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Sandro Nielsen & Sven Tarp (eds.) 2009. Lexicography in the 21 st  Century. In honour of  Henning Bergenholtz. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 341 pages, EUR 99.00. ISBN 978-90-272-2336-4

There is no doubt as to the infl  uence that Professor Henning Bergenholtz has had on the fi  eld of lexicography during his career spanning more than 3 decades, primarily as a theoretician of metalexicography, but also as practical lexicographer. The aim of this collection of papers brought together under the editorship of two of his colleagues at the Aarhus School of Business is therefore to pay tribute to a man dedicated to lexicography. Due to the nature of the publication, it has a bidirectional focus: refl  ecting on lexicography as it was practised in the 20 th century, but also looking forward into the possibilities offered and challenges posed by the 21 st century. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, refl  ecting Henning Bergenholtz's involvement in both metalexicographic theory and practical dictionary compilation.

## Summary of contents

Content wise, the publication is divided into fi  ve parts, each dealing with a specifi  c theme, these being 'The dictionary, dictionary structures and access routes', 'Dictionary functions and users', 'Subject fi  eld and classifi  cation and introductions', 'Data retrieval and corpus lexicography' and 'Collocations and phraseology'.

In his article 'Sinuous lemma fi  les in printed dictionaries: Access and lexicographic functions', Rufus Gouws investigates the use of niching and nesting from a functional perspective. It is generally conceded that the main consideration for introducing these macrostructural procedures in paper dictionaries is to save space. Gouws however argues that recourse to these strategies needs to be well-motivated, since they imply a deviation from the strict vertical alphabetical ordering, which in turn begs a certain level of dictionary usage skills from the target user. Thus far, the implementation of a sinuous lemma fi  le has been prompted mainly by lexicographic tradition, based on practical, i.e. space saving and/or linguistic considerations, with little or no regard for the success of these strategies in terms of the envisaged function of the dictionary. He argues that the decision whether to employ a sinuous lemma fi  le should, like all other aspects of a dictionary, be determined by its lexicographic function. Gouws therefore advocates innovative use of these strategies, specifi  cally that of lemma nesting, which he argues would ensure a closer alignment between space-saving considerations and functional success of the dictionary.

The basic premise in Sandro Nielsen's paper entitled 'Reviewing printed and electronic dictionaries'  is  that  dictionary  reviews  should  serve  lexicography  as  independent  discipline,  and contribute towards both lexicographic theory and practical dictionary compilation. Nielsen points out that dictionary reviews tend to focus mainly on the linguistic aspect of a dictionary, resulting in reviews concentrating on evaluating the linguistic data (word classes, pronunciation, grammatical information, etc) contained therein. He proposes a framework for dictionary reviewing which covers the signifi  cant and interrelated features of the dictionary as lexicographic product, i.e. its lexicographic function, the lexicographic data it contains and the structure according to which the data is organized. He introduces three approaches to dictionary reviewing, i.e. the lexicographic, factual and linguistic approaches that can be combined to produce academically sound reviews. He concludes that in order to have informative value, dictionary reviews must be reliable, unbiased, and deal with relevant and material issues.

New information technologies offer many new possibilities for the compilation of better lexicographic products. In his 'Refl  ections on data access in lexicographic works' Sven Tarp explores the way in which these new technologies can contribute towards a closer alignment between concrete user needs, i.e. the here and now needs of the user when consulting a dictionary, and the more abstract types of users' needs, used by lexicographers when planning a dictionary. Tarp discusses two possible solutions to the discrepancy which can exist between the data needed to satisfy the concrete needs of the user, and the data needed to satisfy the type of needs. One possible solution is the compilation of mono-functional dictionaries in which the data is structured in such a way that the user has easy access to the relevant data. The second solution is only possible in electronic tools. Tarp proposes the development of an interactive phase where users can utilize lexicographic tools to specify not only their specifi  c user situation, but also to identify themselves as a specifi  c type of user, thus individualizing the dictionary to suit their concrete needs.

Herbert Wiegand dedicates his contribution to a discussion of hybrid text constituent structures of dictionary articles in which he explores an expansion of the theory of textual dictionary structures. He concludes that the degree of explicitness as well as the information value of hybrid textual structures and that of their formal presentation is of a higher level than that of pure textual structures with element homogeneous structure-carrying sets. Furthermore, the set of propositional contents that the lexicographer can present to the user by means of a dictionary article, can be calculated much more precisely on the basis of hybrid article structures.

The second section of this publication which focuses on dictionary functions and users, starts with an article by Sven-Göran Malmgren, in which he points out that the premise of lexicographic functions has up till now been applied mostly to bilingual dictionaries. In his contribution 'On production-oriented information in Swedish monolingual defi  ning dictionaries' he evaluates the production-oriented function of successive versions (1986, 1995/6 and 2009) of the largest Swedish monolingual dictionary. Malmgren indicates that a number of information categories in the said Swedish dictionary must serve both production and reception purposes, which could lead to dictionary-internal confl  ict.  After careful consideration of the information categories that primarily serve production needs, Malmgren concludes that, with minor exceptions, this does not impact negatively on the reception function to be fulfi  lled by this dictionary.

Patrick Leroyer makes a strong case for the functional transformation of lexicographic tools for tourists in his contribution. He argues that the profi  le of the target user has changed from that of a mere traveller to that of a tourist participating in a highly specifi  c social and cultural activity. Subsequently, the lexicographic needs of the target user have also changed, necessitating a functional adaptation of the lexicographic tools at the disposal of the target user. Traditional tools tend to focus on satisfying the tourists' communicative needs, specifi  cally that of oral production in the target language. Furthermore, they are characterized by an unbalanced focus between data, access and the user. In order to transform the lexicographic tools of tourist lexicography, it is necessary to (re)defi  ne the information needs of the user. These go beyond communicative information needs, but also include cognitive, operative and interpretative information needs. These needs in turn determine the functions of the lexicographic tools. In conclusion, he proposes a number of core data categories, which are aligned with the four identifi  ed functions that should be included in the database of lexicographically designed tourist guides.

Lars Vikør's contribution 'Lexicography and language planning in Scandinavia and the Netherlands' is a follow-up of an article by Bergenholtz and Gouws on the relationship between language planning and lexicography. He starts his discussion with a critical evaluation of the four dichotomies which form the basis of Bergenholtz and Gouws' terminology on language planning, and then proposes an alternative model of language planning. He selects one aspect of his model, i.e. codifi  cation as the topic of the second part of his article. He discusses the role that the offi  cial spelling dictionaries of fi  ve Germanic languages play in language codifi  cation, codifi  cation being the ongoing process of preservation and recodifi  cation of the established codes of these standard languages.

Part three of this publication deals with specialized lexicography and contains two articles, one by Bo Svensén and one by Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera. In the translation and reworking of his Handbok i leksikografi (A Handbook of Lexicography) into English, Svensén felt the need for a re-evaluation of the subject fi  eld classifi  cation scheme once devised for the Nordisk Leksikografi  sk ordbok . He devises a combined scheme for subject fi  eld classifi  cation by merging his own scheme with that of Bergenholtz and Tarp, published in 1995. In the original NLO classifi  cation, nine main classes are distinguished, which Svensén initially reduces to six by deleting some classes and by amalgamating others. One of the classes in his reduced system is that of linguistic terms. He suggests that it might be useful to establish a special classifi  cation scheme where the categories belonging to the main class 'Linguistic categories and their characteristics' have been incorporated into 'Information types'. As a result, the entire linguistic main class can be excluded from the true subject fi  eld classifi  cation scheme, resulting in a fi  nal classifi  cation consisting of fi  ve main classes, viz. lexicography as a discipline, general theory of lexicography, special theory of general-purpose dictionaries, special theory of specialized dictionaries and lexicographic methods and tools.

In his contribution 'Systematic introductions in specialised dictionaries', Pedro Fuertes-Olivera proposes an application of the function theory of lexicography to the compilation of systematic introductions in specialised dictionaries. Systematic introductions are one of the dictionary components used for imparting encyclopaedic information, and should provide assistance in cognition-oriented and communication-oriented user situations. The contents of these introductions are affected by the subject fi  eld(s) covered by the dictionary, the factual knowledge of the target user, the language of the intended user, the number of languages covered and the culture dependence / independence of the subject fi  eld. The author's analysis of a number of business dictionaries shows that their systematic introductions are inadequate in that they do not take these variables into account. They can therefore not support the genuine purpose of the dictionary. He proposes the inclusion of an extended aided integrated systematic introduction for a planned English-Spanish online Dictionary of Accounting, which will cater for both the cognitive and communicative needs of the intended target user.

The two articles in part four of the publication deal with data retrieval and corpus lexicography. Danie Prinsloo is known for his unapologetic reliance on corpora as an invaluable source for any lexicographic activity. In his contribution 'The role of corpora in future dictionaries' he gives a brief overview of currently available corpus query outputs, which range from the most basic applications to more sophisticated ones. He briefl  y illustrates their value for lexicography, focussing on Afrikaans and the South African Bantu languages. He argues that manual processing of currently available corpus query outputs is still a time-consuming exercise and that the gap between these outputs and the actual dictionary article is still too big. This gap can be bridged by using the corpus to identify comprehensive behavioural patterns of words, which can be presented to the lexicographer in user-friendly, machine-readable format. He consequently discusses FrameNet, WordNet and Work sketches as examples of systems that can process, interpret, sort and calculate corpus data to be presented to the lexicographer in manageable format. He concludes that maximal utilization of these tools could change the role of the lexicographer from that of dictionary compiler to that of fi  nal editor.

Franziskus Geeb investigates the circumstances under which lexicographical data can be used as a knowledge base for a chat robot, and evaluates the chances for success of such data in his article 'Lexicographical data in natural language systems'. He indicates that lexicographical data and information would add value to monolingual online dictionaries if they contained some semantic and/or encyclopedic information and if the dictionary contained an elaborate cross-reference structure. He concludes that AIML, a chatbot programming language, is currently the best solution for storing small talk and lexicographical information; a relational database is the most stable and effective way to store data in general and lexicographical information, and the OWL ontologies are best suited to represent semantic meaning in structure and/or content.

The fi  nal part of this publication deals with collocations and phraseology and contains three articles, the fi  rst one authored by Marie-Claude L'Homme in which a methodology for describing collocations in a specialised dictionary is described. Although it is generally agreed by lexicographers and terminologists that collocations represent useful additions to the microstructure of LSP dictionaries, L'Homme points out that no consensus exists regarding the methodology to be used when dealing with the specifi  c linguistic phenomenon of lexical combinatorics. The aim of her contribution is therefore to present a general methodology that can assist terminologists to deal with collocations in a specialised lexical database. The proposed methodology is based on the Explanatory Combinatorial Lexicology framework, and provides a basis for the defi  nition, collection, encoding and ordering of collocations. She emphasises the importance of taking the linguistic properties of collocations into consideration in the encoding thereof. These properties are the syntactic relationship between base and collocate, the actantial structure of the base and the sense of the collocate. Representation of these properties will ensure that users will reproduce the collocations in their proper contexts.

The second contribution in this section is by Jón Jónsson, entitled 'Lexicographic description An onomasiological approach on the basis of phraseology'. In this article, Jónsson advocates the use of an onomasiological approach to general dictionary description, arguing that this approach, which is usually associated with LSP lexicography, allows for a more detailed description of the entire vocabulary and the internal relations between the lexical units. He uses the Icelandic wordnet as an example to explain how a lexicographic description can be built up gradually, based on a comprehensive description of a language's phraseology, combined with a semantically classifi  ed list of compound words. An important feature of the approach described by Jónsson is that every lemma is treated as monosemous, since submeanings are separated from the outset.

The fi  nal  contribution  in  the  publication  is  one  by Thomas  Herbst,  entitled  'Item-specifi  c syntagmatic relations in dictionaries'. He focuses on item specifi  c syntagmatic relationships, specifi  cally valency and collocational relationships and how they are expressed in English learners' dictionaries. He points out that the information traditionally provided by word class labels makes a high demand on users, and that these labels are often linguistically problematic and may cause diffi  culties of interpretation to users. He suggests the inclusion of a dictionary grammar in the dictionary as a possible solution. Such a grammar should contain clear defi  nitions of all grammatical terms used in the dictionary and would provide the user with information on the morphological and syntactic features contained in any word class label. He also addresses the treatment of multiword terms, arguing that their treatment in many currently available dictionaries is questionable. He is of the opinion that these complex lexemes should have lemma status, and that they should be lemmatized in such a way that they can easily be found by users, even those users who are not explicitly looking for them.

## Concluding remark

The editors of this publication have succeeded in producing a festschrift which is technically and academically of a high standard. They have succeeded in integrating contributions of a widely diverse nature into a coherent whole, without obliterating the voices of the individual contributors. Any serious scholar of lexicography would do well to read this festschrift.

Elsabé Taljard