especially in developing countries.

Topic: Afghanistan18.9% (2018)

note:  percent of women aged 12-49

Topic: AkrotiriNA

Topic: Albania46% (2017/18)

Topic: Algeria57.1% (2012/13)

Topic: American SamoaNA

Topic: AndorraNA

Topic: Angola13.7% (2015/16)

Topic: AnguillaNA

Topic: Antigua and BarbudaNA

Topic: Argentina81.3% (2013)

note:  percent of women aged 14-49

Topic: Armenia57.1% (2015/16)

Topic: ArubaNA

Topic: Ashmore and Cartier IslandsNA

Topic: Australia66.9% (2015/16)

note: percent of women aged 18-44

Topic: Austria79% (2019)

note: percent of women aged 16-49

Topic: Azerbaijan54.9% (2011)

Topic: BahrainNA

Topic: Bangladesh62.7% (2019)

Topic: Barbados59.2% (2012)

Topic: Belarus71.2% (2017)

note:  percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: Belgium66.7% (2018)

Topic: Belize51.4% (2015/16)

Topic: Benin15.5% (2017/18)

Topic: BermudaNA

Topic: BhutanNA

Topic: Bolivia66.5% (2016)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina45.8% (2011/12)

Topic: Botswana67.4% (2017)

Topic: Bouvet IslandNA

Topic: Brazil80.2% (2013)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: British Indian Ocean TerritoryNA

Topic: British Virgin IslandsNA

Topic: BruneiNA

Topic: BulgariaNA

Topic: Burkina Faso30.1% (2020)

Topic: Burma52.2% (2015/16)

Topic: Burundi28.5% (2016/17)

Topic: Cabo Verde55.8% (2018)

Topic: Cambodia56.3% (2014)

Topic: Cameroon19.3% (2018)

Topic: CanadaNA

Topic: Cayman IslandsNA

Topic: Central African Republic17.8% (2019)

Topic: Chad8.1% (2019)

Topic: Chile76.3% (2015/16)

Topic: China84.5% (2017)

Topic: Christmas IslandNA

Topic: Clipperton IslandNA

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNA

Topic: Colombia81% (2015/16)

Topic: Comoros19.4% (2012)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the28.1% (2017/18)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the30.1% (2014/15)

Topic: Cook IslandsNA

Topic: Coral Sea IslandsNA

Topic: Costa Rica70.9% (2018)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire23.3% (2018)

Topic: CroatiaNA

Topic: Cuba69% (2019)

Topic: CuracaoNA

Topic: CyprusNA

Topic: CzechiaNA

Topic: DenmarkNA

Topic: DhekeliaNA

Topic: Djibouti19% (2012)

Topic: DominicaNA

Topic: Dominican Republic69.5% (2014)

Topic: Ecuador80.1% (2007/12)

Topic: Egypt58.5% (2014)

Topic: El Salvador71.9% (2014)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea12.6% (2011)

Topic: Eritrea8.4% (2010)

Topic: EstoniaNA

Topic: Eswatini66.1% (2014)

Topic: Ethiopia37% (2019)

Topic: European UnionNA

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)NA

Topic: Faroe IslandsNA

Topic: FijiNA

Topic: Finland85.5% (2015)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: France78.4% (2010/11)

Topic: French PolynesiaNA

Topic: French Southern and Antarctic LandsNA

Topic: Gabon31.1% (2012)

Topic: Gambia, The16.8% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 15-49

Topic: Gaza Strip57.3% (2019/20)

note:  includes Gaza Strip and West Bank

Topic: Georgia40.6% (2018)

Topic: Germany67% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: Ghana27.2% (2017/18)

Topic: GibraltarNA

Topic: GreeceNA

Topic: GreenlandNA

Topic: GrenadaNA

Topic: GuamNA

Topic: Guatemala60.6% (2014/15)

Topic: GuernseyNA

Topic: Guinea10.9% (2018)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau20.6% (2018)

Topic: Guyana33.9% (2014)

Topic: Haiti34.3% (2016/17)

Topic: Heard Island and McDonald IslandsNA

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)NA

Topic: Honduras73.2% (2011/12)

Topic: Hong Kong66.7% (2017)

Topic: HungaryNA

Topic: IcelandNA

Topic: India53.5% (2015/16)

Topic: Indonesia55.5% (2018)

Topic: Iran77.4% (2010/11)

Topic: Iraq52.8% (2018)

Topic: IrelandNA

Topic: Isle of ManNA

Topic: IsraelNA

Topic: Italy65.1% (2013)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: JamaicaNA

Topic: Jan MayenNA

Topic: Japan39.8% (2015)

note: percent of women aged 20-49

Topic: JerseyNA

Topic: Jordan51.8% (2017/18)

Topic: Kazakhstan53% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: Kenya59.7% (2019)

Topic: Kiribati33.5% (2018/19)

Topic: Korea, North70.2% (2017)

Topic: Korea, South82.3% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 20-49

Topic: KosovoNA

Topic: KuwaitNA

Topic: Kyrgyzstan39.4% (2018)

Topic: Laos54.1% (2017)

Topic: LatviaNA

Topic: LebanonNA

Topic: Lesotho64.9% (2018)

Topic: Liberia24.9% (2019/20)

Topic: Libya27.7% (2014)

Topic: LiechtensteinNA

Topic: LithuaniaNA

Topic: LuxembourgNA

Topic: MacauNA

Topic: Madagascar44.4% (2018)

Topic: Malawi59.2% (2015/16)

Topic: Malaysia52.2% (2014)

Topic: Maldives18.8% (2016/17)

Topic: Mali17.2% (2018)

Topic: MaltaNA

Topic: Marshall IslandsNA

Topic: Mauritania17.8% (2015)

Topic: Mauritius63.8% (2014)

Topic: Mexico73.1% (2018)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States ofNA

Topic: Moldova56% (2020)

Topic: MonacoNA

Topic: Mongolia48.1% (2018)

Topic: Montenegro20.7% (2018)

Topic: MontserratNA

Topic: Morocco70.8% (2018)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

Topic: Mozambique27.1% (2015)

Topic: Namibia56.1% (2013)

Topic: NauruNA

Topic: Navassa IslandNA

Topic: Nepal46.7% (2019)

Topic: Netherlands73% (2013)

note: percent of women aged 18-45

Topic: New CaledoniaNA

Topic: New Zealand79.9% (2014/15)

note: percent of women aged 16-49

Topic: Nicaragua80.4% (2011/12)

Topic: Niger11% (2017/18)

Topic: Nigeria16.6% (2018)

Topic: NiueNA

Topic: Norfolk IslandNA

Topic: North Macedonia59.9% (2018/19)

Topic: Northern Mariana IslandsNA

Topic: NorwayNA

Topic: Oman29.7% (2014)

Topic: Pacific OceanNA

Topic: Pakistan34% (2018/19)

Topic: PalauNA

Topic: Panama50.8% (2014/15)

Topic: Papua New Guinea36.7% (2016/18)

Topic: Paracel IslandsNA

Topic: Paraguay68.4% (2016)

Topic: Peru76.3% (2018)

Topic: Philippines54.1% (2017)

Topic: Pitcairn IslandsNA

Topic: Poland62.3% (2014)

Topic: Portugal73.9% (2014)

Topic: Puerto RicoNA

Topic: Qatar37.5% (2012)

Topic: RomaniaNA

Topic: Russia68% (2011)

note: percent of women aged 15-44

Topic: Rwanda53.2% (2014/15)

Topic: Saint BarthelemyNA

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaNA

Topic: Saint Kitts and NevisNA

Topic: Saint Lucia55.5% (2011/12)

Topic: Saint MartinNA

Topic: Saint Pierre and MiquelonNA

Topic: Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesNA

Topic: Samoa16.6% (2019/20)

Topic: San MarinoNA

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe49.7% (2019)

Topic: Saudi Arabia24.6% (2016)

Topic: Senegal26.9% (2019)

Topic: Serbia62.3% (2019)

Topic: SeychellesNA

Topic: Sierra Leone21.2% (2019)

Topic: SingaporeNA

Topic: Sint MaartenNA

Topic: SlovakiaNA

Topic: SloveniaNA

Topic: Solomon Islands29.3% (2015)

Topic: Somalia6.9% (2018/19)

Topic: South Africa54.6% (2016)

Topic: South Georgia and South Sandwich IslandsNA

Topic: South SudanNA

Topic: Spain62.1% (2018)

note: percent of women aged 18-49

Topic: Spratly IslandsNA

Topic: Sri Lanka64.6% (2016)

Topic: Sudan12.2% (2014)

Topic: Suriname39.1% (2018)

Topic: SvalbardNA

Topic: Sweden70.3% (2017)

note: percent of women aged 16-49

Topic: Switzerland71.6% (2017)

Topic: SyriaNA

Topic: TaiwanNA

Topic: Tajikistan29.3% (2017)

Topic: Tanzania38.4% (2015/16)

Topic: Thailand73% (2019)

Topic: Timor-Leste26.1% (2016)

Topic: Togo23.9% (2017)

Topic: TokelauNA

Topic: Tonga29.3% (2019)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago40.3% (2011)

Topic: Tunisia50.7% (2018)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)69.8% (2018)

Topic: Turkmenistan49.7% (2019)

Topic: Turks and Caicos IslandsNA

Topic: TuvaluNA

Topic: Uganda41.8% (2018)

Topic: Ukraine65.4% (2012)

Topic: United Arab EmiratesNA

Topic: United Kingdom76.1% (2010/12)

note: percent of women aged 16-49

Topic: United States73.9% (2017/19)

Topic: United States Pacific Island Wildlife RefugesNA

Topic: Uruguay79.6% (2015)

note: percent of women aged 15-44

Topic: UzbekistanNA

Topic: Vanuatu49% (2013)

Topic: Venezuela75% (2010)

Topic: Vietnam76.5% (2018/19)

Topic: Virgin IslandsNA

Topic: Wake IslandNA

Topic: Wallis and FutunaNA

Topic: West Bank57.3% (2019/20)

note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Topic: WorldNA

Topic: Yemen33.5% (2013)

Topic: Zambia49.6% (2018)

Topic: Zimbabwe66.8% (2015)


This entry gives the number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water.

Topic: Afghanistan32,080 sq km (2012)

Topic: Albania3,537 sq km (2014)

Topic: Algeria13,600 sq km (2014)

Topic: American Samoa0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Andorra0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Angola860 sq km (2014)

Topic: Anguilla0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda1.3 sq km (2012)

Topic: Argentina23,600 sq km (2012)

Topic: Armenia2,740 sq km (2012)

Topic: ArubaNA

Topic: Australia25,460 sq km (2014)

Topic: Austria1,170 sq km (2012)

Topic: Azerbaijan14,277 sq km (2012)

Topic: Bahamas, The10 sq km (2012)

Topic: Bahrain40 sq km (2012)

Topic: Bangladesh53,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Barbados50 sq km (2012)

Topic: Belarus1,140 sq km (2012)

Topic: Belgium230 sq km (2012)

Topic: Belize35 sq km (2012)

Topic: Benin230 sq km (2012)

Topic: BermudaNA

Topic: Bhutan320 sq km (2012)

Topic: Bolivia3,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina30 sq km (2012)

Topic: Botswana20 sq km (2012)

Topic: Brazil54,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: British Virgin IslandsNA

Topic: Brunei10 sq km (2012)

Topic: Bulgaria1,020 sq km (2012)

Topic: Burkina Faso550 sq km (2016)

Topic: Burma22,950 sq km (2012)

Topic: Burundi230 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cabo Verde35 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cambodia3,540 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cameroon290 sq km (2012)

Topic: Canada8,700 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cayman IslandsNA

Topic: Central African Republic10 sq km (2012)

Topic: Chad300 sq km (2012)

Topic: Chile11,100 sq km (2012)

Topic: China690,070 sq km (2012)

Topic: Christmas IslandNA

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) IslandsNA

Topic: Colombia10,900 sq km (2012)

Topic: Comoros1.3 sq km (2012)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the110 sq km (2012)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the20 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cook IslandsNA

Topic: Costa Rica1,015 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire730 sq km (2012)

Topic: Croatia240 sq km (2012)

Topic: Cuba8,700 sq km (2012)

Topic: CuracaoNA

Topic: Cyprus460 sq km (2012)

Topic: Czechia320 sq km (2012)

Topic: Denmark4,350 sq km (2012)

Topic: Djibouti10 sq km (2012)

Topic: DominicaNA

Topic: Dominican Republic3,070 sq km (2012)

Topic: Ecuador15,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Egypt36,500 sq km (2012)

Topic: El Salvador452 sq km (2012)

Topic: Equatorial GuineaNA

Topic: Eritrea210 sq km (2012)

Topic: Estonia40 sq km (2012)

Topic: Eswatini500 sq km (2012)

Topic: Ethiopia2,900 sq km (2012)

Topic: European Union154,539.82 sq km (2011 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)NA

Topic: Fiji40 sq km (2012)

Topic: Finland690 sq km (2012)

Topic: France26,420 sq km (2012) 26,950 sq km

metropolitan France: 26,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: French Polynesia10 sq km (2012)

Topic: Gabon40 sq km (2012)

Topic: Gambia, The50 sq km (2012)

Topic: Gaza Strip(2012) 240 sq km; note - includes the West Bank

Topic: Georgia4,330 sq km (2012)

Topic: Germany6,500 sq km (2012)

Topic: Ghana340 sq km (2012)

Topic: GibraltarNA

Topic: Greece15,550 sq km (2012)

Topic: GreenlandNA

Topic: Grenada20 sq km (2012)

Topic: Guam2 sq km (2012)

Topic: Guatemala3,375 sq km (2012)

Topic: GuernseyNA

Topic: Guinea950 sq km (2012)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau250 sq km (2012)

Topic: Guyana1,430 sq km (2012)

Topic: Haiti970 sq km (2012)

Topic: Honduras900 sq km (2012)

Topic: Hong Kong10 sq km (2012)

Topic: Hungary1,721 sq km (2012)

Topic: IcelandNA

Topic: India667,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Indonesia67,220 sq km (2012)

Topic: Iran95,530 sq km (2012)

Topic: Iraq35,250 sq km (2012)

Topic: Ireland0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Isle of Man0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Israel2,250 sq km (2012)

Topic: Italy39,500 sq km (2012)

Topic: Jamaica250 sq km (2012)

Topic: Jan Mayen0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Japan24,690 sq km (2012)

Topic: JerseyNA

Topic: Jordan964 sq km (2012)

Topic: Kazakhstan20,660 sq km (2012)

Topic: Kenya1,030 sq km (2012)

Topic: Kiribati0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Korea, North14,600 sq km (2012)

Topic: Korea, South7,780 sq km (2012)

Topic: KosovoNA

Topic: Kuwait105 sq km (2012)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan10,233 sq km (2012)

Topic: Laos3,100 sq km (2012)

Topic: Latvia12 sq km (2012)

note: land in Latvia is often too wet and in need of drainage not irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land has been improved by drainage

Topic: Lebanon1,040 sq km (2012)

Topic: Lesotho30 sq km (2012)

Topic: Liberia30 sq km (2012)

Topic: Libya4,700 sq km (2012)

Topic: Liechtenstein0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Lithuania44 sq km (2012)

Topic: Luxembourg0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Macau0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Madagascar10,860 sq km (2012)

Topic: Malawi740 sq km (2012)

Topic: Malaysia3,800 sq km (2012)

Topic: Maldives0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Mali3,780 sq km (2012)

Topic: Malta35 sq km (2012)

Topic: Marshall Islands0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Mauritania450 sq km (2012)

Topic: Mauritius190 sq km (2012)

Topic: Mexico65,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of0 sq km (2012) NA

Topic: Moldova2,283 sq km (2012)

Topic: Monaco0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Mongolia840 sq km (2012)

Topic: Montenegro24 sq km (2012)

Topic: Montserrat0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Morocco14,850 sq km (2012)

Topic: Mozambique1,180 sq km (2012)

Topic: Namibia80 sq km (2012)

Topic: Nauru0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Nepal13,320 sq km (2012)

Topic: Netherlands4,860 sq km (2012)

Topic: New Caledonia100 sq km (2012)

Topic: New Zealand7,210 sq km (2012)

Topic: Nicaragua1,990 sq km (2012)

Topic: Niger1,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Nigeria2,930 sq km (2012)

Topic: Niue0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Norfolk Island0 sq km (2012)

Topic: North Macedonia1,280 sq km (2012)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands1 sq km (2012)

Topic: Norway900 sq km (2012)

Topic: Oman590 sq km (2012)

Topic: Pakistan202,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Palau0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Panama321 sq km (2012)

Topic: Papua New Guinea0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Paracel Islands0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Paraguay1,362 sq km (2012)

Topic: Peru25,800 sq km (2012)

Topic: Philippines16,270 sq km (2012)

Topic: Pitcairn Islands0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Poland970 sq km (2012)

Topic: Portugal5,400 sq km (2012)

Topic: Puerto Rico220 sq km (2012)

Topic: Qatar130 sq km (2012)

Topic: Romania31,490 sq km (2012)

Topic: Russia43,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Rwanda96 sq km (2012)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis8 sq km (2012)

Topic: Saint Lucia30 sq km (2012)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines10 sq km (2012)

Topic: Samoa0 sq km (2012)

Topic: San Marino0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe100 sq km (2012)

Topic: Saudi Arabia16,200 sq km (2012)

Topic: Senegal1,200 sq km (2012)

Topic: Serbia950 sq km (2012)

Topic: Seychelles3 sq km (2012)

Topic: Sierra Leone300 sq km (2012)

Topic: Singapore0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Slovakia869 sq km (2012)

Topic: Slovenia60 sq km (2012)

Topic: Solomon Islands0 sq km (2012) NA

Topic: Somalia2,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: South Africa16,700 sq km (2012)

Topic: South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands0 sq km (2011)

Topic: South Sudan1,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Spain38,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Sri Lanka5,700 sq km (2012)

Topic: Sudan18,900 sq km (2012)

Topic: Suriname570 sq km (2012)

Topic: Sweden1,640 sq km (2012)

Topic: Switzerland630 sq km (2012)

Topic: Syria14,280 sq km (2012)

Topic: Taiwan3,820 sq km (2012)

Topic: Tajikistan7,420 sq km (2012)

Topic: Tanzania1,840 sq km (2012)

Topic: Thailand64,150 sq km (2012)

Topic: Timor-Leste350 sq km (2012)

Topic: Togo70 sq km (2012)

Topic: Tokelau0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Tonga0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago70 sq km (2012)

Topic: Tunisia4,590 sq km (2012)

Topic: Turkey (Turkiye)52,150 sq km (2012)

Topic: Turkmenistan19,950 sq km (2012)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Tuvalu0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Uganda140 sq km (2012)

Topic: Ukraine21,670 sq km (2012)

Topic: United Arab Emirates923 sq km (2012)

Topic: United Kingdom950 sq km (2012)

Topic: United States264,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Uruguay2,380 sq km (2012)

Topic: Uzbekistan42,150 sq km (2012)

Topic: Vanuatu0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Venezuela10,550 sq km (2012)

Topic: Vietnam46,000 sq km (2012)

Topic: Virgin Islands1 sq km (2012)

Topic: Wake Island0 sq km (2012)

Topic: Wallis and Futuna0 sq km (2012)

Topic: West Bank(2012) 240 sq km; note - includes Gaza Strip

Topic: World3,242,917 sq km (2012 est.)

Topic: Yemen6,800 sq km (2012)

Topic: Zambia1,560 sq km (2012)

Topic: Zimbabwe1,740 sq km (2012)


This entry provides a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value.

Topic: AfghanistanUnited Arab Emirates 45%, Pakistan 24%, India 22%, China 1% (2019)

Topic: AlbaniaItaly 45%, Spain 8%, Germany 6%, Greece 5%, France 4%, China 4% (2019)

Topic: AlgeriaItaly 13%, France 13%, Spain 12%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 7%, India 5%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: American SamoaAustralia 25%, Ghana 19%, Indonesia 15.6%, Burma 10.4%, Portugal 5.1% (2017)

Topic: AndorraSpain 40%, France 19%, United States 11%, Mauritania 5% (2019)

Topic: AngolaChina 62%, India 10%, United Arab Emirates 4%, Portugal 3%, Spain 3% (2019)

Topic: Antigua and BarbudaPoland 37%, Suriname 33%, United Arab Emirates 8% (2019)

Topic: ArgentinaBrazil 16%, China 11%, United States 7%, Chile 5% (2019)

Topic: ArmeniaRussia 22%, Switzerland 20%, China 7%, Bulgaria 6%, Iraq 5%, Serbia 5%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: ArubaMalaysia 57%, United States 11%, Netherlands 6%, Jordan 6%, Venezuela 5% (2019)

Topic: AustraliaChina 39%, Japan 15%, South Korea 7%, India 5% (2019)

Topic: AustriaGermany 28%, United States 7%, Italy 6%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Topic: AzerbaijanItaly 28%, Turkey 15%, Israel 7%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2017)

Topic: Bahamas, ThePoland 32%, United States 17%, Ecuador 9%, China 6%, Japan 5% (2019)

Topic: BahrainUnited Arab Emirates 31%, Saudi Arabia 12%, Japan 8%, United States 8% (2019)

Topic: BangladeshUnited States 15%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 8%, Spain 7%, France 7% (2019)

Topic: BarbadosUS 21%, Poland 14%, Jamaica 8%, Guyana 6%,Trinidad and Tobago 6% (2019)

Topic: BelarusRussia 42%, Ukraine 13%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)

Topic: BelgiumGermany 17%, France 14%, Netherlands 13%, United Kingdom 8%, United States 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: BelizeUnited Kingdom 27%, United States 24%, Spain 6%, Jamaica 5%, Ireland 5% (2019)

Topic: BeninNigeria 25%, Bangladesh 14%, United Arab Emirates 14%, India 13%, China 8%, Vietnam 5% (2019)

Topic: BermudaJamaica 49.1%, Luxembourg 36.1%, US 4.9% (2017)

Topic: BhutanIndia 94% (2019)

Topic: BoliviaArgentina 16%, Brazil 15%, United Arab Emirates 12%, India 10%, United States 6%, South Korea 5%, Peru 5%, Colombia 5% (2019)

Topic: Bosnia and HerzegovinaGermany 14%, Italy 12%, Croatia 11%, Serbia 11%, Austria 9%, Slovenia 8% (2019)

Topic: BotswanaIndia 21%, Belgium 19%, United Arab Emirates 19%, South Africa 9%, Israel 7%, Hong Kong 6%, Singapore 5% (2019)

Topic: BrazilChina 28%, United States 13% (2019)

Topic: British Virgin IslandsMalta 30%, Seychelles 29%, Switzerland 14% (2019)

Topic: BruneiJapan 34%, Australia 12%, Singapore 10%, India 8%, Malaysia 8%, Thailand 7%, China 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: BulgariaGermany 16%, Romania 8%, Italy 7%, Turkey 7%, Greece 6% (2019)

Topic: Burkina FasoSwitzerland 59%, India 21% (2019)

Topic: BurmaChina 24%, Thailand 24%, Japan 7%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: BurundiUnited Arab Emirates 50%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 7% (2019)

Topic: Cabo VerdeSpain 65%, Portugal 14%, Italy 8% (2019)

Topic: CambodiaUnited States 21%, Singapore 8%, Thailand 8%, Germany 7%, Japan 6%, China 5%, Canada 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)

Topic: CameroonChina 17%, Netherlands 14%, Italy 9%, United Arab Emirates 8%, India 7%, United States 6%, Belgium 6%, Spain 5%, France 5% (2019)

Topic: CanadaUS 73% (2019)

Topic: Cayman IslandsNetherlands 82%, Spain 11% (2019)

Topic: Central African RepublicChina 41%, United Arab Emirates 19%, France 7% (2019)

Topic: ChadChina 32%, United Arab Emirates 21%, India 19%, United States 10%, France 6%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: ChileChina 32%, United States 14%, Japan 9%, South Korea 7% (2019)

Topic: ChinaUnited States 17%, Hong Kong 10%, Japan 6% (2019)

Topic: Christmas IslandMalaysia 36%, New Zealand 21%, Indonesia 20%, Australia 10% (2019)

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) IslandsUnited States 57%, Ireland 15% (2019)

Topic: ColombiaUnited States 31%, China 11%, Panama 6%, Ecuador 5% (2019)

Topic: ComorosFrance 32%, India 23%, Germany 10%, Turkey 9%, Madagascar 7% (2019)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of theChina 53%, United Arab Emirates 11%, Saudi Arabia 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: Congo, Republic of theChina 49%, United Arab Emirates 15%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: Cook IslandsJapan 37%, Thailand 21%, France 17% (2019)

Topic: Costa RicaUnited States 38%, Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5%, Guatemala 5%, Panama 5% (2019)

Topic: Cote d'IvoireNetherlands 10%, United States 6%, France 6%, Spain 5%, Malaysia 5%, Switzerland 5%, Germany 5%, Vietnam 5% (2019)

Topic: CroatiaItaly 13%, Germany 13%, Slovenia 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2019)

Topic: CubaChina 38%, Spain 11%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: CuracaoSwitzerland 27%, United States 17%, Spain 14%, Ecuador 7%, India 7%, Antigua and Barbuda 5% (2019)

Topic: CyprusIndia 9%, Greece 9%, Libya 8%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)

Topic: CzechiaGermany 31%, Slovakia 7%, Poland 6%, France 5% (2019)

Topic: DenmarkGermany 14%, United States 11%, Sweden 10%, United Kingdom 7%, Norway 6%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: DjiboutiSaudi Arabia 42%, India 15%, China 14%, Egypt 5%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: DominicaSaudi Arabia 47%, Qatar 5% (2019)

Topic: Dominican RepublicUnited States 54%, Switzerland 8%, Canada 5%, India 5%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: EcuadorUnited States 30%, China 13%, Panama 8%, Chile 7% (2019)

Topic: EgyptUnited States 9%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Italy 6%, Turkey 6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, India 5% (2019)

Topic: El SalvadorUnited States 40%, Guatemala 15%, Honduras 15%, Nicaragua 6% (2019)

Topic: Equatorial GuineaChina 34%, India 19%, Spain 11%, United States 7% (2019)

Topic: EritreaChina 62%, South Korea 28.3% (2017)

Topic: EstoniaFinland 13%, Sweden 9%, Latvia 8%, Russia 8%, United States 7%, Lithuania 6%, Germany 6% (2019)

Topic: EswatiniSouth Africa 94% (2017)

Topic: EthiopiaChina 17%, United States 16%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Saudi Arabia 6%, South Korea 5%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: European UnionUnited States 20.7%, China 9.6%, Switzerland 8.1%, Turkey 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2016 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Spain 78%, United States 6% (2019)

Topic: Faroe IslandsRussia 26.4%, UK 14.1%, Germany 8.4%, China 7.9%, Spain 6.8%, Denmark 6.2%, US 4.7%, Poland 4.4%, Norway 4.1% (2017)

Topic: FijiUnited States 29%, Australia 14%, New Zealand 7%, Japan 6%, Tonga 6% (2019)

Topic: FinlandGermany 14%, Sweden 10%, United States 8%, Netherlands 6%, China 6%, Russia 5% (2019)

Topic: FranceGermany 14%, United States 8%, Italy 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 7%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)

Topic: French PolynesiaJapan 23.1%, Hong Kong 21.5%, Kyrgyzstan 15.9%, US 15.9%, France 12.4% (2017)

Topic: GabonChina 63%, Singapore 5% (2019)

Topic: Gambia, TheChina 38%, India 22%, Mali 7%, Chile 5% (2017)

Topic: GeorgiaRussia 12%, Azerbaijan 12%, Armenia 9%, Bulgaria 8%, China 6%, Turkey 6%, Ukraine 6% (2019)

Topic: GermanyUnited States 9%, France 8%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5%, Austria 5% (2019)

Topic: GhanaSwitzerland 23%, India 17%, China 12%, United Arab Emirates 8%, South Africa 8% (2019)

Topic: GibraltarPoland 31%, Netherlands 27%, France 11%, Germany 8%, United States 6% (2019)

Topic: GreeceItaly 10%, Germany 7%, Turkey 5%, Cyprus 5%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)

Topic: GreenlandDenmark 55%, China 22%, Japan 6% (2019)

Topic: GrenadaUnited States 40%, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7%, Saint Lucia 7%, France 6%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5%, Ireland 5%, Antigua and Barbuda 5% (2019)

Topic: GuamSouth Korea 31%, Hong Kong 27%, Taiwan 18%, Philippines 7% (2019)

Topic: GuatemalaUnited States 33%, El Salvador 12%, Honduras 8%, Mexico 5%, Nicaragua 5% (2019)

Topic: GuineaUnited Arab Emirates 39%, China 36%, India 6% (2019)

Topic: Guinea-BissauIndia 50%, Belgium 28%, Cote d'Ivoire 8% (2019)

Topic: GuyanaTrinidad and Tobago 31%, Canada 11%, Portugal 11%, Ghana 8%, Norway 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)

Topic: HaitiUnited States 81%, Canada 7% (2019)

Topic: HondurasUnited States 53%, El Salvador 8%, Guatemala 5%, Nicaragua 5% (2019)

Topic: Hong KongChina 23%, India 14%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)

Topic: HungaryGermany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)

Topic: IcelandNetherlands 23%, United Kingdom 9%, Germany 9%, Spain 8%, United States 7%, France 7%, Canada 5% (2019)

Topic: IndiaUnited States 17%, United Arab Emirates 9%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: IndonesiaChina 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019)

Topic: IranChina 48%, India 12%, South Korea 8%, Turkey 6%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)

Topic: IraqChina 26%, India 24%, South Korea 9%, United States 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6% (2019)

Topic: IrelandUnited States 28%, Belgium 10%, Germany 10%, UK 9%, China 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Topic: IsraelUnited States 26%, China 9%, United Kingdom 7% (2020)

Topic: ItalyGermany 12%, France 11%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 5%, Spain 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Topic: JamaicaUnited States 32%, Netherlands 11%, Germany 9%, Canada 7%, Iceland 7% (2019)

Topic: JapanUnited States 19%, China 18%, South Korea 6%, Taiwan 6% (2019)

Topic: JordanUnited States 21%, Saudi Arabia 13%, India 8%, Iraq 7%, United Arab Emirates 5%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: KazakhstanChina 13%, Italy 12%, Russia 10%, Netherlands 7%, France 6%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: KenyaUganda 10%, United States 9%, Netherlands 8%, Pakistan 7%, United Kingdom 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Tanzania 5% (2019)

Topic: KiribatiThailand 53%, Philippines 17%, South Korea 10%, Japan 9% (2019)

Topic: Korea, NorthChina 67%, Suriname 6% (2019)

Topic: Korea, SouthChina 25%, United States 14%, Vietnam 9%, Hong Kong 6%, Japan 5% (2019)

Topic: KosovoAlbania 16%, India 14%, North Macedonia 12.1%, Serbia 10.6%, Switzerland 5.6%, Germany 5.4% (2017)

Topic: KuwaitChina 20%, South Korea 16%, India 15%, Japan 10%, Taiwan 6%, Vietnam 5% (2019)

Topic: KyrgyzstanUnited Kingdom 56%, Kazakhstan 13%, Russia 13%, Uzbekistan 5% (2019)

Topic: LaosThailand 36%, China 28%, Vietnam 16% (2019)

Topic: LatviaLithuania 16%, Estonia 10%, Russia 9%, Germany 7%, Sweden 6%, United Kingdom 6% (2019)

Topic: LebanonSwitzerland 27%, United Arab Emirates 15%, South Korea 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Kuwait 6% (2019)

Topic: LesothoUnited States 29%, Belgium 26%, South Africa 25%, Switzerland 6% (2019)

Topic: LiberiaGuyana 32%, Poland 10%, Switzerland 8%, Japan 7%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: LibyaItaly 18%, China 16%, Germany 15%, Spain 15%, United Arab Emirates 6%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: LithuaniaRussia 13%, Latvia 9%, Poland 8%, Germany 7%, Estonia 5% (2019)

Topic: LuxembourgGermany 23%, France 13%, Belgium 12%, Netherlands 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: MacauHong Kong 66%, China 9% (2019)

Topic: MadagascarUnited States 19%, France 18%, United Arab Emirates 7%, China 6%, Japan 6%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2019)

Topic: MalawiBelgium 16%, United States 8%, Egypt 7%, South Africa 6%, Germany 6%, Kenya 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)

Topic: MalaysiaSingapore 13%, China 13%, United States 11%, Hong Kong 6%, Japan 6%, Thailand 5% (2019)

Topic: MaldivesThailand 24%, United States 13%, China 12%, France 11%, Germany 11%, Italy 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)

Topic: MaliUnited Arab Emirates 66%, Switzerland 26% (2019)

Topic: MaltaGermany 12%, France 9%, Italy 9% (2019)

Topic: Marshall IslandsPoland 28%, Denmark 19%, South Korea 13%, Indonesia 10%, Cyprus 6% (2019)

Topic: MauritaniaChina 32%, Switzerland 13%, Spain 9%, Japan 9%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: MauritiusFrance 10%, South Africa 10%, United States 10%, United Kingdom 8%, Zambia 7%, Madagascar 6% (2019)

Topic: MexicoUnited States 75% (2019)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States ofThailand 73%, Japan 10%, China 9% (2019)

Topic: MoldovaRomania 27%, Russia 9%, Italy 9%, Germany 9%, Turkey 6%, Poland 5% (2019)

Topic: MonacoItaly 19%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 9%, Switzerland 9%, Spain 8%, United States 6%, Belgium 5% (2019)Italy 19%, Germany 14%, United Kingdom 9%, Switzerland 9%, Spain 8%, United States 6%, Belgium 5%

Topic: MongoliaChina 81%, Switzerland 9% (2019)

Topic: MontenegroSerbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)

Topic: MontserratAntigua and Barbuda 19%, United States 18%, France 17%, Singapore 14%, Belgium 9%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Topic: MoroccoSpain 23%, France 19% (2019)

Topic: MozambiqueSouth Africa 16%, India 13%, China 12%, Italy 7%, United Arab Emirates 5%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: NamibiaChina 27%, South Africa 18%, Botswana 8%, Belgium 7% (2019)

Topic: NauruThailand 34%, Australia 16%, United States 13%, South Korea 10%, Philippines 9%, Japan 7%, France 5% (2019)

Topic: NepalIndia 68%, United States 10% (2019)

Topic: NetherlandsGermany 20%, Belgium 12%, United Kingdom 9%, France 7%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: New CaledoniaChina 59%, South Korea 14%, Japan 11% (2019)

Topic: New ZealandChina 28%, Australia 14%, United States 9%, Japan 6% (2019)

Topic: NicaraguaUnited States 60%, El Salvador 5%, Mexico 5% (2019)

Topic: NigerUnited Arab Emirates 54%, China 25%, France 7%, Pakistan 5% (2019)

Topic: NigeriaIndia 16%, Spain 10%, United States 7%, France 7%, Netherlands 6% (2019)

Topic: NiueIndonesia 92%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: Norfolk IslandPhilippines 29%, Singapore 21%, India 14%, Belgium 7%, Australia 5%, Canada 5% (2019)

Topic: North MacedoniaGermany 45%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)

Topic: Northern Mariana IslandsSouth Korea 73%, Peru 5% (2019)

Topic: NorwayUnited Kingdom 18%, Germany 14%, Netherlands 10%, Sweden 9%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: OmanChina 46%, India 8%, Japan 6%, South Korea 6%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Saudi Arabia 5% (2019)

Topic: PakistanUnited States 14%, China 8%, Germany 7%, United Kingdom 6% (2019)

Topic: PalauJapan 70%, South Korea 15%, United States 7% (2019)

Topic: PanamaEcuador 20%, Guatemala 14%, China 8%, United States 6%, Netherlands 6% (2019)

Topic: Papua New GuineaAustralia 26%, China 26%, Japan 22%, Taiwan 7% (2019)

Topic: ParaguayBrazil 32%, Argentina 22%, Chile 8%, Russia 8% (2019)

Topic: PeruChina 29%, United States 12%, Canada 5%, South Korea 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Topic: PhilippinesChina 16%, United States 15%, Japan 13%, Hong Kong 12%, Singapore 7%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: Pitcairn IslandsSouth Africa 24%, Canada 20%, Germany 13%, Czechia 8%, El Salvador 5%, Spain 5% (2019)

Topic: PolandGermany 27%, Czechia 6%, United Kingdom 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: PortugalSpain 23%, France 13%, Germany 12%, United Kingdom 6%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: Puerto RicoItaly 15%, Netherlands 15%, Belgium 9%, Japan 8%, Germany 8%, Austria 8%, Spain 7%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: QatarJapan 17%, South Korea 16%, India 14%, China 13%, Singapore 7% (2019)

Topic: RomaniaGermany 22%, Italy 10%, France 7% (2019)

Topic: RussiaChina 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019)

Topic: RwandaUnited Arab Emirates 35%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 28%, Uganda 5% (2019)

Topic: Saint BarthelemyFrance 60%, Germany 27% (2019)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaUnited States 47%, Japan 12%, South Korea 10%, France 9%, Australia 5% (2019)

Topic: Saint Kitts and NevisUnited States 69%, Germany 8%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: Saint LuciaUnited States 29%, Uruguay 16%, Barbados 8%, Trinidad and Tobago 5.5%, United Kingdom 6%, Dominica 6%, Guyana 5%, France 5% (2019)

Topic: Saint MartinUnited States 35%, Netherlands 26%, Antigua and Barbuda 21%, France 10% (2019)

Topic: Saint Pierre and MiquelonCanada 79%, France 8%, Belgium 6% (2019)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesJordan 39%, Singapore 14% (2019)

Topic: SamoaAmerican Samoa 21%, United States 13%, New Zealand 12%, Australia 10%, Tokelau 6%, Taiwan 5% (2019)

Topic: San MarinoRomania 10%, France 9%, United States 8%, Germany 8%, Poland 6%, Brazil 6%, Russia 6%, Austria 6% (2019)

Topic: Sao Tome and PrincipeSingapore 30%, Switzerland 24%, France 11%, Poland 7%, Belgium 7%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: Saudi ArabiaChina 20%, India 11%, Japan 11%, South Korea 9%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: SenegalMali 22%, Switzerland 14%, India 9%, China 7% (2019)

Topic: SerbiaGermany 12%, Italy 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7%, Romania 6%, Russia 5%  (2019)

Topic: SeychellesUnited Arab Emirates 17%, United Kingdom 13%, France 12%, British Virgin Islands 11%, Zambia 9%, Mauritius 5%, Japan 5% (2019)

Topic: Sierra LeoneBelgium 26%, China 25%, Romania 9%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Topic: SingaporeChina 15%, Hong Kong 13%, Malaysia 9%, United States 8%, Indonesia 7%, India 5% (2019)

Topic: SlovakiaGermany 22%, Czechia 11%, Poland 7%, France 7%, Hungary 6%, Austria 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)

Topic: SloveniaGermany 18%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Topic: Solomon IslandsChina 65%, Italy 9%, India 6% (2019)

Topic: SomaliaUnited Arab Emirates 47%, Saudi Arabia 19%, India 5%, Japan 5% (2019)

Topic: South AfricaChina 15%, United Kingdom 8%, Germany 7%, United States 6%, India 6% (2019)

Topic: South SudanChina 88%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)

Topic: SpainFrance 15%, Germany 11%, Portugal 8%, Italy 8%, United Kingdom 7%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: Sri LankaUnited States 24%, India 8%, United Kingdom 7%, Germany 7% (2019)

Topic: SudanUnited Arab Emirates 31%, China 19%, Saudi Arabia 14%, India 12%, Egypt 5% (2019)

Topic: SurinameSwitzerland 39%, United Arab Emirates 31%, Belgium 10% (2019)

Topic: SwedenGermany 10%, Norway 9%, United States 8%, Denmark 7%, Finland 6%, United Kingdom 5%, Netherlands 5%, China 5% (2019)

Topic: SwitzerlandGermany 16%, United States 14%, United Kingdom 8%, China 7%, France 6%, India 6%, Italy 5% (2019)

Topic: SyriaSaudi Arabia 23%, Turkey 18%, Egypt 14%, United Arab Emirates 8%, Jordan 7%, Kuwait 5% (2019)

Topic: TaiwanChina 26%, United States 14%, Hong Kong 12%, Japan 7%, Singapore 7%, South Korea 5% (2019)

Topic: TajikistanTurkey 24%, Switzerland 22%, Uzbekistan 16%, Kazakhstan 12%, China 10% (2019)

Topic: TanzaniaIndia 20%, United Arab Emirates 13%, China 8%, Switzerland 7%, Rwanda 6%, Kenya 5%, Vietnam 5% (2019)

Topic: ThailandUnited States 13%, China 12%, Japan 10%, Vietnam 5% (2019)

Topic: Timor-LesteSingapore 51%, China 20%, Japan 9%, Indonesia 6% (2019)

Topic: TogoIndia 16%, Benin 15%, Burkina Faso 6%, France 6%, Morocco 5% (2019)

Topic: TokelauSingapore 25%, France 19%, South Africa 7%, New Zealand 5%, United States 5%, Ireland 5% (2019)

Topic: TongaUnited States 38%, South Korea 18%, Australia 14%, New Zealand 14%, Japan 6%,  (2019)

Topic: Trinidad and TobagoUnited States 33%, Guyana 9%, Spain 6%, China 6% (2019)

Topic: TunisiaFrance 29%, Italy 17%, Germany 13% (2019)

Topic: TurkeyGermany 9%, United Kingdom 6%, Iraq 5%, Italy 5%, United States 5% (2019)

Topic: TurkmenistanChina 82% (2019)

Topic: Turks and Caicos IslandsFrance 31%, United States 16%, Zambia 13%, Singapore 9%, Republic of the Congo 8% (2019)

Topic: TuvaluThailand 50%, Indonesia 40% (2019)

Topic: UgandaUnited Arab Emirates 58%, Kenya 9% (2019)

Topic: UkraineRussia 9%, China 8%, Germany 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)

Topic: United Arab EmiratesIndia 11%, Japan 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Switzerland 6%, China 6%, Iraq 6% (2019)

Topic: United KingdomUnited States 15%, Germany 10%, China 7%, Netherlands 7%, France 7%, Ireland 6% (2019)

Topic: United StatesCanada 17%, Mexico 16%, China 7%, Japan 5% (2019)

Topic: UruguayChina 29%, Brazil 12%, United States 5%, Netherlands 5%, Argentina 5% (2019)

Topic: UzbekistanSwitzerland 19%, United Kingdom 17%, Russia 15%, China 14%, Kazakhstan 9%, Turkey 8%, Kyrgyzstan 5% (2019)

Topic: VanuatuJapan 33%, Thailand 13%, Mauritania 13%, South Korea 11%, China 9%, Fiji 7% (2019)

Topic: VenezuelaIndia 34%, China 28%, United States 12%, Spain 6% (2019)

Topic: VietnamUnited States 23%, China 14%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7% (2019)

Topic: Virgin IslandsHaiti 14%, Guadeloupe 7%, Malaysia 7%, Martinique 7%, Barbados 7%, British Virgin Islands 5% (2019)

Topic: Wallis and FutunaSingapore 47%, France 32%, Belgium 9% (2019)

Topic: YemenChina 53%, Saudi Arabia 10%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Australia 5% (2019)

Topic: ZambiaSwitzerland 29%, China 16%, Namibia 12%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 9%, Singapore 5% (2019)

Topic: ZimbabweUnited Arab Emirates 40%, South Africa 23%, Mozambique 9% (2019)


Topic: Photos of Venezuela

Topic: Introduction
Background: Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Although democratically elected governments largely held sway since 1959, the executive branch under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government.  This undemocratic trend continued in 2018 when Nicolas MADURO claimed the presidency for his second term in an election boycotted by most opposition parties and widely viewed as fraudulent.

The last democratically-elected institution is the 2015 National Assembly. The President of the 2015 National Assembly, Juan GUAIDO is currently recognized by several countries - including the United States - as the interim president of Venezuela, while MADURO is recognized by most countries. In 2020, legislative elections were held for a new National Assembly, which the opposition boycotted and which were widely condemned as fraudulent. The resulting assembly is viewed by GUAIDO, most opposition parties, and many international actors as illegitimate. In November 2021, most opposition parties broke a three-year election boycott to participate in mayoral and gubernatorial elections, despite flawed conditions. As a result, the opposition more than doubled its representation at the mayoral level and retained four of 23 governorships. The 2021 regional elections marked the first time since 2006 that the EU was allowed to send an electoral observation mission to Venezuela.

The MADURO regime places strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. Since CHAVEZ, the ruling party's economic policies expanded the state's role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. Years of economic mismanagement left Venezuela ill-prepared to weather the global drop in oil prices in 2014, sparking an economic decline that has resulted in reduced government social spending, shortages of basic goods, and high inflation. Worsened living conditions have prompted over 6 million Venezuelans to migrate, mainly settling in nearby countries. Since 2017, the US has imposed financial and sectoral sanctions on the MADURO regime. Since mid-2020, and despite MADURO regime mismanagement and faltering infrastructure, oil production has begun to rise primarily due to strengthened MADURO regime trade relations with China, Russia, Iran, and the illicit oil trade. Caracas has more recently relaxed some economic controls to mitigate the impact of its sustained economic crisis, such as allowing increased currency and liberalizing import flexibility for private citizens and companies. Other concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, political manipulation of the judicial and electoral systems, and corruption.Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by military strongmen who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Although democratically elected governments largely held sway since 1959, the executive branch under Hugo CHAVEZ, president from 1999 to 2013, exercised increasingly authoritarian control over other branches of government.  This undemocratic trend continued in 2018 when Nicolas MADURO claimed the presidency for his second term in an election boycotted by most opposition parties and widely viewed as fraudulent.

The last democratically-elected institution is the 2015 National Assembly. The President of the 2015 National Assembly, Juan GUAIDO is currently recognized by several countries - including the United States - as the interim president of Venezuela, while MADURO is recognized by most countries. In 2020, legislative elections were held for a new National Assembly, which the opposition boycotted and which were widely condemned as fraudulent. The resulting assembly is viewed by GUAIDO, most opposition parties, and many international actors as illegitimate. In November 2021, most opposition parties broke a three-year election boycott to participate in mayoral and gubernatorial elections, despite flawed conditions. As a result, the opposition more than doubled its representation at the mayoral level and retained four of 23 governorships. The 2021 regional elections marked the first time since 2006 that the EU was allowed to send an electoral observation mission to Venezuela.

The MADURO regime places strong restrictions on freedoms of expression and the press. Since CHAVEZ, the ruling party's economic policies expanded the state's role in the economy through expropriations of major enterprises, strict currency exchange and price controls that discourage private sector investment and production, and overdependence on the petroleum industry for revenues, among others. Years of economic mismanagement left Venezuela ill-prepared to weather the global drop in oil prices in 2014, sparking an economic decline that has resulted in reduced government social spending, shortages of basic goods, and high inflation. Worsened living conditions have prompted over 6 million Venezuelans to migrate, mainly settling in nearby countries. Since 2017, the US has imposed financial and sectoral sanctions on the MADURO regime. Since mid-2020, and despite MADURO regime mismanagement and faltering infrastructure, oil production has begun to rise primarily due to strengthened MADURO regime trade relations with China, Russia, Iran, and the illicit oil trade. Caracas has more recently relaxed some economic controls to mitigate the impact of its sustained economic crisis, such as allowing increased currency and liberalizing import flexibility for private citizens and companies. Other concerns include human rights abuses, rampant violent crime, political manipulation of the judicial and electoral systems, and corruption.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 66 00 W
Map references: South America
Area: total: 912,050 sq km

land: 882,050 sq km

water: 30,000 sq km
Area - comparative: almost six times the size of Georgia; slightly more than twice the size of California
Land boundaries: total: 5,267 km

border countries (3): Brazil 2,137 km; Colombia 2,341 km; Guyana 789 km
Coastline: 2,800 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 15 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
Elevation: highest point: Pico Bolivar 4,978 m

lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

mean elevation: 450 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Land use: agricultural land: 24.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)

other: 23.4% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 10,550 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Salt water lake(s): Lago de Maracaibo - 13,010 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rio Negro (shared with Colombia [s] and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco river source and mouth (shared with Colombia) - 2,101 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)
Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Natural hazards: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
Geography - note: note 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South America note 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world's highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepuinote 1: the country lies on major sea and air routes linking North and South Americanote 2: Venezuela has some of the most unique geology in the world; tepuis are massive table-top mountains of the western Guiana Highlands that tend to be isolated and thus support unique endemic plant and animal species; their sheer cliffsides account for some of the most spectacular waterfalls in the world including Angel Falls, the world's highest (979 m) that drops off Auyan Tepui
Map description: Venezuela map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Caribbean Sea.Venezuela map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and the Caribbean Sea.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 29,789,730 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Venezuelan(s)

adjective: Venezuelan
Ethnic groups: unspecified Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, Indigenous
Languages: Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

major-language sample(s):
La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%
Demographic profile: Social investment in Venezuela during the CHAVEZ administration reduced poverty from nearly 50% in 1999 to about 27% in 2011, increased school enrollment, substantially decreased infant and child mortality, and improved access to potable water and sanitation through social investment. "Missions" dedicated to education, nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation were funded through petroleum revenues. The sustainability of this progress remains questionable, however, as the continuation of these social programs depends on the prosperity of Venezuela's oil industry. In the long-term, education and health care spending may increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, but rising costs and the staffing of new health care jobs with foreigners are slowing development. While CHAVEZ was in power, more than one million predominantly middle- and upper-class Venezuelans are estimated to have emigrated. The brain drain is attributed to a repressive political system, lack of economic opportunities, steep inflation, a high crime rate, and corruption. Thousands of oil engineers emigrated to Canada, Colombia, and the United States following CHAVEZ's firing of over 20,000 employees of the state-owned petroleum company during a 2002-03 oil strike. Additionally, thousands of Venezuelans of European descent have taken up residence in their ancestral homelands. Nevertheless, Venezuela has attracted hundreds of thousands of immigrants from South America and southern Europe because of its lenient migration policy and the availability of education and health care. Venezuela also has been a fairly accommodating host to Colombian refugees, numbering about 170,000 as of year-end 2016. However, since 2014, falling oil prices have driven a major economic crisis that has pushed Venezuelans from all walks of life to migrate or to seek asylum abroad to escape severe shortages of food, water, and medicine; soaring inflation; unemployment; and violence. As of March 2020, an estimated 5 million Venezuelans were refugees or migrants worldwide, with almost 80% taking refuge in Latin America and the Caribbean (notably Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina, and Brazil, as well as the Dominican Republic, Aruba, and Curacao). Asylum applications increased significantly in the US and Brazil in 2016 and 2017. Several receiving countries are making efforts to increase immigration restrictions and to deport illegal Venezuelan migrants - Ecuador and Peru in August 2018 began requiring valid passports for entry, which are difficult to obtain for Venezuelans. Nevertheless, Venezuelans continue to migrate to avoid economic collapse at home.Social investment in Venezuela during the CHAVEZ administration reduced poverty from nearly 50% in 1999 to about 27% in 2011, increased school enrollment, substantially decreased infant and child mortality, and improved access to potable water and sanitation through social investment. "Missions" dedicated to education, nutrition, healthcare, and sanitation were funded through petroleum revenues. The sustainability of this progress remains questionable, however, as the continuation of these social programs depends on the prosperity of Venezuela's oil industry. In the long-term, education and health care spending may increase economic growth and reduce income inequality, but rising costs and the staffing of new health care jobs with foreigners are slowing development.While CHAVEZ was in power, more than one million predominantly middle- and upper-class Venezuelans are estimated to have emigrated. The brain drain is attributed to a repressive political system, lack of economic opportunities, steep inflation, a high crime rate, and corruption. Thousands of oil engineers emigrated to Canada, Colombia, and the United States following CHAVEZ's firing of over 20,000 employees of the state-owned petroleum company during a 2002-03 oil strike. Additionally, thousands of Venezuelans of European descent have taken up residence in their ancestral homelands. Nevertheless, Venezuela has attracted hundreds of thousands of immigrants from South America and southern Europe because of its lenient migration policy and the availability of education and health care. Venezuela also has been a fairly accommodating host to Colombian refugees, numbering about 170,000 as of year-end 2016. However, since 2014, falling oil prices have driven a major economic crisis that has pushed Venezuelans from all walks of life to migrate or to seek asylum abroad to escape severe shortages of food, water, and medicine; soaring inflation; unemployment; and violence. As of March 2020, an estimated 5 million Venezuelans were refugees or migrants worldwide, with almost 80% taking refuge in Latin America and the Caribbean (notably Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina, and Brazil, as well as the Dominican Republic, Aruba, and Curacao). Asylum applications increased significantly in the US and Brazil in 2016 and 2017. Several receiving countries are making efforts to increase immigration restrictions and to deport illegal Venezuelan migrants - Ecuador and Peru in August 2018 began requiring valid passports for entry, which are difficult to obtain for Venezuelans. Nevertheless, Venezuelans continue to migrate to avoid economic collapse at home.
Age structure: 0-14 years: 25.66% (male 3,759,280/female 3,591,897)

15-24 years: 16.14% (male 2,348,073/female 2,275,912)

25-54 years: 41.26% (male 5,869,736/female 5,949,082)

55-64 years: 8.76% (male 1,203,430/female 1,305,285)

65 years and over: 8.18% (2020 est.) (male 1,069,262/female 1,272,646)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 54.4

youth dependency ratio: 42.1

elderly dependency ratio: 12.3

potential support ratio: 8.1 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 30 years

male: 29.4 years

female: 30.7 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.43% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 17.27 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 13.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the northern and western highlands along an eastern spur at the northern end of the Andes, an area that includes the capital of Caracas
Urbanization: urban population: 88.4% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 2.957 million CARACAS (capital), 2.333 million Maracaibo, 1.959 million Valencia, 1.241 million Barquisimeto, 1.230 million Maracay, 950,000 Ciudad Guayana (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 125 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 17.72 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 19.72 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 15.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.29 years

male: 70.12 years

female: 76.62 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.22 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 75% (2010)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 94.2% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 5.8% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 5.4% (2019)
Physicians density: 1.73 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density: 0.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 95.8% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 4.2% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.5% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 100,000 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,200 (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

note: as of 30 September 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to Venezuela; the country is experiencing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and adequate health care is currently not available in most of the country
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 25.6% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: 1.3% of GDP (2017)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 97.1%

male: 97%

female: 97.2% (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.1%

male: 10.5% NA

female: 14.9% (2017 est.) NA

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations
Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 15.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 164.18 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 68.66 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Land use: agricultural land: 24.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 20.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 52.1% (2018 est.)

other: 23.4% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 88.4% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.16% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

note: as of 30 September 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that travelers avoid all nonessential travel to Venezuela; the country is experiencing outbreaks of infectious diseases, and adequate health care is currently not available in most of the country
Food insecurity: widespread lack of access: due to severe economic crisis - the national economy, highly dependent on oil production and exports, is forecast to contract in 2021 for the eighth consecutive year; with the persistent negative effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic that have compounded the already severe macro‑economic crisis, the access to food of the most vulnerable households is expected to deteriorate throughout 2021 due to widespread losses of income‑generating activities and soaring food prices (2022)
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 9,779,093 tons (2010 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Salt water lake(s): Lago de Maracaibo - 13,010 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rio Negro (shared with Colombia [s] and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco river source and mouth (shared with Colombia) - 2,101 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 5.123 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 793.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 16.71 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 1.325 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

conventional short form: Venezuela

local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela

local short form: Venezuela

former: State of Venezuela, Republic of Venezuela, United States of Venezuela

etymology: native stilt-houses built on Lake Maracaibo reminded early explorers Alonso de OJEDA and Amerigo VESPUCCI in 1499 of buildings in Venice and so they named the region "Venezuola," which in Italian means "Little Venice"
Government type: federal presidential republic
Capital: name: Caracas

geographic coordinates: 10 29 N, 66 52 W

time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: named for the native Caracas tribe that originally settled in the city's valley site near the Caribbean coast
Administrative divisions: 23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales (Federal Dependencies)**, Distrito Capital (Capital District)*, Falcon, Guarico, La Guaira, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia

note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Constitution: history: many previous; latest adopted 15 December 1999, effective 30 December 1999

amendments: proposed through agreement by at least 39% of the National Assembly membership, by the president of the republic in session with the cabinet of ministers, or by petition of at least 15% of registered voters; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly and simple majority approval in a referendum; amended 2009; note - in 2016, President MADURO issued a decree to hold an election to form a constituent assembly to change the constitution; the election in July 2017 approved the formation of a 545-member constituent assembly and elected its delegates, empowering them to change the constitution and dismiss government institutions and officials
Legal system: civil law system based on the Spanish civil code
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: yes

citizenship by descent only: yes

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years; reduced to five years in the case of applicants from Spain, Portugal, Italy, or a Latin American or Caribbean country
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Notification Statement: the United States recognizes Juan GUAIDO as the Interim President of Venezuela

President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 19 April 2013); Executive Vice President Delcy RODRIGUEZ Gomez (since 14 June 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Nicolas MADURO Moros (since 19 April 2013); Executive Vice President Delcy RODRIGUEZ Gomez (since 14 June 2018)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 6-year term (no term limits); election last held on 20 May 2018 (next election scheduled for 2024)

election results: 2018: Nicolas MADURO Moros reelected president; percent of vote - Nicolas MADURO Moros (PSUV) 68%, Henri FALCON (AP) 21%, Javier BERTUCCI 11%; note - the election was marked by serious shortcomings and electoral fraud; voter turnout was approximately 46% due largely to an opposition boycott of the election

2013: Nicolas MADURO Moros elected president; percent of vote - Nicolas MADURO Moros (PSUV) 50.6%, Henrique CAPRILES Radonski (PJ) 49.1%, other 0.3%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (277 seats; 3 seats reserved for indigenous peoples of Venezuela; members serve 5-year terms); note - in 2020, the National Electoral Council increased the number of seats in the National Assembly from 167 to 277 for the 6 December 2020 election

elections: last held on 6 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2025)

election results: percent of vote by party - GPP (pro-government) 69.32%, Democratic Alliance (opposition coalition) 17.68%, other 13%; seats by party - GPP 253, Democratic Alliance 18, indigenous peoples 3, other 3; composition - NA
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (consists of 32 judges organized into constitutional, political-administrative, electoral, civil appeals, criminal appeals, and social divisions)

judge selection and term of office: judges proposed by the Committee of Judicial Postulation (an independent body of organizations dealing with legal issues and of the organs of citizen power) and appointed by the National Assembly; judges serve nonrenewable 12-year terms; note - in July 2017, the National Assembly named 33 judges to the court to replace a series of judges, it argued, had been illegally appointed in late 2015 by the outgoing, socialist-party-led Assembly; the Government of President MADURO and the Socialist Party-appointed judges refused to recognize these appointments, however, and many of the new judges have since been imprisoned or forced into exile

subordinate courts: Superior or Appeals Courts (Tribunales Superiores); District Tribunals (Tribunales de Distrito); Courts of First Instance (Tribunales de Primera Instancia); Parish Courts (Tribunales de Parroquia); Justices of the Peace (Justicia de Paz) Network
Political parties and leaders: A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Antonio LEDEZMA]
Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano or CMC [Timoteo ZAMBRANO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Miguel SALAZAR]
Citizens Encounter or EC [Delsa SOLORZANO]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Nicolas MADURO -- Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties -- Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democratica) (comprised of AD, EL CAMBIO, COPEI, CMC, and AP)
Come Venezuela (Vente Venezuela) or VV [Maria Corina MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Consenso en la Zona or Conenzo [Enzo SCARANO and Leon JURADO]
Convergencia [Juan Jose CALDERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Jose Bernabe GUTIERREZ Parra]
EL CAMBIO (The Change) [Javier Alejandro BERTUCCI Carrero]
Fatherland for All (Patria para Todos) or PPT [Ilenia MEDINA]
Fuerza Vecinal or FV [leaders include mayors Gustavo DUQUE, Darwin GONZALEZ, Elias SAYEGH, Manuel FERREIRA, Josy FERNANDEZ, and Morel David RODRIGUEZ]; note - national spokesman David UZCATEGUI
Justice First (Primero Justicia) or PJ [Julio BORGES]
LAPIZ [Antonio Ecarri]
Movement to Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo) or MAS [Segundo MELENDEZ]
Popular Will (Voluntad Popular) or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ, Freddy SUPERLANO, and Emilio GRATERON]
Progressive Advance (Avanzada Progresista) or AP [two groups, one led by Henri FALCON and Fanny GARCIA, the other led by Luis Augusto ROMERO and Bruno GALLO]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuela First (Primero Venezuela) or PV [Luis PARRA]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Carlos BERRIZBEITIA]
We Are Venezuela (Somos Venezuela) or MSV [Delcy RODRIGUEZ and Vanessa MONTERO]A New Era or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]
Brave People's Alliance or ABP [Antonio LEDEZMA]
Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano or CMC [Timoteo ZAMBRANO]
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Miguel SALAZAR]
Citizens Encounter or EC [Delsa SOLORZANO]
Clear Accounts or CC [Enzo SCARENO]
Coalition of parties loyal to Nicolas MADURO -- Great Patriotic Pole or GPP [Nicolas MADURO]
Coalition of opposition parties -- Democratic Alliance (Alianza Democratica) (comprised of AD, EL CAMBIO, COPEI, CMC, and AP)
Come Venezuela (Vente Venezuela) or VV [Maria Corina MACHADO]
Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Oscar FIGUERA]
Consenso en la Zona or Conenzo [Enzo SCARANO and Leon JURADO]
Convergencia [Juan Jose CALDERA]
Democratic Action or AD [Jose Bernabe GUTIERREZ Parra]
EL CAMBIO (The Change) [Javier Alejandro BERTUCCI Carrero]
Fatherland for All (Patria para Todos) or PPT [Ilenia MEDINA]
Fuerza Vecinal or FV [leaders include mayors Gustavo DUQUE, Darwin GONZALEZ, Elias SAYEGH, Manuel FERREIRA, Josy FERNANDEZ, and Morel David RODRIGUEZ]; note - national spokesman David UZCATEGUI
Justice First (Primero Justicia) or PJ [Julio BORGES]
LAPIZ [Antonio Ecarri]
Movement to Socialism (Movimiento al Socialismo) or MAS [Segundo MELENDEZ]
Popular Will (Voluntad Popular) or VP [Leopoldo LOPEZ, Freddy SUPERLANO, and Emilio GRATERON]
Progressive Advance (Avanzada Progresista) or AP [two groups, one led by Henri FALCON and Fanny GARCIA, the other led by Luis Augusto ROMERO and Bruno GALLO]
The Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELAZQUEZ]
United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Nicolas MADURO]
Venezuela First (Primero Venezuela) or PV [Luis PARRA]
Venezuelan Progressive Movement or MPV [Simon CALZADILLA]
Venezuela Project or PV [Carlos BERRIZBEITIA]
We Are Venezuela (Somos Venezuela) or MSV [Delcy RODRIGUEZ and Vanessa MONTERO]
International organization participation: Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CELAC, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, LAS (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, Petrocaribe, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos Alfredo VECCHIO (since 8 April 2019)

chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214

FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820

email address and website:
despacho.embveus@mppre.gob.ve
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: James “Jimmy” STORY, Ambassador for the Venezuela Affairs Unit (since November 2020); note - on 11 March 2019, the Department of State announced the temporary suspension of operations of the US Embassy in Caracas and the withdrawal of diplomatic personnel; the Venezuela Affairs Unit is located at the United States Embassy in Bogota, Colombia

embassy: Venezuela Affairs Unit, Carrera 45 N. 24B-27, Bogota

previously - F St. and Suapure St.; Urb. Colinas de Valle Arriba; Caracas 1080

mailing address: 3140 Caracas Place, Washington DC  20521-3140

telephone: 1-888-407-4747

email address and website:
ACSBogota@state.gov

https://ve.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band; the flag retains the three equal horizontal bands and three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the South American republic that broke up in 1830; yellow is interpreted as standing for the riches of the land, blue for the courage of its people, and red for the blood shed in attaining independence; the seven stars on the original flag represented the seven provinces in Venezuela that united in the war of independence; in 2006, then President Hugo CHAVEZ ordered an eighth star added to the star arc - a decision that sparked much controversy - to conform with the flag proclaimed by Simon Bolivar in 1827 and to represent the historic province of Guayana
National symbol(s): troupial (bird); national colors: yellow, blue, red
National anthem: name: "Gloria al bravo pueblo" (Glory to the Brave People)

lyrics/music: Vicente SALIAS/Juan Jose LANDAETA

note: adopted 1881; lyrics written in 1810, the music some years later; both SALIAS and LANDAETA were executed in 1814 during Venezuela's struggle for independence
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Coro and its Port (c), Canaima National Park (n), Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for almost all export earnings and nearly half of the government’s revenue, despite a continued decline in oil production in 2017. In the absence of official statistics, foreign experts estimate that GDP contracted 12% in 2017, inflation exceeded 2000%, people faced widespread shortages of consumer goods and medicine, and the central bank's international reserves dwindled. In late 2017, Venezuela also entered selective default on some of its sovereign and state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., (PDVSA) bonds. Domestic production and industry continues to severely underperform and the Venezuelan Government continues to rely on imports to meet its basic food and consumer goods needs.   Falling oil prices since 2014 have aggravated Venezuela’s economic crisis. Insufficient access to dollars, price controls, and rigid labor regulations have led some US and multinational firms to reduce or shut down their Venezuelan operations. Market uncertainty and PDVSA’s poor cash flow have slowed investment in the petroleum sector, resulting in a decline in oil production.   Under President Nicolas MADURO, the Venezuelan Government’s response to the economic crisis has been to increase state control over the economy and blame the private sector for shortages. MADURO has given authority for the production and distribution of basic goods to the military and to local socialist party member committees. The Venezuelan Government has maintained strict currency controls since 2003. The government has been unable to sustain its mechanisms for distributing dollars to the private sector, in part because it needed to withhold some foreign exchange reserves to make its foreign bond payments. As a result of price and currency controls, local industries have struggled to purchase production inputs necessary to maintain their operations or sell goods at a profit on the local market. Expansionary monetary policies and currency controls have created opportunities for arbitrage and corruption and fueled a rapid increase in black market activity.Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for almost all export earnings and nearly half of the government’s revenue, despite a continued decline in oil production in 2017. In the absence of official statistics, foreign experts estimate that GDP contracted 12% in 2017, inflation exceeded 2000%, people faced widespread shortages of consumer goods and medicine, and the central bank's international reserves dwindled. In late 2017, Venezuela also entered selective default on some of its sovereign and state oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A., (PDVSA) bonds. Domestic production and industry continues to severely underperform and the Venezuelan Government continues to rely on imports to meet its basic food and consumer goods needs. Falling oil prices since 2014 have aggravated Venezuela’s economic crisis. Insufficient access to dollars, price controls, and rigid labor regulations have led some US and multinational firms to reduce or shut down their Venezuelan operations. Market uncertainty and PDVSA’s poor cash flow have slowed investment in the petroleum sector, resulting in a decline in oil production. Under President Nicolas MADURO, the Venezuelan Government’s response to the economic crisis has been to increase state control over the economy and blame the private sector for shortages. MADURO has given authority for the production and distribution of basic goods to the military and to local socialist party member committees. The Venezuelan Government has maintained strict currency controls since 2003. The government has been unable to sustain its mechanisms for distributing dollars to the private sector, in part because it needed to withhold some foreign exchange reserves to make its foreign bond payments. As a result of price and currency controls, local industries have struggled to purchase production inputs necessary to maintain their operations or sell goods at a profit on the local market. Expansionary monetary policies and currency controls have created opportunities for arbitrage and corruption and fueled a rapid increase in black market activity.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $269.068 billion (2018 est.)

$381.6 billion (2017 est.)

$334.751 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: -19.67% (2018 est.)

-14% (2017 est.)

-15.76% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $7,704 (2018 est.)

$12,500 (2017 est.)

$9,417 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $210.1 billion (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 146,101.7% (2019 est.)

45,518.1% (2018 est.)

416.8% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: RD (2017)

Moody's rating: WR (2019)

Standard & Poors rating: SD (2017)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 4.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 40.4% (2017 est.)

services: 54.9% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 68.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 19.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 13.9% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.7% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 7% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -10.7% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: sugar cane, maize, milk, rice, plantains, bananas, pineapples, potatoes, beef, poultry
Industries: agricultural products, livestock, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials, medical equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, iron and steel products, crude oil and petroleum products
Industrial production growth rate: -2% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 14.21 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 7.3%

industry: 21.8%

services: 70.9% (4th quarter, 2011 est.)
Unemployment rate: 6.9% (2018 est.)

27.1% (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 12.1%

male: 10.5% NA

female: 14.9% (2017 est.) NA
Population below poverty line: 33.1% (2015 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 39 (2011)

49.5 (1998)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.7%

highest 10%: 32.7% (2006)
Budget: revenues: 92.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 189.7 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 38.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

31.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover central government debt, as well as the debt of state-owned oil company PDVSA; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include some debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; some debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues: 44.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: $4.277 billion (2017 est.)

-$3.87 billion (2016 est.)
Exports: $83.401 billion (2018 est.)

$93.485 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners: India 34%, China 28%, United States 12%, Spain 6% (2019)
Exports - commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, industrial alcohols, gold, iron (2019)
Imports: $18.432 billion (2018 est.)

$18.376 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners: China 28%, United States 22%, Brazil 8%, Spain 6%, Mexico 6%  (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, rice, corn, tires, soybean meal, wheat (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $9.661 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$11 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $100.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$109.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates: bolivars (VEB) per US dollar -

3,345 (2017 est.)

673.76 (2016 est.)

48.07 (2015 est.)

13.72 (2014 est.)

6.284 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 99.6% (2019)

electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019)

electrification - rural areas: 99% (2019)
Electricity - production: 109.3 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 71.96 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2015 est.)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 31 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 51% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 49% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 1.484 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 1.656 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 302.3 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 926,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 659,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 325,800 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 20,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 27.07 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 24.21 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 5.739 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 5,251,182 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 18 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 13,476,300 (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47.26 (2019)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: the telecom industry is struggling due to political upheaval in the country; poor quality of service in many areas of the country due to decrepit state of fixed-line network and operators’ inability to pay for equipment from foreign vendors; operator suffering from stolen or damaged infrastructure; many consumers favor mobile service, and cancel their fixed-line services; popularity of social networks caused growth in mobile data traffic; LTE coverage to about half of the population; government launched National Fiber Optic backbone project in 2019; national satellite drifted off course and became non-operational; an American company closed a telecom service due to US sanctions and a Chilean company later acquired the service; Internet freedom deteriorating amid crisis, with frequent disruptions to service and monitoring; importer of broadcasting equipment from the US (2020)

domestic: two domestic satellite systems with three earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; 3 major providers operate in the mobile market and compete with state-owned company; fixed-line over 18 per 100 and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership about 63 per 100 persons (2020)

international: country code - 58; landing points for the Venezuela Festoon, ARCOS, PAN-AM, SAC, GlobeNet, ALBA-1 and Americas II submarine cable system providing connectivity to the Caribbean, Central and South America, and US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat (2020)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: Venezuela has a mixture of state-run and private broadcast media that are subject to high levels of regime control, including the shuttering of opposition-leaning media outlets; 13 public service networks, 61 privately owned TV networks, a privately owned news channel with limited national coverage, and a regime-backed Pan-American channel; 3 regime-run radio networks officially control roughly 65 news stations and another 30 stations targeted at specific audiences; regime-sponsored community broadcasters include 235 radio stations and 44 TV stations; the number of private broadcast radio stations has been declining, but many still remain in operation (2021)
Internet country code: .ve
Internet users: total: 20,531,397 (2019 est.)

percent of population: 72% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 2,561,556 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 12 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 75

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,137,771 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1.55 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YV
Airports: total: 444 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 127

over 3,047 m: 6

2,438 to 3,047 m: 9

1,524 to 2,437 m: 33

914 to 1,523 m: 62

under 914 m: 17 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 317

2,438 to 3,047 m: 3

1,524 to 2,437 m: 57

914 to 1,523 m: 127

under 914 m: 130 (2021)
Heliports: 3 (2021)
Pipelines: 981 km extra heavy crude, 5941 km gas, 7,588 km oil, 1,778 km refined products (2013)
Railways: total: 447 km (2014)

standard gauge: 447 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (41.4 km electrified)
Roadways: total: 96,189 km (2014)
Waterways: 7,100 km (2011) (Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels)
Merchant marine: total: 281

by type: bulk carrier 4, container ship 1, general cargo 26, oil tanker 18, other 232 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

oil terminal(s): Jose terminal

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Bolivarian National Armed Forces (Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana, FANB): Bolivarian Army (Ejercito Bolivariano, EB), Bolivarian Navy (Armada Bolivariana, AB; includes marines, Coast Guard), Bolivarian Military Aviation (Aviacion Militar Bolivariana, AMB; includes a joint-service Aerospace Defense Command (Comando de Defensa Aeroespacial Integral, CODAI), Bolivarian Militia (Milicia Bolivariana), Bolivarian National Guard (Guardia Nacional Bolivaria, GNB)

Bolivarian National Police: Special Action Forces (Fuerzas de Acciones Especiales, FAES) (2022)

note(s) - the Bolivarian Militia was added as a "special component" to the FANB in 2020; the National Guard is responsible for maintaining public order, guarding the exterior of key government installations and prisons, conducting counter-narcotics operations, monitoring borders, and providing law enforcement in remote areas; it reports to both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior, Justice, and Peace

the FAES police paramilitary unit was created by President MADURO after the 2017 anti-government protests to bolster internal security; it has been accused of multiple human rights abuses
Military expenditures: 5.2% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $7.5 billion)

4.4% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $9.9 billion)

2.9% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $8.5 billion)

2.2% of GDP (2016 est.) (approximately $7.7 billion)

1.8% of GDP (2015 est.) (approximately $9.3 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: information varies; approximately 125-150,000 active personnel, including about 25-30,000 National Guard; approximately 200-225,000 Bolivarian Militia (2022)

note - the Bolivarian Militia is comprised of armed civilians who receive periodic training in exchange for a small stipend
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the FANB inventory is mainly of Chinese and Russian origin with a smaller mix of equipment from Western countries, including the US; since 2010, Russia is the top supplier of military hardware to Venezuela (2022)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 (25 for women) for voluntary service; the minimum service obligation is 24-30 months; all citizens of military service age (18-50 years old) are obligated to register for military service and subject to military training, although “forcible recruitment” is forbidden (2022)

note - as of 2017, women made up more than 20% of the active duty military
Military - note: between 2013 and 2017, Venezuela established at least a dozen military-led firms in a variety of economic sectors, such as agriculture, banking, construction, insurance, the media, mining, oil, and tourism; as of 2020, military officers reportedly led at least 60 state-owned companies; as of 2019, 9 of 32 government ministries were controlled by the military, including the ministries of agriculture and energy

as of late 2021, an estimated 1,500- 2,000 members of the terrorist organizations National Liberation Army (ELN) and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia dissidents (FARC-People's Army and Segundo Marquetalia - see Appendix T) operated in Venezuela, mostly in the states of Amazonas, Apure, Bolivar, Guarico, Tachira, and Zulia, although ELN was assessed to be present in 12 of Venezuela’s 23 states; the groups were particularly active in Apure state where the Venezuelan military clashed several times with FARC dissidents of the 10th Front in 2020-2021 (2022)
Maritime threats: The International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial and offshore waters in the Caribbean Sea as at risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; numerous vessels, including commercial shipping and pleasure craft, have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; crews have been robbed and stores or cargoes stolen; in 2021, no attacks were reported

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Venezuela-Brazil: none identified Venezuela-Colombia: dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; the border between the two countries was closed from March 2020 to October 2021 due to COVID, but goods and people fleeing poverty and violence continued to be smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, and illegal narcotics and armed men flowed into Venezuela from Colombia; since the FARC disarmed in 2016, some former members have formed armed dissident groups that operate along the border Venezuela-Guyana: claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; in 2018, Guyana initiated proceedings against Venezuela with the International Court of Justice (ICJ); Venezuela requested a direct dialogue to settle the dispute; the ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the case in December 2020; in September 2021, Venezuelan officials issued a statement reasserting dominion over three-quarters of Guyana, which Guyana stated was a threat to its sovereignty and territorial integrity Venezuela-various:  Venezuela claims Aves Island and thereby an economic exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Venezuela’s claim to Aves Island is disputed by Dominica and several other countries because the island has rich guano deposits useful in producing fertilizer and gunpowder, as well as large fish stocks and natural gas reserves; contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resourcesVenezuela-Brazil: none identifiedVenezuela-Colombia: dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; the border between the two countries was closed from March 2020 to October 2021 due to COVID, but goods and people fleeing poverty and violence continued to be smuggled from Venezuela into Colombia, and illegal narcotics and armed men flowed into Venezuela from Colombia; since the FARC disarmed in 2016, some former members have formed armed dissident groups that operate along the borderVenezuela-Guyana: claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; in 2018, Guyana initiated proceedings against Venezuela with the International Court of Justice (ICJ); Venezuela requested a direct dialogue to settle the dispute; the ICJ ruled that it had jurisdiction to hear the case in December 2020; in September 2021, Venezuelan officials issued a statement reasserting dominion over three-quarters of Guyana, which Guyana stated was a threat to its sovereignty and territorial integrityVenezuela-various:  Venezuela claims Aves Island and thereby an economic exclusion Zone/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Venezuela’s claim to Aves Island is disputed by Dominica and several other countries because the island has rich guano deposits useful in producing fertilizer and gunpowder, as well as large fish stocks and natural gas reserves; contraband smuggling (narcotics and arms), illegal migration, trafficking in animals, plants, lumber, illegal exploitation of mineral resources
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 67,935 (Colombia) (2020)

note: As of December 2020, more than 800,000 Venezuelans have applied for asylum worldwide
Trafficking in persons: current situation: Venezuela is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Venezuelan women and girls are trafficked within the country for sexual exploitation, lured from the nation's interior to urban and tourist areas; women from Colombia, Peru, Haiti, China, and South Africa are also reported to have been sexually exploited in Venezuela; some Venezuelan women are transported to Caribbean islands, particularly Aruba, Curacao, and Trinidad & Tobago, where they are subjected to forced prostitution; some Venezuelan children are forced to beg on the streets or work as domestic servants, while Ecuadorian children, often from indigenous communities, are subjected to forced labor; the government provided support to FARC dissidents and the ELN, which grew through the recruitment of child soldiers and exploitation of children in sex trafficking and forced labor; Illegal armed groups lure children in vulnerable conditions and dire economic circumstances with gifts and promises of basic sustenance to later recruit them into their ranks

tier rating: Tier 3 — Venezuela does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government created a specialized prosecutor’s office to oversee trafficking investigations and prosecutions; authorities began legal proceedings against three complicit officials in a notable case; however, the government did not assist any victims or investigate, prosecute, or convict any traffickers; little effort was made to curb the forced recruitment of Venezuelan children by Colombian armed groups operating illegally in Venezuela; authorities made little effort to screen Cuban medical professionals for trafficking indicators as the Cuban Government may have forced them to work by withholding their documentation, and coercing them to falsify medical records (2020)
Illicit drugs:  a major drug transit country and trafficking route in the Western Hemisphere largely destined for the Caribbean, Central America, the United States, West Africa, and Europe for illegal drugs, predominately cocaine; government officials reportedly complicit with illegal armed narcotrafficking groups little international drug control cooperation;  significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border a major drug transit country and trafficking route in the Western Hemisphere largely destined for the Caribbean, Central America, the United States, West Africa, and Europe for illegal drugs, predominately cocaine; government officials reportedly complicit with illegal armed narcotrafficking groups little international drug control cooperation;  significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border