This entry includes revenues and expenditures. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Topic: Afghanistanrevenues: 2.276 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.328 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Albaniarevenues: 3.614 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.874 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Algeriarevenues: 54.15 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 70.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: American Samoarevenues: 249 million (2016 est.)

expenditures: 262.5 million (2016 est.)

Topic: Andorrarevenues: 1.872 billion (2016)

expenditures: 2.06 billion (2016)

Topic: Angolarevenues: 37.02 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 45.44 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Anguillarevenues: 81.92 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 80.32 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Antigua and Barbudarevenues: 298.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 334 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Argentinarevenues: 120.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 158.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Armeniarevenues: 2.644 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.192 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Arubarevenues: 681.6 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 755.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Australiarevenues: 490 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 496.9 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Austriarevenues: 201.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 204.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Azerbaijanrevenues: 9.556 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.22 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahamas, Therevenues: 2.139 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.46 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bahrainrevenues: 5.854 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.407 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bangladeshrevenues: 25.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 33.5 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Barbadosrevenues: 1.466 billion (2013 est.) (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.664 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belarusrevenues: 22.15 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 20.57 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belgiumrevenues: 253.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 258.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Belizerevenues: 553.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 572 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Beninrevenues: 1.578 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.152 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bermudarevenues: 999.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.176 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bhutanrevenues: 655.3 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 737.4 million (2017 est.)

note: the Government of India finances nearly one-quarter of Bhutan's budget expenditures

Topic: Boliviarevenues: 15.09 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 18.02 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovinarevenues: 7.993 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 7.607 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Botswanarevenues: 5.305 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.478 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Brazilrevenues: 733.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 756.3 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: British Virgin Islandsrevenues: 400 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 400 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Bruneirevenues: 2.245 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.345 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Bulgariarevenues: 20.35 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.35 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Burkina Fasorevenues: 2.666 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.655 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Burmarevenues: 9.108 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.23 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Burundirevenues: 536.7 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 729.6 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Cabo Verderevenues: 493.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 546.7 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Cambodiarevenues: 3.947 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.354 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cameroonrevenues: 5.363 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.556 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Canadarevenues: 649.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 665.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cayman Islandsrevenues: 874.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 766.6 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Central African Republicrevenues: 282.9 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 300.1 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Chadrevenues: 1.337 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.481 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Chilerevenues: 57.75 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 65.38 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Chinarevenues: 2.553 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.008 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Christmas Islandrevenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islandsrevenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Topic: Colombiarevenues: 83.35 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 91.73 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Comorosrevenues: 165.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 207.3 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of therevenues: 4.634 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.009 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Congo, Republic of therevenues: 1.965 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.578 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cook Islandsrevenues: 86.9 million (2010)

expenditures: 77.9 million (2010)

Topic: Costa Ricarevenues: 8.357 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.92 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cote d'Ivoirerevenues: 7.749 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.464 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Croatiarevenues: 25.24 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 24.83 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cubarevenues: 54.52 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.64 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Cyprusrevenues: 8.663 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 8.275 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Czechiarevenues: 87.37 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 83.92 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Denmarkrevenues: 172.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 168.9 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Djiboutirevenues: 717 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 899.2 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Dominicarevenues: 227.8 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 260.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Dominican Republicrevenues: 11.33 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.62 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ecuadorrevenues: 33.43 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.08 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Egyptrevenues: 42.32 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 62.61 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: El Salvadorrevenues: 5.886 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.517 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Equatorial Guinearevenues: 2.114 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.523 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Eritrearevenues: 2.029 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.601 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Estoniarevenues: 10.37 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.44 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Eswatinirevenues: 1.263 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.639 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ethiopiarevenues: 11.24 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.79 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)revenues: 67.1 million (FY09/10)

expenditures: 75.3 million (FY09/10)

Topic: Faroe Islandsrevenues: 835.6 million (2014 est.)

expenditures: 883.8 million (2014)

note: Denmark supplies the Faroe Islands with almost one-third of its public funds

Topic: Fijirevenues: 1.454 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.648 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Finlandrevenues: 134.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 135.6 billion (2017 est.)

note: Central Government Budget data; these numbers represent a significant reduction from previous official reporting

Topic: Francerevenues: 1.392 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.459 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: French Polynesiarevenues: 1.891 billion (2012)

expenditures: 1.833 billion (2011)

Topic: Gabonrevenues: 2.634 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.914 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Gambia, Therevenues: 300.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 339 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Gaza Stripsee entry for the West Bank

Topic: Georgiarevenues: 4.352 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.925 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Germanyrevenues: 1.665 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.619 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ghanarevenues: 9.544 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 12.36 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Gibraltarrevenues: 475.8 million (2008 est.)

expenditures: 452.3 million (2008 est.)

Topic: Greecerevenues: 97.99 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 96.35 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Greenlandrevenues: 1.719 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.594 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Grenadarevenues: 288.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 252.3 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Guamrevenues: 1.24 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.299 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Guatemalarevenues: 8.164 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.156 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Guernseyrevenues: 563.6 million (2005)

expenditures: 530.9 million (2005 est.)

Topic: Guinearevenues: 1.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.748 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Guinea-Bissaurevenues: 246.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 263.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Guyanarevenues: 1.002 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.164 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Haitirevenues: 1.567 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.65 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)revenues: 315 million (2013)

expenditures: 348 million (2013)

Topic: Hondurasrevenues: 4.658 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.283 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Hong Kongrevenues: 79.34 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 61.64 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Hungaryrevenues: 61.98 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Icelandrevenues: 10.39 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 10.02 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Indiarevenues: 238.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 329 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Indonesiarevenues: 131.7 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 159.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Iranrevenues: 74.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 84.45 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Iraqrevenues: 68.71 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 76.82 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Irelandrevenues: 86.04 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 87.19 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Isle of Manrevenues: 965 million (FY05/06 est.)

expenditures: 943 million (FY05/06 est.)

Topic: Israelrevenues: 93.11 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 100.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Italyrevenues: 903.3 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 948.1 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Jamaicarevenues: 4.382 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.314 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Japanrevenues: 1.714 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.885 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Jerseyrevenues: 829 million (2005)

expenditures: 851 million (2005)

Topic: Jordanrevenues: 9.462 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.51 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kazakhstanrevenues: 35.48 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.3 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kenyarevenues: 13.95 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.24 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kiribatirevenues: 151.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 277.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Korea, Northrevenues: 3.2 billion (2007 est.)

expenditures: 3.3 billion (2007 est.)

Topic: Korea, Southrevenues: 357.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 335.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kosovorevenues: 2.054 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.203 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kuwaitrevenues: 50.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 62.6 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Kyrgyzstanrevenues: 2.169 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.409 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Laosrevenues: 3.099 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.038 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Latviarevenues: 11.39 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11.53 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Lebanonrevenues: 11.62 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 15.38 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Lesothorevenues: 1.09 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.255 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Liberiarevenues: 553.6 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 693.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Libyarevenues: 15.78 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 23.46 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Liechtensteinrevenues: 995.3 million (2012 est.)

expenditures: 890.4 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Lithuaniarevenues: 15.92 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 15.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Luxembourgrevenues: 27.75 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 26.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Macaurevenues: 14.71 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.684 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Madagascarrevenues: 1.828 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.136 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Malawirevenues: 1.356 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.567 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Malaysiarevenues: 51.25 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 60.63 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Maldivesrevenues: 1.19 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.643 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Malirevenues: 3.075 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.513 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Maltarevenues: 5.076 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.583 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Marshall Islandsrevenues: 116.7 million (2013 est.)

expenditures: 113.9 million (2013 est.)

Topic: Mauritaniarevenues: 1.354 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.396 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mauritiusrevenues: 2.994 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.038 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mexicorevenues: 261.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 273.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States ofrevenues: 213.8 million (FY12/13 est.)

expenditures: 192.1 million (FY12/13 est.)

Topic: Moldovarevenues: 2.886 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.947 billion (2017 est.)

note: National Public Budget

Topic: Monacorevenues: 896.3 million (2011 est.)

expenditures: 953.6 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Mongoliarevenues: 2.967 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.681 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Montenegrorevenues: 1.78 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.05 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Montserratrevenues: 66.67 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 47.04 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Moroccorevenues: 22.81 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 26.75 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Mozambiquerevenues: 3.356 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.054 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Namibiarevenues: 4.268 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Naururevenues: 103 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 113.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Nepalrevenues: 5.925 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.945 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Netherlandsrevenues: 361.4 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 352.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: New Caledoniarevenues: 1.995 billion (2015 est.)

expenditures: 1.993 billion (2015 est.)

Topic: New Zealandrevenues: 74.11 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 70.97 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Nicaraguarevenues: 3.871 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.15 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Nigerrevenues: 1.757 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.171 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Nigeriarevenues: 12.92 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.54 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Niuerevenues: 15.07 million (FY04/05)

expenditures: 16.33 million (FY04/05)

Topic: Norfolk Islandrevenues: 4.6 million (FY99/00)

expenditures: 4.8 million (FY99/00)

Topic: North Macedoniarevenues: 3.295 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.605 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Northern Mariana Islandsrevenues: 389.6 million (2016 est.)

expenditures: 344 million (2015 est.)

Topic: Norwayrevenues: 217.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 199.5 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Omanrevenues: 22.14 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 31.92 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Pakistanrevenues: 46.81 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.49 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are for fiscal years

Topic: Palaurevenues: 193 million (2012 est.)

expenditures: 167.3 million (2012 est.)

Topic: Panamarevenues: 12.43 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.44 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Papua New Guinearevenues: 3.638 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.591 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Paraguayrevenues: 5.524 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.968 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Perurevenues: 58.06 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 64.81 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Philippinesrevenues: 49.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 56.02 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Pitcairn Islandsrevenues: 746,000 (FY04/05)

expenditures: 1.028 million (FY04/05)

Topic: Polandrevenues: 207.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 216.2 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Portugalrevenues: 93.55 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 100 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Puerto Ricorevenues: 9.268 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 9.974 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Qatarrevenues: 44.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 53.82 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Romaniarevenues: 62.14 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 68.13 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Russiarevenues: 258.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 281.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Rwandarevenues: 1.943 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.337 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunharevenues: 8.427 million (FY06/07 est.)

expenditures: 20.7 million (FY06/07 est.)

note: revenue data reflect only locally raised revenues; the budget deficit is resolved by grant aid from the UK

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevisrevenues: 307 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 291.1 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Luciarevenues: 398.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 392.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelonrevenues: 70 million (1996 est.)

expenditures: 60 million (1996 est.)

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesrevenues: 225.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 230 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Samoarevenues: 237.3 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 276.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: San Marinorevenues: 667.7 million (2011 est.)

expenditures: 715.3 million (2011 est.)

Topic: Sao Tome and Principerevenues: 103 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 112.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Saudi Arabiarevenues: 181 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 241.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Senegalrevenues: 4.139 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.9 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Serbiarevenues: 17.69 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 17.59 billion (2017 est.)

note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets

Topic: Seychellesrevenues: 593.4 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 600.7 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Sierra Leonerevenues: 562 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 846.4 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Singaporerevenues: 50.85 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 51.87 billion (2017 est.)

note: expenditures include both operational and development expenditures

Topic: Slovakiarevenues: 37.79 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.79 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sloveniarevenues: 21.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 21.06 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Solomon Islandsrevenues: 532.5 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 570.5 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Somaliarevenues: 145.3 million (2014 est.)

expenditures: 151.1 million (2014 est.)

Topic: South Africarevenues: 92.86 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 108.3 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: South Sudanrevenues: 259.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)

expenditures: 298.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)

Topic: Spainrevenues: 498.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 539 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sri Lankarevenues: 12.07 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 16.88 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Sudanrevenues: 8.48 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 13.36 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Surinamerevenues: 560.7 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 827.8 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Svalbardrevenues: NA

expenditures: NA

Topic: Swedenrevenues: 271.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 264.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Switzerlandrevenues: 242.1 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 234.4 billion (2017 est.)

note: includes federal, cantonal, and municipal budgets

Topic: Syriarevenues: 1.162 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.211 billion (2017 est.)

note: government projections for FY2016

Topic: Taiwanrevenues: 91.62 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 92.03 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tajikistanrevenues: 2.269 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.374 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tanzaniarevenues: 7.873 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 8.818 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Thailandrevenues: 69.23 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 85.12 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Timor-Lesterevenues: 300 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 2.4 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Togorevenues: 1.023 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.203 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tokelaurevenues: 24,324,473 (2017 est.)

expenditures: 11,666,542 (2017 est.)

Topic: Tongarevenues: 181.2 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 181.2 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Trinidad and Tobagorevenues: 5.581 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 7.446 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Tunisiarevenues: 9.876 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 12.21 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkeyrevenues: 172.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 185.8 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Turkmenistanrevenues: 5.657 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.714 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islandsrevenues: 247.3 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 224.3 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Tuvalurevenues: 42.68 million (2013 est.)

expenditures: 32.46 million (2012 est.)

note: revenue data include Official Development Assistance from Australia

Topic: Ugandarevenues: 3.848 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.928 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Ukrainerevenues: 29.82 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 31.55 billion (2017 est.)

note: this is the planned, consolidated budget

Topic: United Arab Emiratesrevenues: 110.2 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 111.1 billion (2017 est.)

note: the UAE federal budget does not account for emirate-level spending in Abu Dhabi and Dubai

Topic: United Kingdomrevenues: 1.028 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.079 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: United Statesrevenues: 3.315 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 3.981 trillion (2017 est.)

note: revenues exclude social contributions of approximately $1.0 trillion; expenditures exclude social benefits of approximately $2.3 trillion

Topic: Uruguayrevenues: 17.66 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 19.72 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Uzbekistanrevenues: 15.22 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 15.08 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Vanuaturevenues: 236.7 million (2017 est.)

expenditures: 244.1 million (2017 est.)

Topic: Venezuelarevenues: 92.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 189.7 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Vietnamrevenues: 54.59 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 69.37 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Virgin Islandsrevenues: 1.496 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures: 1.518 billion (2016 est.)

Topic: Wallis and Futunarevenues: 32.54 million NA (2015 est.)

expenditures: 34.18 million NA (2015 est.)

Topic: West Bankrevenues: 1.314 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.278 billion (2017 est.)

note: includes Palestinian Authority expenditures in the Gaza Strip

Topic: Worldrevenues: 21.68 trillion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 23.81 trillion (2017 est.)

Topic: Yemenrevenues: 2.821 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 4.458 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Zambiarevenues: 4.473 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 6.357 billion (2017 est.)

Topic: Zimbabwerevenues: 3.8 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 5.5 billion (2017 est.)


Topic: Photos of Pacific Ocean

Topic: Introduction
Background: The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). Strategically important access waterways include the La Perouse, Tsugaru, Tsushima, Taiwan, Singapore, and Torres Straits.The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Pacific Ocean south of 60 degrees south.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere
Geographic coordinates: 0 00 N, 160 00 W
Map references: Political Map of the World
Area: total: 161.760 million sq km

note: includes Arafura Sea, Bali Sea, Banda Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Celebes Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Flores Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea, Philippine Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, Solomon Sea, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and other tributary water bodies
Area - comparative: about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global surface; almost equal to the total land area of the world
Coastline: 135,663 km
Climate: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
Terrain: surface dominated by two large gyres (broad, circular systems of currents), one in the northern Pacific and another in the southern Pacific; in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana Trench, which is the world's deepest at 10,924 m major surface currents: clockwise North Pacific Gyre formed by the warm northward flowing Kuroshio Current in the west, the eastward flowing North Pacific Current in the north, the southward flowing cold California Current in the east, and the westward flowing North Equatorial Current in the south; the counterclockwise South Pacific Gyre composed of the southward flowing warm East Australian Current in the west, the eastward flowing South Pacific Current in the south, the northward flowing cold Peru (Humbolt) Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the northsurface dominated by two large gyres (broad, circular systems of currents), one in the northern Pacific and another in the southern Pacific; in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana Trench, which is the world's deepest at 10,924 mmajor surface currents: clockwise North Pacific Gyre formed by the warm northward flowing Kuroshio Current in the west, the eastward flowing North Pacific Current in the north, the southward flowing cold California Current in the east, and the westward flowing North Equatorial Current in the south; the counterclockwise South Pacific Gyre composed of the southward flowing warm East Australian Current in the west, the eastward flowing South Pacific Current in the south, the northward flowing cold Peru (Humbolt) Current in the east, and the westward flowing South Equatorial Current in the north
Elevation: highest point: sea level

lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench -10,924 m
note - the Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean basin

mean depth: -4,080 m

ocean zones: Composed of water and in a fluid state, the oceans are delimited differently than the solid continents. Oceans are divided into three zones based on depth and light level. Although some sea creatures depend on light to live, others can do without it. Sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 m into the oceans under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light beyond 200 m.

The upper 200 m (656 ft) of oceans is called the euphotic, or "sunlight," zone. This zone contains the vast majority of commercial fisheries and is home to many protected marine mammals and sea turtles. Only a small amount of light penetrates beyond this depth.

The zone between 200 m (656 ft) and 1,000 m (3,280 ft) is usually referred to as the "twilight" zone, but is officially the dysphotic zone. In this zone, the intensity of light rapidly dissipates as depth increases. Such a minuscule amount of light penetrates beyond a depth of 200 m that photosynthesis is no longer possible.

The aphotic, or "midnight," zone exists in depths below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Sunlight does not penetrate to these depths and the zone is bathed in darkness.
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Natural hazards: surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December
Geography - note: the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean; much of the Pacific Ocean's rim lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters that accounts for up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes; the Pacific Ocean is the deepest ocean basin averaging 4,000 m in depth

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: pollution (such as sewage, runoff from land and toxic waste); habitat destruction; over-fishing; climate change leading to sea level rise, ocean acidification, and warming; endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea
Marine fisheries: the Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 57.8%, or 46,144,490 mt, of the global marine capture in 2019; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important: Northwest Pacific region (Region 61) is the world’s most important fishery producing 24% of the global catch or 19,151,516 mt in 2019; it encompasses the waters north of 20º north latitude and west of 175º west longitude with the major producers including China (29,080726 mt), Japan (3,417,871 mt), South Korea (1,403,892 mt), and Taiwan (487,739 mt); the principal catches include Alaska Pollock, Japanese anchovy, chub mackerel, and scads Western Central Pacific region (Region 71) is the world’s second most important fishing region producing 17.3%, or 13,798,443 mt, of the global catch in 2019; tuna is the most important species in this region; the region includes the waters between 20º North and 25º South latitude and west of 175º West longitude with the major producers including Indonesia (6,907,932 mt), Vietnam (4,571,497 mt), Philippines (2,416,879 mt), Thailand (1,509,574 mt), and Malaysia (692,553 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, sardinellas, and cephalopods Southeast Pacific region (Region 87) is the third major Pacific fishery and third largest in the world producing 9.7%, or 7,755,134 mt, of the global catch in 2019; this region includes the nutrient rich upwelling waters off the west coast of South America between 5º North and 60º South latitude and east of 120º West longitude with the major producers including Peru (4,888,730 mt), Chile (3,298,795 mt), and Ecuador (1,186,249 mt); the principal catches include Peruvian anchovy (68.5% of the catch), Jumbo flying squid, and Chilean jack mackerel Pacific Northeast region (Region 67) is the fourth largest Pacific Ocean fishery and seventh largest in the world producing 4% of the global catch or 3,160,372 mt in 2019; this region encompasses the waters north of 40º North latitude and east of 175º West longitude including the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea with the major producers including the US (3,009,568 mt), Canada (276,677 mt), and Russia (6,908 mt); the principal catches include Alaska pollock, Pacific cod, and North Pacific hakethe Pacific Ocean fisheries are the most important in the world accounting for 57.8%, or 46,144,490 mt, of the global marine capture in 2019; of the six regions delineated by the Food and Agriculture Organization in the Pacific Ocean, the following are the most important:Northwest Pacific region (Region 61) is the world’s most important fishery producing 24% of the global catch or 19,151,516 mt in 2019; it encompasses the waters north of 20º north latitude and west of 175º west longitude with the major producers including China (29,080726 mt), Japan (3,417,871 mt), South Korea (1,403,892 mt), and Taiwan (487,739 mt); the principal catches include Alaska Pollock, Japanese anchovy, chub mackerel, and scadsWestern Central Pacific region (Region 71) is the world’s second most important fishing region producing 17.3%, or 13,798,443 mt, of the global catch in 2019; tuna is the most important species in this region; the region includes the waters between 20º North and 25º South latitude and west of 175º West longitude with the major producers including Indonesia (6,907,932 mt), Vietnam (4,571,497 mt), Philippines (2,416,879 mt), Thailand (1,509,574 mt), and Malaysia (692,553 mt); the principal catches include Skipjack and Yellowfin tuna, sardinellas, and cephalopodsSoutheast Pacific region (Region 87) is the third major Pacific fishery and third largest in the world producing 9.7%, or 7,755,134 mt, of the global catch in 2019; this region includes the nutrient rich upwelling waters off the west coast of South America between 5º North and 60º South latitude and east of 120º West longitude with the major producers including Peru (4,888,730 mt), Chile (3,298,795 mt), and Ecuador (1,186,249 mt); the principal catches include Peruvian anchovy (68.5% of the catch), Jumbo flying squid, and Chilean jack mackerel
Climate: planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December

Topic: Government
Country name: etymology: named by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand MAGELLAN during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521; encountering favorable winds upon reaching the ocean, he called it "Mar Pacifico," which means "peaceful sea" in both Portuguese and Spanish

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1996, over 60% of the world's fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean. Exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy supplies of the US, Australia, NZ, China, and Peru. The high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has led to fluctuations in new drillings.

Topic: Transportation
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong (China), Kao-hsiung (Taiwan), Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Topic: Military and Security
Maritime threats: the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of littoral states and offshore waters in the South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; an emerging threat area lies in the Celebes and Sulu Seas between the Philippines and Malaysia where three ships were attacked in 2020; numerous commercial vessels have been attacked and hijacked both at anchor and while underway; hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargoes stolen

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Topic: People and Society
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA


US State Dept Travel Advisory: The US Department of State currently recommends US citizens DO NOT TRAVEL to Aruba due to COVID-related conditions. Consult its website via the link below for updates to travel advisories and statements on safety, security, local laws and special circumstances in this country.

https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories.html
Passport/Visa Requirements: US citizens should make sure their passport is valid at the date of their entering the country. They should also make sure they have at least 1 blank page in their passport for any entry stamp that will be required. A visa is not required.
US Embassy/Consulate: US does not have an embassy in Aruba; the Consul General to Curacao is accredited to Aruba; US citizens may call US Dept of State (202)-501-4444 for emergencies; alternate contact is the US General Council to Curacao [599] (9) 4613066; US Consulate General in Curacao, PO Box 158, J.B. Gorsiraweg 1, Curacao
Telephone Code: 297
Local Emergency Phone: 911
Vaccinations: See WHO recommendations

http://www.who.int/
Climate: Tropical marine, little seasonal temperature variation
Currency (Code): Guilders/florins (AWG); USD accepted
Electricity/Voltage/Plug Type(s): 120 V / 60 Hz / plug types(s): A, B, F

Major Languages: Papiamento (official) (a creole language that is a mixture of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, English, French, elements of African languages, and the language of the Arawak) 69.4%, Spanish 13.7%, English 7.1%, Dutch (official) 6.1%
Major Religions: Roman Catholic 75.3%, Protestant 4.9%, other 12%
Time Difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Potable Water: Yes
International Driving Permit: Suggested
Road Driving Side: Right
Tourist Destinations: Arikok National Park (includes Boca Prins and Natural Pool); California Dunes and Lighthouse; Alto Vista Chapel
Major Sports: Soccer, windsurfing, sailing
Cultural Practices: Wearing swimwear around town is considered rude.
Tipping Guidelines: Some bars and restaurants already add a 10-15% service charge. If you really like the service, you can still tip. Tipping $1-2 (USD) per bag is customary for the bellhops.Please visit the following links to find further information about your desired destination.

World Health Organization (WHO) - To learn what vaccines and health precautions to take while visiting your destination.

US State Dept Travel Information - Overall information about foreign travel for US citizens.

To obtain an international driving permit (IDP). Only two organizations in the US issue IDPs:
American Automobile Association (AAA) and American Automobile Touring Alliance (AATA)

How to get help in an emergency?
Contact the nearest US embassy or consulate, or call one of these numbers:
from the US or Canada - 1-888-407-4747 or from Overseas - +1 202-501-4444

Page last updated: Tuesday, March 22, 2022


Topic: Photos of Fiji

Topic: Introduction
Background: Austronesians settled Fiji around 1000 B.C., followed by successive waves of Melanesians starting around the first century A.D. Fijians traded with Polynesian groups in Samoa and Tonga, and by about 900, much of Fiji was in the Tu’i Tongan Empire’s sphere of influence. The Tongan influence declined significantly by 1200 while Melanesian seafarers continued to periodically arrive in Fiji, further mixing Melanesian and Polynesian cultural traditions. Dutch explorer Abel TASMAN was the first European to spot Fiji in 1643, followed by British explorer James COOK in 1774. Captain William BLIGH plotted the islands in 1789. In the 1800s, merchants, traders, and whalers frequented the islands and the first missionaries arrived in 1835. Rival kings and chiefs competed for power, at times aided by Europeans and their weapons, and in 1865, Seru Epenisa CAKOBAU united many groups into the Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti. The arrangement proved weak and in 1871 CAKOBAU formed the Kingdom of Fiji in an attempt to centralize power. Fearing a hostile takeover by a foreign power as the kingdom’s economy began to falter, CAKOBAU ceded Fiji to the UK in 1874.

The first British governor set up a plantation-style economy and brought in more than 60,000 Indians as indentured laborers, most of whom chose to stay in Fiji rather than return to India when their contracts expired. In the early 1900s, society was divided along ethnic lines, with iTaukei (indigenous Fijians), Europeans, and Indo-Fijians living in separate areas and maintaining their own languages and traditions. ITaukei fears of an Indo-Fijian takeover of government delayed independence through the 1960s; Fiji achieved independence in 1970 with agreements in place to allocate parliamentary seats by ethnic groups. Long-serving Prime Minister Kamisese MARA largely balanced these ethnic divisions but concerns about growing Indo-Fijian political influence led to two coups in 1987. A new constitution in 1990 cemented iTaukei control of politics, leading thousands of Indo-Fijians to leave. A reformed constitution in 1997 was more equitable and led to the election of an Indo-Fijian prime minister in 1999, who was ousted in a coup the following year. In 2005, the new prime minister put forward a bill that would grant pardons to the coup perpetrators, leading Commodore Josaia BAINIMARAMA to launch a coup in 2006. BAINIMARAMA  appointed himself prime minister in 2007 and continues to hold the position after elections in 2014 and 2018 that international observers deemed credible.

With well-developed infrastructure, Fiji has become a hub for the Pacific, hosting the secretariat for the Pacific Islands Forum and the main campus of the University of the South Pacific. In addition, Fiji is a center for Pacific tourism, and Nadi International Airport is by far the busiest airport in a Pacific island country.Austronesians settled Fiji around 1000 B.C., followed by successive waves of Melanesians starting around the first century A.D. Fijians traded with Polynesian groups in Samoa and Tonga, and by about 900, much of Fiji was in the Tu’i Tongan Empire’s sphere of influence. The Tongan influence declined significantly by 1200 while Melanesian seafarers continued to periodically arrive in Fiji, further mixing Melanesian and Polynesian cultural traditions. Dutch explorer Abel TASMAN was the first European to spot Fiji in 1643, followed by British explorer James COOK in 1774. Captain William BLIGH plotted the islands in 1789. In the 1800s, merchants, traders, and whalers frequented the islands and the first missionaries arrived in 1835. Rival kings and chiefs competed for power, at times aided by Europeans and their weapons, and in 1865, Seru Epenisa CAKOBAU united many groups into the Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti. The arrangement proved weak and in 1871 CAKOBAU formed the Kingdom of Fiji in an attempt to centralize power. Fearing a hostile takeover by a foreign power as the kingdom’s economy began to falter, CAKOBAU ceded Fiji to the UK in 1874.

The first British governor set up a plantation-style economy and brought in more than 60,000 Indians as indentured laborers, most of whom chose to stay in Fiji rather than return to India when their contracts expired. In the early 1900s, society was divided along ethnic lines, with iTaukei (indigenous Fijians), Europeans, and Indo-Fijians living in separate areas and maintaining their own languages and traditions. ITaukei fears of an Indo-Fijian takeover of government delayed independence through the 1960s; Fiji achieved independence in 1970 with agreements in place to allocate parliamentary seats by ethnic groups. Long-serving Prime Minister Kamisese MARA largely balanced these ethnic divisions but concerns about growing Indo-Fijian political influence led to two coups in 1987. A new constitution in 1990 cemented iTaukei control of politics, leading thousands of Indo-Fijians to leave. A reformed constitution in 1997 was more equitable and led to the election of an Indo-Fijian prime minister in 1999, who was ousted in a coup the following year. In 2005, the new prime minister put forward a bill that would grant pardons to the coup perpetrators, leading Commodore Josaia BAINIMARAMA to launch a coup in 2006. BAINIMARAMA  appointed himself prime minister in 2007 and continues to hold the position after elections in 2014 and 2018 that international observers deemed credible.

With well-developed infrastructure, Fiji has become a hub for the Pacific, hosting the secretariat for the Pacific Islands Forum and the main campus of the University of the South Pacific. In addition, Fiji is a center for Pacific tourism, and Nadi International Airport is by far the busiest airport in a Pacific island country.Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic.

Topic: Geography
Location: Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 18 00 S, 175 00 E
Map references: Oceania
Area: total: 18,274 sq km

land: 18,274 sq km

water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey
Land boundaries: total: 0 km
Coastline: 1,129 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

contiguous zone: 24 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Climate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin
Elevation: highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower
Land use: agricultural land: 23.3% (2018 est.)

arable land: 9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 4.7% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 9.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 55.7% (2018 est.)

other: 21% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land: 40 sq km (2012)
Population distribution: approximately 70% of the population lives on the island of Viti Levu; roughly half of the population lives in urban areas
Natural hazards: cyclonic storms can occur from November to January
Geography - note: consists of 332 islands, approximately 110 of which are inhabited, and more than 500 islets

Topic: People and Society
Population: 939,535 (July 2021 est.)
Nationality: noun: Fijian(s)

adjective: Fijian
Ethnic groups: iTaukei 56.8% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indo-Fijian 37.5%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 4.5% (European, part European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 est.)

note: a 2010 law replaces 'Fijian' with 'iTaukei' when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji
Languages: English (official), iTaukei (official), Fiji Hindi (official)
Religions: Protestant 45% (Methodist 34.6%, Assembly of God 5.7%, Seventh Day Adventist 3.9%, and Anglican 0.8%), Hindu 27.9%, other Christian 10.4%, Roman Catholic 9.1%, Muslim 6.3%, Sikh 0.3%, other 0.3%, none 0.8% (2007 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 26.86% (male 128,499/female 122,873)

15-24 years: 15.51% (male 73,993/female 71,139)

25-54 years: 41.05% (male 196,932/female 187,270)

55-64 years: 9.25% (male 43,813/female 42,763)

65 years and over: 7.34% (male 31,556/female 37,136) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 53.4

youth dependency ratio: 44.5

elderly dependency ratio: 8.9

potential support ratio: 11.2 (2020 est.)
Median age: total: 29.9 years

male: 29.7 years

female: 30.1 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.46% (2021 est.)
Birth rate: 16.56 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate: 6.37 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -6.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Population distribution: approximately 70% of the population lives on the island of Viti Levu; roughly half of the population lives in urban areas
Urbanization: urban population: 58.2% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.37% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Major urban areas - population: 178,000 SUVA (capital) (2018)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio: 34 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 10.27 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 11.84 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 8.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74 years

male: 71.32 years

female: 76.82 years (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.28 children born/woman (2021 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 98.2% of population

rural: 89.1% of population

total: 94.3% of population

unimproved: urban: 1.8% of population

rural: 10.9% of population

total: 5.7% of population (2020 est.)
Current Health Expenditure: 3.8% (2019)
Physicians density: 0.86 physicians/1,000 population (2015)
Hospital bed density: 2 beds/1,000 population (2016)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

unimproved: urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 1,300 (2020 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: <100 (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea

vectorborne diseases: malaria
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 30.2% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA
Education expenditures: 5.1% of GDP (2019)
Literacy: total population: 99.1%

male: 99.1%

female: 99.1% (2018)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 15.4%

male: 11.9%

female: 22.4% (2016 est.)

Topic: Environment
Environment - current issues: the widespread practice of waste incineration is a major contributor to air pollution in the country, as are vehicle emissions in urban areas; deforestation and soil erosion are significant problems; a contributory factor to erosion is clearing of land by bush burning, a widespread practie that threatens biodiversity
Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Air pollutants: particulate matter emissions: 10.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

carbon dioxide emissions: 2.05 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions: 0.95 megatons (2020 est.)
Climate: tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Land use: agricultural land: 23.3% (2018 est.)

arable land: 9% (2018 est.)

permanent crops: 4.7% (2018 est.)

permanent pasture: 9.6% (2018 est.)

forest: 55.7% (2018 est.)

other: 21% (2018 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 58.2% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 1.37% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Revenue from forest resources: forest revenues: 0.59% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal: coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea

vectorborne diseases: malaria
Waste and recycling: municipal solid waste generated annually: 189,390 tons (2011 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually: 10,322 tons (2013 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 5.5% (2013 est.)
Total water withdrawal: municipal: 25.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial: 9.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

agricultural: 50 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 28.55 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Topic: Government
Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Fiji

conventional short form: Fiji

local long form: Republic of Fiji/Matanitu ko Viti

local short form: Fiji/Viti

etymology: the Fijians called their home Viti, but the neighboring Tongans called it Fisi, and in the Anglicized spelling of the Tongan pronunciation - promulgated by explorer Captain James COOK - the designation became Fiji
Government type: parliamentary republic
Capital: name: Suva (on Viti Levu)

geographic coordinates: 18 08 S, 178 25 E

time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

etymology: the name means "little hill" in the native Fijian (iTaukei) language and refers to a mound where a temple once stood
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces and 1 dependency*; Ba, Bua, Cakaudrove, Kadavu, Lau, Lomaiviti, Macuata, Nadroga and Navosa, Naitasiri, Namosi, Ra, Rewa, Rotuma*, Serua, Tailevu
Independence: 10 October 1970 (from the UK)
National holiday: Fiji (Independence) Day, 10 October (1970)
Constitution: history: several previous; latest signed into law 6 September 2013

amendments: proposed as a bill by Parliament and supported by at least three quarters of its members, followed by referral to the president and then to the Electoral Commission, which conducts a referendum; passage requires approval by at least three-quarters of registered voters and assent by the president
Legal system: common law system based on the English model
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship: citizenship by birth: no

citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Fiji

dual citizenship recognized: yes

residency requirement for naturalization: at least 5 years residency out of the 10 years preceding application
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE (since 12 November 2021)

head of government: Prime Minister Voreqe "Frank" BAINIMARAMA (since 22 September 2014)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament

elections/appointments: president elected by Parliament for a 3-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 October 2021 (next to be held in 2024); prime minister endorsed by the president

election results: Ratu Wiliame KATONIVERE elected president with 28 votes against 23 votes for Teimumu KEPA
Legislative branch: description: unicameral Parliament (51 seats; members directly elected in a nationwide, multi-seat constituency by open-list proportional representation vote to serve 4-year terms)

elections: last held on 14 November 2018 (next to be held in 2022)

election results: percent of vote by party - FijiFirst 50%, SODELPA 39.6%, NFP 7.4%; seats by party - FijiFirst 27, SODELPA 21, NFP 3; composition - men 41, women 10, percent of women 19.6%
Judicial branch: highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, all justices of the Court of Appeal, and judges appointed specifically as Supreme Court judges); Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, all puisne judges of the High Court, and judges specifically appointed to the Court of Appeal); High Court (chaired by the chief justice and includes a minimum of 10 puisne judges; High Court organized into civil, criminal, family, employment, and tax divisions)

judge selection and term of office: chief justice appointed by the president of Fiji on the advice of the prime minister following consultation with the parliamentary leader of the opposition; judges of the Supreme Court, the president of the Court of Appeal, the justices of the Court of Appeal, and puisne judges of the High Court appointed by the president of Fiji upon the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission after consulting with the cabinet minister and the committee of the House of Representatives responsible for the administration of justice; the chief justice, Supreme Court judges and justices of Appeal generally required to retire at age 70, but this requirement may be waived for one or more sessions of the court; puisne judges appointed for not less than 4 years nor more than 7 years, with mandatory retirement at age 65

subordinate courts: Magistrates' Court (organized into civil, criminal, juvenile, and small claims divisions)
Political parties and leaders: FijiFirst [Veroqe "Frank" BAINIMARAMA]
Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]
Fiji United Freedon Party or FUFP [Jagath KARUNARATNE]
National Federation Party or NFP [Biman PRASAD] (primarily Indian)
Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Lynda TABUYA]
Social Democratic Liberal Party or SODELPA
Unity Fiji [Adi QORO]
International organization participation: ACP, ADB, AOSIS, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca (suspended), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Akuila VUIRA

chancery: 1707 L Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036

telephone: [1] (202) 466-8320

FAX: [1] (202) 466-8325

email address and website:
info@FijiEmbassyDC.com

https://www.fijiembassydc.com/
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Tony GREUBEL (since 20 January 2021); note - also accredited to Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, and Tuvalu

embassy: 158 Princes Road, Tamavua, Suva

mailing address: 4290 Suva Place, Washington DC  20521-4290

telephone: [679] 331-4466

FAX: [679] 330-2267

email address and website:
SuvaACS@state.gov

https://fj.usembassy.gov/
Flag description: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the blue symbolizes the Pacific Ocean and the Union Jack reflects the links with Great Britain; the shield - taken from Fiji's coat of arms - depicts a yellow lion, holding a coconut pod between its paws, above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George; the four quarters depict stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, a banana bunch, and a white dove of peace
National symbol(s): Fijian canoe; national color: light blue
National anthem: name: God Bless Fiji

lyrics/music: Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT/C. Austin MILES (adapted by Michael Francis Alexander PRESCOTT)

note: adopted 1970; known in Fijian as "Meda Dau Doka" (Let Us Show Pride); adapted from the hymn, "Dwelling in Beulah Land," the anthem's English lyrics are generally sung, although they differ in meaning from the official Fijian lyrics
National heritage: total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)

selected World Heritage Site locales: Levuka Historical Port Town

Topic: Economy
Economic overview: Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed and connected of the Pacific island economies. Earnings from the tourism industry, with an estimated 842,884 tourists visiting in 2017, and remittances from Fijian’s working abroad are the country’s largest foreign exchange earners.Bottled water exports to the US is Fiji’s largest domestic export. Fiji's sugar sector remains a significant industry and a major export, but crops and one of the sugar mills suffered damage during Cyclone Winston in 2016. Fiji’s trade imbalance continues to widen with increased imports and sluggish performance of domestic exports.The return to parliamentary democracy and successful elections in September 2014 improved investor confidence, but increasing bureaucratic regulation, new taxes, and lack of consultation with relevant stakeholders brought four consecutive years of decline for Fiji on the World Bank Ease of Doing Business index. Private sector investment in 2017 approached 20% of GDP, compared to 13% in 2013.Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed and connected of the Pacific island economies. Earnings from the tourism industry, with an estimated 842,884 tourists visiting in 2017, and remittances from Fijian’s working abroad are the country’s largest foreign exchange earners.Bottled water exports to the US is Fiji’s largest domestic export. Fiji's sugar sector remains a significant industry and a major export, but crops and one of the sugar mills suffered damage during Cyclone Winston in 2016. Fiji’s trade imbalance continues to widen with increased imports and sluggish performance of domestic exports.The return to parliamentary democracy and successful elections in September 2014 improved investor confidence, but increasing bureaucratic regulation, new taxes, and lack of consultation with relevant stakeholders brought four consecutive years of decline for Fiji on the World Bank Ease of Doing Business index. Private sector investment in 2017 approached 20% of GDP, compared to 13% in 2013.
Real GDP (purchasing power parity): $9.86 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

$12.18 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$12.23 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
Real GDP growth rate: 3% (2017 est.)

0.7% (2016 est.)

3.8% (2015 est.)
Real GDP per capita: $11,000 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

$13,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

$13,800 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

note: data are in 2017 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $4.891 billion (2017 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (2017 est.)

3.9% (2016 est.)
Credit ratings: Moody's rating: Ba3 (2017)

Standard & Poors rating: BB- (2019)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 13.5% (2017 est.)

industry: 17.4% (2017 est.)

services: 69.1% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 81.3% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 24.4% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 16.9% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 29% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -51.6% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products: sugar cane, cassava, taro, poultry, vegetables, coconuts, eggs, milk, ginger, sweet potatoes
Industries: tourism, sugar processing, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber
Industrial production growth rate: 2.8% (2017 est.)
Labor force: 353,100 (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 44.2%

industry: 14.3%

services: 41.6% (2011)
Unemployment rate: 4.5% (2017 est.)

5.5% (2016 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 15.4%

male: 11.9%

female: 22.4% (2016 est.)
Population below poverty line: 29.9% (2019 est.)
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income: 36.7 (2013 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6%

highest 10%: 34.9% (2009 est.)
Budget: revenues: 1.454 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 1.648 billion (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Public debt: 48.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

47.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 29.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Current account balance: -$277 million (2017 est.)

-$131 million (2016 est.)
Exports: $1.23 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$2.64 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$2.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Exports - partners: United States 29%, Australia 14%, New Zealand 7%, Japan 6%, Tonga 6% (2019)
Exports - commodities: water, refined petroleum, fish, raw sugar, gold (2019)
Imports: $1.97 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

$3.21 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

$3.1 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)
Imports - partners: Singapore 18%, Australia 13%, China 13.8%, New Zealand 11%, France 11%, South Korea 8% (2017)
Imports - commodities: refined petroleum, aircraft, cars, wheat, broadcasting equipment (2019)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.116 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$908.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Debt - external: $1.022 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$696.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates: Fijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar -

2.05955 (2020 est.)

2.17345 (2019 est.)

2.1104 (2018 est.)

2.0976 (2014 est.)

1.8874 (2013 est.)

Topic: Energy
Electricity access: electrification - total population: 99.6% (2018)

electrification - urban areas: 100% (2018)

electrification - rural areas: 99.2% (2018)
Electricity - production: 914 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 850 million kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 338,000 kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 34% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 38% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 27% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Crude oil - production: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 16,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 17,460 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Topic: Communications
Telephones - fixed lines: total subscriptions: 76,522 (2018)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 8.66 (2018 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular: total subscriptions: 1,033,920 (2018)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 117.8 (2019 est.)
Telecommunication systems: general assessment: Fiji has a relatively sophisticated communications infrastructure with the highest mobile and Internet penetration in the Pacific Islands; aggressively developing LTE and 5G, though the pandemic negatively affected the economy, largely reliant on tourism; population is spread across more than 100 islands, yet most live on two main islands, with communications based on link by a submarine cable system; cables provide a secure link during natural disasters, protecting telecom connectivity; provider plans to expand fiber infrastructure to remote islands (2020)

domestic: fixed-line nearly 9 per 100 persons and mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 118 per 100 persons (2019)

international: country code - 679; landing points for the ICN1, SCCN, Southern Cross NEXT, Tonga Cable and Tui-Samoa submarine cable links to US, NZ, Australia and Pacific islands of Fiji, Vanuatu, Kiribati, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Fallis & Futuna, and American Samoa; satellite earth stations - 2 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019)

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadcast media: Fiji TV, a publicly traded company, operates a free-to-air channel; Digicel Fiji operates the Sky Fiji and Sky Pacific multi-channel pay-TV services; state-owned commercial company, Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Ltd, operates 6 radio stations - 2 public broadcasters and 4 commercial broadcasters with multiple repeaters; 5 radio stations with repeaters operated by Communications Fiji, Ltd; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available
Internet country code: .fj
Internet users: total: 634,100 (2021 est.)

percent of population: 49.97% (2019 est.)
Broadband - fixed subscriptions: total: 13,033 (2018 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1.38 (2019 est.)

Topic: Transportation
National air transport system: number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 16

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,670,216 (2018)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 106.83 million mt-km (2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: DQ
Airports: total: 28 (2013)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 4

over 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2017)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 24

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 19 (2013)
Railways: total: 597 km (2008)

narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge (2008)

note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used to haul sugarcane during the harvest season, which runs from May to December
Roadways: total: 3,440 km (2011)

paved: 1,686 km (2011)

unpaved: 1,754 km (2011)
Waterways: 203 km (122 km are navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges) (2012)
Merchant marine: total: 73

by type: general cargo 20, oil tanker 4, other 49 (2021)
Ports and terminals: major seaport(s): Lautoka, Levuka, Suva

Topic: Military and Security
Military and security forces: Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Force Command, Maritime Command; Fiji Police (2021)

both the RFMF and the Fiji Police report to the the Ministry of Defense, National Security, and Policing
Military expenditures: 1.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

1.6% of GDP (2019 est.)

1.5% of GDP (2018 est.)

1.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

1.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
Military and security service personnel strengths: the Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) have about 3,500 personnel (3,200 Land Force; 300 Maritime Command) (2021)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the RFMF is lightly armed and equipped; Australia has provided patrol boats and a few armored personnel carriers; it also provides logistical support for RFMF regional or UN operations; in recent years, China has provided construction equipment and military vehicles (2021)
Military deployments: 170 Egypt (MFO); 160 Iraq (UNAMI); 150 Golan Heights (UNDOF) (Oct 2021)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; mandatory retirement at age 55 (2021)
Military - note: the RFMF consists of only 1 infantry regiment and a small naval element with a few patrol boats; as of 2021, it did not possess any aircraft the RFMF has a history of intervening in the country’s politics since the late 1980s, including coups in 1987 and 2006, and a mutiny in 2000 the RFMF also has a long tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping operations; since its first deployment of troops to South Lebanon in 1978 under the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), it has deployed troops on nearly 20 additional UN missionsthe RFMF consists of only 1 infantry regiment and a small naval element with a few patrol boats; as of 2021, it did not possess any aircraftthe RFMF has a history of intervening in the country’s politics since the late 1980s, including coups in 1987 and 2006, and a mutiny in 2000the RFMF also has a long tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping operations; since its first deployment of troops to South Lebanon in 1978 under the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), it has deployed troops on nearly 20 additional UN missions

Topic: Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: maritime boundary dispute with Tonga
Trafficking in persons: current situation: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims in Fiji and Fijians abroad; Fijian women and children and victims from Thailand and China are sex trafficked in illegal brothels, local hotels, private homes, and massage parlors; Fijian children sent to live with families in larger cities are vulnerable to forced labor or sexual activity in exchange for food, clothing, shelter, or school fees; labor traffickers exploit Southeast Asian workers on small informal farms and factories and in construction; Southeast Asian fisherman may be subject to forced labor on Fijian-flagged ships or foreign-flagged ships transiting Fijian ports and water

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — Fiji does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; authorities maintained anti-trafficking law enforcement, investigating a similar number of cases as the prior year and convicting a trafficker for the first time since 2014; a government-convened working group finalized an updated anti-trafficking national action plan; however, the government did not demonstrate overall increasing efforts; law enforcement was often unaware of the definition of trafficking, procedures for interviewing victims, and how to proactively screen vulnerable populations for trafficking victims; inspectors did not adequately investigate labor violations for trafficking indicators or provide adequate support to victims (2020)


This entry gives the age at enfranchisement and whether the right to vote is universal or restricted.

Topic: Afghanistan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Albania18 years of age; universal

Topic: Algeria18 years of age; universal

Topic: American Samoa18 years of age; universal

Topic: Andorra18 years of age; universal

Topic: Angola18 years of age; universal

Topic: Anguilla18 years of age; universal

Topic: Antigua and Barbuda18 years of age; universal

Topic: Argentina18-70 years of age; universal and compulsory; 16-17 years of age - optional for national elections

Topic: Armenia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Aruba18 years of age; universal

Topic: Australia18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Austria16 years of age; universal

Topic: Azerbaijan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Bahamas, The18 years of age; universal

Topic: Bahrain20 years of age; universal

Topic: Bangladesh18 years of age; universal

Topic: Barbados18 years of age; universal

Topic: Belarus18 years of age; universal

Topic: Belgium18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Belize18 years of age; universal

Topic: Benin18 years of age; universal

Topic: Bermuda18 years of age; universal

Topic: Bhutan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Bolivia18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Bosnia and Herzegovina18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Topic: Botswana18 years of age; universal

Topic: Brazilvoluntary between 16 to 18 years of age, over 70, and if illiterate; compulsory between 18 to 70 years of age; note - military conscripts by law cannot vote

Topic: British Virgin Islands18 years of age; universal

Topic: Brunei18 years of age for village elections; universal

Topic: Bulgaria18 years of age; universal

Topic: Burkina Faso18 years of age; universal

Topic: Burma18 years of age; universal

Topic: Burundi18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cabo Verde18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cambodia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cameroon20 years of age; universal

Topic: Canada18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cayman Islands18 years of age; universal

Topic: Central African Republic18 years of age; universal

Topic: Chad18 years of age; universal

Topic: Chile18 years of age; universal

Topic: China18 years of age; universal

Topic: Christmas Island18 years of age

Topic: Cocos (Keeling) Islands18 years of age

Topic: Colombia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Comoros18 years of age; universal

Topic: Congo, Democratic Republic of the18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Congo, Republic of the18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cook Islands18 years of age; universal

Topic: Costa Rica18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Cote d'Ivoire18 years of age; universal

Topic: Croatia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cuba16 years of age; universal

Topic: Curacao18 years of age; universal18 years of age; universal

Topic: Cyprus18 years of age; universal

Topic: Czechia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Denmark18 years of age; universal

Topic: Djibouti18 years of age; universal

Topic: Dominica18 years of age; universal

Topic: Dominican Republic18 years of age; universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age can vote; note - members of the armed forces and national police by law cannot vote

Topic: Ecuador18-65 years of age; universal and compulsory; 16-18, over 65, and other eligible voters, voluntary

Topic: Egypt18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: El Salvador18 years of age; universal

Topic: Equatorial Guinea18 years of age; universal

Topic: Eritrea18 years of age; universal

Topic: Estonia18 years of age; universal; age 16 for local elections

Topic: Eswatini18 years of age

Topic: Ethiopia18 years of age; universal

Topic: European Union18 years of age (16 years in Austria); universal; voting for the European Parliament is permitted in each member state

Topic: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)18 years of age; universal

Topic: Faroe Islands18 years of age; universal

Topic: Fiji18 years of age; universal

Topic: Finland18 years of age; universal

Topic: France18 years of age; universal

Topic: French Polynesia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Gabon18 years of age; universal

Topic: Gambia, The18 years of age; universal

Topic: Georgia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Germany18 years of age; universal; age 16 for some state and municipal elections

Topic: Ghana18 years of age; universal

Topic: Gibraltar18 years of age; universal; and British citizens with six months residence or more

Topic: Greece17 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Greenland18 years of age; universal

Topic: Grenada18 years of age; universal

Topic: Guam18 years of age; universal; note - Guamanians are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Topic: Guatemala18 years of age; universal; note - active duty members of the armed forces and police by law cannot vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day

Topic: Guernsey16 years of age; universal

Topic: Guinea18 years of age; universal

Topic: Guinea-Bissau18 years of age; universal

Topic: Guyana18 years of age; universal

Topic: Haiti18 years of age; universal

Topic: Holy See (Vatican City)election of the pope is limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

Topic: Honduras18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Hong Kong18 years of age in direct elections for half of the Legislative Council seats and all of the seats in 18 district councils; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past 7 years; note - in indirect elections, suffrage is limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies for the other half of the legislature and a 1,200-member election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad sectoral groupings, central government bodies, municipal organizations, and elected Hong Kong officials

Topic: Hungary18 years of age, 16 if married and marriage is registered in Hungary; universal

Topic: Iceland18 years of age; universal

Topic: India18 years of age; universal

Topic: Indonesia17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Topic: Iran18 years of age; universal

Topic: Iraq18 years of age; universal

Topic: Ireland18 years of age; universal

Topic: Isle of Man16 years of age; universal

Topic: Israel18 years of age; universal; 17 years of age for municipal elections

Topic: Italy18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25

Topic: Jamaica18 years of age; universal

Topic: Japan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Jersey16 years of age; universal

Topic: Jordan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Kazakhstan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Kenya18 years of age; universal

Topic: Kiribati18 years of age; universal

Topic: Korea, North17 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Korea, South18years of age; universal; note - the voting age was lowered from 19 to 18 beginning with the 2020 national election

Topic: Kosovo18 years of age; universal

Topic: Kuwait21 years of age and at least 20-year citizenship

Topic: Kyrgyzstan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Laos18 years of age; universal

Topic: Latvia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Lebanon21 years of age; authorized for all men and women regardless of religion; excludes persons convicted of felonies and other crimes or those imprisoned; excludes all military and security service personnel regardless of rank

Topic: Lesotho18 years of age; universal

Topic: Liberia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Libya18 years of age, universal

Topic: Liechtenstein18 years of age; universal

Topic: Lithuania18 years of age; universal

Topic: Luxembourg18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Macau18 years of age in direct elections for some legislative positions, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past 7 years; note - indirect elections are limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" and an election committee for the chief executive drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, central government bodies, and elected Macau officials

Topic: Madagascar18 years of age; universal

Topic: Malawi18 years of age; universal

Topic: Malaysia18 years of age; universal (2019)

Topic: Maldives18 years of age; universal

Topic: Mali18 years of age; universal

Topic: Malta18 years of age (16 in local council elections); universal

Topic: Marshall Islands18 years of age; universal

Topic: Mauritania18 years of age; universal

Topic: Mauritius18 years of age; universal

Topic: Mexico18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Micronesia, Federated States of18 years of age; universal

Topic: Moldova18 years of age; universal

Topic: Monaco18 years of age; universal

Topic: Mongolia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Montenegro18 years of age; universal

Topic: Montserrat18 years of age; universal

Topic: Morocco18 years of age; universal

Topic: Mozambique18 years of age; universal

Topic: Namibia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Nauru20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Nepal18 years of age; universal

Topic: Netherlands18 years of age; universal

Topic: New Caledonia18 years of age; universal

Topic: New Zealand18 years of age; universal

Topic: Nicaragua16 years of age; universal

Topic: Niger18 years of age; universal

Topic: Nigeria18 years of age; universal

Topic: Niue18 years of age; universal

Topic: Norfolk Island18 years of age; universal

Topic: North Macedonia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Northern Mariana Islands18 years of age; universal; note - indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Topic: Norway18 years of age; universal

Topic: Oman21 years of age; universal; note - members of the military and security forces by law cannot vote

Topic: Pakistan18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims

Topic: Palau18 years of age; universal

Topic: Panama18 years of age; universal

Topic: Papua New Guinea18 years of age; universal

Topic: Paraguay18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 75

Topic: Peru18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Topic: Philippines18 years of age; universal

Topic: Pitcairn Islands18 years of age; universal with three years residency

Topic: Poland18 years of age; universal

Topic: Portugal18 years of age; universal

Topic: Puerto Rico18 years of age; universal; note - island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Topic: Qatar18 years of age; universal

Topic: Romania18 years of age; universal

Topic: Russia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Rwanda18 years of age; universal

Topic: Saint Barthelemy18 years of age, universal

Topic: Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha18 years of age

Topic: Saint Kitts and Nevis18 years of age; universal

Topic: Saint Lucia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Saint Martin18 years of age, universal

Topic: Saint Pierre and Miquelon18 years of age; universal

Topic: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines18 years of age; universal

Topic: Samoa21 years of age; universal

Topic: San Marino18 years of age; universal

Topic: Sao Tome and Principe18 years of age; universal

Topic: Saudi Arabia18 years of age; restricted to males; universal for municipal elections

Topic: Senegal18 years of age; universal

Topic: Serbia18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Topic: Seychelles18 years of age; universal

Topic: Sierra Leone18 years of age; universal

Topic: Singapore21 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Sint Maarten18 years of age; universal18 years of age; universal

Topic: Slovakia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Slovenia18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Topic: Solomon Islands21 years of age; universal

Topic: Somalia18 years of age; universal

Topic: South Africa18 years of age; universal

Topic: South Sudan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Spain18 years of age; universal

Topic: Sri Lanka18 years of age; universal

Topic: Sudan17 years of age; universal

Topic: Suriname18 years of age; universal

Topic: Sweden18 years of age; universal

Topic: Switzerland18 years of age; universal

Topic: Syria18 years of age; universal

Topic: Taiwan20 years of age; universal; note - in mid-2016, the Legislative Yuan drafted a constitutional amendment to reduce the voting age to 18, but it has not passed as of December 2017

Topic: Tajikistan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Tanzania18 years of age; universal

Topic: Thailand18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Timor-Leste17 years of age; universal

Topic: Togo18 years of age; universal

Topic: Tokelau21 years of age; universal

Topic: Tonga21 years of age; universal

Topic: Trinidad and Tobago18 years of age; universal

Topic: Tunisia18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months

Topic: Turkey18 years of age; universal

Topic: Turkmenistan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Turks and Caicos Islands18 years of age; universal

Topic: Tuvalu18 years of age; universal

Topic: Uganda18 years of age; universal

Topic: Ukraine18 years of age; universal

Topic: United Arab Emirateslimited; note - rulers of the seven emirates each select a proportion of voters for the Federal National Council (FNC) that together account for about 12 percent of Emirati citizens

Topic: United Kingdom18 years of age; universal

Topic: United States18 years of age; universal

Topic: Uruguay18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Topic: Uzbekistan18 years of age; universal

Topic: Vanuatu18 years of age; universal

Topic: Venezuela18 years of age; universal

Topic: Vietnam18 years of age; universal

Topic: Virgin Islands18 years of age; universal; note - island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Topic: Wallis and Futuna18 years of age; universal

Topic: Yemen18 years of age; universal

Topic: Zambia18 years of age; universal

Topic: Zimbabwe18 years of age; universal