Topic: Photos of France

Topic: Introduction
Background: France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-7, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper.France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-7, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: metropolitan France: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain; French Guiana: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname; Guadeloupe: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico; Martinique: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago; Mayotte: Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique; Reunion: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascarmetropolitan France: Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain; French Guiana: Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname; Guadeloupe: Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico; Martinique: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago; Mayotte: Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique; Reunion: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: metropolitan France: 46 00 N, 2 00 E; French Guiana: 4 00 N, 53 00 W; Guadeloupe: 16 15 N, 61 35 W; Martinique: 14 40 N, 61 00 W; Mayotte: 12 50 S, 45 10 E; Reunion: 21 06 S, 55 36 Emetropolitan France: 46 00 N, 2 00 E; French Guiana: 4 00 N, 53 00 W; Guadeloupe: 16 15 N, 61 35 W; Martinique: 14 40 N, 61 00 W; Mayotte: 12 50 S, 45 10 E; Reunion: 21 06 S, 55 36 E
Map references: metropolitan France: Europe; French Guiana: South America; Guadeloupe: Central America and the Caribbean; Martinique: Central America and the Caribbean; Mayotte: Africa; Reunion: Worldmetropolitan France: Europe; French Guiana: South America; Guadeloupe: Central America and the Caribbean; Martinique: Central America and the Caribbean; Mayotte: Africa; Reunion: World
Area: total: 643,801 sq km ; 551,500 sq km (metropolitan France)

land: 640,427 sq km ; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)

water: 3,374 sq km ; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)

note: the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion
Area - comparative: slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total: 3,956 km

border countries (8): Andorra 55 km; Belgium 556 km; Germany 418 k; Italy 476 km; Luxembourg 69 km; Monaco 6 km; Spain 646 km; Switzerland 525 km

metropolitan France - total: 2751

French Guiana - total: 1205
Coastline: 4,853 km

metropolitan France: 3,427 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate: metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral; French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation; Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November); Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
Terrain: metropolitan France: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east; French Guiana: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains; Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin; Martinique: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano; Mayotte: generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks; Reunion: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coastmetropolitan France: mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east; French Guiana: low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains; Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin; Martinique: mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano; Mayotte: generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks; Reunion: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast
Elevation: highest point: Mont Blanc 4,810

lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m

mean elevation: 375 m

note: to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit
Natural resources: metropolitan France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish, French Guiana, gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay
Land use: agricultural land: 52.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 29.2% (2018 est.)

other: 18.1% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 26,420 sq km (2012) 26,950 sq km

metropolitan France: 26,000 sq km (2012)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Lake Geneva (shared with Switzerland) - 580 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rhine  (shared with Switzerland [s], Germany, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km;  Loire - 1,012 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)
Major aquifers: Paris Basin
Population distribution: much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second
Natural hazards: metropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean; overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones); flooding; volcanism: Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the southmetropolitan France: flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean;overseas departments: hurricanes (cyclones); flooding;volcanism: Montagne Pelee (1,394 m) on the island of Martinique in the Caribbean is the most active volcano of the Lesser Antilles arc, it last erupted in 1932; a catastrophic eruption in May 1902 destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing an estimated 30,000 people; La Soufriere (1,467 m) on the island of Guadeloupe in the Caribbean last erupted from July 1976 to March 1977; these volcanoes are part of the volcanic island arc of the Lesser Antilles that extends from Saba in the north to Grenada in the south
Geography - note: largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea
Map description: France map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and water bodies.France map showing major cities as well as parts of surrounding countries and water bodies.

Topic: People and Society
Population: 68,305,148 (2022 est.)

note: the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233
Nationality: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)

adjective: French
Ethnic groups: Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African (Algerian, Moroccan, Tunisian), Indochinese, Basque minorities

note: overseas departments: Black, White, Mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian
Languages: French (official) 100%, declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish, Occitan, Picard); note - overseas departments: French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)

major-language sample(s):
The World Factbook, une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions: Roman Catholic 47%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 2%, Buddhists 2%, Orthodox 1%, Jewish 1%, other 1%, none 33%, unspecified 9%

note: France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state
Age structure: 0-14 years: 18.36% (male 6,368,767/female 6,085,318)

15-24 years: 11.88% (male 4,122,981/female 3,938,938)

25-54 years: 36.83% (male 12,619,649/female 12,366,120)

55-64 years: 12.47% (male 4,085,564/female 4,376,272)

65 years and over: 20.46% (2020 est.) (male 6,029,303/female 7,855,244)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 62.4

youth dependency ratio: 28.7

elderly dependency ratio: 33.7

potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 41.7 years

male: 40 years

female: 43.4 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.32% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 11.66 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 9.54 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second
Urbanization: urban population: 81.5% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 11.142 million PARIS (capital), 1.748 million Lyon, 1.620 million Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, 1.073 million Lille, 1.049 million Toulouse, 991,000 Bordeaux (2022)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 28.8 years (2019 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 3.15 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 3.53 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 2.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 82.59 years

male: 79.53 years

female: 85.79 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.03 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 78.4% (2010/11)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 11.1% (2019)
Physicians density: 3.27 physicians/1,000 population (2018)
Hospital bed density: 5.9 beds/1,000 population (2018)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2019 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 190,000 (2019 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: (2019 est.) <500
Major infectious diseases: note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 30 March 2022, France has reported a total of 24,527,949 cases of COVID-19 or 37,712.47 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 138,802 cumulative deaths or a rate 213.41 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 29 March 2022, 80.09% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 21.6% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: 5.4% of GDP (2018)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 16 years

male: 15 years

female: 16 years (2019)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 20.2%

male: 20.3%

female: 19.9% (2020 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 11.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 55.99 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral; French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation; Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November); Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as the mistral;French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation;Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average;Mayotte: tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November);Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
Land use: agricultural land: 52.7% (2018 est.)

arable land: 33.4% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 1.8% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 17.5% (2018 est.)

forest: 29.2% (2018 est.)

other: 18.1% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 81.5% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.67% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout France; as of 30 March 2022, France has reported a total of 24,527,949 cases of COVID-19 or 37,712.47 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 138,802 cumulative deaths or a rate 213.41 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 29 March 2022, 80.09% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 33.399 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 7,434,617 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 22.3% (2015 est.)
Major lakes (area sq km): Fresh water lake(s): Lake Geneva (shared with Switzerland) - 580 sq km
Major rivers (by length in km): Rhine  (shared with Switzerland [s], Germany, and Netherlands [m]) - 1,233 km;  Loire - 1,012 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km): Atlantic Ocean drainage: Loire (115,282 sq km), Seine 78,919 sq km), Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km), (Adriatic Sea) Po (76,997 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Rhone (100,543 sq km)
Major aquifers: Paris Basin
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 5.175 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 18.15 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 3.113 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 211 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: French Republic

conventional short form: France

local long form: Republique francaise

local short form: France

etymology: name derives from the Latin "Francia" meaning "Land of the Franks"; the Franks were a group of Germanic tribes located along the middle and lower Rhine River in the 3rd century A.D. who merged with Gallic-Roman populations in succeeding centuries and to whom they passed on their name
Government type: semi-presidential republic
Capital: name: Paris

geographic coordinates: 48 52 N, 2 20 E

time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

time zone note: applies to metropolitan France only; for its overseas regions the time difference is UTC-4 for Guadeloupe and Martinique, UTC-3 for French Guiana, UTC+3 for Mayotte, and UTC+4 for Reunion

etymology: name derives from the Parisii, a Celtic tribe that inhabited the area from the 3rd century B.C., but who were conquered by the Romans in the 1st century B.C.; the Celtic settlement became the Roman town of Lutetia Parisiorum (Lutetia of the Parisii); over subsequent centuries it became Parisium and then just Paris
Administrative divisions: 18 regions (regions, singular - region); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (Burgundy-Free County), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre-Val de Loire (Center-Loire Valley), Corse (Corsica), Grand Est (Grand East), Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Hauts-de-France (Upper France), Ile-de-France, Martinique, Mayotte, Normandie (Normandy), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine), Occitanie (Occitania), Pays de la Loire (Lands of the Loire), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion

note: France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the "collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)
Dependent areas: Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna

note: the US Government does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department
Independence: no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)
National holiday: Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)
Constitution: history: many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958

amendments: proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament’s National Assembly; amended many times, last in 2008; note - in May 2018, the prime minister submitted a bill to the National Assembly to amend several provisions of the constitution
Legal system: civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of France

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017)

head of government: Prime Minister Élisabeth BORNE (since 16 May 2022)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister

elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 April 2022 with a runoff held on 24 April 2022 (next to be held in April 2027); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: 2022: Emmanuel MACRON reelected in second round; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (LREM) 27.8%, Marine LE PEN (RN) 23.2%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (LFI) 22%, Eric ZEMMOUR (Reconquete) 7.1%, Valerie PECRESSE (LR) 4.8%, Yannick JADOT (EELV) 4.6%, Jean LASSALLE (Resistons!) 3.1%, Fabien ROUSSEL (PCF) 2.3%, Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN (DLF) 2.1%, Anne HIDALGO 1.8%, other 1.2%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 58.5%, LE PEN 41.5%

2017: Emmanuel MACRON elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Emmanuel MACRON (EM) 24.%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 21.3%, Francois FILLON (LR) 20.%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (FI) 19.6%, Benoit HAMON (PS) 6.4%, other 8.7%; percent of vote in second round - MACRON 66.1%, LE PEN 33.9%
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members, and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years)
National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)

elections:
Senate - last held on 24 and 27 September 2020 (next to be held in September 2023)
National Assembly - last held on 11 and 18 June 2017 (next to be held in June 2022)

election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties)  - NA; composition - men 226, women 122, percent of women 35.1%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party first round - LREM 28.2%, LR 15.8%. FN 13.2%, FI 11%, PS 7.4%, other 24.4%; percent of vote by party second round - LREM 43.1%, LR 22.2%, FN 8.8%, MoDEM 6.1%, PS 5.7%. FI 4.9%, other 9.2%; seats by political caucus (party or group of parties) - LREM 306, LR 104, MoDEM 46, UDI/Agir 29, PS 29, UDI 18, FI 17, Liberties and Territories 16, PCF 16, other 14; composition - men 349, women 228, percent of women 39.5%; note - total Parliament percent of women 37.8%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members - 3 appointed by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 3 years

subordinate courts: appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance; administrative courts

note: in April 2021, the French Government submitted a bill on judicial reform to Parliament
Political parties and leaders: Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT]
Debout la France or DLF [Nicolas DUPONT-AIGNAN]
Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU]
Europe Ecology - the Greens or EELV [Julien BAYOU]
French Communist Party or PCF [Fabien ROUSSEL]
Horizons [Edouard PHILIPPE]
La France Insoumise or FI [Jean-Luc MELENCHON]
La Republique en Marche! or LREM [Stanislas GUERINI]
Movement of Progressives or MDP  Robert HUE]
National Rally or RN [Marine LE PEN] (formerly National Front or FN)
New Democrats [Aurelien TACHE, Emilie CARIOU] (formerly Ecology Democracy Solidarity or EDS)
Radical Party of the Left or PRG [Guillaume LACROIX]
Reconquete [Eric ZEMMOUR]
Resistons! [Jean LASSALLE]
Socialist Party or PS [Olivier FAURE]
The Patriots or LP [Florian PHILIPPOT]
The Republicans or LR [Christian JACOB]
Union of Democrats and Independents or UDI [Jean-Christophe LAGARDE]
International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Philippe Noel Marie Marc ETIENNE (since 8 July 2019)

chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000

FAX: [1] (202) 944-6166

email address and website:
info@ambafrance-us.org

https://franceintheus.org/

consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Washington, DC
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Brian AGGELER (since 20 January 2021); note - also accredited to Monaco

embassy: 2 avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris

mailing address: 9200 Paris Place, Washington DC  20521-9200

telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22, [33] (1) 42-66-97-83

FAX: [33] (1) 42-66-97-83

email address and website:
Citizeninfo@state.gov

https://fr.usembassy.gov/

consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg

consulate(s): Bordeaux, Lyon, Rennes
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the "ancient French color" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas

note: for the first four years, 1790-94, the order of colors was reversed, red-white-blue, instead of the current blue-white-red; the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands
National symbol(s): Gallic rooster, fleur-de-lis, Marianne (female personification); national colors: blue, white, red
National anthem: name: "La Marseillaise" (The Song of Marseille)

lyrics/music: Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle

note: adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as "Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 49 (43 cultural, 5 natural, 1 mixed); note - includes one site in New Caledonia and one site in French Polynesia

selected World Heritage Site locales: Chartres Cathedral (c); Palace and Park of Versailles (c); Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley (c); Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (m); Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (c); Paris, Banks of the Seine (c); The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes (c); Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (c); Amiens Cathedral (c); Palace and Park of Fontainebleau (c); Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne (c)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. France is the most visited country in the world with 89 million foreign tourists in 2017. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality.   France's real GDP grew by 1.9% in 2017, up from 1.2% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before falling to 9.0% in 2017. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 20.6% in the fourth quarter of 2017.   France’s public finances have historically been strained by high spending and low growth. In 2017, the budget deficit improved to 2.7% of GDP, bringing it in compliance with the EU-mandated 3% deficit target. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 97% in 2017.   Since entering office in May 2017, President Emmanuel MACRON launched a series of economic reforms to improve competitiveness and boost economic growth. President MACRON campaigned on reforming France’s labor code and in late 2017 implemented a range of reforms to increase flexibility in the labor market by making it easier for firms to hire and fire and simplifying negotiations between employers and employees. In addition to labor reforms, President MACRON’s 2018 budget cuts public spending, taxes, and social security contributions to spur private investment and increase purchasing power. The government plans to gradually reduce corporate tax rate for businesses from 33.3% to 25% by 2022.The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. France is the most visited country in the world with 89 million foreign tourists in 2017. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. France's real GDP grew by 1.9% in 2017, up from 1.2% the year before. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 10.2% in 2015, before falling to 9.0% in 2017. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from 24.6% in the fourth quarter of 2014 to 20.6% in the fourth quarter of 2017. France’s public finances have historically been strained by high spending and low growth. In 2017, the budget deficit improved to 2.7% of GDP, bringing it in compliance with the EU-mandated 3% deficit target. Meanwhile, France's public debt rose from 89.5% of GDP in 2012 to 97% in 2017. Since entering office in May 2017, President Emmanuel MACRON launched a series of economic reforms to improve competitiveness and boost economic growth. President MACRON campaigned on reforming France’s labor code and in late 2017 implemented a range of reforms to increase flexibility in the labor market by making it easier for firms to hire and fire and simplifying negotiations between employers and employees. In addition to labor reforms, President MACRON’s 2018 budget cuts public spending, taxes, and social security contributions to spur private investment and increase purchasing power. The government plans to gradually reduce corporate tax rate for businesses from 33.3% to 25% by 2022.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $2,832,170,000,000 (2020 est.)

$3,082,300,000,000 (2019 est.)

$3,036,490,000,000 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 1.49% (2019 est.)

1.81% (2018 est.)

2.42% (2017 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $42,000 (2020 est.)

$45,800 (2019 est.)

$45,300 (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $2,715,574,000,000 (2019 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.1% (2019 est.)

1.8% (2018 est.)

1% (2017 est.)
Credit ratings: Fitch rating: AA (2014)

Moody's rating: Aa2 (2015)

Standard & Poors rating: AA (2013)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 1.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 19.5% (2017 est.)

services: 78.8% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 54.1% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 23.6% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 22.5% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0.9% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -32% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: wheat, sugar beet, milk, barley, maize, potatoes, grapes, rapeseed, pork, apples
Industries: machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 2% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 27.742 million (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 2.8% (2016 est.)

industry: 20% (2016 est.)

services: 77.2% (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate: 8.12% (2019 est.)

8.69% (2018 est.)

note: includes overseas territories
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 20.2%

male: 20.3%

female: 19.9% (2020 est.)
Population below poverty line: 13.6% (2018 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 31.6 (2017 est.)

29.2 (2015)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 25.4% (2013)
Budget: revenues: 1.392 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.459 trillion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -2.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 96.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

96.6% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Taxes and other revenues: 53.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$18.102 billion (2019 est.)

-$16.02 billion (2018 est.)
Exports: $746.91 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$891.18 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$918.97 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Exports - partners: Germany 14%, United States 8%, Italy 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 7%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)
Exports - commodities: aircraft, packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, gas turbines, wine (2019)
Imports: $803.66 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$919.63 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

$947.31 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
Imports - partners: Germany 18%, Belgium 9%, Italy 9%, Spain 7%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)
Imports - commodities: cars, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, aircraft machinery (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $156.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
Debt - external: $6,356,459,000,000 (2019 est.)

$6,058,438,000,000 (2018 est.)
Exchange rates: euros (EUR) per US dollar -

0.82771 (2020 est.)

0.90338 (2019 est.)

0.87789 (2018 est.)

0.885 (2014 est.)

0.7634 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production: 529.1 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 450.8 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 61.41 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports: 19.9 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 130.8 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 17% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 50% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 15% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 16,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 1.147 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 65.97 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 1.311 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 1.705 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 440,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 886,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Natural gas - production: 16.99 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 41.88 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 6.031 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 48.59 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 8.41 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 37.759 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 58 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 72.751 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 111 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: one of the largest mobile phone markets in Europe; LTE has universal coverage with extensive 5G; one of the largest broadband subscriber bases in Europe; regional government and telecom companies have invested in higher bandwidth with fiber infrastructure improvements, an investment of more than 20 billion euros; operator investment in developing markets, and on the greater use of artificial intelligence and data; satellite broadband connectivity across France; Paris adopted smart city technology; importer of broadcast equipment from China (2020)

domestic: nearly 58 per 100 persons for fixed-line and over 111 per 100 for mobile-cellular subscriptions (2020)

international: country code - 33; landing points for Circe South, TAT-14, INGRID, FLAG Atlantic-1, Apollo, HUGO, IFC-1, ACE, SeaMeWe-3 & 4, Dunant, Africa-1, AAE-1, Atlas Offshore, Hawk, IMEWE, Med Cable, PEACE Cable, and TE North/TGN-Eurasia/SEACOM/Alexandros/Medex submarine cables providing links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat - Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries (2019)

overseas departments: country codes: French Guiana - 594; landing points for Ella Link, Kanawa, Americas II to South America, Europe, Caribbean and US; Guadeloupe - 590; landing points for GCN, Southern Caribbean Fiber, and ECFS around the Caribbean and US; Martinique - 596; landing points for Americas II, ECFS, and Southern Caribbean Fiber to South America, US and around the Caribbean;  Mayotte - 262; landing points for FLY-LION3 and LION2 to East Africa and East African Islands in Indian Ocean; Reunion - 262; landing points for SAFE, METISS, and LION submarine cables to Asia, South and East Africa, Southeast Asia and nearby Indian Ocean Island countries of Mauritius, and Madagascar (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and international channels; a large number of privately owned regional and local TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable services provide a large number of channels; public broadcaster Radio France operates 7 national networks, a series of regional networks, and operates services for overseas territories and foreign audiences; Radio France Internationale, under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is a leading international broadcaster; a large number of commercial FM stations, with many of them consolidating into commercial networks
Internet country code: metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re
Internet users: total: 57,272,921 (2020 est.)

percent of population: 85% (2020 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 30.627 million (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2020 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 19 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 553

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 70,188,028 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4,443,790,000 (2018) mt-km
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: F
Airports: total: 464 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 294

over 3,047 m: 14

2,438 to 3,047 m: 25

1,524 to 2,437 m: 97

914 to 1,523 m: 83

under 914 m: 75 (2021)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 170

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 64

under 914 m: 105 (2021)
Heliports: 1 (2021)
Pipelines: 15322 km gas, 2939 km oil, 5084 km refined products (2013)
Railways: total: 29,640 km (2014)

standard gauge: 29,473 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (15,561 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 167 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (63 km electrified)
Roadways: total: 1,053,215 km (2011)

urban: 654,201 km (2011)

non-urban: 399,014 km (2011)
Waterways: metropolitan France: 8,501 km (1,621 km navigable by craft up to 3,000 metric tons) (2010)
Merchant marine: total: 548

by type: container ship 29, general cargo 50, oil tanker 28, other 441 (2021)

note: includes Monaco
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s):
Atlantic Ocean: Brest, Calais, Dunkerque, Le Havre, Nantes
Mediterranean Sea: Marseille

container port(s) (TEUs): Le Havre (2,822,910) (2019)

LNG terminal(s) (import): Fos Cavaou, Fos Tonkin, Montoir de Bretagne

river port(s): Bordeaux (Garronne); Nantes - Saint Nazaire (Loire); Paris, Rouen (Seine); Strasbourg (Rhine)

cruise/ferry port(s): Calais, Cherbourg, Le Havre
Transportation - note: begun in 1988 and completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel) is a 50.5-km (31.4-mi) rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover that runs from Folkestone, Kent, England to Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in northern France; it is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and mainland Europe

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: French Armed Forces (Forces Armées Françaises): Army (Armee de Terre; includes Foreign Legion), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air and Space Force (Armee de l’Air et de l’Espace); includes Air Defense), National Guard (Reserves), National Gendarmerie (paramilitary police force that is a branch of the Armed Forces but under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior; also has additional duties to the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Justice) (2022)
Military expenditures: 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)

2% of GDP (2020)

1.8% of GDP (2019) (approximately $59.1 billion)

1.8% of GDP (2018) (approximately $57 billion)

1.8% of GDP (2017) (approximately $54.4 billion)
Military and security service personnel strengths: the French military has approximately 205,000 active duty troops (115,000 Army; 35,000 Navy; 40,000 Air Force; 15,000 other, such as joint staffs, administration, logistics, procurement, medical service, etc.); approximately 100,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 75,000 National Guard (2021)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the French military's inventory consists mostly of domestically-produced weapons systems, including some jointly-produced with other European countries; there is a limited mix of armaments from other Western countries, particularly the US; France has a defense industry capable of manufacturing the full spectrum of air, land, and naval military weapons systems (2022)
Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription (abolished 2001); 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2021)

note(s) - men between the ages of 17.5 and 39.5 years of age, of any nationality, may join the French Foreign Legion; those volunteers selected for service sign 5-year contracts; in 2019, women comprised approximately approximately 16% of the uniformed armed forces (21% including civilians)
Military deployments: approximately 4,000 Burkina Faso/Chad/Mali/Niger (Operation Barkhane, Task Force Takuba; note - in  2021, France announced that it would cut the number of troops from this force to about 2,500 by 2023; in 2022, France said it would move the troops in Mali--about 2,400--to other west African countries); approximately 300 Central African Republic; 950 Cote D'Ivoire; 1,450 Djibouti; 350 Baltics (NATO); 2,100 French Guyana; 900 French Polynesia; 1,000 French West Indies; 350 Gabon; est. 500 Middle East (Iraq/Jordan/Syria); 570 Lebanon (UNIFIL); 1,450 New Caledonia; 1,700 Reunion Island; 350 Senegal; 650 United Arab Emirates (2021-2022)

note(s) - France has been a contributing member of the EuroCorps since 1992; NATO troop deployment numbers in eastern Europe are as of February 2022; in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe
Military - note: France was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty), which created NATO in 1949; in 1966, President Charles DE GAULLE decided to withdraw France from NATO’s integrated military structure, reflecting his desire for greater military independence, particularly vis-à-vis the US, and the refusal to integrate France’s nuclear deterrent or accept any form of control over its armed forces; it did, however, sign agreements with NATO setting out procedures in the event of Soviet aggression; beginning with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, France distanced itself from the 1966 decision and has regularly contributed troops to NATO’s military operations, being one of the largest troop-contributing states; in 2009 it officially announced its decision to fully participate in NATO structures

 in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance the French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry (2022)in 2010, France and the UK signed a declaration on defense and security cooperation that included greater military interoperability and a Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF), a deployable, combined Anglo-French military force for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations; the CJEF has no standing forces, but would be available at short notice for French-UK bilateral, NATO, EU, UN, or other operations; combined training exercises began in 2011; as of 2020, the CJEF was assessed as having full operating capacity with the ability to rapidly deploy over 10,000 personnel capable of high intensity operations, peacekeeping, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistancethe French Foreign Legion, established in 1831, is a military force that is open to foreign recruits willing to serve in the French Armed Forces for service in France and abroad; the Foreign Legion is an integrated part of the French Army and is comprised of approximately 8,000 personnel in eight regiments, a regiment-sized demi-brigade, a battalion-sized overseas detachment, a battalion-sized recruiting group, and a command staff; the combat units are a mix of armored cavalry and airborne, light, mechanized, and motorized infantry

Topic: Terrorism
Terrorist group(s): Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); al-Qa'ida

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New CaledoniaMadagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 37,744 (Afghanistan), 23,980 (Sri Lanka), 23,510 (Syria), 21,070 (Sudan), 19,007 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 16,995 (Russia), 15,090 (Guinea), 14,296 (Serbia and Kosovo), 13,180 (Turkey), 10,849 (Cambodia), 9,328 (Iraq) 8,519 (China), 8,338 (Cote d'Ivoire), 8,218 (Eritrea), 7,628 (Vietnam), 6,947 (Bangladesh), 6,649 (Somalia), 6,642 (Albania), 6,371 (Laos), 6,074 (Mauritania), 5,908 (Mali) (mid-year 2021)

stateless persons: 2,094 (mid-year 2021)
Illicit drugs: metropolitan France: transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics; French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe; Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europemetropolitan France: transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics;French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe;Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe


Topic: Photos of Jersey

Topic: Introduction
Background: Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy that held sway in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. The Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown dependency, which means that it is not part of the UK but is rather a self-governing possession of the British Crown. However, the UK Government is constitutionally responsible for its defense and international representation.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of France
Geographic coordinates: 49 15 N, 2 10 W
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 116 sq km

land: 116 sq km

water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: about two-thirds the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 70 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Climate: temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Terrain: gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast
Elevation: highest point: Les Platons 136 m

lowest point: English Channel 0 m
Natural resources: arable land
Land use: agricultural land: 66% (2018 est.)

arable land: 66% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)

forest: 0% (2018 est.)

other: 34% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: NA
Population distribution: fairly even distribution; no notable trends
Natural hazards: very large tidal variation can be hazardous to navigation
Geography - note: largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier

Topic: People and Society
Population: 102,146 (2022 est.)
Nationality: noun: Channel Islander(s)

adjective: Channel Islander
Ethnic groups: Jersey 46.4%, British 32.7%, Portuguese/Madeiran 8.2%, Polish 3.3%, Irish, French, and other White 7.1%, other 2.4% (2011 est.)
Languages: English (official) 94.5%, Portuguese 4.6%, other .9% (includes French (official) and Jerriais) (2001 est.)

note: data represent main spoken language; the traditional language of Jersey is Jerriais or Jersey French (a Norman language), which was spoken by fewer than 3,000 people as of 2001;  two thirds of Jerriais speakers are aged 60 and overEnglish (official) 94.5%, Portuguese 4.6%, other .9% (includes French (official) and Jerriais)
Religions: Protestant (Anglican, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian), Roman Catholic
Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.63% (male 8,689/female 8,124)

15-24 years: 12.98% (male 6,764/female 6,354)

25-54 years: 40.12% (male 20,499/female 20,054)

55-64 years: 13.22% (male 6,515/female 6,844)

65 years and over: 17.05% (male 7,324/female 9,906) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 49

youth dependency ratio: 22.3

elderly dependency ratio: 26.7

potential support ratio: 3.7 (2020 est.)

note: data represent Guernsey and Jersey
Median age: total: 37.5 years

male: 36 years

female: 39.5 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.64% (2022 est.)
Birth rate: 12.41 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 7.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Population distribution: fairly even distribution; no notable trends
Urbanization: urban population: 31.1% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

note: data include Guernsey and Jersey
Major urban areas - population: 34,000 SAINT HELIER (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 3.87 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 4.32 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 82.63 years

male: 80.13 years

female: 85.28 years (2022 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.66 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA
Drinking water source: improved: total: 94.2% of population

unimproved: total: 5.9% of population (2017 est.)

note: includes data for Guernsey
Current Health Expenditure: NA
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 98.5% of population

unimproved: urban: NA

rural: NA

total: 1.5% of population (2017)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: NA

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: habitat and species depletion due to human encroachment; water pollution; improper solid waste disposal
Climate: temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Land use: agricultural land: 66% (2018 est.)

arable land: 66% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)

forest: 0% (2018 est.)

other: 34% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 31.1% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 0.68% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

note: data include Guernsey and Jersey
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 178,933 tons (2016 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 50,871 tons (2016 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 28.4% (2016 est.)

note: data include combined totals for Guernsey and Jersey.

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey

conventional short form: Jersey

former: Norman Isles

etymology: the name is of Old Norse origin, but the meaning of the root "Jer(s)" is uncertain; the "-ey" ending means "island"
Government type: parliamentary democracy (Assembly of the States of Jersey)
Dependency status: British crown dependency
Capital: name: Saint Helier

geographic coordinates: 49 11 N, 2 06 W

time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology: named after Saint Helier, the patron saint of Jersey, who was reputedly martyred on the island in A.D. 555
Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 12 parishes; Grouville, Saint Brelade, Saint Clement, Saint Helier, Saint John, Saint Lawrence, Saint Martin, Saint Mary, Saint Ouen, Saint Peter, Saint Saviour, and Trinity
Independence: none (British Crown dependency)
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)
Constitution: history: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

amendments: proposed by a government minister to the Assembly of the States of Jersey, by an Assembly member, or by an elected parish head; passage requires several Assembly readings, a majority vote by the Assembly, review by the UK Ministry of Justice, and approval of the British monarch (Royal Assent)
Legal system: the laws of the UK apply where applicable; includes local statutes
Citizenship: see United Kingdom
Suffrage: 16 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Lieutenant Governor Sir Stephen DALTON (since 13 March 2017)

head of government: Chief Minister John LE FONDRE (since 8 June 2018); Bailiff Timothy Le COCQ (since 17 October 2019)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed individually by the states

elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; Council of Ministers, including the chief minister, indirectly elected by the Assembly of States; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Assembly of the States of Jersey (49 elected members; 8 senators to serve 4-year terms, and 29 deputies and 12 connetables, or heads of parishes, to serve 4-year terms; 5 non-voting members appointed by the monarch include the bailiff, lieutenant governor, dean of Jersey, attorney general, and the solicitor general)

elections: last held on 16 May 2018 (next to be held on 16 May 2022)

election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 49; composition (as of October 2021) - men 35, women 14, percent of women 28.6%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Jersey Court of Appeal (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, and 12 judges); Royal Court (consists of the bailiff, deputy bailiff, 6 commissioners and lay people referred to as jurats, and is organized into Heritage, Family, Probate, and Samedi Divisions); appeals beyond the Court of Appeal are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)

judge selection and term of office: Jersey Court of Appeal bailiffs and judges appointed by the Crown upon the advice of the Secretary of State for Justice; bailiffs and judges appointed for "extent of good behavior;" Royal Court bailiffs appointed by the Crown upon the advice of the Secretary of State for Justice; commissioners appointed by the bailiff; jurats appointed by the Electoral College; bailiffs and commissioners appointed for "extent of good behavior;" jurats appointed until retirement at age 72

subordinate courts: Magistrate's Court; Youth Court; Petty Debts Court; Parish Hall Enquires (a process of preliminary investigation into youth and minor adult offenses to determine need for presentation before a court)
Political parties and leaders: one registered party: Reform Jersey [Sam MEZEC]

note: most senators and deputies sit as independents
International organization participation: UPU
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: none (British Crown dependency)

none (British Crown dependency)
Diplomatic representation from the US: embassy: none (British Crown dependency)
Flag description: white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red shield with three lions in yellow; according to tradition, the ships of Jersey - in an attempt to differentiate themselves from English ships flying the horizontal cross of St. George - rotated the cross to the "X" (saltire) configuration; because this arrangement still resembled the Irish cross of St. Patrick, the yellow Plantagenet crown and Jersey coat of arms were added
National symbol(s): Jersey cow; national colors: red, white
National anthem: name: "Isle de Siez Nous" (Island Home)

lyrics/music: Gerard LE FEUVRE

note: adopted 2008; serves as a local anthem; as a British Crown dependency, "God Save the Queen" is official (see United Kingdom)

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Jersey's economy is based on international financial services, agriculture, and tourism. In 2016, the financial services sector accounted for about 41% of the island's output. Agriculture represented about 1% of Jersey’s economy in 2016. Potatoes are an important export crop, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle originated on the island and is known worldwide. The dairy industry remains important to the island with approximately $8.8 million gallons of milk produced in 2015. Tourism accounts for a significant portion of Jersey’s economy, with more than 700,000 total visitors in 2015. Living standards come close to those of the UK. All raw material and energy requirements are imported as well as a large share of Jersey's food needs. Light taxes and death duties make the island a popular offshore financial center. Jersey maintains its relationship with the EU through the UK. Therefore, in light of the UK’s decision to leave the EU, Jersey will also need to renegotiate its ties to the EU.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $5.569 billion (2016 est.)

$5.514 billion (2015 est.)

$4.98 billion (2014 est.)

note: data are in 2015 US dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 1% (2016 est.)

10.7% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $56,600 (2016 est.)

$49,500 (2015 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $5.004 billion (2015 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (2006)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 2% (2010)

industry: 2% (2010)

services: 96% (2010)
Agricultural products: potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes; beef, dairy products
Industries: tourism, banking and finance, dairy, electronics
Industrial production growth rate: NA
Labor force: 59,950 (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 3%

industry: 12%

services: 85% (2014 est.)
Unemployment rate: 4% (2015 est.)

4.6% (2014 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 0.3 (2014 est.)

0.3 (2013 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA
Budget: revenues: 829 million (2005)

expenditures: 851 million (2005)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -0.4% (of GDP) (2005)
Taxes and other revenues: 16.6% (of GDP) (2005)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Exports: NANA
Exports - commodities: light industrial and electrical goods, dairy cattle, foodstuffs, textiles, flowers
Imports: NANA
Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals
Debt - external: NANA
Exchange rates: Jersey pounds (JEP) per US dollar

0.7836 (2017 est.)

0.738 (2016 est.)

0.738 (2015)

0.6542 (2012)

0.6391 (2011 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Electricity - production: NA (2017)
Electricity - consumption: 630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 48,310 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 45 (2020 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 124,262 (2020 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 115 (2020 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: good system with broadband access (2018)

domestic: fixed-line 45 per 100 and mobile-cellular 115 per 100 subscriptions (2020)

international: country code - 44; landing points for the INGRID, UK-Channel Islands-8, and Guernsey-Jersey-4, submarine cable connectivity to Guernsey, the UK, and France (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: multiple UK terrestrial TV broadcasts are received via a transmitter in Jersey; satellite packages available; BBC Radio Jersey and 1 other radio station operating
Internet country code: .je
Internet users: total: 100,300 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 41.03% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 39,699 NA (2020)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36.8 NA (2020)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 1 (registered in UK) (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 4 (registered in UK)
Airports: total: 1 (2021)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2021)
Roadways: total: 576 km (2010)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier

Topic: Military and Security
Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: nonenone


The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes). The MMR includes deaths during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, for a specified year.

Topic: Afghanistan638 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Albania15 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Algeria112 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Angola241 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Argentina39 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Armenia26 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Australia6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Austria5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijan26 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, The70 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahrain14 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bangladesh173 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Barbados27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Belarus2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Belgium5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Belize36 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Benin397 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bhutan183 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bolivia155 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Botswana144 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Brazil60 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Brunei31 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Bulgaria10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Burkina Faso320 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Burma250 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Burundi548 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verde58 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Cambodia160 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Cameroon529 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Canada10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Central African Republic829 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Chad1,140 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Chile13 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: China29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Colombia83 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Comoros273 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the473 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of the378 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Costa Rica27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire617 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Croatia8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Cuba36 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Cyprus6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Czechia3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Denmark4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Djibouti248 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republic95 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Ecuador59 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Egypt37 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: El Salvador46 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinea301 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Eritrea480 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Estonia9 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Eswatini437 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Ethiopia401 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Fiji34 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Finland3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: France8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Gabon252 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Gambia, The597 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Gaza Strip27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Topic: Georgia25 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Germany7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Ghana308 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Greece3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Grenada25 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Guatemala95 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Guinea576 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissau667 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Guyana667 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Haiti480 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Honduras65 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Hungary12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Iceland4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: India145 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Indonesia177 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Iran16 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Iraq79 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Ireland5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Israel3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Italy2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Jamaica80 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Japan5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Jordan46 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstan10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Kenya342 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Kiribati92 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Korea, North89 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Korea, South11 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Kuwait12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstan60 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Laos185 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Latvia19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Lebanon29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Lesotho544 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Liberia661 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Libya72 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Lithuania5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Luxembourg5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Madagascar335 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Malawi349 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Malaysia29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Maldives53 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Mali562 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Malta6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Mauritania766 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Mauritius61 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Mexico33 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of88 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Moldova19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Mongolia45 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Montenegro6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Morocco70 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

note: does not include data from the former Western Sahara

Topic: Mozambique289 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Namibia195 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Nepal186 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Netherlands5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: New Zealand9 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Nicaragua198 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Niger509 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Nigeria917 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: North Macedonia7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Norway2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Oman19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Pakistan140 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Panama52 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinea145 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Paraguay84 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Peru88 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Philippines121 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Poland2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Portugal8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Puerto Rico21 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Qatar9 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Romania19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Russia17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Rwanda248 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Lucia117 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines98 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Samoa43 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe130 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabia17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Senegal315 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Serbia12 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leone1,120 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Singapore8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Slovakia5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Slovenia7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islands104 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Somalia829 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: South Africa119 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: South Sudan1,150 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Spain4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Sri Lanka36 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Sudan295 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Suriname120 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Sweden4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Switzerland5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Syria31 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Tajikistan17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Tanzania524 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Thailand37 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Timor-Leste142 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Togo396 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Tonga52 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago67 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Tunisia43 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkey17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistan7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Uganda375 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Ukraine19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: United Arab Emirates3 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: United Kingdom7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: United States19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Uruguay17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistan29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Vanuatu72 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Venezuela125 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Vietnam43 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: West Bank27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Topic: World211 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Yemen164 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Zambia213 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwe458 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)