This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. A nation's GDP at official exchange rates (OER) is the home-currency-denominated annual GDP figure divided by the bilateral average US exchange rate with that country in that year. The measure is simple to compute and gives a precise measure of the value of output. Many economists prefer this measure when gauging the economic power an economy maintains vis-à-vis its neighbors, judging that an exchange rate captures the purchasing power a nation enjoys in the international marketplace. Official exchange rates, however, can be artificially fixed and/or subject to manipulation - resulting in claims of the country having an under- or over-valued currency - and are not necessarily the equivalent of a market-determined exchange rate. Moreover, even if the official exchange rate is market-determined, market exchange rates are frequently established by a relatively small set of goods and services (the ones the country trades) and may not capture the value of the larger set of goods the country produces. Furthermore, OER-converted GDP is not well suited to comparing domestic GDP over time, since appreciation/depreciation from one year to the next will make the OER GDP value rise/fall regardless of whether home-currency-denominated GDP changed.

Topic: Afghanistan$20.24 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Albania$15.273 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Algeria$169.912 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: American Samoa$658 million (2016 est.)

Topic: Andorra$2.712 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Angola$97.261 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Anguilla$175.4 million (2009 est.)

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda$1.524 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Argentina$447.467 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Armenia$13.694 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Aruba$2.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Australia$1,390,790,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Austria$445.025 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan$48.104 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The$12.16 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahrain$38.472 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Bangladesh$329.545 billion (2020 est.)

Topic: Barbados$4.99 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belarus$63.168 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Belgium$533.028 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Belize$1.854 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Benin$10.315 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Bermuda$6.127 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Bhutan$2.405 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bolivia$40.822 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina$20.078 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Botswana$18.335 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Brazil$1,877,942,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islands$1.028 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Brunei$12.13 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bulgaria$68.49 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso$14.271 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Burma$76.606 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Burundi$3.027 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verde$1.971 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Cambodia$22.09 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cameroon$34.99 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Canada$1,741,865,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islands$2.25 billion (2008 est.)

Topic: Central African Republic$1.937 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Chad$10.912 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Chile$282.655 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: China$14,327,359,000,000 (2019 est.)

note: because China's exchange rate is determined by fiat rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries

Topic: Colombia$323.255 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Comoros$1.186 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the$47.16 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the$8.718 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cook Islands$299.9 million (2016 est.)

Topic: Costa Rica$61.855 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire$42.498 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Croatia$60.687 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Cuba$93.79 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in Cuban Pesos at 1 CUP = 1 US$; official exchange rate

Topic: Curacao$5.6 billion (2012 est.)

Topic: Cyprus$24.946 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Czechia$250.631 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Denmark$350.037 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Djibouti$3.323 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Dominica$557 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic$88.956 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Ecuador$107.436 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Egypt$323.763 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: El Salvador$27.023 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea$10.634 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Eritrea$5.813 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Estonia$31.461 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Eswatini$4.484 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Ethiopia$92.154 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: European Union$17.11 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)$206.4 million (2015 est.)

Topic: Faroe Islands$2.765 billion (2014 est.)

Topic: Fiji$4.891 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Finland$269.259 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: France$2,715,574,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: French Polynesia$4.795 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: Gabon$16.064 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Gambia, The$1.746 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Gaza Strip$2.938 billion (2014 est.)

note: excludes the West Bank

Topic: Georgia$17.694 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Germany$3,860,923,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Ghana$65.363 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Gibraltar$2.044 billion (2014 est.)

Topic: Greece$209.79 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Greenland$2.221 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: Grenada$1.119 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Guam$5.793 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Guatemala$76.678 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Guernsey$2.742 billion (2005 est.)

Topic: Guinea$13.55 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau$1.339 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Guyana$3.561 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Haiti$8.608 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Honduras$25.145 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Hong Kong$365.753 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Hungary$163.251 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Iceland$24.614 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: India$2,835,927,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Indonesia$1,119,720,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Iran$581.252 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Iraq$231.994 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Ireland$398.476 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Isle of Man$6.792 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: Israel$394.93 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Italy$2,002,763,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Jamaica$15.847 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Japan$5,078,679,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Jersey$5.004 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: Jordan$44.568 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstan$181.194 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Kenya$95.52 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Kiribati$197 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Korea, North$28 billion (2013 est.)

Topic: Korea, South$1,646,604,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Kosovo$7.926 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Kuwait$134.638 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan$8.442 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Laos$16.97 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Latvia$34.084 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Lebanon$53.253 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Lesotho$2.462 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Liberia$3.071 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Libya$52.259 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Liechtenstein$6.672 billion (2014 est.)

Topic: Lithuania$54.597 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg$71.089 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Macau$53.841 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Madagascar$13.964 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Malawi$7.766 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Malaysia$364.631 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Maldives$4.505 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mali$17.508 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Malta$14.986 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islands$222 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Mauritania$706 million (2018 est.)

Topic: Mauritius$14.004 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Mexico$1,269,956,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of$328 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Moldova$11.982 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Monaco$6.006 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: Mongolia$11.14 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Montenegro$5.486 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Montserrat$167.4 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Morocco$118.858 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Mozambique$14.964 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Namibia$12.372 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Nauru$114 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Nepal$24.88 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Netherlands$907.042 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: New Caledonia$9.77 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: New Zealand$205.202 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua$12.57 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Niger$12.926 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Nigeria$475.062 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Niue$10.01 million (2003) (2003)

Topic: North Macedonia$12.696 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands$1.242 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Norway$405.695 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Oman$76.883 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Pakistan$253.183 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Palau$292 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Panama$66.801 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea$19.82 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Paraguay$38.94 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Peru$230.707 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Philippines$377.205 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Poland$595.72 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Portugal$237.698 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Puerto Rico$104.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Qatar$191.29 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Romania$249.543 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Russia$1,702,361,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Rwanda$9.136 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da CunhaNA

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis$964 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Lucia$1.686 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Martin$561.5 million (2005 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon$261.3 million (2015 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines$785 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Samoa$841 million (2017 est.)

Topic: San Marino$1.643 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe$0 (2018 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia$792.849 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Senegal$23.576 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Serbia$51.449 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Seychelles$1.748 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone$4.132 billion (2020 est.)

Topic: Singapore$372.088 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Sint Maarten$304.1 million (2014 est.)

Topic: Slovakia$105.388 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Slovenia$54.16 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islands$1.298 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Somalia$7.052 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: South Africa$350.032 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: South Sudan$3.06 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Spain$1,393,351,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Sri Lanka$84.016 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Sudan$24.918 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Suriname$3.419 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sweden$531.35 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Switzerland$731.502 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Syria$24.6 billion (2014 est.)

Topic: Taiwan$611.391 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan$2.522 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Tanzania$60.633 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Thailand$543.798 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste$2.775 billion (2017 est.)

note: non-oil GDP

Topic: Togo$5.232 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Tokelau$12.658 million (2017 est.)

note: data uses New Zealand Dollar (NZD) as the currency of exchange.

Topic: Tonga$455 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago$24.031 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Tunisia$38.884 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Turkey$760.028 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan$40.819 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands$1.02 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Tuvalu$40 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Uganda$34.683 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Ukraine$155.082 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirates$421.077 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: United Kingdom$2,827,918,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: United States$21,433,228,000,000 (2019 est.)

Topic: Uruguay$56.108 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan$57.789 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Vanuatu$870 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Venezuela$210.1 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Vietnam$259.957 billion (2019 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islands$5.182 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Wallis and Futuna$195 million (2005) (2005)

Topic: West Bank$9.828 billion (2014 est.)

note: excludes Gaza Strip

Topic: World$80.27 trillion SGWP (gross world product) (2017 est.)

Topic: Yemen$54.356 billion (2018 est.)

Topic: Zambia$25.71 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwe$21.441 billion (2019 est.)


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens Reconsider Travel to Guyana due to crime. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport will not expire for at least 6 months after they enter the country even if they do not intend to stay that long. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required.
US Embassy/Consulate: +(592) 225-4900/9; EMER: +(592) 623-1992; US Embassy Georgetown, 100 Young and Duke Streets, Georgetown, Guyana; acsgeorge@state.gov;

https://gy.usembassy.gov/
Telephone Code: 592
Local Emergency Phone: 999
Vaccinations: An International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever is required for travelers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission and for travelers having transited through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. See WHO recommendations.

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
Currency (Code): Guyanese dollars (GYD)
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 120 V, 240 V / 60 Hz / plug types(s): A, B, D, G

Major Languages: English, Guyanese Creole, Amerindian languages (including Caribbean and Arawak languages), Indian languages (including Caribbean Hindustani), Chinese
Major Religions: Protestant 34.8%, Hindu 24.8%, Roman Catholic 7.1%, Muslim 6.8%, Jehovah's Witness 1.3%, Rastafarian 0.5%, other Christian 20.8%
Time Difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water: Opt for bottled water
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Left
Tourist Destinations: Kaieteur Falls; Canopy Walkway; Marshall Falls; Saint George's Cathedral; Orinduik Falls; Shell Beach
Major Sports: Cricket, soccer, field hockey, rounders (similar to baseball)
Cultural Practices: Direct eye contact is appreciated in Guyana, and refusal to meet someone's gaze can be seen as suspicious.
Tipping Guidelines: In restaurants, 10-15% of the bill is conventional. A tip of $2-10 (USD) a day for your guide and $1-3 (USD) for your driver is acceptable.Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Monday, April 25, 2022


This entry lists military forces deployed to other countries or territories abroad. The World Factbook defines deployed as a permanently stationed force or a temporary deployment of greater than six months.  Deployments smaller than 100 personnel or paramilitaries, police, contractors, mercenaries, or proxy forces are not included. Numbers provided are estimates only and should be considered paper strengths, not necessarily the current number of troops on the ground.  In addition, some estimates, such as those by the US military, are significantly influenced by deployment policies, contingencies, or world events and may change suddenly. Where available, the organization or mission that at least some of the forces are deployed under is listed. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry:
AMISOM - Africa Union (AU) Mission in Somalia; UN-supported, AU-operated peacekeeping mission
BATUS - British Army Training Unit Suffield, Canada
BATUK - British Army Training Unit, Kenya
CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization
ECOMIG - ECOWUS Mission in The Gambia; Africa Union-European Union peacekeeping, stabilization, and training mission in Gambia
EUTM - European Union Training Mission
EUFOR - European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as Operation Althea)
EuroCorps - European multi-national corps headquartered in Strasbourg, France, consisting of troops from Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Spain; Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania and Turkey are Associated Nations of EuroCorps
G5 Joint Force - G5 Sahel Cross-Border Joint Force comprised of troops from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger
KFOR - the Kosovo Force; a NATO-led international peacekeeping force in Kosovo
MFO - Multinational Force & Observers Sinai, headquartered in Rome
MINUSCA - United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic
MINUSMA - United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali
MNJTF - Multinational Joint Task Force Against Boko Haram comprised of troops from Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria with the mission of fighting Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin

MONUSCO - United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
NATO - North American Treaty Organization, headquartered in Brussels, Belgium
Operation Barkhane - French-led counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism mission in the Sahel alongside the G5 Joint Force; headquartered in N’Djamena, Chad and supported by Canada, Denmark, Estonia, the European Union, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the US
Operation Inherent Resolve - US-led coalition to counter the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and provide assistance and training to Iraqi security forces
UNAFIL - United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNAMID - African Union - United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, Sudan
UNDOF - United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, Golan (Israel-Syria border)
UNFICYP - United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNISFA - United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (Sudan-South Sudan border)
UNMISS - United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan
UNSOM - United Nations Assistance Mission in SomaliaThis entry lists military forces deployed to other countries or territories abroad. The World Factbook defines deployed as a permanently stationed force or a temporary deployment of greater than six months.  Deployments smaller than 100 personnel or paramilitaries, police, contractors, mercenaries, or proxy forces are not included. Numbers provided are estimates only and should be considered paper strengths, not necessarily the current number of troops on the ground.  In addition, some estimates, such as those by the US military, are significantly influenced by deployment policies, contingencies, or world events and may change suddenly. Where available, the organization or mission that at least some of the forces are deployed under is listed. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry: AMISOM - Africa Union (AU) Mission in Somalia; UN-supported, AU-operated peacekeeping missionBATUS - British Army Training Unit Suffield, CanadaBATUK - British Army Training Unit, KenyaCSTO - Collective Security Treaty OrganizationECOMIG - ECOWUS Mission in The Gambia; Africa Union-European Union peacekeeping, stabilization, and training mission in GambiaEUTM - European Union Training MissionEUFOR - European Union Force Bosnia and Herzegovina (also known as Operation Althea)EuroCorps - European multi-national corps headquartered in Strasbourg, France, consisting of troops from Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, and Spain; Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania and Turkey are Associated Nations of EuroCorpsG5 Joint Force - G5 Sahel Cross-Border Joint Force comprised of troops from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and NigerKFOR - the Kosovo Force; a NATO-led international peacekeeping force in KosovoMFO - Multinational Force & Observers Sinai, headquartered in RomeMINUSCA - United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African RepublicMINUSMA - United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in MaliMNJTF - Multinational Joint Task Force Against Boko Haram comprised of troops from Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria with the mission of fighting Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin

MONUSCO - United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the CongoNATO - North American Treaty Organization, headquartered in Brussels, BelgiumOperation Barkhane - French-led counterinsurgency and counter-terrorism mission in the Sahel alongside the G5 Joint Force; headquartered in N’Djamena, Chad and supported by Canada, Denmark, Estonia, the European Union, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the USOperation Inherent Resolve - US-led coalition to counter the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria and provide assistance and training to Iraqi security forcesUNAFIL - United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNAMID - African Union - United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, SudanUNDOF - United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, Golan (Israel-Syria border)UNFICYP - United Nations Peacekeeping Force in CyprusUNISFA - United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (Sudan-South Sudan border)UNMISS - United Nations Mission in the Republic of South SudanUNSOM - United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia

Topic: Argentina200 Cyprus (UNFICYP) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Australiaapproximately 700 Middle East (2021)

Topic: Austria275 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 240 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 175 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2022)

Topic: BangladeshBangladesh is one of the leading contributors to UN peacekeeping missions since it joined the UN in 1974; as of mid-early 2022, it had approximately 6,400 personnel deployed, including about 5,800 troops, including: 1,375 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,625 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO; plus about 175 police); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,100 Mali (MINUSMA; plus about 280 police); 1,600 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Belgium125 France (contributing member of EuroCorps); 100 Mali (EUTM/MINUSMA); 200 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)

Topic: Benin260 (plus about 160 police) Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Burkina Faso650 (plus about 170 police) Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

note - Burkina Faso is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries

Topic: Burundi750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 5,400 Somalia (AMISOM) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Cambodia200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 180 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 290 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Cameroon750 (plus about 350 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Jan 2022)

note - Cameroon has committed approximately 2,000-2,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations occur occasionally

Topic: Canadathe CAF has approximately 2,000 personnel deployed on more than 20 different operations around the world, including up to 575 in Latvia (NATO) and up to 850 in the Middle East (multiple missions, including support to the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO assistance mission Iraq) (2022)

note - NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Topic: Chad1,425 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

note(s) - Chad is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger; Chad has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane; Chad hosts the headquarters of Operation Barkhane in N’Djamena

Chad has committed approximately 1,000-1,500 troops to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram; national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically; in 2019, Chad sent more than 1,000 troops to Nigeria’s Borno State to fight BH as part of the MNJTF mission

Topic: China425 Mali (MINUSMA); 225 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 420 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,050 South Sudan (UNMISS); up to 2,000 Djibouti (Feb 2022)

Topic: Colombia275 Egypt (MFO) (2022)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire860 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Croatia130 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO) (2022)

Topic: Czechiaup to 130 Lithuania (NATO) (2022)

note - NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Topic: Denmark140 Middle East/Iraq (NATO) (2021)

Topic: Djibouti960 Somalia (AMISOM) (2022)

Topic: Egypt1,000 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,050 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

Topic: El Salvador175 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Ethiopiaprior to the 2020-21 Tigray conflict, 5-10,000 Somalia (4,500 for AMISOM; the remainder under a bilateral agreement with Somalia); 3,200 Sudan (UNISFA); 1,500 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2022)

note - in August 2021, Sudan asked the UN to remove the Ethiopian troops from the UNISFA mission

Topic: European Unionsince 2003, the EU has launched more than 30 civilian and military crisis-management, advisory, and training missions in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, as well as counter-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia and a naval operation in the Mediterranean to disrupt human smuggling and trafficking networks and prevent the loss of life at sea (2022)

Topic: Fiji170 Egypt (MFO); 160 Iraq (UNAMI); 150 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Finland160 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2022)

Topic: France4,300 Burkina Faso/Chad/Mali/Niger (Operation Barkhane, Task Force Takuba; note - in  2021, France announced that it would cut the number of troops from this force to about 2,500 by 2023; in 2022, France said it would move the troops in Mali--about 2,400--to other west African countries); approximately 300 Central African Republic; 950 Cote D'Ivoire; 1,450 Djibouti; 350 Baltics (NATO); 2,100 French Guyana; 900 French Polynesia; 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; est. 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 570 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,450 New Caledonia; 1,700 Reunion Island; 350 Senegal; 650 United Arab Emirates (2021-2022)

note(s) - France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992; NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Topic: Germanyapproximately 500 Middle East (NATO/Counter-ISIS campaign); 550 Lithuania (NATO); approximately 1,200 Mali (MINUSMA/EUTM) (2021-2022)

note(s) - Germany is a contributing member of the EuroCorps; NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Topic: Ghana150 Mali (MINUSMA); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 730 (plus about 300 police) South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Greeceapproximately 1,000 Cyprus; 100 Kosovo (NATO); 150 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2022)

Topic: Guatemala155 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Guinea670 Mali (MINUSMA) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Hungary160 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 150 Iraq (counter-ISIS coalition); 470 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2021-2022)

Topic: India1,900 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 200 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 900 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 2,400 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Indonesia225 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,030 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,250 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Jan 2022)

Topic: Iranestimated 1-3,000 Syria (2022)

note - Iran has recruited, trained, and funded thousands of Syrian and foreign fighters to support the ASAD regime during the Syrian civil war

Topic: Ireland130 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 330 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Italy120 Djibouti; 900 Middle East/Iraq/Kuwait (NATO, counter-ISIS campaign, European Assistance Mission Iraq); 640 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 250 Latvia (NATO); 1,190 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 400 Libya; 290 Niger; 250 Romania (NATO); 150 Somalia (EUTM) (2022)

note - NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Topic: Japanapproximately 180 Djibouti (2022)

Topic: Jordan330 Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Kenya260 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 3,650 Somalia (AMISOM) (2022)

Topic: Korea, South260 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 280 South Sudan (UNMISS); 170 United Arab Emirates; note - since 2009, the ROK has kept a naval flotilla with approximately 300 personnel in the waters off of the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (2021-2022)

Topic: Latvia130 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO) (2022)

Topic: Liberia160 Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Lithuaniacontributes about 350-550 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units (2022)

Topic: Malawi700 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Malaysia830 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Feb 2022)

Topic: MaliMali is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, and Niger; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane

Topic: Mauritania460 (plus about 320 police) Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Feb 2022)

note - Mauritania is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger; it has committed 550 troops and 100 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane

Topic: Mongolia860 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Feb 2022)

note(s) - from 2003 to July 2021, some 3,300 Mongolian troops served in Afghanistan, including about 1,300 under the NATO-led mission Resolute Support Mission (2015 to 2021); since 2002, Mongolia has deployed more than 19,000 peacekeepers and observers to UN operations in more than a dozen countries

Topic: Morocco770 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 920 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Nepal750 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,140 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 400 Golan Heights (UNDOF); 875 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 230 Liberia (UNSMIL); 175 Mali (MINUSMA); 1,625 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Netherlands270 Lithuania (NATO) (2022)

Topic: New Zealandup to 220 Antarctica (summer season only) (2021)

Topic: Niger870 Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)

note(s) - Niger is part of a five-nation anti-jihadist task force known as the G5 Sahel Group, set up in 2014 with Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Chad; it has committed 1,100 troops and 200 gendarmes to the force; in early 2020, G5 Sahel military chiefs of staff agreed to allow defense forces from each of the states to pursue terrorist fighters up to 100 km into neighboring countries; the G5 force is backed by the UN, US, and France; G5 troops periodically conduct joint operations with French forces deployed to the Sahel under Operation Barkhane

Niger also has about 1,000 troops committed to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against against the terrorist group Boko Haram (see Appendix T); national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically

Topic: Nigeria200 Ghana (ECOMIG) (2022)

note - Nigeria has committed an Army combat brigade (approximately 3,000 troops) to the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), regional counter-terrorism force comprised of troops from Benin, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger; the national MNJTF troop contingents are deployed within their own country territories, although cross‐border operations are conducted periodically

Topic: Norwayup to 150 Lithuania (NATO) (2022)

Topic: Pakistan1,300 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 1,950 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 220 Mali (MINUSMA); 280 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Peru210 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Poland240 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); up to 180 Latvia (NATO); 190 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2022)

note - Poland contributes about 2,500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units

Topic: Portugal200 Central African Republic (MINUSCA/EUTM); up to 120 Lithuania (2022)

note - in 2021, Portugal deployed about 80 troops to Mozambique to assist with the EU training mission

Topic: Romaniaup to 120 Poland (NATO) (2022)

Topic: Russiainformation varies; est. 3,000-5,000 Armenia; est. 1,500 Belarus; est. 7,000-10,000 Georgia; est. 100 Central African Republic; est. 500 Kyrgyzstan; est. 1,500-2,000 Moldova (Transnistria); est. 3,000-5,000 Syria; est. 5,000-7,000 Tajikistan (2021)

note(s) - in 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine with an estimated 150-200,000 troops; prior to the invasion, it maintained an estimated 30,000 troops in areas of Ukraine occupied since 2014

--as of 2022, Russia had about 2,000 peacekeeping troops deployed to the area in and around Nagorno-Karabakh as part of a truce agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan; fighting erupted between the two countries over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in September of 2020

--as of late 2021, Russia was assessed to have sent 3,000-5,000 private military contractors to conduct security operations in Africa, including in the Central African Republic, Libya, and Mali

Topic: Rwanda2,450 (plus about 500 police) Central African Republic (approximately 1,700 for MINUSCA; an additional 750 sent bilaterally in August, 2021); 1,000 Mozambique (deployed mid-2021 to assist with combating insurgency); 2,600 (plus about 400 police) South Sudan (UNMISS) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Saudi Arabiaest. 2,500-5,000 Yemen (varies depending on operations, which continued into 2022) (2022)

Topic: Senegal750 Gambia (ECOMIG); 970 Mali (MINUSMA); note - Senegal also has about 1,100 police deployed on various UN peacekeeping missions (2022)

note - in 2021, Senegal also had over 700 police deployed on UN missions

Topic: Serbia200 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Singaporemaintains permanent training detachments of military personnel in Australia, France, and the US (2022)

Topic: Slovakia240 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 150 Latvia (NATO); 250 Slovakia (NATO) (2022)

Topic: Slovenia200 Kosovo (NATO) (2022)

Topic: South Africa930 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 1,500 Mozambique (part of a Southern African Development Community force to help quell an insurgency) (2022)

note - in 2021, South Africa sent a contingent of about 1,500 troops to Mozambique as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) force to help quell an insurgency; in

Topic: Spainapproximately 200 Iraq (training mission, counter-ISIS coalition); 350 Latvia (NATO); 650 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 400 Mali (EUTM); 150 Turkey (NATO) (2021-2022)

note - NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Topic: Sri Lanka110 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 240 Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)

Topic: SudanSudan joined the Saudi-led coalition that intervened in Yemen in 2015, reportedly providing as many as 40,000 troops during the peak of the war in 2016-17, mostly from the Rapid Support Forces; by 2021, Sudan had reduced the size of the force to about a brigade (approximately 2-3,000 troops) (2021)

Topic: Swedenapproximately 450 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, Task Force Takuba) (2021-2022)

Topic: Switzerland190 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2022)

Topic: Tanzania450 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 850 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Thailand275 South Sudan (UNMISS) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Togo730 (plus about 300 police) Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Turkeyest. 200 (Azerbaijan; monitoring cease-fire, clearing mines); 250 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR); est. 25-35,000 Cyprus; 300 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR); 100 Lebanon (UNIFIL); est. 3-5,000 Qatar; est. 200 Somalia (training mission); est. 10-20,000 Syria (2021-2022)

note(s) - between 2016 and 2020, Turkey conducted four major military campaigns in northern Syria; Turkey also has deployed troops into northern Iraq on numerous occasions to combat the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), including large operations involving thousands of troops in 2007, 2011, and 2018, and smaller-scale incursions in 2021 and early 2022; in 2020, Turkey deployed an undetermined number of Turkish military troops and an estimated 3,500-5,000 Syrian fighters to Libya to support the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA)

in October of 2021, Turkey’s parliament extended the military’s mandate to launch cross-border operations in Iraq and Syria by two more years

Topic: Uganda6,800 Somalia (6,200 AMISOM; 620 UNSOM); 250 Equatorial Guinea (2022)

Topic: Ukrainenote - Ukraine contributes about 500 troops to the Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine joint military brigade (LITPOLUKRBRIG), which was established in 2014; the brigade is headquartered in Poland and is comprised of an international staff, three battalions, and specialized units

Topic: United Arab Emiratesestimates vary; reportedly a few hundred remain in Yemen; maintains military bases in Eritrea and Somalia (2022)

Topic: United Kingdomapproximately 1,000 Brunei; approximately 400 Canada (BATUS); approximately 2,500 Cyprus (250 for UNFICYP); approximately 900 Estonia (NATO); approximately 1,200 Falkland Islands; approximately 200 Germany; 570 Gibraltar; approximately 1,400 Middle East (including Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE; coalition against ISIS; NATO); up to 350 Kenya (BATUK); approximately 350 Mali (EUTM, MINUSMA, and Operation Barkhane); 150 Poland (NATO) (2022)

note - NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe; the UK has sent several thousand

Topic: United States5,000 Africa (mostly in Djibouti, with approximately 700-1,000 in other countries of East Africa and about 700 in West Africa); 1,700 Australia; 250 Diego Garcia; 150 Canada; 650 Cuba (Guatanamo Bay); 290 Egypt (MFO); 65,000 Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Turkey, UK); 150 Greenland; 6,200 Guam; 370 Honduras; 56,000 Japan; approximately 15,000 assigned Middle East (Bahrain, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates); 125 Philippines; 26,500 South Korea; 200 Singapore; 100 Thailand (2021)

note - US military rotational policies affect deployment numbers; for example, the US deploys ground and air units to select countries for 6-12 month rotational assignments on a continuous basis; in South Korea, for example, the US continuously rotates combat brigades (approximately 3,000 personnel) for 9 months at a time; contingencies also affect US troop deployments; in 2019-2020, the US deployed more than 15,000 additional military personnel to the Middle East for an extended period of time and in early 2022, it sent reinforcements to Europe in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine; in addition, some overseas US naval bases, such as the headquarters of US Naval Forces Central Command (USNAVCENT) in Manama, Bahrain, are frequented by the crews of US ships on 6-9 month deployments; a US carrier strike group with an air wing and supporting ships typically includes over 6-7,000 personnel

Topic: Uruguay830 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO); 210 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (Feb 2022)

Topic: Worldas of early 2022, there were about 75,000 UN peacekeepers deployed worldwide

Topic: Zambia925 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (Feb 2022)


Topic: Afghanistan

Topic: Akrotiri

Topic: Albania

Topic: Algeria

Topic: American Samoa

Topic: Andorra

Topic: Angola

Topic: Anguilla

Topic: Antarctica

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda

Topic: Argentina

Topic: Armenia


Topic: Photos of Sri Lanka

Topic: Introduction
Background: The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and the first kingdoms developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century followed by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Prevailing tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in July 1983. Fighting between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued for over a quarter century. Although Norway brokered peace negotiations that led to a ceasefire in 2002, the fighting slowly resumed and was again in full force by 2006. The government defeated the LTTE in May 2009. During the post-conflict years under President Mahinda RAJAPAKSA, the government initiated infrastructure development projects, many of which were financed by loans from China. His regime faced significant allegations of human rights violations and a shrinking democratic space for civil society.  In 2015, a new coalition government headed by President Maithripala SIRISENA of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMESINGHE of the United National Party came to power with pledges to advance economic, governance, anti-corruption, reconciliation, justice, and accountability reforms. However, implementation of these reforms has been uneven. In October 2018, President SIRISENA attempted to oust Prime Minister WICKREMESINGHE, swearing in former President RAJAPAKSA as the new prime minister and issuing an order to dissolve the parliament and hold elections. This sparked a seven-week constitutional crisis that ended when the Supreme Court ruled SIRISENA’s actions unconstitutional, RAJAPAKSA resigned, and WICKREMESINGHE was reinstated. In November 2019, Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA won the presidential election and appointed his brother, Mahinda, prime minister. Since Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA’s election, there have been concerns about his administration’s commitment to pursuing justice, human rights, and accountability reforms, as well as the risks to foreign creditors that Sri Lanka faces given its ongoing economic crisis. A combination of factors including the impact of the worldwide COVID pandemic; severe shortages of food, medicine, and fuel; and power outages have triggered increasingly violent protests in Columbo. Longtime parliamentarian and former five-time prime minister, Ranil WICKREMESINGHE replaced Mahinda RAJAPASKA as prime-minister in mid-May 2022, with a mandate to resolve the country's economic problems.The first Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced circa 250 B.C., and the first kingdoms developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (from circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. The Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the island in the 16th century followed by the Dutch in the 17th century. The island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was formally united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Prevailing tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in July 1983. Fighting between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued for over a quarter century. Although Norway brokered peace negotiations that led to a ceasefire in 2002, the fighting slowly resumed and was again in full force by 2006. The government defeated the LTTE in May 2009.During the post-conflict years under President Mahinda RAJAPAKSA, the government initiated infrastructure development projects, many of which were financed by loans from China. His regime faced significant allegations of human rights violations and a shrinking democratic space for civil society.  In 2015, a new coalition government headed by President Maithripala SIRISENA of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMESINGHE of the United National Party came to power with pledges to advance economic, governance, anti-corruption, reconciliation, justice, and accountability reforms. However, implementation of these reforms has been uneven. In October 2018, President SIRISENA attempted to oust Prime Minister WICKREMESINGHE, swearing in former President RAJAPAKSA as the new prime minister and issuing an order to dissolve the parliament and hold elections. This sparked a seven-week constitutional crisis that ended when the Supreme Court ruled SIRISENA’s actions unconstitutional, RAJAPAKSA resigned, and WICKREMESINGHE was reinstated. In November 2019, Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA won the presidential election and appointed his brother, Mahinda, prime minister. Since Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA’s election, there have been concerns about his administration’s commitment to pursuing justice, human rights, and accountability reforms, as well as the risks to foreign creditors that Sri Lanka faces given its ongoing economic crisis. A combination of factors including the impact of the worldwide COVID pandemic; severe shortages of food, medicine, and fuel; and power outages have triggered increasingly violent protests in Columbo. Longtime parliamentarian and former five-time prime minister, Ranil WICKREMESINGHE replaced Mahinda RAJAPASKA as prime-minister in mid-May 2022, with a mandate to resolve the country's economic problems.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India
Geographic coordinates: 7 00 N, 81 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area: total: 65,610 sq km

land: 64,630 sq km

water: 980 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 1,340 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior
Elevation: highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation: 228 m
Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower, arable land
Land use: agricultural land: 43.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 15.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 7% (2018 est.)

forest: 29.4% (2018 est.)

other: 27.1% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 5,700 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: the population is primarily concentrated within a broad wet zone in the southwest, urban centers along the eastern coast, and on the Jaffna Peninsula in the north
Natural hazards: occasional cyclones and tornadoes
Geography - note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes; Adam's Bridge is a chain of limestone shoals between the southeastern coast of India and the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka; geological evidence suggests that this 50-km long Bridge once connected India and Sri Lanka; ancient records seem to indicate that a foot passage was possible between the two land masses until the 15th century when the land bridge broke up in a cyclone
Map description: Sri Lanka map showing major cities of this island country in the Indian Ocean.Sri Lanka map showing major cities of this island country in the Indian Ocean.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 23,187,516 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Sri Lankan(s)

adjective: Sri Lankan
Ethnic groups: Sinhalese 74.9%, Sri Lankan Tamil 11.2%, Sri Lankan Moors 9.2%, Indian Tamil 4.2%, other 0.5% (2012 est.)
Languages: Sinhala (official and national language) 87%, Tamil (official and national language) 28.5%, English 23.8% (2012 est.)

note: data represent main languages spoken by the population aged 10 years and older; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; English is commonly used in government and is referred to as the "link language" in the constitution
Religions: Buddhist (official) 70.2%, Hindu 12.6%, Muslim 9.7%, Roman Catholic 6.1%, other Christian 1.3%, other 0.05% (2012 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 23.11% (male 2,696,379/female 2,592,450)

15-24 years: 14.58% (male 1,700,442/female 1,636,401)

25-54 years: 41.2% (male 4,641,842/female 4,789,101)

55-64 years: 10.48% (male 1,110,481/female 1,288,056)

65 years and over: 10.63% (2020 est.) (male 1,023,315/female 1,410,734)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 53.7

youth dependency ratio: 36.4

elderly dependency ratio: 17.3

potential support ratio: 5.8 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 33.7 years

male: 32.3 years

female: 35.1 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.61% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 13.8 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: the population is primarily concentrated within a broad wet zone in the southwest, urban centers along the eastern coast, and on the Jaffna Peninsula in the north
Urbanization: urban population: 19% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 103,000 Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) (2018), 626,000 COLOMBO (capital) (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.86 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 25.6 years (2016 est.)

note: median age at first birth among women 30-34
Maternal mortality ratio: 36 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 8.2 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 9.18 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 7.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78 years

male: 74.57 years

female: 81.56 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.98 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 64.6% (2016)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 99.7% of population

rural: 91.2% of population

total: 92.8% of population

unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population

rural: 8.8% of population

total: 7.2% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 4.1% (2019)
Physicians density: 1 physicians/1,000 population (2018)
Hospital bed density: 4.2 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 96.6% of population

rural: 97.9% of population

total: 97.6% of population

unimproved: urban: 3.4% of population

rural: 2.1% of population

total: 2.4% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: (2020 est.) <.1%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 3,700 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2020 est.) <200
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate (2020)

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever

water contact diseases: leptospirosis

animal contact diseases: rabiesintermediate
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 5.2% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 20.5% (2016)
Child marriage: women married by age 15: 0.9% (2016)

women married by age 18: 9.8% (2016 est.)
Education expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (2018)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 92.3%

male: 93%

female: 91.6% (2019)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years

male: 14 years

female: 14 years (2018)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 21.1%

male: 16.6%

female: 29.4% (2018 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; coral reef destruction; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Marine Life Conservation
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 15.25 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 23.36 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 10.95 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Land use: agricultural land: 43.5% (2018 est.)

arable land: 20.7% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 15.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 7% (2018 est.)

forest: 29.4% (2018 est.)

other: 27.1% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 19% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.22% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate (2020)

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever

water contact diseases: leptospirosis

animal contact diseases: rabiesintermediate
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,631,650 tons (2016 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 336,588 tons (2016 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 12.8% (2016 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 805 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 831 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 11.31 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 52.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

conventional short form: Sri Lanka

local long form: Shri Lanka Prajatantrika Samajavadi Janarajaya/Ilankai Jananayaka Choshalichak Kutiyarachu

local short form: Shri Lanka/Ilankai

former: Serendib, Ceylon

etymology: the name means "resplendent island" in Sanskrit
Government type: presidential republic
Capital: name: Colombo (commercial capital); Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)

geographic coordinates: 6 55 N, 79 50 E

time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: Colombo may derive from the Sinhala "kolon thota," meaning "port on the river" (referring to the Kelani River that empties into the Indian Ocean at Colombo); alternatively, the name may derive from the Sinhala "kola amba thota" meaning "harbor with mango trees"; it is also possible that the Portuguese named the city after Christopher COLUMBUS, who lived in Portugal for many years (as Cristovao COLOMBO) before discovering the Americas for the Spanish crown in 1492 - not long before the Portuguese made their way to Sri Lanka in 1505; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte translates as "Resplendent City of Growing Victory" in Sinhala
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Eastern, North Central, Northern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western
Independence: 4 February 1948 (from the UK)
National holiday: Independence Day (National Day), 4 February (1948)
Constitution: history: several previous; latest adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978

amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of its total membership, certification by the president of the republic or the Parliament speaker, and in some cases approval in a referendum by absolute majority of valid votes; amended many times, last in 2020
Legal system: mixed legal system of Roman-Dutch civil law, English common law, Jaffna Tamil customary law, and Muslim personal law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Sri Lanka

dual citizenship recognized: no, except in cases where the government rules it is to the benefit of Sri Lanka

residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA (since 18 November 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMESINGHE (since 12 May 2022)

head of government: President Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA (since 18 November 2019)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by preferential majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 16 November 2019 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister appointed by the president from among members of Parliament for a 5-year term)

election results: Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA elected president; percent of vote - Gotabaya RAJAPAKSA (SLPP) 52.2%, Sajith PREMADASA (UNP) 42%, other 5.8%
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Parliament (225 seats; 196 members directly elected in multi-seat district constituencies by proportional representation vote using a preferential method in which voters select 3 candidates in order of preference; remaining 29 seats, referred to as the "national list" are allocated by each party secretary according to the island wide proportional vote the party obtains; members serve 5-year terms)

elections: last held on 17 August 2015 (next originally scheduled for 25 April 2020 but postponed to due to the COVID-19 pandemic)

election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - SLFPA 59.1%, SJB 23.9%, JVP 3.8%, TNA 2.8%, UNP 2.2%, TNPF 0.6%, EPDP 0.5%,  other 7.1%; seats by coalition/party - SLFPA 145, SJB 54, TNA 10, JVP 3, other 13; composition - NA
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court of the Republic (consists of the chief justice and 9 justices); note - the court has exclusive jurisdiction to review legislation

judge selection and term of office: chief justice nominated by the Constitutional Council (CC), a 9-member high-level advisory body, and appointed by the president; other justices nominated by the CC and appointed by the president on the advice of the chief justice; all justices can serve until age 65

subordinate courts: Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrates' Courts; municipal and primary courts
Political parties and leaders: Crusaders for Democracy [Ganeshalingam CHANDRALINGAM]
Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas DEVANANDA]
Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE]
Jathika Hela Urumaya or JHU [Karunarathna PARANAWITHANA, Ven. Hadigalle Wimalasara THERO]
National Peoples Power or JVP [Anura Kumara DISSANAYAKE]
Samagi Jana Balawegaya or SJB [Sajith PREMADASA]
Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Maithripala SIRISENA]
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]
Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance [Mahinda RAJAPAKSA]
Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna or SLPP [G. L. PEIRIS]
Tamil National Alliance or TNA [Rajavarothiam SAMPANTHAN] (alliance includes Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi [Mavai SENATHIRAJAH], People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam [D. SIDDARTHAN], Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization [Selvam ADAIKALANATHAN])
Tamil National People's Front [Gajendrakumar PONNAMBALAM]
United National Front for Good Governance or UNFGG [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE] (coalition includes JHU, UNP)
United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE]
United People's Freedom Alliance or UPFA [Maithripala SIRISENA] (coalition includes SLFP)
International organization participation: ABEDA, ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA (observer), CP, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mahinda SAMARASINGHE (since 1 December 2021)

chancery: 3025 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 through 4028

FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181

email address and website:
slembassy@slembassyusa.org

https://slembassyusa.org/new/

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Julie CHUNG (since 17 February 2022)

embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 03

mailing address: 6100 Colombo Place, Washington DC  20521-6100

telephone: [94] (11) 249-8500

FAX: [94] (11) 243-7345

email address and website:
colomboacs@state.gov

https://lk.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other larger panel depicts a yellow lion holding a sword on a maroon rectangular field that also displays a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels; the lion represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the strength of the nation, and bravery; the sword demonstrates the sovereignty of the nation; the four bo leaves - symbolizing Buddhism and its influence on the country - stand for the four virtues of kindness, friendliness, happiness, and equanimity; orange signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green Sri Lankan Moors, and maroon the Sinhalese majority; yellow denotes other ethnic groups; also referred to as the Lion Flag
National symbol(s): lion, water lily; national colors: maroon, yellow
National anthem: name: "Sri Lanka Matha" (Mother Sri Lanka)

lyrics/music: Ananda SAMARKONE

note: adopted 1951
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 8 (6 cultural, 2 natural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient City of Polonnaruwa (c), Ancient City of Sigiriya (c), Sacred City of Anuradhapura (c), Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications (c), Sacred City of Kandy (c), Sinharaja Forest Reserve (n), Rangiri Dambulla Cave Temple (c), Central Highlands of Sri Lanka (n)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Sri Lanka’s economy has historically relied upon government-guided market investments, and since 2009, several sectors have been excluded from any privatization efforts. Major infrastructure development of rural and civil war-impacted areas remains a major focus, as does small business development. Sri Lanka’s longstanding high debt and large civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits and remain a concern. Sri Lankan tourism soared since the end of conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, but the 2018 constitutional crisis, the 2019 Easter bombings, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have since destabilized this key industry, leading Sri Lanka to nearly expend all foreign currency reserves. Regionally, Sri Lanka has engaged China on major infrastructure projects and currently owes $6.5 billion, which may soon be restructured. Fiscally, Sri Lanka’s focus on domestic goods—instead of export growth—further increased Sri Lanka’s trade imbalance, despite its EU preferential trade status allowing tax-free garment and gem exports to the EU. From 2019 until its repeal in 2021, Sri Lanka’s agricultural import ban on chemical fertilizers resulted in disastrous reductions in rice, tea, and rubber yields, increasing Sri Lanka’s import dependencies for these goods. The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War has also decreased fuel supplies and significantly increased prices. India is providing both direct fertilizer and fuel aid to offset these shortages. Power shortages plague business climates, and further stoke existing labor shortages. Additionally Sri Lanka is also considering privatizing several state-owned entities to try to spur industrial and service sectors’ growth. Monetarily, Sri Lanka remains in a dire position, further exacerbated by the 2019 tax cuts that contributed to the country’s ongoing economic calamity. Already one of the highest indebted emerging markets, Sri Lanka defaulted on its current public debt payments in May 2022, and its ongoing currency crisis has crippled domestic revenues, tax collections, and economic activity, ushering in the country’s worst economic crisis since independence in 1948. As a result, inflation is skyrocketing (nearing 40%), and food, fuel, and medicine shortages have led to widespread unrest and economic collapse. Sri Lanka currently seeks an immediate $3 million IMF bridge loan and $75 million in foreign currency to pay for essential goods and fuel.The World Bank, India, and the G7 countries have agreed to aid Sri Lanka in securing debt relief, but the IMF maintains that Sri Lanka must raise interest rates and taxes to secure any loan. Current Sri Lankan priorities focus on the following goals:  Securing a bridge loan from the IMF; Improving its foreign currency reserves through continued promotion of tourism and privatization of state enterprises; Recovering from COVID-19 pandemic-related economic disruptions and demand shocks; Identifying alternative fuel supply chains; and Restructuring preexisting infrastructure debts to China. Sri Lanka’s economy has historically relied upon government-guided market investments, and since 2009, several sectors have been excluded from any privatization efforts. Major infrastructure development of rural and civil war-impacted areas remains a major focus, as does small business development. Sri Lanka’s longstanding high debt and large civil service have contributed to historically high budget deficits and remain a concern. Sri Lankan tourism soared since the end of conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, but the 2018 constitutional crisis, the 2019 Easter bombings, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have since destabilized this key industry, leading Sri Lanka to nearly expend all foreign currency reserves. Regionally, Sri Lanka has engaged China on major infrastructure projects and currently owes $6.5 billion, which may soon be restructured.Fiscally, Sri Lanka’s focus on domestic goods—instead of export growth—further increased Sri Lanka’s trade imbalance, despite its EU preferential trade status allowing tax-free garment and gem exports to the EU. From 2019 until its repeal in 2021, Sri Lanka’s agricultural import ban on chemical fertilizers resulted in disastrous reductions in rice, tea, and rubber yields, increasing Sri Lanka’s import dependencies for these goods. The ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War has also decreased fuel supplies and significantly increased prices. India is providing both direct fertilizer and fuel aid to offset these shortages. Power shortages plague business climates, and further stoke existing labor shortages. Additionally Sri Lanka is also considering privatizing several state-owned entities to try to spur industrial and service sectors’ growth.Monetarily, Sri Lanka remains in a dire position, further exacerbated by the 2019 tax cuts that contributed to the country’s ongoing economic calamity. Already one of the highest indebted emerging markets, Sri Lanka defaulted on its current public debt payments in May 2022, and its ongoing currency crisis has crippled domestic revenues, tax collections, and economic activity, ushering in the country’s worst economic crisis since independence in 1948. As a result, inflation is skyrocketing (nearing 40%), and food, fuel, and medicine shortages have led to widespread unrest and economic collapse. Sri Lanka currently seeks an immediate $3 million IMF bridge loan and $75 million in foreign currency to pay for essential goods and fuel.The World Bank, India, and the G7 countries have agreed to aid Sri Lanka in securing debt relief, but the IMF maintains that Sri Lanka must raise interest rates and taxes to secure any loan.Current Sri Lankan priorities focus on the following goals:
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $274.8 billion (2020 est.)

$284.97 billion (2019 est.)

$278.68 billion (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 2.29% (2019 est.)

3.32% (2018 est.)

3.58% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $12,500 (2020 est.)

$13,100 (2019 est.)

$12,900 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $84.016 billion (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.3% (2019 est.)

4.2% (2018 est.)

6.5% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: CCC (2020)

Moody's rating: Caa1 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: CCC+ (2020)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 7.8% (2017 est.)

industry: 30.5% (2017 est.)

services: 61.7% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 62% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 8.5% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 26.3% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 10.2% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 21.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -29.1% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: rice, coconuts, sugar cane, plantains, milk, tea, cassava, maize, poultry, coir
Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and other agricultural commodities; telecommunications, insurance, banking; tourism, shipping; clothing, textiles; cement, petroleum refining, information technology services, construction
Industrial production growth rate: 4.6% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 8 million (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 27%

industry: 26%

services: 47% (31 December 2016)
Unemployment rate: 4.83% (2019 est.)

4.44% (2018 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 21.1%

male: 16.6%

female: 29.4% (2018 est.)
Population below poverty line: 4.1% (2016 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 39.8 (2016 est.)

46 (1995)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3%

highest 10%: 32.2% (2012 est.)
Budget: revenues: 12.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 16.88 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -5.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 79.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

79.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: covers central government debt and excludes debt instruments directly owned by government entities other than the treasury (e.g. commercial bank borrowings of a government corporation); the data includes treasury debt held by foreign entities as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement; sub-national entities are usually not permitted to sell debt instruments
Taxes and other revenues: 13.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$10 million (2019 est.)

-$17 million (2018 est.)
Exports: $19.41 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$20.26 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$15.166 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - partners: United States 24%, India 8%, United Kingdom 7%, Germany 7% (2019)
Exports - commodities: clothing and apparel, tea, used tires, rubber products, precious stones, cinnamon (2019)
Imports: $24.56 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$26.84 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$26.063 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - partners: India 24%, China 23%, Singapore 7%, United Arab Emirates 6%, Malaysia 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, textiles, gold, cars, broadcasting equipment (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $7.959 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$6.019 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $55.332 billion (2019 est.)

$52.567 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar -

185.8 (2020 est.)

181.2 (2019 est.)

178.545 (2018 est.)

135.86 (2014 est.)

130.57 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2019)
Electricity - production: 13.66 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 12.67 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 3.998 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 52% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 42% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 33,540 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 34,210 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 116,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 3,871 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 66,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 2,607,868 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 12 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 30,778,600 (2019)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 144.34 (2019)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: telephone services have improved significantly; strong growth anticipated as Sri Lanka is lagging behind other Asian telecoms; increase in mobile broadband penetration; govt. funds telecom sector to expand fiber and LTE networks and growing investment in 5G services (2020)

domestic: fixed-line roughly 11 per 100 and mobile-cellular nearly 139 per 100; national trunk network consists of digital microwave radio relay and fiber-optic links; fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems and mobile cellular subscribership is increasing (2020)

international: country code - 94; landing points for the SeaMeWe -3,-5,  Dhiraagu-SLT Submarine Cable Network, WARF Submarine Cable, Bharat Lanka Cable System and the Bay of Bengal Gateway submarine cables providing connectivity to Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: government operates 5 TV channels and 19 radio channels; multi-channel satellite and cable TV subscription services available; 25 private TV stations and about 43 radio stations; 6 non-profit TV stations and 4 radio stations
Internet country code: .lk
Internet users: total: 7,671,650 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 35% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 1,781,530 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 34

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 5,882,376 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 436.2 million (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 4R
Airports: total: 18 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 11

over 3,047 m: 2

1,524 to 2,437 m: 5

914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 7

1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 3

under 914 m: 2 (2021)
Heliports: 1 (2021)
Pipelines: 7 km refined products
Railways: total: 1,562 km (2016)

broad gauge: 1,562 km (2016) 1.676-m gauge
Roadways: total: 114,093 km (2010)

paved: 16,977 km (2010)

unpaved: 97,116 km (2010)
Waterways: 160 km (2012) (primarily on rivers in southwest)
Merchant marine: total: 90

by type: bulk carrier 6, general cargo 13, oil tanker 11, other 60 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Colombo

container port(s) (TEUs): Colombo (7,228,337) (2019)

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Sri Lanka Army (includes National Guard and the Volunteer Force), Sri Lanka Navy (includes Marine Corps), Sri Lanka Air Force, Sri Lanka Coast Guard; Civil Security Department (Home Guard); Sri Lanka National Police: Special Task Force (counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency) (2021)
Military expenditures: 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

2% of GDP (2020 est.)

2% of GDP (2019 est.) (approximately $5.9 billion)

1.9% of GDP (2018 est.) (approximately $5.6 billion)

2.2% of GDP (2017 est.) (approximately $6.07 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: the Sri Lankan military has approximately 250,000 total personnel (180,000 Army; 40,000 Navy; 30,000 Air Force); approximately 11,000 Special Task Force (2021)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the Sri Lankan military inventory consists mostly of Chinese and Russian-origin equipment; since 2010, China, India, and the US have been the leading suppliers of arms to Sri Lanka (2021)
Military service age and obligation: 18-22 years of age for voluntary military service (men and women); no conscription (2021)
Military deployments: 110 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 240 Mali (MINUSMA) (Feb 2022)
Military - note: Sri Lanka traditionally has had close security ties to India; India participated in the counter-insurgency war against the LTTE from 1987-1991, losing over 1,000 soldiers in the conflict; as of 2021, the Sri Lankan and Indian militaries continued to conduct exercises together, and India trains over 1,000 Sri Lankan soldiers per year; however, since the end of the war with LTTE, Sri Lanka has also increased military ties with China, including acquiring military equipment, hosting naval port calls, and sending personnel to China for trainingSri Lanka traditionally has had close security ties to India; India participated in the counter-insurgency war against the LTTE from 1987-1991, losing over 1,000 soldiers in the conflict; as of 2021, the Sri Lankan and Indian militaries continued to conduct exercises together, and India trains over 1,000 Sri Lankan soldiers per year; however, since the end of the war with LTTE, Sri Lanka has also increased military ties with China, including acquiring military equipment, hosting naval port calls, and sending personnel to China for training

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: nonenone
Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs: 27,000 (civil war; more than half displaced prior to 2008; many of the more than 480,000 IDPs registered as returnees have not reached durable solutions) (2020)
Trafficking in persons: current situation: Sri Lanka is primarily a source and, to a much lesser extent, a destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the majority of trafficking cases involve traffickers forcing Sri Lankan workers into labor overseas; men, women, and children are subjected to forced labor in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and the United States in construction, garment manufacturing, and domestic service; authorities have identified labor trafficking victims among Sri Lankan female migrant workers who seek employment in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Japan, and South Korea; traffickers force children, individuals with physical deformities, and those from socially vulnerable groups to beg or engage in criminal activity in Sri Lanka’s largest cities

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Sri Lanka does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; efforts include convicting traffickers under its trafficking statute, identifying victims, and working on anti-trafficking training and raising awareness; however, some officials reportedly complicit in trafficking are inadequately investigated; fewer victims were identified in country and abroad; social and legal assistance for victims remained inadequate and inconsistent; the Sri Lankan Bureau of Foreign Employment did not refer potential trafficking cases to police for criminal investigation; police continued to arrest  trafficking victims for prostitution, vagrancy, and immigration offenses; child sex trafficking victims remained in government detention centers (2020)