CELEX ID: 32013R0549

--- ENGLISH ---

Document:
26.6.2013
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 174/1
REGULATION (EU) No 549/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 21 May 2013
on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 338(1) thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Central Bank 
(
1
)
,
Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure 
(
2
)
,
Whereas:
(1)
Policymaking in the Union and monitoring of the economies of the Member States and of the economic and monetary union (EMU) require comparable, up-to-date and reliable information on the structure of the economy and the development of the economic situation of each Member State or region.
(2)
The Commission should play a part in the monitoring of the economies of the Member States and of the EMU and, in particular, report regularly to the Council on the progress made by Member States in fulfilling their obligations relating to the EMU.
(3)
Citizens of the Union need economic accounts as a basic tool for analysing the economic situation of a Member State or region. For the sake of comparability, such accounts should be drawn up on the basis of a single set of principles that are not open to differing interpretations. The information provided should be as precise, complete and timely as possible in order to ensure maximum transparency for all sectors.
(4)
The Commission should use aggregates of national and regional accounts for Union administrative purposes and, in particular, budgetary calculations.
(5)
In 1970 an administrative document entitled ‘European System of Integrated Economic Accounts(ESA)’ was published, covering the field governed by this Regulation. That document was drawn up solely by the Statistical Office of the European Communities on its responsibility alone and was the outcome of several years’ work, by that office together with Member States’ national statistical institutes, aimed at devising a system of national accounts to meet the requirements of the European Communities’ economic and social policy. It constituted the Community version of the United Nations System of National Accounts which had been used by the Communities up to that time. In order to update the original text a second edition of the document was published in 1979 
(
3
)
.
(6)
Council Regulation (EC) No 2223/96 of 25 June 1996 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the Community 
(
4
)
 set up a system of national accounts to meet the requirements of the economic, social and regional policy of the Community. That system was broadly consistent with the then new System of National Accounts, which was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission in February 1993 (1993 SNA), so that the results in all member countries of the United Nations would be internationally comparable.
(7)
The 1993 SNA was updated in the form of a new System of National Accounts (2008 SNA) adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission in February 2009 in order to bring national accounts more into line with the new economic environment, advances in methodological research, and the needs of users.
(8)
There is a need to revise the European System of Accounts set up by Regulation (EC) No 2223/96 (the ESA 95) in order to take into account the developments in the SNA so that the revised European System of Accounts, as established by this Regulation, constitutes a version of the 2008 SNA that is adapted to the structures of the Member States’ economies, and so that the data of the Union are comparable with those compiled by its main international partners.
(9)
For the purpose of setting up environmental economic accounts as satellite accounts to the revised European System of Accounts, Regulation (EU) No 691/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2011 on European environmental economic accounts 
(
5
)
 established a common framework for the collection, compilation, transmission and evaluation of European environmental economic accounts.
(10)
In the case of environmental and social accounts, the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament of 20 August 2009, entitled ‘GDP and beyond — Measuring progress in a changing world’, should also be fully taken into account. There is a need to vigorously pursue methodological studies and data tests in particular on issues related to ‘GDP and beyond’ and the Europe 2020 strategy with the aim of developing a more comprehensive measurement approach for wellbeing and progress in order to support the promotion of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. In this context, the issues of environmental externalities and social inequalities should be addressed. The issue of productivity changes should also be taken into account. This should allow data that complement GDP aggregates to be made available as soon as possible. The Commission should present in 2013, to the European Parliament and to the Council, a follow-up Communication on ‘GDP and beyond’ and, if appropriate, legislative proposals in 2014. Data on national and regional accounts should be seen as one means of pursuing those aims.
(11)
The possible use of new, automated and real-time collection methods should be explored.
(12)
The revised European System of Accounts set up by this Regulation (ESA 2010) includes a methodology, and a transmission programme which defines the accounts and tables that are to be provided by all Member States according to specified deadlines. The Commission should make those accounts and tables available to users on specific dates and, where relevant, according to a pre-announced release calendar, particularly with regard to monitoring economic convergence and achieving close coordination of the Member States’ economic policies.
(13)
A user-oriented approach to publishing data should be adopted, thus providing accessible and useful information to Union citizens and other stakeholders.
(14)
The ESA 2010 is gradually to replace all other systems as a reference framework of common standards, definitions, classifications and accounting rules for drawing up the accounts of the Member States for the purposes of the Union, so that results that are comparable between the Member States can be obtained.
(15)
In accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) 
(
6
)
, all Member States’ statistics that are transmitted to the Commission and that are to be broken down by territorial units should use the NUTS classification. Consequently, in order to establish comparable regional statistics, the territorial units should be defined in accordance with the NUTS classification.
(16)
The transmission of data by the Member States, including the transmission of confidential data, is governed by the rules set out in Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics 
(
7
)
. Accordingly, measures that are taken in accordance with this Regulation should, therefore, also ensure the protection of confidential data and that no unlawful disclosure or non-statistical use occurs when European statistics are produced and disseminated.
(17)
A task force has been set up to further examine the issue of the treatment of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) in national accounts, including the examination of a risk-adjusted method that excludes risk from FISIM calculations in order to reflect the expected future cost of realised risk. Taking into consideration the findings of the task force, it may be necessary to amend the methodology for the calculation and allocation of FISIM, by means of a delegated act, in order to provide improved results.
(18)
Research and development expenditure constitutes investment and should therefore be recorded as gross fixed capital formation. However, it is necessary to specify, by means of a delegated act, the format of the research and development expenditure data to be recorded as gross fixed capital formation when a sufficient level of confidence in the reliability and comparability of the data is reached through a test exercise based on the development of supplementary tables.
(19)
Council Directive 2011/85/EU of 8 November 2011 on requirements for budgetary frameworks of the Member States 
(
8
)
 requires publication of relevant information on contingent liabilities with potentially large impacts on public budgets, including government guarantees, non-performing loans, and liabilities stemming from the operation of public corporations including the extent thereof. Those requirements necessitate additional publication to that required under this Regulation.
(20)
In June 2012, the Commission (Eurostat) established a Task Force on the implications of Directive 2011/85/EU for the collection and dissemination of fiscal data, which focused on the implementation of the requirements related to contingent liabilities and other relevant information which may indicate potentially large impacts on public budgets, including government guarantees, liabilities of public corporations, Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), non-performing loans, and government participation in the capital of corporations. Fully implementing the work of that Task Force would contribute to the proper analysis of the underlying economic relationships of PPP contracts, including construction, availability and demand risks, as appropriate, and capture of implicit debts of off balance sheet PPPs, thereby fostering increased transparency and reliable debt statistics.
(21)
The Economic Policy Committee set up by Council Decision 74/122/EEC 
(
9
)
 (EPC) has been carrying out work in relation to the sustainability of pensions and pension reforms. The work of statisticians on the one hand and of experts on ageing populations working under the auspices of the EPC on the other hand should be closely coordinated, at both national and European levels, with respect to macroeconomic assumptions and other actuarial parameters in order to ensure consistency and cross-country comparability of the results as well as efficient communication to users and stakeholders of the data and information related to pensions. It should also be made clear that accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance are not as such a measure of the sustainability of public finances.
(22)
Data and information on Member States’ contingent liabilities are provided in the context of the work related to the multilateral surveillance procedure in the Stability and Growth Pact. By July 2018, the Commission should issue a report evaluating whether those data should be made available in the context of the ESA 2010.
(23)
It is important to underline the significance of Member States’ regional accounts for the regional, economic and social cohesion policies of the Union as well as the analysis of economic interdependencies. Moreover, the need to increase the transparency of accounts at a regional level, including government accounts, is recognised. The Commission (Eurostat) should pay particular attention to the fiscal data of regions where Member States have autonomous regions or governments.
(24)
In order to amend Annex A of this Regulation with a view to ensuring its harmonised interpretation or international comparability, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) should be delegated to the Commission. It is of particular importance that the Commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including with the European Statistical System Committee established under Regulation (EC) No 223/2009. Moreover, pursuant to Articles 127(4) and 282(5) TFEU, it is of importance that the Commission carry out during its preparatory work, where relevant, consultations with the European Central Bank in its fields of competence. The Commission, when preparing and drawing up delegated acts, should ensure a simultaneous, timely and appropriate transmission of relevant documents to the European Parliament and to the Council.
(25)
Most statistical aggregates used in the economic governance framework of the Union, in particular the excessive deficit and the macroeconomic imbalances procedures, are defined by reference to the ESA. When providing data and reports under those procedures, the Commission should give appropriate information about the impact on the relevant aggregates of the ESA 2010 methodological changes introduced by delegated acts in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation.
(26)
The Commission will carry out an evaluation as to whether the data on Research and Development have reached a sufficient level of quality both in current prices and in volume terms for national accounts purposes before the end of May 2013, in close cooperation with the Member States, with a view to ensuring the reliability and comparability of the ESA Research and Development data.
(27)
Since the implementation of this Regulation will require major adaptations in the national statistical systems, derogations will be granted by the Commission to Member States. In particular, the transmission programme of national accounts data should take into consideration the fundamental political and statistical changes that have occurred in some Member States during the reference periods of the programme. The derogations granted by the Commission should be temporary and subject to review. The Commission should provide support to the Member States concerned in their efforts to ensure the required adaptations to their statistical systems so that those derogations can be discontinued as soon as possible.
(28)
Reducing transmission deadlines could add significant pressure and costs for respondents and national statistical institutes in the Union, with the risk of a lower quality of data being produced. A balance of advantages and disadvantages should, therefore, be considered when setting the data transmission deadlines.
(29)
In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers 
(
10
)
.
(30)
Since the objective of this Regulation, namely the establishment of a revised European System of Accounts, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective.
(31)
The European Statistical System Committee has been consulted.
(32)
The Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics set up by Council Decision 2006/856/EC of 13 November 2006 establishing a Committee on monetary, financial and balance of payments statistics 
(
11
)
 and the Gross National Income Committee (GNI Committee) set up by Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1287/2003 of 15 July 2003 on the harmonisation of gross national income at market prices (GNI Regulation) 
(
12
)
 have been consulted,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
Subject matter
1.   This Regulation sets up the European System of Accounts 2010 (‘the ESA 2010’ or ‘the ESA’).
2.   The ESA 2010 provides for:
(a)
a methodology (Annex A) on common standards, definitions, classifications and accounting rules that shall be used for compiling accounts and tables on comparable bases for the purposes of the Union, together with results as required under Article 3;
(b)
a programme (Annex B) setting out the time limits by which Member States shall transmit to the Commission (Eurostat) the accounts and tables to be compiled in accordance with the methodology referred to in point (a).
3.   Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 10, this Regulation shall apply to all Union acts that refer to the ESA or its definitions.
4.   This Regulation does not oblige any Member State to use the ESA 2010 in compiling accounts for its own purposes.
Article 2
Methodology
1.   The methodology of the ESA 2010 referred to in point (a) of Article 1(2) is set out in Annex A.
2.   The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 7, concerning amendments to the ESA 2010 methodology in order to specify and improve its content for the purpose of ensuring a harmonised interpretation or to ensure international comparability provided that they do not change its underlying concepts, do not require additional resources for producers within the European Statistical System for their implementation, and do not cause a change in own resources.
3.   In the event of doubt regarding the correct implementation of the ESA 2010 accounting rules, the Member State concerned shall request clarification from the Commission (Eurostat). The Commission (Eurostat) shall act promptly both in examining the request and in communicating its advice on the requested clarification to the Member State concerned and all other Member States.
4.   Member States shall carry out the calculation and allocation of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) in national accounts in accordance with the methodology described in Annex A. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt before 17 September 2013 delegated acts in accordance with Article 7 laying down a revised methodology for the calculation and allocation of FISIM. In exercising its power pursuant to this paragraph, the Commission shall ensure that such delegated acts do not impose a significant additional administrative burden on the Member States or on the respondent units.
5.   Research and development expenditure shall be recorded, by Member States, as gross fixed capital formation. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 7 to ensure the reliability and comparability of the ESA 2010 data of the Member States on research and development. In exercising its power pursuant to this paragraph, the Commission shall ensure that such delegated acts do not impose a significant additional administrative burden on the Member States or on the respondent units.
Article 3
Transmission of data to the Commission
1.   The Member States shall transmit to the Commission (Eurostat) the accounts and tables set out in Annex B within the time limits specified therein for each table.
2.   Member States shall transmit to the Commission the data and metadata required by this Regulation in accordance with a specified interchange standard and other practical arrangements.
The data shall be transmitted or uploaded by electronic means to the single entry point for data at the Commission. The interchange standard and other practical arrangements for the transmission of the data shall be defined by the Commission by means of implementing acts. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 8(2).
Article 4
Quality assessment
1.   For the purpose of this Regulation, the quality criteria set out in Article 12(1) of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 shall apply to the data to be transmitted in accordance with Article 3 of this Regulation.
2.   Member States shall provide the Commission (Eurostat) with a report on the quality of the data to be transmitted in accordance with Article 3.
3.   In applying the quality criteria referred to in paragraph 1 to the data covered by this Regulation, the modalities, structure, periodicity and assessment indicators of the quality reports shall be defined by the Commission by means of implementing acts. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 8(2).
4.   The Commission (Eurostat) shall assess the quality of the data transmitted.
Article 5
Date of application and of first transmission of data
1.   The ESA 2010 shall be applied for the first time to data established in accordance with Annex B to be transmitted from 1 September 2014.
2.   The data shall be transmitted to the Commission (Eurostat) in accordance with the time limits laid down in Annex B.
3.   In accordance with paragraph 1, until the first transmission of data based on the ESA 2010, Member States shall continue to send to the Commission (Eurostat) the accounts and tables established by applying the ESA 95.
4.   Without prejudice to Article 19 of Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1150/2000 of 22 May 2000 implementing Decision 2007/436/EC, Euratom on the system of the European Communities own resources 
(
13
)
, the Commission and the Member State concerned shall check that this Regulation is being applied correctly and shall submit the outcome of those checks to the Committee referred to in Article 8(1) of this Regulation.
Article 6
Derogations
1.   In so far as a national statistical system necessitates major adaptations for the application of this Regulation, the Commission shall grant temporary derogations to Member States by means of implementing acts. Those derogations shall expire not later than 1 January 2020. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 8(2).
2.   The Commission shall grant a derogation pursuant to paragraph 1 only for a period sufficient to allow the Member State concerned to adapt its statistical system. The proportion of the Member State’s GDP within the Union or within the euro area shall not constitute in itself a justification for granting a derogation. Where appropriate, the Commission shall provide support to the Member States concerned in their efforts to ensure the required adaptations to their statistical system.
3.   For the purposes set out in paragraphs 1 and 2, the Member State concerned shall present a duly justified request to the Commission not later than 17 October 2013.
The Commission, after consulting the European Statistical System Committee, shall report to the European Parliament and the Council not later than 1 July 2018 on the application of the granted derogations in order to verify whether they are still justified.
Article 7
Exercise of the delegation
1.   The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
2.   The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 2(2) and (5) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years, from 16 July 2013. The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 2(4) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of two months from 16 July 2013. The Commission shall draw up a report in respect of the delegation of power not later than nine months before the end of the five-year period. The delegation of power shall be tacitly extended for periods of an identical duration, unless the European Parliament or the Council opposes such extension not later than three months before the end of each period.
3.   The delegation of power referred to in Article 2(2), (4) and (5) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council.
A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of power specified in that Decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
 or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
4.   As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.
5.   A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 2(2), (4) and (5) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or the Council within a period of three months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by three months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.
Article 8
Committee
1.   The Commission shall be assisted by the European Statistical System Committee established by Regulation (EC) No 223/2009. That committee is a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.
2.   Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.
Article 9
Cooperation with other committees
1.   On all matters falling within the competence of the Committee on Monetary, Financial and Balance of Payments Statistics established by Decision 2006/856/EC, the Commission shall request the opinion of that Committee in accordance with Article 2 of that Decision.
2.   The Commission shall communicate to the Gross National Income Committee (‘GNI Committee’) established by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1287/2003 any information concerning the implementation of this Regulation which is necessary for the performance of the GNI Committee’s duties.
Article 10
Transitional provisions
1.   For budgetary and own resources purposes, the European System of Accounts as referred to in Article 1(1) of Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1287/2003 and the legal acts relating thereto, in particular Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1150/2000 and Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1553/89 of 29 May 1989 on the definitive uniform arrangements for the collection of own resources accruing from value added tax 
(
14
)
, shall continue to be the ESA 95 while Council Decision 2007/436/EC, Euratom of 7 June 2007 on the system of the European Communities’ own resources 
(
15
)
 remains in force.
2.   For the purpose of determination of the VAT-based own resource, and by way of exception to paragraph 1, the Member States may use data based on the ESA 2010 while Decision 2007/436/EC, Euratom remains in force, where the required detailed ESA 95 data are not available.
Article 11
Reporting on implicit liabilities
By 2014, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council containing existing information on PPPs and other implicit liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside government.
By 2018, the Commission shall submit a further report to the European Parliament and to the Council assessing the extent to which the information on liabilities published by the Commission (Eurostat) represents the entirety of the implicit liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside government.
Article 12
Review
By 1 July 2018 and every five years thereafter, the Commission shall submit a report on the application of this Regulation to the European Parliament and the Council.
The report shall evaluate, inter alia:
(a)
the quality of data on national and regional accounts;
(b)
the effectiveness of this Regulation and the monitoring process applied to the ESA 2010; and
(c)
the progress on contingent liabilities data and on the availability of ESA 2010 data.
Article 13
Entry into force
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Strasbourg, 21 May 2013.
For the European Parliament
The President
M. SCHULZ
For the Council
The President
L. CREIGHTON
(
1
)
  
            
OJ C 203, 9.7.2011, p. 3
.
(
2
)
  Position of the European Parliament of 13 March 2013 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of 22 April 2013.
(
3
)
  Commission (Eurostat), 
European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA)
, second edition, Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1979.
(
4
)
  
            
OJ L 310, 30.11.1996, p. 1
.
(
5
)
  
            
OJ L 192, 22.7.2011, p. 1
.
(
6
)
  
            
OJ L 154, 21.6.2003, p. 1
.
(
7
)
  
            
OJ L 87, 31.3.2009, p. 164
.
(
8
)
  
            
OJ L 306, 23.11.2011, p. 41
.
(
9
)
  Council Decision 74/122/EEC of 18 February 1974 setting up an Economic Policy Committee (
OJ L 63, 5.3.1974, p. 21
).
(
10
)
  
            
OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13
.
(
11
)
  
            
OJ L 332, 30.11.2006, p. 21
.
(
12
)
  
            
OJ L 181, 19.7.2003, p. 1
.
(
13
)
  
            
OJ L 130, 31.5.2000, p. 1
.
(
14
)
  
            
OJ L 155, 7.6.1989, p. 9
.
(
15
)
  
            
OJ L 163, 23.6.2007, p. 17
.
ANNEX A
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL FEATURES AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
33
GENERAL FEATURES
33
Globalisation
35
USES OF THE ESA 2010
35
Framework for analysis and policy
35
Characteristics of the ESA 2010 concepts
37
Classification by sector
40
Satellite accounts
41
The ESA 2010 and the 2008 SNA
43
The ESA 2010 and the ESA 95
43
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ESA 2010 AS A SYSTEM
44
Statistical units and their groupings
44
Institutional units and sectors
45
Local KAUs and industries
45
Resident and non-resident units; total economy and rest of the world
45
Flows and stocks
46
Flows
46
Transactions
46
Properties of transactions
46
Interactions versus intra-unit transactions
46
Monetary versus non-monetary transactions
46
Transactions with and without counterparts
47
Rearranged transactions
47
Rerouting
47
Partitioning
47
Recognising the principal party to a transaction
47
Borderline cases
48
Other changes in assets
48
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities
48
Holding gains and losses
48
Stocks
48
The system of accounts and the aggregates
49
Rules of accounting
49
Terminology for the two sides of the accounts
49
Double entry/quadruple entry
49
Valuation
49
Special valuations concerning products
50
Valuation at constant prices
50
Time of recording
50
Consolidation and netting
50
Consolidation
50
Netting
51
Accounts, balancing items and aggregates
51
The sequence of accounts
51
The goods and services account
51
The rest of the world account
51
Balancing items
52
Aggregates
54
GDP: a key aggregate
54
The input-output framework
54
Supply and use tables
55
Symmetric input-output tables
55
CHAPTER 2
UNITS AND GROUPINGS OF UNITS
56
THE LIMITS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
56
THE INSTITUTIONAL UNITS
58
Head offices and holding companies
59
Groups of corporations
59
Special purpose entities
60
Captive financial institutions
60
Artificial subsidiaries
60
Special purpose units of general government
61
THE INSTITUTIONAL SECTORS
61
Non-financial corporations (S.11)
65
Public non-financial corporations (S.11001)
66
National private non-financial corporations (S.11002)
66
Foreign controlled non-financial corporations (S.11003)
66
Financial corporations (S.12)
67
Financial intermediaries
67
Financial auxiliaries
68
Financial corporations other than financial intermediaries and financial auxiliaries
68
Institutional units included in the financial corporations sector
68
Subsectors of financial corporations
68
Combining subsectors of financial corporations
69
Subdividing subsectors of financial corporations into public, national private and foreign controlled financial corporations
69
Central bank (S.121)
70
Deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122)
70
MMF (S.123)
71
Non-MMF investment funds (S.124)
71
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds (S.125)
72
Financial vehicle corporations engaged in securitisation transactions (FVC)
72
Security and derivative dealers, financial corporations engaged in lending and specialised financial corporations
72
Financial auxiliaries (S.126)
73
Captive financial institutions and money lenders (S.127)
73
Insurance corporations (S.128)
74
Pension funds (S.129)
75
General government (S.13)
76
Central government (excluding social security funds) (S.1311)
76
State government (excluding social security funds) (S.1312)
76
Local government (excluding social security funds) (S.1313)
77
Social security funds (S.1314)
77
Households (S.14)
77
Employers and own-account workers (S.141 and S.142)
78
Employees (S.143)
78
Recipients of property income (S.1441)
78
Recipients of pensions (S.1442)
78
Recipients of other transfers (S.1443)
78
Non-profit institutions serving households (S.15)
79
Rest of the world (S.2)
79
Sector classification of producer units for main standard legal forms of ownership
80
LOCAL KIND-OF-ACTIVITY UNITS AND INDUSTRIES
82
The local kind-of-activity unit
82
Industries
83
Classification of industries
83
UNITS OF HOMOGENEOUS PRODUCTION AND HOMOGENEOUS BRANCHES
83
The unit of homogeneous production
83
The homogeneous branch
83
CHAPTER 3
TRANSACTIONS IN PRODUCTS AND NON-PRODUCED ASSETS
84
TRANSACTIONS IN PRODUCTS IN GENERAL
84
PRODUCTION AND OUTPUT
85
Principal, secondary and ancillary activities
86
Output (P.1)
87
Institutional units: distinction between market, for own final use and non-market
89
Time of recording and valuation of output
92
Products of agriculture, forestry and fishing (Section A)
93
Manufactured products (Section C); construction work (Section F)
93
Wholesale and retail trade services; repair services of motor vehicles and motorcycles (Section G)
93
Transportation and storage (Section H)
94
Accommodation and food services (Section I)
95
Financial and insurance services (Section K): output of the central bank
95
Financial and insurance services (Section K): financial services in general
95
Financial services provided for direct payment
95
Financial services paid for through loading interest charges
96
Financial services consisting of acquiring and disposing of financial assets and liabilities in financial markets
96
Financial services provided in insurance and pension schemes, where activity is financed by loading insurance contributions and from the income return on savings
96
Real estate services (Section L)
98
Professional, scientific and technical services (Section M); administrative and support services (Section N)
98
Public administration and defence services, compulsory social security services (Section O)
99
Education services (Section P); human health and social work services (Section Q)
99
Arts, entertainment and recreation services (Section R); Other services (Section S)
99
Private households as employers (Section T)
99
INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION (P.2)
99
Time of recording and valuation of intermediate consumption
101
FINAL CONSUMPTION (P.3, P.4)
101
Final consumption expenditure (P.3)
101
Actual final consumption (P.4)
103
Time of recording and valuation of final consumption expenditure
105
Time of recording and valuation of actual final consumption
106
GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION (P.5)
106
Gross fixed capital formation (P.51g)
106
Time of recording and valuation of gross fixed capital formation
109
Consumption of fixed capital (P.51c)
110
Changes in inventories (P.52)
110
Time of recording and valuation of changes in inventories
111
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables (P.53)
112
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES (P.6 AND P.7)
113
Exports and imports of goods (P.61 and P.71)
113
Exports and imports of services (P.62 and P.72)
115
TRANSACTIONS IN EXISTING GOODS
118
ACQUISITIONS LESS DISPOSALS OF NON-PRODUCED ASSETS (NP)
119
CHAPTER 4
DISTRIBUTIVE TRANSACTIONS
121
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES (D.1)
121
Wages and salaries (D.11)
121
Wages and salaries in cash
121
Wages and salaries in kind
122
Employers' social contributions (D.12)
123
Employers' actual social contributions (D.121)
123
Employers' imputed social contributions (D.122)
124
TAXES ON PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS (D.2)
126
Taxes on products (D.21)
126
Value added type taxes (VAT) (D.211)
126
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT (D.212)
127
Taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes (D.214)
127
Other taxes on production (D.29)
128
Taxes on production and imports paid to the institutions of the European Union
128
Taxes on production and imports: time of recording and amounts to be recorded
129
SUBSIDIES (D.3)
129
Subsidies on products (D.31)
130
Import subsidies (D.311)
130
Other subsidies on products (D.319)
130
Other subsidies on production (D.39)
131
PROPERTY INCOME (D.4)
132
Interest (D.41)
133
Interest on deposits and loans
133
Interest on debt securities
133
Interest on bills and similar short-term instruments
133
Interest on bonds and debentures
133
Interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements
134
Interest on financial leases
134
Other interest
134
Time of recording
134
Distributed income of corporations (D.42)
135
Dividends (D.421)
135
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations (D.422)
136
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment (D.43)
137
Other investment income (D.44)
137
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders (D.441)
137
Investment income payable on pension entitlements (D.442)
138
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders (D.443)
138
Rent (D.45)
139
Rent on land
139
Rents on subsoil assets
139
CURRENT TAXES ON INCOME, WEALTH, ETC. (D.5)
139
Taxes on income (D.51)
139
Other current taxes (D.59)
140
SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND BENEFITS (D.6)
141
Net social contributions (D.61)
143
Employers' actual social contributions (D.611)
143
Employers' imputed social contributions (D.612)
144
Households' actual social contributions (D.613)
145
Households' social contribution supplements (D.614)
145
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind (D.62)
146
Social security benefits in cash (D.621)
146
Other social insurance benefits (D.622)
146
Social assistance benefits in cash (D.623)
146
Social transfers in kind (D.63)
147
Social transfers in kind — general government and NPISHs non-market production (D.631)
147
Social transfers in kind — market production purchased by general government and NPISHs (D.632)
147
OTHER CURRENT TRANSFERS (D.7)
148
Net non-life insurance premiums (D.71)
148
Non-life insurance claims (D.72)
149
Current transfers within general government (D.73)
150
Current international cooperation (D.74)
150
Miscellaneous current transfers (D.75)
151
Current transfers to NPISHs (D.751)
151
Current transfers between households (D.752)
151
Other miscellaneous current transfers (D.759)
151
Fines and penalties
151
Lotteries and gambling
152
Payments of compensation
152
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources (D.76)
153
ADJUSTMENT FOR THE CHANGE IN PENSION ENTITLEMENTS (D.8)
153
CAPITAL TRANSFERS (D.9)
154
Capital taxes (D.91)
154
Investment grants (D.92)
155
Other capital transfers (D.99)
156
EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTIONS (ESOs)
157
CHAPTER 5
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
159
GENERAL FEATURES OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
159
Financial assets, financial claims, and liabilities
159
Contingent assets and contingent liabilities
159
Categories of financial assets and liabilities
160
Balance sheets, financial account, and other flows
161
Valuation
161
Net and gross recording
162
Consolidation
162
Netting
162
Accounting rules for financial transactions
163
A financial transaction with a current or a capital transfer as counterpart
163
A financial transaction with property income as counterpart
164
Time of recording
164
A from-whom-to-whom financial account
165
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS BY CATEGORIES IN DETAIL
166
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (F.1)
166
Monetary gold (F.11)
166
SDRs (F.12)
167
Currency and deposits (F.2)
168
Currency (F.21)
168
Deposits (F.22 and F.29)
168
Transferable deposits (F.22)
168
Other deposits (F.29)
169
Debt securities (F.3)
169
Main features of debt securities
170
Classification by original maturity and currency
170
Classification by type of interest rate
170
Fixed interest rate debt securities
171
Variable interest rate debt securities
171
Mixed interest rate debt securities
171
Private placements
172
Securitisation
172
Covered bonds
172
Loans (F.4)
173
Main features of loans
173
Classification of loans by original maturity, currency, and purpose of lending
173
Distinction between transactions in loans and transactions in deposits
173
Distinction between transactions in loans and transactions in debt securities
173
Distinction between transactions in loans, trade credit and trade bills
174
Securities lending and repurchase agreements
174
Financial leases
175
Other types of loans
175
Financial assets excluded from the category of loans
175
Equity and investment fund shares or units (F.5)
176
Equity (F.51)
176
Depository receipts
176
Listed shares (F.511)
176
Unlisted shares (F.512)
176
Initial public offering, listing, de-listing, and share buy back
177
Financial assets excluded from equity securities
177
Other equity (F.519)
177
Valuation of transactions in equity
178
Investment fund shares or units (F.52)
178
MMF shares or units (F.521)
178
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units (F.522)
179
Valuation of transactions in investment fund shares or units
179
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (F.6)
179
Non-life insurance technical reserves (F.61)
179
Life insurance and annuity entitlements (F.62)
179
Pension entitlements (F.63)
180
Contingent pension entitlements
180
Claims of pension funds on pension managers (F.64)
180
Entitlements to non-pension benefits (F.65)
181
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees (F.66)
181
Standardised guarantees and one-off guarantees
181
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (F.7)
182
Financial derivatives (F.71)
182
Options
182
Forwards
182
Options vis-à-vis forwards
183
Swaps
183
Forward rate agreements (FRAs)
183
Credit derivatives
183
Credit default swaps
184
Financial instruments not included in financial derivatives
184
Employee stock options (F.72)
184
Valuation of transactions in financial derivatives and employee stock options
185
Other accounts receivable/payable (F.8)
185
Trade credits and advances (F.81)
186
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances (F.89)
186
ANNEX 5.1 —
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
187
Classification of financial transactions by category
187
Classification of financial transactions by negotiability
188
Structured securities
189
Classification of financial transactions by type of income
189
Classification of financial transactions by type of interest rate
189
Classification of financial transactions by maturity
190
Short-term and long-term maturity
190
Original maturity and remaining maturity
190
Classification of financial transactions by currency
190
Measures of money
190
CHAPTER 6
OTHER FLOWS
191
INTRODUCTION
191
OTHER CHANGES IN ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
191
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities (K.1 to K.6)
191
Economic appearance of assets (K.1)
191
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets (K.2)
192
Catastrophic losses (K.3)
192
Uncompensated seizures (K.4)
193
Other changes in volume not elsewhere classified (K.5)
193
Changes in classification (K.6)
194
Changes in sector classification and institutional unit structure (K.61)
194
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities (K.62)
194
Nominal holding gains and losses (K.7)
195
Neutral holding gains and losses (K.71)
196
Real holding gains and losses (K.72)
196
Holding gains and losses by types of financial asset and liability
197
Monetary gold and SDRs (AF.1)
197
Currency and deposits (AF.2)
197
Debt securities (AF.3)
197
Loans (AF.4)
198
Equity and investment fund shares (AF.5)
198
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6)
198
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF.7)
198
Other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8)
198
Assets denominated in foreign currency
199
CHAPTER 7
BALANCE SHEETS
200
TYPES OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
201
Definition of an asset
201
EXCLUSIONS FROM THE ASSET AND LIABILITY BOUNDARY
201
CATEGORIES OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
201
Produced non-financial assets (AN.1)
201
Non-produced non-financial assets (AN.2)
202
Financial assets and liabilities (AF)
202
VALUATION OF ENTRIES IN THE BALANCE SHEETS
205
General valuation principles
205
NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS (AN)
206
Produced non-financial assets (AN.1)
206
Fixed assets (AN.11)
206
Intellectual property products (AN.117)
206
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets (AN.116)
207
Inventories (AN.12)
207
Valuables (AN.13)
207
Non-produced non-financial assets (AN.2)
207
Natural resources (AN.21)
207
Land (AN.211)
207
Mineral and energy reserves (AN.212)
207
Other natural assets (AN.213, AN.214 and AN.215)
207
Contracts, leases and licences (AN.22)
208
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets (AN.23)
208
FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (AF)
208
Monetary gold and SDRs (AF.1)
208
Currency and deposits (AF.2)
208
Debt securities (AF.3)
208
Loans (AF.4)
209
Equity and investment fund shares/units (AF.5)
209
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6)
210
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF.7)
210
Other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8)
210
FINANCIAL BALANCE SHEETS
210
MEMORANDUM ITEMS
211
Consumer durables (AN.m)
211
Foreign direct investment (AF.m1)
211
Non-performing loans (AF.m2)
211
Recording of non-performing loans
212
ANNEX 7.1
SUMMARY OF EACH ASSET CATEGORY
213
ANNEX 7.2
A MAP OF ENTRIES FROM OPENING BALANCE SHEET TO CLOSING BALANCE SHEET
222
CHAPTER 8
THE SEQUENCE OF ACCOUNTS
226
INTRODUCTION
226
The sequence of accounts
226
SEQUENCE OF ACCOUNTS
230
Current accounts
230
Production account (I)
230
Distribution and use of income accounts (II)
232
Primary distribution of income accounts (II.1)
232
Generation of income account (II.1.1)
232
Allocation of primary income account (II.1.2)
236
Entrepreneurial income account (II.1.2.1)
242
Allocation of other primary income account (II.1.2.2)
242
Secondary distribution of income account (II.2)
249
Redistribution of income in kind account (II.3)
249
Use of income account (II.4)
256
Use of disposable income account (II.4.1)
256
Use of adjusted disposable income account (II.4.2)
256
Accumulation accounts (III)
259
Capital account (III.1)
259
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account (III.1.1)
259
Acquisitions of non-financial assets account (III.1.2)
259
Financial account (III.2)
259
Other changes in assets account (III.3)
268
Other changes in volume of assets account (III.3.1)
268
Revaluation account (III.3.2)
268
Neutral holding gains and losses account (III.3.2.1)
268
Real holding gains and losses account (III.3.2.2)
268
Balance sheets (IV)
282
Opening balance sheet (IV.1)
282
Changes in balance sheet (IV.2)
282
Closing balance sheet (IV.3)
282
REST OF THE WORLD ACCOUNTS (V)
290
Current accounts
290
External account of goods and services (V.I)
290
External account of primary incomes and current transfers (V.II)
290
External accumulation accounts (V.III)
290
Capital account (V.III.1)
290
Financial account (V.III.2)
291
Other changes in assets account (V.III.3)
291
Balance sheets (V.IV)
291
GOODS AND SERVICES ACCOUNT (0)
303
INTEGRATED ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS
303
AGGREGATES
315
Gross domestic product at market prices (GDP)
315
Operating surplus of the total economy
315
Mixed income of the total economy
315
Entrepreneurial income of the total economy
315
National income (at market prices)
315
National disposable income
315
Saving
316
Current external balance
316
Net lending (+) or borrowing (-) of the total economy
316
Net worth of the total economy
316
General government expenditure and revenue
316
CHAPTER 9
SUPPLY AND USE TABLES AND THE INPUT-OUTPUT FRAMEWORK
318
INTRODUCTION
318
DESCRIPTION
322
STATISTICAL TOOL
322
TOOL FOR ANALYSIS
323
SUPPLY AND USE TABLES IN MORE DETAIL
323
Classifications
323
Valuation principles
325
Trade and transport margins
326
Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
328
Other basic concepts
330
Supplementary information
331
DATA SOURCES AND BALANCING
331
TOOL FOR ANALYSIS AND EXTENSIONS
332
CHAPTER 10
PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES
335
SCOPE OF PRICE AND VOLUME INDICES IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
336
The integrated system of price and volume indices
336
Other price and volume indices
337
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MEASURING PRICE AND VOLUME INDICES
337
Definition of prices and volumes of market products
337
Quality, price and homogeneous products
338
Prices and volume
339
New products
340
Principles for non-market services
341
Principles for value added and GDP
342
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
343
Taxes and subsidies on products and imports
343
Other taxes and subsidies on production
344
Consumption of fixed capital
344
Compensation of employees
344
Stocks of produced fixed assets and inventories
344
MEASURES OF REAL INCOME FOR THE TOTAL ECONOMY
345
INTERSPATIAL PRICE AND VOLUME INDICES
346
CHAPTER 11
POPULATION AND LABOUR INPUTS
347
TOTAL POPULATION
347
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION
348
EMPLOYMENT
348
Employees
349
Self-employed persons
349
Employment and residence
350
UNEMPLOYMENT
351
JOBS
351
Jobs and residence
352
THE NON-OBSERVED ECONOMY
352
TOTAL HOURS WORKED
352
Specifying hours actually worked
352
FULL-TIME EQUIVALENCE
354
EMPLOYEE LABOUR INPUT AT CONSTANT COMPENSATION
354
PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES
354
CHAPTER 12
QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
355
INTRODUCTION
355
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
356
Time of recording
356
Work-in-progress
356
Activities concentrated in specific periods within a year
357
Low-frequency payments
357
Flash estimates
357
Balancing and benchmarking of quarterly national accounts
357
Balancing
358
Consistency between quarterly and annual accounts — benchmarking
358
Chain-linked measures of price and volume changes
358
Seasonal and calendar adjustments
359
Sequence of compilation of seasonally adjusted chain-linked volume measures
360
CHAPTER 13
REGIONAL ACCOUNTS
361
INTRODUCTION
361
REGIONAL TERRITORY
362
UNITS AND REGIONAL ACCOUNTS
362
Institutional units
362
Local kind-of-activity units and regional production activities by industry
363
METHODS OF REGIONALISATION
363
AGGREGATES FOR PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
365
Gross value added and gross domestic product by region
365
The allocation of FISIM to user industries
365
Employment
365
Compensation of employees
365
Transition from regional GVA to regional GDP
365
Volume growth rates of regional GVA
366
REGIONAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ACCOUNTS
366
CHAPTER 14
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION SERVICES INDIRECTLY MEASURED (FISIM)
369
THE CONCEPT OF FISIM AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR USER ALLOCATION ON MAIN AGGREGATES
369
CALCULATION OF FISIM OUTPUT BY SECTORS S.122 AND S.125
370
Statistical data required
370
Reference rates
370
Internal reference rate
371
External reference rates
371
Detailed breakdown of FISIM by institutional sector
371
Breakdown into intermediate and final consumption of FISIM allocated to households
372
CALCULATION OF IMPORTS OF FISIM
373
FISIM IN VOLUME TERMS
373
CALCULATION OF FISIM BY INDUSTRY
374
THE OUTPUT OF THE CENTRAL BANK
374
CHAPTER 15
CONTRACTS, LEASES AND LICENCES
375
INTRODUCTION
375
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN OPERATING LEASES, RESOURCE LEASES AND FINANCIAL LEASES
375
Operating leases
377
Financial leases
377
Resource leases
378
Permits to use a natural resource
379
Permits to undertake specific activities
380
Public-private partnerships (PPPs)
382
Service concession contracts
382
Marketable operating leases (AN.221)
382
Entitlements to future goods and services on an exclusive basis (AN.224)
382
CHAPTER 16
INSURANCE
383
INTRODUCTION
383
Direct insurance
383
Reinsurance
384
The units involved
385
OUTPUT OF DIRECT INSURANCE
385
Premiums earned
385
Premium supplements
386
Adjusted claims incurred and benefits due
386
Non-life insurance adjusted claims incurred
386
Life insurance benefits due
387
Insurance technical reserves
387
Defining insurance output
388
Non-life insurance
388
Life insurance
389
Reinsurance
389
TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-LIFE INSURANCE
389
Allocation of insurance output among users
389
Insurance services provided to and from the rest of the world
389
The accounting entries
390
TRANSACTIONS OF LIFE INSURANCE
392
TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH REINSURANCE
394
TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INSURANCE AUXILIARIES
395
ANNUITIES
395
RECORDING NON-LIFE INSURANCE CLAIMS
396
Treatment of adjusted claims
396
Treatment of catastrophic losses
396
CHAPTER 17
SOCIAL INSURANCE INCLUDING PENSIONS
397
INTRODUCTION
397
Social insurance schemes, social assistance and individual insurance policies
397
Social benefits
398
Social benefits provided by general government
399
Social benefits provided by other institutional units
399
Pensions and other forms of benefit
399
SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS OTHER THAN PENSIONS
399
Social security schemes other than pension schemes
399
Other employment-related social insurance schemes
400
Recording of stocks and flows by type of non-pension social insurance scheme
400
Social security schemes
400
Other employment-related non-pension social insurance schemes
400
PENSIONS
401
Types of pension schemes
401
Social security pension schemes
402
Other employment-related pension schemes
402
Defined contribution schemes
403
Defined benefit schemes
403
Notional defined contribution schemes and hybrid schemes
403
Defined benefit schemes as compared to defined contribution schemes
403
Pension administrator, pension manager, pension fund and multi-employer pension scheme
404
Recording of stocks and flows by type of pension scheme in social insurance
405
Transactions for social security pension schemes
405
Transactions for other employment-related pension schemes
406
Transactions for defined contribution pension schemes
406
Other flows related to defined contribution pension schemes
408
Transactions for defined benefit pension schemes
409
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE FOR ACCRUED-TO-DATE PENSION ENTITLEMENTS IN SOCIAL INSURANCE
412
Design of the supplementary table
412
The columns of the table
414
The rows of the table
415
Opening and closing balance sheets
416
Changes in pension entitlements due to transactions
416
Changes to pension entitlements due to other economic flows
418
Related indicators
419
Actuarial assumptions
420
Accrued-to-date entitlements
420
Discount rate
420
Wage growth
420
Demographic assumptions
421
CHAPTER 18
REST OF THE WORLD ACCOUNTS
422
INTRODUCTION
422
ECONOMIC TERRITORY
423
Residence
423
INSTITUTIONAL UNITS
423
BRANCHES AS A TERM USED IN THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
423
NOTIONAL RESIDENT UNITS
424
MULTI-TERRITORY ENTERPRISES
424
GEOGRAPHICAL BREAKDOWN
424
THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
425
BALANCING ITEMS IN THE CURRENT ACCOUNTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS
425
THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE REST OF THE WORLD SECTOR AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
426
The external account of goods and services
426
Valuation
429
Goods for processing
429
Merchanting
430
Goods under merchanting
430
Imports and exports of FISIM
431
The external account of primary and secondary income
432
The primary income account
433
Direct investment income
433
The secondary income (current transfers) account of the BPM6
433
The external capital account
434
The external financial account and international investment position (IIP)
435
BALANCE SHEETS FOR THE REST OF THE WORLD SECTOR
437
CHAPTER 19
EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS
439
INTRODUCTION
439
FROM NATIONAL TO EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS
439
Conversion of data in different currencies
440
European institutions
440
The rest of the world account
441
Balancing of transactions
442
Price and volume measures
442
Balance sheets
442
‧From whom-to-whom‧ matrices
442
ANNEX 19.1. —
THE ACCOUNTS OF EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS
443
Resources
443
Uses
444
Consolidation
444
CHAPTER 20
THE GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS
445
INTRODUCTION
445
DEFINING THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR
445
Identification of units in the government
445
Government units
445
NPIs classified to the general government sector
446
Other units of general government
446
Public control
447
Market/non-market delineation
447
Notion of economically significant prices
447
Criteria of the purchaser of the output of a public producer
448
The output is sold primarily to corporations and households
448
The output is sold only to government
448
The output is sold to government and others
448
The market/non-market test
448
Financial intermediation and the government boundary
449
Borderline cases
449
Public head offices
449
Pension funds
449
Quasi-corporations
449
Restructuring agencies
450
Privatisation agencies
450
Defeasances structures
450
Special purpose entities
451
Joint ventures
451
Market regulatory agencies
451
Supranational authorities
452
The subsectors of general government
452
Central government
452
State government
452
Local government
453
Social security funds
453
THE GOVERNMENT FINANCE PRESENTATION OF STATISTICS
453
Framework
453
Revenue
455
Taxes and social contributions
455
Sales
455
Other revenue
458
Expenditure
458
Compensation of employees and intermediate consumption
458
Social benefits expenditure
459
Interest
459
Other current expenditure
459
Capital expenditure
459
Link with government final consumption expenditure (P.3)
460
Government expenditure by function (COFOG)
460
Balancing items
461
The net lending/net borrowing (B.9)
461
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers (B.101)
461
Financing
461
Transactions in assets
462
Transactions in liabilities
463
Other economic flows
463
Revaluation account
463
Other changes in volume of assets account
464
Balance sheets
464
Consolidation
465
ACCOUNTING ISSUES RELATING TO GENERAL GOVERNMENT
466
Tax revenue
466
Character of tax revenue
466
Tax credits
467
Amounts to record
467
Amounts uncollectible
467
Time of recording
467
Accrual recording
467
Accrual recording of taxes
467
Interest
468
Discounted and zero-coupon bonds
469
Index-linked securities
469
Financial derivatives
469
Court decisions
469
Military expenditure
469
Relations of general government with public corporations
470
Equity investment in public corporations and distribution of earnings
470
Equity investment
470
Capital injections
470
Subsidies and capital injections
470
Rules applicable to particular circumstances
471
Fiscal operations
471
Public corporations distributions
471
Dividends versus withdrawal of equity
471
Taxes versus withdrawal of equity
472
Privatisation and nationalisation
472
Privatisation
472
Indirect privatisations
472
Nationalisation
472
Transactions with the central bank
473
Restructures, mergers, and reclassifications
473
Debt operations
473
Debt assumptions, debt cancellation and debt write-offs
473
Debt assumption and cancellation
473
Debt assumption involving a transfer of non-financial assets
474
Debt write-offs or write-downs
474
Other debt restructuring
475
Purchase of debt above the market value
475
Defeasances and bailouts
475
Debt guarantees
476
Derivatives-type guarantees
476
Standardised guarantees
477
One-off guarantees
477
Securitisation
477
Definition
477
Criteria for sale recognition
477
Recording of flows
478
Other issues
478
Pension obligations
478
Lump sum payments
478
Public-private partnerships
479
Scope of PPPs
479
Economic ownership and allocation of the asset
479
Accounting issues
480
Transactions with international and supranational organisations
481
Development assistance
482
THE PUBLIC SECTOR
483
Public sector control
483
Central banks
484
Public quasi-corporations
485
Special purpose entities and non-residents
485
Joint ventures
485
CHAPTER 21
LINKS BETWEEN BUSINESS ACCOUNTS AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND THE MEASUREMENT OF CORPORATE ACTIVITY
486
SOME SPECIFIC RULES AND METHODS OF BUSINESS ACCOUNTING
486
Time of recording
486
Double entry and quadruple entry accounting
486
Valuation
486
Income statement and balance sheet
487
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND BUSINESS ACCOUNTS: PRACTICAL ISSUES
487
THE TRANSITION FROM BUSINESS ACCOUNTS TO NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: THE EXAMPLE OF NON-FINANCIAL ENTERPRISES
488
Conceptual adjustments
488
Adjustments to achieve consistency with the accounts of other sectors
488
Examples of adjustments for exhaustiveness
488
SPECIFIC ISSUES
488
Holding gains/losses
488
Globalisation
489
Mergers and acquisitions
489
CHAPTER 22
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
490
INTRODUCTION
490
Functional classifications
493
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
496
Functional satellite accounts
496
Special sector accounts
499
Inclusion of non-monetary data
503
Extra detail and supplementary concepts
503
Different basic concepts
504
Use of modelling and inclusion of experimental results
504
Designing and compiling satellite accounts
505
NINE SPECIFIC SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
506
Agricultural accounts
507
Environmental accounts
507
Health accounts
518
Household production accounts
520
Labour accounts and SAM
523
Productivity and growth accounts
525
Research and development accounts
526
Social protection accounts
528
Tourism satellite accounts
531
CHAPTER 23
CLASSIFICATIONS
533
INTRODUCTION
533
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONAL SECTORS (S)
533
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSACTIONS AND OTHER FLOWS
535
Transactions in products (P)
535
Transactions in non-produced non-financial assets (NP codes)
536
Distributive transactions (D)
537
Current transfers in cash and kind (D.5-D.8)
538
Transactions in financial assets and liabilities (F)
539
Other changes in assets (K)
541
CLASSIFICATION OF BALANCING ITEMS AND NET WORTH (B)
541
CLASSIFICATION OF BALANCE SHEET ENTRIES (L)
542
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS (A)
542
Non-financial assets (AN)
542
Financial assets (AF)
544
CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY ITEMS
545
Non-performing loans
545
Capital services
546
Pensions table
546
Consumer durables
548
Foreign direct investment
548
Contingent positions
548
Currency and deposits
549
Classification of debt securities according to outstanding maturity
549
Listed and unlisted debt securities
549
Long-term loans with outstanding maturity of less than one year and long-term loans secured by mortgage
549
Listed and unlisted investment shares
550
Arrears in interest and repayments
550
Personal and total remittances
550
REGROUPING AND CODING OF INDUSTRIES (A) AND PRODUCTS (P)
550
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT (COFOG)
565
CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION BY PURPOSE (Coicop)
568
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PURPOSES OF NON-PROFIT INSTITUTIONS SERVING HOUSEHOLDS (COPNI)
570
CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLAYS OF PRODUCERS BY PURPOSE (COPP)
571
CHAPTER 24
THE ACCOUNTS
573
Table 24.1
Account 0: Goods and services account
573
Table 24.2
Full sequence of accounts for the total economy
573
Table 24.3
Full sequence of accounts for non-financial corporations
593
Table 24.4
Full sequence of accounts for financial corporations
607
Table 24.5
Full sequence of accounts for general government
622
Table 24.6
Full sequence of accounts for households
638
Table 24.7
Full sequence of accounts for non-profit institutions serving households
654
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL FEATURES AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
GENERAL FEATURES
1.01
The European System of Accounts (hereinafter referred to as ‧the ESA 2010‧ or ‧the ESA‧) is an internationally compatible accounting framework for a systematic and detailed description of a total economy (that is, a region, country or group of countries), its components and its relations with other total economies.
1.02
The predecessor of the ESA 2010, the European System of Accounts 1995 (the ESA 95), was published in 1996 
(
1
)
. The ESA 2010 methodology as set out in this Annex has the same structure as the ESA 95 publication for the first thirteen chapters, but then has eleven new chapters elaborating aspects of the system which reflect developments in measuring modern economies, or in the use of the ESA 95 in the European Union (the EU).
1.03
The structure of this manual is as follows. Chapter 1 covers the basic features of the system in terms of concepts, and sets out the principles of the ESA and describes the fundamental statistical units and their groupings. It gives an overview of the sequence of accounts, and a brief description of key aggregates and the role of supply and use tables and the input-output framework. Chapter 2 describes the institutional units used in measuring the economy, and how these units are classified into sectors and other groups to allow analysis. Chapter 3 describes all transactions with regard to products (goods and services), as well as non-produced assets, in the system. Chapter 4 describes all the transactions in the economy which distribute and re-distribute income and wealth in the economy. Chapter 5 describes the financial transactions in the economy. Chapter 6 describes the changes that can occur to the value of assets through non-economic events or price changes. Chapter 7 describes balance sheets, and the asset and liability classification scheme. Chapter 8 sets out the sequence of accounts, and the balancing items associated with each account. Chapter 9 describes supply and use tables, and their role in reconciling the measures of income, output and expenditure in the economy. It also describes the input-output tables that can be derived from the supply and use tables. Chapter 10 describes the conceptual basis for the price and volume measures associated with the nominal values found in the accounts. Chapter 11 describes the population and labour market measures which can be used with measures of the national accounts in economic analysis. Chapter 12 gives a brief description of quarterly national accounts, and how they differ in emphasis from the annual accounts.
1.04
Chapter 13 describes the purposes, concepts and compilation issues in drawing up a set of regional accounts. Chapter 14 covers the measurement of financial services provided by financial intermediaries and funded through net interest receipts, and reflects years of research and development by Member States in order to have a measure which is robust and harmonised across Member States. Chapter 15 on contracts, leases and licences is necessary to describe an area of increasing importance in the national accounts. Chapters 16 and 17 on insurance, social insurance and pensions describe how these arrangements are handled in the national accounts, as questions of redistribution become of increasing interest as populations age. Chapter 18 covers the rest of the world accounts, which are the national accounts equivalent to the accounts of the balance of payments measuring system. Chapter 19 on European Accounts is also new, covering aspects of the national accounts where European institutional and trading arrangements raise issues which require a harmonised approach. Chapter 20 describes the accounts for the government sector — an area of special interest as issues of fiscal prudence by Member States continue to be critical in the conduct of economic policy in the EU. Chapter 21 describes the links between business accounts and national accounts, an area of growing interest as multinational corporations become responsible for an increasing share in gross domestic product (GDP) for all countries. Chapter 22 describes the relationship of satellite accounts with the main national accounts. Chapters 23 and 24 are for reference purposes; Chapter 23 sets out the classifications used for sectors, activities and products in the ESA 2010, and Chapter 24 sets out the complete sequence of accounts for every sector.
1.05
The structure of the ESA 2010 is consistent with the worldwide guidelines on national accounting set out in the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA), apart from certain differences in presentation and the higher degree of precision of some of the ESA 2010 concepts which are used for specific EU purposes. Those guidelines were produced under the joint responsibility of the United Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. The ESA 2010 is focused on the circumstances and data needs in the EU. Like the 2008 SNA, the ESA 2010 is harmonised with the concepts and classifications used in many other social and economic statistics (for example, statistics on employment, statistics on manufacturing and statistics on external trade). The ESA 2010 therefore serves as the central framework of reference for the social and economic statistics of the EU and its Member States.
1.06
The ESA framework consists of two main sets of tables:
(a)
the institutional sector accounts;
(b)
the input-output framework, and the accounts by industry.
1.07
The sector accounts provide, by institutional sector, a systematic description of the different stages of the economic process: production, generation of income, distribution of income, redistribution of income, use of income and financial and non-financial accumulation. The sector accounts also include balance sheets to describe the stocks of assets, liabilities and net worth at the beginning and the end of the accounting period.
1.08
The input-output framework, through the supply and use tables, sets out in more detail the production process (cost structure, income generated and employment) and the flows of goods and services (output, imports, exports, final consumption, intermediate consumption and capital formation by product group). Two important accounting identities are reflected in this framework: the sum of incomes generated in an industry is equal to the value added produced by that industry; and, for any product or grouping of products, supply is equal to demand.
1.09
The ESA 2010 encompasses concepts of population and employment. Such concepts are relevant for the sector accounts, the accounts by industry and the supply and use framework.
1.10
The ESA 2010 is not restricted to annual national accounting, but applies also to quarterly and shorter or longer period accounts. It also applies to regional accounts.
1.11
The ESA 2010 exists alongside the 2008 SNA because of the uses of national accounts measures in the EU. The Member States are responsible for the collection and presentation of their own national accounts to describe the economic situation of their countries. Member States also compile a set of accounts which are submitted to the Commission (Eurostat) as part of a regulatory data transmission programme, for key social, economic and fiscal policy uses in the Union. Those uses include determination of Member State monetary contributions to the EU budget via the ‧fourth resource‧, aid to regions of the EU through the structural funds programme and surveillance of Member States' economic performance in the framework of the excessive deficit procedure and of the Stability and Growth Pact.
1.12
In order that levies and benefits are distributed according to measures compiled and presented in a strictly consistent manner, the economic statistics used for those purposes shall be compiled according to the same concepts and rules. The ESA 2010 is a regulation setting forth the rules, conventions, definitions and classifications to be applied in producing the national accounts in Member States which are to be part of the data transmission programme as set out in Annex B to this Regulation.
1.13
Given the very large sums of money involved in the contributions and benefits system operated in the EU, it is essential that the measurement system be applied consistently in each Member State. In such circumstances, it is important to adopt a cautious approach to estimates which cannot be observed directly in the market place, avoiding the use of model-based procedures for the estimation of measures in the national accounts.
1.14
The ESA 2010 concepts are in several instances more specific and precise than those of the 2008 SNA in order to ensure as much consistency as possible between Member States measures derived from the national accounts. This over-riding requirement for robust consistent estimates has resulted in the identification of a core set of national accounts in the EU. Where the level of consistency of measurement across Member States is insufficient, the latter estimates are generally included in so-called ‧non-core-accounts‧ covering supplementary tables and satellite accounts.
1.15
An example of where it has been considered necessary to be cautious in the design of the ESA 2010 lies in the field of pension liabilities. The case for measuring these to assist in economic analyses is a strong one, but the critical requirement in the EU to produce accounts which are consistent across time and space has obliged a cautious approach.
Globalisation
1.16
The increasingly global nature of economic activity has increased international trade in all its forms, and increased the challenges to countries of recording their domestic economies in the national accounts. Globalisation is the dynamic and multidimensional process whereby national resources become more internationally mobile, while national economies become increasingly interdependent. The feature of globalisation which potentially causes most measurement problems for national accounts is the increasing share of international transactions undertaken by multinational companies, where the transactions across borders are between parents, subsidiaries and affiliates. However other challenges exist, and a more exhaustive list of data issues is as follows:
(1)
transfer pricing between affiliated corporations (valuation of imports and exports);
(2)
the increase in toll processing, where goods are traded across international borders with no change in ownership (goods for processing), and merchanting;
(3)
international trading via the internet, both for corporations and households;
(4)
the trade and use of intellectual property assets across the world;
(5)
workers working abroad, and remitting significant amounts to the family in the domestic territory (workers' remittances, as part of personal transfers);
(6)
multinational corporations organising their business across national boundaries, to maximise production efficiency and minimise the global tax burden. This can give rise to artificial corporation structures which may not reflect the economic reality;
(7)
the use of off-shore financing vehicles (special purpose entities and other forms) to arrange finance for global activities;
(8)
re-exports of goods, and in the EU the transport of goods between Member States after entry into the Union (quasi transport);
(9)
increase in foreign direct investment relationships, and the need to identify and allocate direct investment flows.
1.17
All of these increasingly common aspects of globalisation make the capture and accurate measurement of cross-border flows a growing challenge for national statisticians. Even with a comprehensive and robust collection and measurement system for the entries in the rest of the world sector (and thus also in the international accounts found in the balance of payments), globalisation will increase the need for extra efforts to maintain the quality of national accounts for all economies and groupings of economies.
USES OF THE ESA 2010
Framework for analysis and policy
1.18
The ESA framework can be used to analyse and evaluate:
(a)
the structure of a total economy. Examples of types of measurement used are:
(1)
value added and employment by industry;
(2)
value added and employment by region;
(3)
income distributed by sector;
(4)
imports and exports by product group;
(5)
final consumption expenditure by functional heading and product group;
(6)
fixed capital formation and fixed capital stock by industry;
(7)
the composition of the stocks and flows of financial assets by type of asset and by sector;
(b)
specific parts or aspects of an economy. Examples are:
(1)
banking and finance in the national economy;
(2)
the role of government and its financial position;
(3)
the economy of a specific region (in comparison to that of the nation as a whole);
(4)
household saving and debt levels;
(c)
the development of an economy over time. Examples are:
(1)
the analysis of GDP growth rates;
(2)
the analysis of inflation;
(3)
the analysis of seasonal patterns in household expenditure on the basis of quarterly accounts;
(4)
the analysis of the changing importance of particular types of financial instruments over time, e.g. the increased importance of financial derivatives;
(5)
the comparison of the industrial structures of the national economy over the long term;
(d)
a total economy in relation to other economies. Examples are:
(1)
the comparison of the roles and size of government in the Member States of the EU;
(2)
the analysis of the interdependencies between the economies of the EU, 
taking into account Member States and their regions;
(3)
the analysis of the composition and destination of the exports of the EU;
(4)
the comparison of GDP growth rates or disposable income per capita in the EU and other developed economies.
1.19
For the EU and its Member States, the figures from the ESA framework play a major role in formulating and monitoring their social and economic policies.
The following examples demonstrate uses of the ESA framework:
(a)
monitoring and guiding the euro area macroeconomic and monetary policymaking, and defining criteria of convergence for the economic and monetary union (EMU) in terms of national accounts figures (e.g. GDP growth rates);
(b)
defining criteria for the excessive deficit procedure: measures of government deficit and debt;
(c)
granting financial support to regions in the EU: the allocation of expenditure funds to regions uses regional accounts statistics;
(d)
determining the own resources of the EU budget. The latter depend on national accounts figures in three ways:
(1)
the total resources for the EU are determined as a percentage of the sum of Member States' gross national incomes (GNI);
(2)
the third own resource of the EU is the VAT own resource. The contributions by the Member States for this resource are largely determined by national accounts figures, because these figures are used to calculate the average VAT rate;
(3)
the relative sizes of the contributions by the Member States for the fourth own resource of the EU are based on their gross national income estimates. These estimates are the basis for the majority of Member States' payments.
Characteristics of the ESA 2010 concepts
1.20
In order to establish a balance between data needs and data possibilities, the concepts in the ESA 2010 have several important characteristics. The characteristics are that the accounts are:
(a)
internationally compatible;
(b)
harmonised with other social and economic statistical systems;
(c)
consistent;
(d)
operational, meaning that they can be measured in practice;
(e)
different from most administrative concepts;
(f)
well-established and fixed over a long period;
(g)
focused on describing the economic process in monetary and readily observable terms;
(h)
capable of applying in different situations and for different purposes.
1.21
The concepts in the ESA 2010 are internationally compatible because:
(a)
the concepts in the ESA 2010 are consistent with those in the worldwide guidelines on national accounting, i.e. the 2008 SNA;
(b)
for the Member States, the ESA 2010 is the standard for submitting national accounts data to all international organisations;
(c)
international compatibility of concepts is essential when comparing statistics for different countries.
1.22
The concepts in the ESA 2010 are harmonised with those in other social and economic statistics because the ESA 2010 employs concepts and classifications (e.g. Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Union ‧NACE rev. 2‧ 
(
2
)
) that are used for other social and economic statistics of Member States, e.g. in statistics on manufacturing, statistics on external trade and statistics on employment; conceptual differences have been kept to a minimum. Furthermore, the concepts and classifications in the ESA 2010 are harmonised with those of the United Nations.
This harmonisation with social and economic statistics helps the linkage to and comparison with these figures, so that the quality of the national accounts figures can be assured. Furthermore, the information contained in these specific statistics can be better related to the general statistics on the national economy.
1.23
The shared concepts used throughout the national accounting framework and the other social and economic statistical systems enable consistent measures to be derived. For example, the following ratios can be calculated:
(a)
productivity figures, such as value added per hour worked (these figures require consistency between the concepts of value added and hours worked);
(b)
national disposable income per capita (this ratio requires consistency between the concepts of national disposable income and measures of population);
(c)
fixed capital formation as a percentage of fixed capital stock (this ratio requires consistency between the definitions of these flows and stocks);
(d)
government deficit and government debt as percentages of gross domestic product (these figures require consistency between the concepts of government deficit, government debt and gross domestic product).
The internal consistency of concepts allows estimates to be derived by residual, e.g. saving can be estimated as the difference between disposable income and final consumption expenditure.
1.24
The concepts in the ESA 2010 are applied with data collection and measurement in mind. The operational character is revealed in several ways in the guidance for drawing up the accounts.
(a)
Activities or items are only described when significant in size. For example: own-account production of goods by households such as weaving cloth and the production of pottery shall not be recorded as production, because these are insignificant for EU countries.
(b)
Some concepts are accompanied by guidance on how to estimate them. For example, in defining consumption of fixed capital, reference is made to linear depreciation. For estimating fixed capital stock, the Perpetual Inventory Method is to be applied where direct information on the stock of fixed assets is missing. Another example is the valuation of own-account production: in principle, it is valued at basic prices, but if necessary the basic price valuation may be approximated by adding up the various costs involved.
(c)
Some conventions have been adopted. For example the collective services provided by government are all classified as final consumption expenditure.
1.25
However, the data needed for national accounts statistics may not be easy to collect directly, as the underlying concepts usually diverge from the concepts underlying administrative data sources. Examples of the administrative sources are business accounts, records for various types of taxes (VAT, personal income tax, import levies, etc.), social security data and data from supervisory boards on banking and insurance. These administrative data serve as inputs for compiling the national accounts. In general, they are transformed in order to comply with the ESA.
The concepts in the ESA usually differ from their administrative counterparts in that:
(a)
administrative concepts differ between countries. As a consequence, international compatibility is not possible using administrative concepts;
(b)
administrative concepts change over time. As a consequence, comparisons over time are not possible through administrative concepts;
(c)
the concepts underlying administrative data sources are usually not consistent among different administrative systems. However, linking and comparing data, which is crucial for compiling national accounts figures, is only possible with a consistent set of concepts;
(d)
the administrative concepts are generally not optimal for economic analysis and the evaluation of economic policy.
1.26
Nevertheless, administrative data sources meet the data needs of national accounts and other statistics very well, because:
(a)
concepts and classifications originally devised for statistical purposes are also adopted for administrative purposes, e.g. the classification of government expenditure by type;
(b)
administrative data sources explicitly take account of the (separate) data needs of statistics; this applies, for example, to the Intrastat system for providing information about deliveries of goods between Member States.
1.27
The main concepts in the ESA are well-established and fixed over a long period, because:
(a)
they have been approved as the international standard for many years;
(b)
in the successive international guidelines on national accounting, very few of the underlying concepts change.
This conceptual continuity reduces the need to recalculate time series. Furthermore, it limits the vulnerability of the concepts to national and international political pressure. For these reasons, the national accounts figures have been able to serve as an objective database for economic policy and analysis.
1.28
The concepts in the ESA 2010 are focused on describing the economic process in monetary and readily observable terms. Stocks and flows that are not readily observable in monetary terms, or that do not have a clear monetary counterpart, are not recorded in the ESA.
This principle has not been applied strictly, because account should also be taken of the requirement of consistency and the needs of users. For example, consistency requires that the value of collective services produced by government is recorded as output, because the payment of compensation of employees and the purchase of all kinds of goods and services by government are readily observable in monetary terms. Furthermore, for the purposes of economic analysis and policy, describing the collective services of government in relation to the rest of the national economy increases the usefulness of the national accounts as a whole.
1.29
The scope of the concepts in the ESA can be illustrated by considering some important borderline issues.
The following shall be recorded within the production boundary of the ESA (see paragraphs 3.07 to 3.09):
(a)
production of individual and collective services by government;
(b)
own-account production of housing services by owner-occupiers;
(c)
production of goods for own final consumption, e.g. of agricultural products;
(d)
own-account construction, including that by households;
(e)
production of services by paid domestic staff;
(f)
breeding of fish in fish farms;
(g)
production forbidden by law, as long as all units involved in the transaction enter into it voluntarily;
(h)
production from which the revenues are not declared in full to the fiscal authorities, e.g. clandestine production of textiles.
1.30
The following fall outside the production boundary, and shall not be recorded in the ESA:
(a)
domestic and personal services produced and consumed within the same household, e.g. cleaning, the preparation of meals or the care of sick or elderly people;
(b)
volunteer services that do not lead to the production of goods, e.g. care-taking and cleaning without payment;
(c)
natural breeding of fish in open seas.
1.31
The ESA records all outputs that result from production within the production boundary. However, the outputs of ancillary activities shall not be recorded. All inputs consumed by an ancillary activity shall be treated as inputs to the activity it supports. If an establishment undertaking only ancillary activities is statistically observable, in that separate accounts for the production it undertakes are readily available, or if it is in a geographically different location from the establishments it serves, it has to be recorded as a separate unit and allocated to the industrial classification corresponding to its principal activity, in both national and regional accounts. In the absence of suitable basic data being available, the output of the ancillary activity may be estimated by summing costs.
1.32
If activities are regarded as production and their output is recorded, then the concomitant income, employment, final consumption, etc. are also recorded. For example, as the own-account production of housing services by owner-occupiers is recorded as production, so the income and final consumption expenditure it generates for these owner-occupiers are also recorded. As there is, by definition, no labour input to the production of the services of owner-occupied dwellings, no employment is recorded. This maintains consistency with the system of labour statistics, where no employment is recorded for ownership of dwellings. The reverse holds when activities are not recorded as production: domestic services produced and consumed within the same household do not generate income and final consumption expenditure and no employment is involved.
1.33
The ESA also lays down conventions, concerning:
(a)
valuation of government output;
(b)
valuation of the output of insurance services and financial intermediation services indirectly measured;
(c)
recording of the collective services provided by government as final consumption expenditure and not as intermediate consumption;
Classification by sector
1.34
Sector accounts are created by allocating units to sectors and this enables transactions and balancing items of the accounts to be presented by sector. The presentation by sector reveals many key measures for economic and fiscal policy purposes. The main sectors are households, government, corporations (financial and non-financial), non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and the rest of the world.
The distinction between market and non-market activity is an important one. An entity controlled by government, which is shown to be a market corporation, is classified in the corporation sector, outside the general government sector. Thus, the deficit and debt levels of the corporation will not be part of the general government deficit and debt.
1.35
It is important that clear and robust criteria for allocating entities to sectors are set out.
The public sector consists of all institutional units resident in the economy that are controlled by government. The private sector consists of all other resident units.
Table 1.1 sets out the criteria used to distinguish between public and private sector, and in the public sector between the government sector and public corporations sector, and in the private sector between the NPISH sector and the private corporations sector.
Table 1.1
Criteria
Controlled by government
(public sector)
Privately controlled
(private sector)
Non-market output
General government
NPISH
Market output
Public corporations
Private corporations
1.36
Control is defined as the ability to determine the general policy or programme of an institutional unit. Further details in relation to the definition of control are given in paragraphs 2.35 to 2.39.
1.37
Differentiating between market and non-market, and so, for public sector entities, classifying them into the general government sector or the corporations sector, is decided by the following rule:
An activity shall be considered as a market activity when the corresponding goods and services are traded under the following conditions:
(1)
sellers act to maximise their profits in the long term, and do so by selling goods and services freely on the market to whoever is prepared to pay the asking price;
(2)
buyers act to maximise their utility given their limited resources, by buying according to which products best meet their needs at the offered price;
(3)
effective markets exist where sellers and buyers have access to, and information on, the market. An effective market can operate even if these conditions are not met perfectly.
1.38
The detail in the conceptual framework of the ESA offers the opportunity for flexibility: some concepts are not explicitly present in the ESA but can nevertheless easily be derived from it. An example is the creation of new sectors by rearranging the subsectors defined in the ESA.
1.39
Flexibility exists also through the possibility to introduce additional criteria that do not conflict with the logic of the system. For example, these criteria can allow subsector accounts to be drawn up by the scale of employment for producer units or the size of income for households. For employment, subclassification by level of education, age and gender can be introduced.
Satellite accounts
1.40
For some data needs, separate satellite accounts should be drawn up.
Examples are:
(a)
social accounting matrices (SAMs);
(b)
the role of tourism in the national economy;
(c)
the analysis of the costs and financing of health care;
(d)
research and development recognised as capital formation of intellectual property;
(e)
recognition of human capital as assets in the national economy;
(f)
the analysis of the income and expenditure of households on the basis of micro-oriented concepts of income and expenditure;
(g)
the interaction between the environment and the economy;
(h)
production within households;
(i)
analysis of changes in welfare;
(j)
analysis of the differences between national accounts and business accounts figures and their influence on stock and exchange markets;
(k)
estimation of tax revenues.
1.41
Satellite accounts serve such data needs by:
(a)
showing more detail where necessary and leaving out superfluous detail;
(b)
enlarging the scope of the accounting framework by adding non-monetary information, e.g. on pollution and environmental assets;
(c)
changing some basic concepts, e.g. by enlarging the concept of capital formation by including expenditure on education.
1.42
A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a matrix presentation that elaborates the linkages between supply and use tables and the sector accounts. A SAM provides additional information on the level and composition of employment, via a subdivision of compensation of employees by type of person employed. This subdivision applies to both the use of labour by industry, as shown in the use tables, and the supply of labour by socio-economic subgroup, as shown in the allocation of primary income account for subsectors of the sector households. In this way, the supply and use of various categories of labour is shown systematically.
1.43
In satellite accounts, all basic concepts and classifications of the central framework of the ESA 2010 shall be retained. Changes in the concepts shall only be introduced when this is the purpose of the satellite account. In such instances, the satellite account shall also contain a table showing the link between the major aggregates in the satellite account and those in the central framework. In this way, the central framework retains its role as a framework of reference and at the same time more specific needs are addressed.
1.44
In general terms, the central framework does not include measures of stocks and flows that are not readily observable in monetary terms (or without a clear monetary counterpart). By their nature, the analysis of such stocks and flows is usually also well served by compiling statistics in non-monetary terms, e.g.:
(a)
production within households can be described in terms of hours allocated to the alternative uses;
(b)
education can be described in terms of type of education, the number of pupils, the average number of years of education before obtaining a diploma, etc.;
(c)
the effects of pollution can be described in terms of changes in the number of living species, the health of the trees in the forest, the volume of refuse, the amounts of carbon-monoxide and radiation, etc.
1.45
Satellite accounts enable such statistics in non-monetary units to be linked to the national accounts in the central framework. Using the classifications employed in the central framework for such non-monetary statistics enables the link to be made, e.g. the classification by type of household or the classification by industry. In this way, a consistent extended framework is drawn up. This framework can then serve as a database for the analysis and evaluation of interactions between the variables in the central framework and those in the extended part.
1.46
The central framework and its major aggregates do not describe changes in welfare. Extended accounts can be drawn up which include also the imputed monetary values of, for example:
(a)
domestic and personal services produced and consumed within the same household;
(b)
changes in leisure time;
(c)
amenities and disadvantages of urban life;
(d)
inequalities in the distribution of income over persons.
1.47
The extended accounts can also reclassify the final expenditure on regrettable necessities (e.g. defence) as intermediate consumption, i.e. as not contributing to welfare. Similarly, the damage due to floods and other natural disasters may be classified as intermediate consumption, i.e. as a reduction in (absolute) welfare. In this way, one could try to construct a very rough and very imperfect indicator of changes in welfare. However, welfare has many dimensions, most of which are not best expressed in monetary terms. A better solution for measuring welfare is therefore to use, for each dimension, separate indicators and units of measurement. The indicators could be, for example, infant mortality, life expectancy, adult literacy and national income per capita. These indicators could be incorporated into a satellite account.
1.48
In order to attain a consistent, internationally compatible framework, administrative concepts are not employed in the ESA. However, for all kinds of national purposes, obtaining figures based on administrative concepts can be very useful. For example, for estimating tax revenues, statistics of taxable income are required. Such statistics can be provided by making some modifications to the national accounts statistics.
1.49
A similar approach could be taken for concepts used in national economic policy, e.g. for:
(a)
the concept of inflation used for increasing pensions, unemployment benefits or compensation of employees for civil servants;
(b)
the concepts of taxes, social contributions, government and the collective sector used in discussing the optimal size of the collective sector;
(c)
the concept of ‧strategic‧ sectors/industries used in national economic policy or the economic policy of the EU;
(d)
the concept of ‧business investments‧ used in national economic policy;
(e)
a table showing a complete recording of pensions.
Satellite accounts or supplementary tables can meet such data needs.
The ESA 2010 and the 2008 SNA
1.50
The ESA 2010 is based on the concepts of the 2008 SNA, which provides guidelines on national accounting for all countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, there are several differences between the ESA 2010 and the 2008 SNA:
(a)
Differences in presentation:
(1)
In the ESA 2010 there are separate chapters on transactions in products, distributive transactions and financial transactions. In contrast, in the 2008 SNA these transactions are explained in chapters arranged by account, e.g. chapters on the production account, the primary distribution of income account, the capital account and the rest of the world account.
(2)
The ESA 2010 describes a concept by providing a definition and a listing of what is included and what is excluded. The 2008 SNA describes concepts usually in more general terms and explains the rationale behind the conventions adopted.
(b)
The ESA 2010 concepts are in several instances more specific and precise than those of the 2008 SNA:
(1)
The 2008 SNA does not contain specific criteria on the distinction between market, for own final use and non-market categorisation of output. The ESA has therefore introduced more detailed guidance to ensure a uniform approach.
(2)
The ESA 2010 assumes that several types of household production of goods, such as the weaving of cloth and the making of furniture, are not significant in Member States and therefore need not be recorded.
(3)
The ESA 2010 makes reference to institutional arrangements in the EU, such as the Intrastat system for recording intra-EU flows of goods and the contributions by the Member States to the EU.
(4)
The ESA 2010 contains EU-specific classifications, e.g. Classification of products by activity (CPA) 
(
3
)
 for products and NACE Rev. 2 for industries (both are harmonised with the corresponding UN classifications).
(5)
The ESA 2010 contains an additional classification for all external transactions: they are divided into those between residents of the EU and those with residents from outside the EU.
(6)
The ESA 2010 contains a rearrangement of the 2008 SNA subsectors for the financial corporations sector, to meet the needs of the European Monetary Union. The ESA 2010 can be more specific than the 2008 SNA, because the ESA 2010 primarily applies to the Member States. For the data needs in the Union, the ESA should also be more specific.
The ESA 2010 and the ESA 95
1.51
The ESA 2010 differs in scope as well as in concepts from the ESA 95. Most of the differences correspond to differences between the 1993 SNA and the 2008 SNA. The major differences are:
(a)
the recognition of research and development as capital formation leading to assets of intellectual property. This change shall be recorded in a satellite account, and included in the core accounts when sufficient robustness and harmonisation of measures is observable amongst Member States;
(b)
expenditures on weapon systems that meet the general definition of assets have been classified as fixed capital formation, rather than intermediate expenditure;
(c)
the analytical concept of capital services has been introduced for market production, so that a supplementary table may be produced showing them as a component of value added;
(d)
the financial assets boundary has been expanded to include a wider coverage of financial derivative contracts;
(e)
new rules for recording pension entitlements. A supplementary table has been introduced into the accounts, to allow estimates to be recorded for all entitlements in social insurance, whether funded or unfunded. The full range of information required for a comprehensive analysis is provided in this table that shows the entitlements and associated flows for all private and public pension schemes, whether funded or unfunded, and including social security pension schemes;
(f)
the application of the rules on change of ownership of goods has been made universal, resulting in changes to the recording of merchanting, and goods sent for processing, both abroad and in the domestic economy. This results in goods sent for processing abroad being recorded on a net basis, as opposed to a gross basis in the 1993 SNA and the ESA 95. This change has significant implications for the recording of such activities in the supply and use framework;
(g)
more guidance is given on financial corporations in general, and special purpose entities (SPEs) in particular. The treatment of government controlled SPEs abroad has been changed to ensure that liabilities incurred by the SPEs are shown in the government accounts;
(h)
the treatment of super dividends paid by public corporations has been clarified, i.e. they are to be treated as exceptional payments and withdrawals from equity;
(i)
the principles for the treatment of public-private partnerships have been set out, and the treatment of restructuring agencies expanded;
(j)
transactions between government and public corporations, and with securitisation vehicles, have been clarified to improve the recording of items that could significantly affect government debt;
(k)
the treatment of loan guarantees has been clarified, and a new treatment introduced for standardised loan guarantees, such as export credit guarantees and student loans guarantees. The new treatment is that, to the extent of the likely call on the guarantees, a financial asset and liability are to be recognised in the accounts.
1.52
The changes in the ESA 2010 in comparison with the ESA 95 are not restricted to conceptual changes. There are major differences in scope, with new chapters on satellite accounts, government accounts and the rest of the world accounts. There are also significant extensions to the chapters on quarterly accounts and regional accounts.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE ESA 2010 AS A SYSTEM
1.53
The main characteristics of the system are:
(a)
statistical units and their groupings;
(b)
flows and stocks;
(c)
the system of accounts and the aggregates;
(d)
the input-output framework.
Statistical units and their groupings
1.54
The ESA 2010 system uses two types of unit and two corresponding ways of subdividing the economy, which are quite different and serve separate analytical purposes.
1.55
The first purpose of describing income, expenditure and financial flows, and balance sheets, is met by grouping institutional units into sectors on the basis of their principal functions, behaviour and objectives.
1.56
The second purpose of describing processes of production and for input-output analysis is met by the system grouping local kind-of-activity units (local KAUs) into industries on the basis of their type of activity. An activity is characterised by an input of products, a production process and an output of products.
Institutional units and sectors
1.57
Institutional units are economic entities that are capable of owning goods and assets, of incurring liabilities and of engaging in economic activities and transactions with other units in their own right. For the purposes of the ESA 2010 system, the institutional units are grouped together into five mutually exclusive domestic institutional sectors:
(a)
non-financial corporations;
(b)
financial corporations;
(c)
general government;
(d)
households;
(e)
non-profit institutions serving households.
The five sectors together make up the total domestic economy. Each sector is also divided into subsectors. The ESA 2010 system enables a complete set of flow accounts and balance sheets to be compiled for each sector, and subsector, as well as for the total economy. Non-resident units can interact with these five domestic sectors, and the interactions are shown between the five domestic sectors and a sixth institutional sector: the rest of the world sector.
Local KAUs and industries
1.58
When institutional units carry out more than one activity, they shall be partitioned with regard to the type of activity. Local KAUs enable this presentation to be made.
A local KAU groups all the parts of an institutional unit in its capacity as producer which are located in a single site or in closely located sites, and which contribute to the performance of an activity at the class level (four digits) of the NACE Rev. 2.
1.59
Local KAUs are registered for each secondary activity; however, if the accounting documents necessary to separately describe such activities are not available, a local KAU will combine several secondary activities. The group of all local KAUs engaged on the same, or similar, kind-of-activity constitutes an industry.
An institutional unit comprises one or more local KAUs; a local KAU belongs to one and only one institutional unit.
1.60
For analysis of the production process, use is made of an analytical unit of production. This unit is only observable when a local KAU produces one type of product, with no secondary activities. This unit is known as a unit of homogeneous production. Groupings of such units constitute homogeneous branches.
Resident and non-resident units; total economy and rest of the world
1.61
The total economy is defined in terms of resident units. A unit is a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of predominant economic interest on the economic territory of that country — that is, when it engages for an extended period (one year or more) in economic activities on this territory. The institutional sectors referred to in paragraph 1.57 are groups of resident institutional units.
1.62
Resident units engage in transactions with non-resident units (that is, units which are resident in other economies). These transactions are the external transactions of the economy and are grouped in the rest of the world account. So the rest of the world plays a role similar to that of an institutional sector, although non-resident units are included only in so far as they are engaged in transactions with resident institutional units.
1.63
Notional resident units, treated in the ESA 2010 system as institutional units, are defined as:
(a)
those parts of non-resident units which have a centre of predominant economic interest (usually which engage in economic transactions for a year or more) on the economic territory of the country;
(b)
non-resident units in their capacity as owners of land or buildings on the economic territory of the country, but only in respect of transactions affecting such land or buildings.
Flows and stocks
1.64
Two basic kinds of information are recorded: flows and stocks.
Flows refer to actions and effects of events that take place within a given period of time, while stocks refer to positions at a point of time.
Flows
1.65
Flows reflect the creation, transformation, exchange, transfer or extinction of economic value. They involve changes in the value of an institutional unit's assets or liabilities. Economic flows are of two kinds: transactions, and other changes in assets.
Transactions appear in all accounts and tables where flows appear, except the other changes in volume of assets account and the revaluation account. Other changes in assets are recorded only in those two accounts.
Elementary transactions and other flows are grouped into a relatively small number of types according to their nature.
Transactions
1.66
A transaction is an economic flow that is an interaction between institutional units by mutual agreement or an action within an institutional unit that it is useful to treat as a transaction, because the unit is operating in two different capacities. Transactions are split into four main groups:
(a)
transactions in products: which describe the origin (domestic output or imports) and use (intermediate consumption, final consumption, capital formation — covering consumption of fixed capital — or exports) of products;
(b)
distributive transactions: which describe how value added generated by production is distributed to labour, capital and government, and the redistribution of income and wealth (taxes on income and wealth and other transfers);
(c)
financial transactions: which describe the net acquisition of financial assets or the net incurrence of liabilities for each type of financial instrument. Such transactions occur both as counterparts of non-financial transactions, and as transactions involving only financial instruments;
(d)
transactions not included in the three groups above: acquisitions less disposals of non-produced non-financial assets.
Properties of transactions
Interactions versus intra-unit transactions
1.67
Most transactions are interactions between two or more institutional units. However, the ESA 2010 system records some actions within institutional units as transactions. The purpose of recording these intra-unit transactions is to give a more analytically useful picture of output, final uses and costs.
1.68
Consumption of fixed capital, which is recorded as a cost by the ESA 2010 system, is an intra-unit transaction. Most of the other intra-unit transactions are transactions in products, typically recorded when institutional units operating as both producers and final consumers, choose to consume some of the output they have produced. This is often the case for households and general government.
1.69
All own-produced output used for final uses within the same institutional unit shall be recorded. Own-produced output used for intermediate consumption within the same institutional unit shall be recorded only when production and intermediate consumption take place in different local KAUs within the same institutional unit. Output produced and used as intermediate consumption within the same local KAU shall not be recorded.
Monetary versus non-monetary transactions
1.70
Transactions are monetary transactions when the units involved make or receive payments, or incur liabilities or receive assets denominated in units of currency.
Transactions that do not involve the exchange of cash, or assets or liabilities denominated in units of currency, are non-monetary transactions. Intra-unit transactions are non-monetary transactions. Non-monetary transactions involving more than one institutional unit occur among transactions in products (barter of products), distributive transactions (remuneration in kind, transfers in kind, etc.) and other transactions (barter of non-produced non-financial assets). The ESA 2010 system records all transactions in monetary terms. The values to be recorded for non-monetary transactions must therefore be measured indirectly or otherwise estimated.
Transactions with and without counterparts
1.71
Transactions involving more than one unit are of two kinds. They can be ‧something for something‧, i.e. requited transactions, or they can be ‧something for nothing‧, i.e. unrequited transactions. Requited transactions are exchanges between institutional units, i.e. provision of goods, services or assets in return for a counterpart, e.g. money. Unrequited transactions are payments in cash or in kind from one institutional unit to another without counterpart. Requited transactions occur in all four transaction groups, while unrequited transactions are mainly distributive transactions, for example, taxes, social assistance benefits or gifts. Such unrequited transactions are called transfers.
Rearranged transactions
1.72
The transactions are recorded in the same way as they appear to the institutional units involved. However, some transactions are rearranged in order to bring out the underlying economic relationships more clearly. Transactions can be rearranged in three ways: rerouting, partitioning and recognising the principal party to a transaction.
Rerouting
1.73
A transaction that appears to the units involved as taking place directly between units A and C may be recorded in the accounts as taking place indirectly through a third unit B. Thus, the single transaction between A and C is recorded as two transactions: one between A and B, and one between B and C. In this case the transaction is rerouted.
1.74
An example of rerouting is the way in which employers' social contributions paid directly by employers to social insurance funds are recorded in the accounts. The system records these payments as two transactions: employers pay employers' social contributions to their employees, and employees pay the same contributions to social insurance funds. As with all rerouting, the purpose is to bring out the economic substance behind the transaction, which in this case is to show employers' social contributions as contributions paid for the benefit of employees.
1.75
Another type of rerouting is that of transactions recorded as taking place between two or more institutional units, even though, according to the parties involved, no transaction takes place at all. An example is the treatment of property income earned on certain insurance funds, which is retained by insurance enterprises. The system records this property income as being paid by insurance enterprises to policyholders, who then pay the same amount back to the insurance enterprises as premium supplements.
Partitioning
1.76
When a transaction appearing to the parties involved as a single transaction is recorded as two or more differently classified transactions, the transaction is partitioned. Partitioning does not imply including additional units in the transactions.
1.77
The payment of non-life insurance premiums is a typical partitioned transaction. Although policyholders and insurers regard these payments as one transaction, the ESA 2010 system divides them into two quite different transactions: payments in return for non-life insurance services provided, and net non-life insurance premiums. Recording the sale of a product as the sale of the product and the sale of a trade margin is another example of partitioning.
Recognising the principal party to a transaction
1.78
When a unit carries out a transaction on behalf of another unit (the principal) and is funded by that unit, the transaction is recorded exclusively in the accounts of the principal. As a rule, one should not go beyond this principle by trying, for instance, to allocate taxes or subsidies to ultimate payers or ultimate beneficiaries under the adoption of assumptions.
An example is the collection of taxes by one government unit on behalf of another. A tax is attributed to the government unit that exercises the authority to impose the tax (either as a principal or through the delegated authority of the principal) and has final discretion to set and vary the rate of the tax.
Borderline cases
1.79
The definition of a transaction implies that an interaction between institutional units be by mutual agreement. When a transaction is undertaken by mutual agreement, the prior knowledge and consent of the institutional units is implied. The payments of taxes, fines and penalties are by mutual agreement, in that the payer is a citizen subject to the law of the land. However, uncompensated seizure of assets is not regarded as a transaction, even when imposed by law.
Illegal economic actions shall be considered as transactions when all units involved enter the actions by mutual agreement. Thus, purchases, sales or barters of illegal drugs or stolen property are transactions, while theft is not.
Other changes in assets
1.80
Other changes in assets record changes that are not the result of transactions. They are either:
(a)
other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities; or
(b)
holding gains and losses.
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities
1.81
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities records changes divided into three main categories:
(a)
normal appearance and disappearance of assets other than by transactions;
(b)
changes in assets and liabilities due to exceptional, unanticipated events which are not economic in nature;
(c)
changes in classification and structure.
1.82
Examples of changes within the category referred to in point (a) of paragraph 1.81 are discovery or depletion of subsoil assets, and natural growth of non-cultivated biological resources. Examples of changes within the category referred to in point (b) of paragraph 1.81 are losses in assets due to natural disasters, war or severe acts of crime. Unilateral cancellation of debt and uncompensated seizure of assets also belong to category (b). An example of a change within the category referred to in point (c) of paragraph 1.81 is the reclassification of an institutional unit from one sector to another.
Holding gains and losses
1.83
Holding gains and losses occur when there are changes in the prices of assets. They occur on all kinds of financial and non-financial assets, and on liabilities. Holding gains and losses accrue to the owners of assets and liabilities purely as a result of holding the assets or liabilities over time, without transforming them in any way.
1.84
Holding gains and losses measured on the basis of current market prices are called nominal holding gains and losses. These may be decomposed into neutral holding gains and losses, reflecting changes in the general price level, and real holding gains and losses, reflecting changes in the prices of assets beyond that of the general price change.
Stocks
1.85
Stocks are the holdings of assets and liabilities at a point in time. Stocks are recorded at the beginning and end of each accounting period. The accounts that show stocks are called balance sheets.
1.86
Stocks are also recorded for population and employment. However, such stocks are recorded as mean values over the accounting period. Stocks are recorded for all assets within the system's boundaries; that is, for financial assets and liabilities and for non-financial assets, both produced and non-produced. However, the coverage is limited to those assets that are used in economic activity and that are subject to ownership rights.
1.87
Thus, stocks are not recorded for assets such as human capital and natural resources that are not owned.
Within its boundaries, the ESA 2010 system is exhaustive in respect of both flows and stocks. This implies that all changes in stocks can be fully explained by recorded flows.
The system of accounts and the aggregates
Rules of accounting
1.88
An account records changes in value accruing to a unit or sector according to the nature of the economic flows shown in the account. It is a table with two columns. The current accounts are those which show production, generation and allocation of income, distribution and redistribution of income, and its use. The accumulation accounts are the capital and financial accounts, and the other changes in volume accounts.
Terminology for the two sides of the accounts
1.89
The ESA 2010 system shows ‧resources‧ on the right side of the current accounts where transactions appear which add to the economic value of a unit or a sector. The left side of the accounts shows ‧uses‧ — transactions that reduce the economic value. The right side of the accumulation accounts show ‧changes in liabilities and net worth‧ and the left side shows ‧changes in assets‧. Balance sheets are presented with ‧liabilities and net worth‧ (the difference between assets and liabilities) on the right side and ‧assets‧ on the left. Comparison of two successive balance sheets shows changes in liabilities and net worth and changes in assets.
1.90
A distinction is made in the ESA between legal ownership and economic ownership. The criterion for recording the transfer of goods from one unit to another is that the economic ownership passes from one to the other. The legal owner is the unit entitled in law to the benefits of possession. However, a legal owner can contract with another unit for the latter to accept the risks and rewards of using the goods in production, in return for an agreed payment. The nature of the agreement is a financial lease, where the payments reflect only the placing of the asset at the disposal of the borrower by the provider. For example, when a bank legally owns a plane, but enters into a financial lease arrangement with an airline to operate the plane, then the airline is held to be the owner of the plane as far as transactions in the accounts are concerned. At the same time as the airline is shown as purchasing the plane, a loan is imputed from the bank to the airline reflecting the amounts due in the future for use of the plane.
Double entry/quadruple entry
1.91
For a unit or sector, national accounting is based on the principle of double entry. Each transaction shall be recorded twice, once as a resource (or a change in liabilities) and once as a use (or a change in assets). The total of transactions recorded as resources or changes in liabilities and the total of transactions recorded as uses or changes in assets must be equal, thus permitting a check on the consistency of the accounts.
1.92
National accounts — with all units and all sectors — shall be based on a principle of quadruple entry, since most transactions involve two institutional units. Each transaction shall be recorded twice by the two transactors involved. For example, a social benefit in cash paid by a government unit to a household is recorded in the accounts of government as a use under transfers and a negative acquisition of assets under currency and deposits; in the accounts of the households sector it is recorded as a resource under transfers and an acquisition of assets under currency and deposits.
1.93
Transactions within a single unit (such as the consumption of output by the same unit that produced it) shall require only two entries, whose values have to be estimated.
Valuation
1.94
With the exception of some variables concerning population and labour, the ESA 2010 system shows all flows and stocks in monetary terms. Flows and stocks shall be measured according to their exchange value, i.e. the value at which flows and stocks are in fact, or could be, exchanged for cash. Market prices are, thus, the ESA's reference for valuation.
1.95
In the case of monetary transactions and cash holdings and liabilities, the values required are directly available. In most other cases, the best method of valuation is by reference to market prices for analogous goods, services or assets. This method is used for e.g. barter and the services of owner-occupied dwellings. When no market prices for analogous products are available, for instance in the case of non-market services produced by government, valuation is made by summing production costs. If there is no market price to refer to, and costs are not available, then flows and stocks may be valued at the discounted present value of expected future returns. This last method is only to be used as a last resort.
1.96
Stocks are valued at current prices at the time to which the balance sheet relates, not at the time of production or acquisition of the goods or assets that form the stocks. It is necessary to value stocks at their estimated written-down current acquisition values or production costs.
Special valuations concerning products
1.97
As a result of transport costs, trade margins and taxes less subsidies on products, the producer and the user of a given product usually perceive its value differently. In order to keep as close as possible to the views of the transactors, the ESA 2010 system records all uses at purchaser's prices, which include transport costs, trade margins and taxes less subsidies on products, while output is recorded at basic prices, which exclude those elements.
1.98
Imports and exports of products shall be recorded at border values. Total imports and exports are valued at the exporter's customs frontier, or free on board (FOB). Foreign transport and insurance services between the importer's and the exporter's frontiers are not included in the value of goods but are recorded under services. As it may not be possible to obtain FOB values for detailed product breakdowns, the tables containing details on foreign trade show imports valued at the importer's customs frontier (CIF value). All transport and insurance services to the importer's frontier are included in the value of imported goods. As far as these services concern domestic services, a global FOB/CIF adjustment is made in this presentation.
Valuation at constant prices
1.99
Valuation at constant prices means valuing the flows and stocks in an accounting period at the prices of a previous period. The purpose of valuation at constant prices is to decompose changes over time in the values of flows and stocks into changes in price and changes in volume. Flows and stocks at constant prices are described as being in volume terms.
1.100
Many flows and stocks, e.g. income, do not have price and quantity dimensions of their own. However, the purchasing power of such variables can be obtained by deflating the current values with a suitable price index, e.g. the price index for final national uses, excluding changes in inventories. Deflated flows and stocks are also described as being in real terms. An example is real disposable income.
Time of recording
1.101
Flows shall be recorded on an accrual basis; that is, when economic value is created, transformed or extinguished, or when claims and obligations arise, are transformed or are cancelled.
1.102
Output is recorded when produced and not when paid for by a purchaser. The sale of an asset is recorded when the asset changes hands, not when the corresponding payment is made. Interest is recorded in the accounting period when it accrues, regardless of whether or not it is paid in that period. Recording on an accrual basis applies to all flows, monetary as well as non-monetary and intra-unit as well as flows between units.
1.103
It may be necessary to relax this approach for taxes and other flows concerning general government, which are often recorded on a cash basis in government accounts. It may be difficult to carry out an exact transformation of such flows from cash basis to accrual basis, and so an approximate method may be used.
1.104
As an exception to the general rules governing the recording of taxes and social contributions payable to the general government, they can either be recorded net of the part unlikely to be collected or, if this part is included, it is neutralised in the same accounting period by a capital transfer from the general government to the relevant sectors.
1.105
Flows shall be recorded at the same point of time for all institutional units involved and in all accounts. Institutional units do not always apply the same accounting rules. Even when they do, differences in actual recording may occur for practical reasons such as delays in communication. Consequently, transactions may be recorded at different times by the transactors involved. Such discrepancies shall be eliminated by adjustments.
Consolidation and netting
Consolidation
1.106
Consolidation refers to the elimination, from both uses and resources, of transactions that occur between units when units are grouped, and to the elimination of reciprocal financial assets and liabilities. This occurs commonly when the accounts of subsectors of general government are combined.
1.107
As a matter of principle, flows and stocks between constituent units within subsectors or sectors must not be consolidated.
1.108
However, consolidated accounts may be built up for complementary presentations and analyses. Information on the transactions of such (sub)sectors with other sectors and the corresponding ‧external‧ financial position may be more significant than overall gross figures.
1.109
Moreover, the accounts and tables showing the creditor/debtor relationship provide a detailed picture of financing of the economy and are considered very useful for understanding the channels through which the financing surpluses move from final lenders to final borrowers.
Netting
1.110
Individual units or sectors may have the same kind of transaction both as a use and as a resource (e.g. they both pay and receive interest) and the same kind of financial instrument both as an asset and as a liability. The approach in the ESA is gross recording, apart from the degree of netting which is inherent in the classifications themselves.
1.111
Netting is implicit in various transaction categories, the most outstanding example being ‧changes in inventories‧, which underlines the analytically significant aspect of overall capital formation rather than tracking daily additions and withdrawals. Similarly, with few exceptions, the financial account and other changes in assets accounts record increases in assets and in liabilities on a net basis, bringing out the final consequences of those types of flows at the end of the accounting period.
Accounts, balancing items and aggregates
1.112
For units or groups of units, different accounts record transactions which are connected to an aspect of economic life (for instance, production). For the production account, the transactions will not show a balance between uses and resources without the introduction of a balancing item. Similarly, a balancing item (net worth) must be introduced between the total of assets and the total of liabilities of an institutional unit or sector. Balancing items are meaningful measures of economic performance in themselves. When summed for the whole economy, they are significant aggregates.
The sequence of accounts
1.113
The ESA 2010 system is built around a sequence of interconnected accounts. The full sequence of accounts for the institutional units and sectors is composed of current accounts, accumulation accounts and balance sheets.
1.114
Current accounts deal with the production, generation, distribution and redistribution of income and the use of such income in the form of final consumption. Accumulation accounts cover changes in assets and liabilities and changes in net worth (the difference for any institutional unit or group of units between its assets and liabilities). Balance sheets present stocks of assets and liabilities and net worth.
1.115
The sequence of accounts for local KAUs and industries is shortened to the first current accounts: production account and generation of income account, the balancing item of which is the operating surplus.
The goods and services account
1.116
The goods and services account shows, for the economy as a whole or for groups of products, the total resources (output and imports) and uses of goods and services (intermediate consumption, final consumption, changes in inventories, gross fixed capital formation, acquisitions less disposals of valuables, and exports). This account is not an account in the same sense as the others in the sequence, and does not generate a balancing item which is passed on to the next account in the sequence. It is rather the presentation in table form of an accounting identity, according to which supply is equal to demand for all products and groups of products in the economy.
The rest of the world account
1.117
The rest of the world account covers transactions between resident and non-resident institutional units and the related stocks of assets and liabilities.
As the rest of the world plays a role in the accounting structure similar to that of an institutional sector, the rest of the world account is established from the point of view of the rest of the world. A resource for the rest of the world is a use for the total economy and vice versa. If a balancing item is positive, it means a surplus of the rest of the world and a deficit of the total economy, and vice versa if the balancing item is negative.
The rest of the world account is unlike the other sector accounts in that it does not show all the accounting transactions in the rest of the world, but only those which have a counterparty in the domestic economy being measured.
Balancing items
1.118
A balancing item is obtained by subtracting the total value of the entries on one side of an account from the total value on the other side.
Balancing items embody a great deal of information and include some of the most important entries in the accounts, as can be seen from the following examples of balancing items: value added, operating surplus, disposable income, saving, net lending/net borrowing.
The following diagram shows the sequence of accounts in flow form — each balancing item is shown in bold.
A diagram of the sequence of accounts
Production account
Value added
Generation of income account
Operating surplus/mixed income
Allocation of primary income account
Balance of primary incomes
Secondary distribution of income account
Disposable income
Redistribution of income in kind account
Adjusted disposable income
The use of disposable income account
Saving
The use of adjusted disposable income account
Saving
Opening balance sheet Net worth
Capital account
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–)
Financial account
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–)
Other changes in volume account Changes in volume of assets
Revaluation account Nominal holding gains and losses
Closing balance sheet Net worth
1.119
The first account in the sequence is the production account, which records the output and inputs of the production process, leaving value added as the balancing item.
1.120
The value added is taken forward to the next account which is the generation of income account. Here the compensation of employees in the production process is recorded, as well as taxes due to government because of the production, so that the operating surplus (or mixed income from the self-employed of the households sector) can be derived as the balancing item for each sector. This step is necessary so that the amount of value added retained in the producing sector as operating surplus or mixed income can be measured.
1.121
Then the value added, broken down between compensation of employees, taxes and operating surplus/mixed income, is taken forward with this breakdown to the allocation of primary income account. The breakdown allows the allocation of each factor income to the receiving sector, as opposed to the producing sector. For example, all compensation of employees is allocated between the households sector and the rest of the world sector, whereas operating surplus remains in the corporations sector where it was generated. Also recorded in this account are the property income flows into the sector, and those out of the sector, so that the balancing item is the balance of primary incomes flowing into the sector.
1.122
The next account records redistribution of these incomes through transfers — the secondary distribution of income account. The major instruments of redistribution are government taxes on, and social benefits for, the households sector. The balancing item is disposable income.
1.123
The main sequence of core accounts carries on to the use of disposable income account; an account relevant to the households sector, as it is here that household final expenditure is recorded, leaving household saving as the balancing item.
1.124
At the same time a parallel account is created, the redistribution of income in kind account. This account has the specific purpose of showing social transfers in kind as an imputed transfer from government to the households sector, so that household income can rise by the value of individual government services. In the next account (use of adjusted disposable income account), the household use of disposable income is increased by the same amount, as if the households sector were buying the individual services provided by government. Those two imputations cancel out, so that the balancing item is saving, identical to saving in the main sequence of accounts.
1.125
Saving is taken on to the capital account where it is used to fund capital formation, allowing for capital transfers in and out of the sectors. Underspend or overspend on the acquisition of real assets results in the balancing item net lending or borrowing. Net lending is a surplus loaned out, and net borrowing is the financing of a deficit.
1.126
Finally, the financial accounts are met, where the detailed lending and borrowing of each sector is laid out so that a balancing item of net lending or borrowing is observed. This should exactly match the net lending/borrowing balancing item of the capital account, and any difference must be a measurement discrepancy between the real and financial recordings of economic activity.
1.127
Considering the bottom row of the diagram, the left-hand account is the opening balance sheet, showing the level of all assets and liabilities, both real and financial, at the start of a specified period. The wealth of an economy is measured by its net worth (assets less liabilities) and this is shown at the bottom of the balance sheet.
1.128
Moving from left to right from the opening balances, the various changes to assets and liabilities that occur in the period of account are recorded. The capital account and financial account show the changes due to transactions in real assets and financial assets and liabilities respectively. In the absence of other effects, this would enable the immediate calculation of the closing position, by adding the changes to the opening position.
1.129
However, changes can occur outside the economic cycle of production and consumption, and such changes will affect the values of assets and liabilities at the closing period. One type of change is a change in volume of assets — real changes to fixed capital brought about by events which are not part of the economy. An example would be a catastrophic loss — a large earthquake, when a significant amount of assets were destroyed not through an economic transaction of exchange or transfer. This loss must be recorded in the other changes in volume account, to account for the lower level of assets than expected purely by looking at economic events. A second way in which assets (and liabilities) can change in value, other than as the result of an economic transaction, is through a change in price resulting in holding gains and losses in the stock of assets held. This change is recorded in the revaluation accounts. Allowing for these two extra effects on the values of the stock of assets and liabilities enables the closing balance sheet values to be estimated as the opening position adjusted for the changes in the flow accounts of the bottom row of the figure.
Aggregates
1.130
The aggregates are composite values which measure the result of the activity of the total economy; for example, output, value added, disposable income, final consumption, saving, capital formation, etc. Although the calculation of the aggregates is not the sole purpose of the ESA, they are important as summary indicators for purposes of macroeconomic analysis and comparisons over time and space.
1.131
Two types of aggregates are distinguished:
(a)
aggregates which refer directly to transactions in the ESA 2010 system, such as the output of goods and services, final consumption, gross fixed capital formation, compensation of employees, etc.;
(b)
aggregates which represent balancing items in the accounts, such as GDP at market prices, operating surplus of the total economy, GNI, national disposable income, saving, current external balance, and net worth of the total economy (national wealth).
1.132
There are important uses for national accounts measures per head of population. For broad aggregates such as GDP or national income or household final consumption, the denominator commonly used is the total (resident) population. When subsectoring the accounts or part of the accounts of the households sector, data on the number of households and the number of persons belonging to each subsector are used.
GDP: a key aggregate
1.133
GDP is one of the key aggregates in the ESA. GDP is a measure of the total economic activity taking place on an economic territory which leads to output meeting the final demands of the economy. There are three ways of measuring GDP at market prices:
(1)
the production approach, as the sum of the values added by all activities which produce goods and services, plus taxes less subsidies on products;
(2)
the expenditure approach, as the total of all final expenditures made in either consuming the final output of the economy, or in adding to wealth, plus exports less imports of goods and services;
(3)
the income approach, as the total of all incomes earned in the process of producing goods and services plus taxes on production and imports less subsidies.
1.134
These three approaches to measuring GDP also reflect the different ways in which GDP can be considered in terms of components. Value added can be broken down by institutional sector, and by the type of activity or industry which is contributing to the total, e.g. agriculture, manufacturing, construction, services, etc.
Final expenditures can be broken down by type: household expenditure, NPISH final expenditure, government final expenditure, change in inventories, fixed capital formation and exports, less the cost of imports.
Total incomes earned can be broken down by type of income — compensation of employment, and operating surplus.
1.135
In order to achieve the best estimate of GDP, it is good practice to feed the elements of these three approaches into a supply and use framework. This enables value added and income estimates by industry to be reconciled, and supply and demand for products to be balanced. This integrated approach ensures consistency between the components of GDP, and a better estimate of the level of GDP than from only one of the three approaches. By deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP, net domestic product at market prices (NDP) is obtained.
The input-output framework
1.136
The input-output (I-O) framework brings together components of Gross Value Added (GVA), industry inputs and outputs, product supply and demand, and the composition of uses and resources across institutional sectors for the economy. This framework breaks the economy down to display transactions of all goods and services between industries and final consumers for a single period (for example, a quarter or a year). Information may be presented in two ways:
(a)
supply and use tables;
(b)
symmetric input-output tables.
Supply and use tables
1.137
Supply and use tables show the whole economy by industry (e.g. motor vehicles industry) and products (e.g. sports goods). The tables show links between components of GVA, industry inputs and outputs, and product supply and demand. Supply and use tables link different institutional sectors of the economy (e.g. public corporations) together with detail of imports and exports of goods and services, government expenditure, household and NPISHs expenditure and capital formation.
1.138
Producing supply and use tables allows an examination of consistency and coherence of national accounts components within a single detailed framework and, by incorporating the components of the three approaches to measuring GDP (i.e. production, income and expenditure), enables a single estimate of GDP to be determined.
1.139
When balanced in an integrated manner, supply and use tables also provide coherence and consistency in linking the components of the following three accounts:
(1)
goods and services account;
(2)
production account (by industry and by institutional sector); and
(3)
generation of income account (by industry and by institutional sector).
Symmetric input-output tables
1.140
Symmetric input-output tables are derived from the data in supply and use tables and other additional sources to form the theoretical basis for subsequent analyses.
1.141
These tables contain symmetric (product by product or industry by industry) tables, the Leontief Inverse and other diagnostic analyses such as output multipliers. These tables show separately the consumption of domestically produced and imported goods and services, providing a theoretical framework for further structural analysis of the economy, including the composition as well as the effect of changes in final demand on the economy.
(
1
)
  Council Regulation (EC) No 2223/96 of 25 June 1996 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the Community (
OJ L 310, 30.11.1996, p. 1
).
(
2
)
  Regulation (EC) No 1893/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 establishing the statistical classification of economic activities NACE Revision 2 (
OJ L 393, 30.12.2006, p. 1
).
(
3
)
  Regulation (EC) No 451/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 establishing a new statistical classification of products by activity (CPA) (
OJ L 145, 4.6.2008, p. 65
).
CHAPTER 2
UNITS AND GROUPINGS OF UNITS
2.01
The economy of a country is a system whereby institutions and people interact through exchanges and transfers of goods, services and means of payment (e.g. money) for the production and consumption of goods and services.
In the economy, the units interacting are economic entities that are capable of owning assets, incurring liabilities and engaging in economic activities and in transactions with other entities. They are known as institutional units.
Defining the units used in national accounts serves various purposes. First, units are the essential building blocks in defining economies in geographical terms, e.g. nations, regions, and nation groupings such as monetary or political unions. Second, they are the essential building blocks for grouping units into institutional sectors. Third, they are essential for defining which flows and stocks are recorded. Transactions between various parts of the same institutional unit are, in principle, not recorded in the national accounts.
2.02
The units and groupings of units used in national accounts shall be defined with reference to the kind of economic analysis for which they are intended, and not in terms of the types of unit usually employed in statistical inquiries. The latter units (e.g. enterprises, holding companies, kind-of-activity units, local units, government departments, non-profit institutions, households, etc.) may not be satisfactory for the purposes of national accounts, since they are based on criteria of a legal, administrative or accounting nature.
Statisticians shall take into account the definitions of units of analysis as laid down in the ESA 2010, in order to ensure that, in the surveys in which data are collected, all the elements of information needed to compile data based on the units of analysis used in the ESA 2010 are gradually introduced.
2.03
A feature of the ESA 2010 system is the use of types of unit corresponding to three ways of subdividing the economy:
(1)
to analyse flows and positions, it is essential to select units which make it possible to study behavioural relationships among economic agents;
(2)
to analyse the process of production, it is essential to select units that bring out relationships of a technico-economic nature, or that reflect local activities;
(3)
to allow regional analyses, units that reflect local kinds of activity are needed.
Institutional units are defined to meet the first of these objectives. Behavioural relationships, as described in point (1), require units reflecting all of their institutional economic activity.
The production processes, technico-economic relationships and regional analyses referred to in points (2) and (3) require units such as local KAUs. These units are described later in this chapter.
Before giving definitions of the units used in the ESA 2010, it is necessary to define the limits of the national economy.
THE LIMITS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
2.04
The units which constitute the economy of a country and whose flows and stocks are recorded in the ESA 2010 are those which are resident. An institutional unit is resident in a country when it has its centre of predominant economic interest in the economic territory of that country. Such units are known as resident units, irrespective of nationality, legal form or presence on the economic territory at the time they carry out a transaction.
2.05
Economic territory consists of the following:
(a)
the area (geographic territory) under the effective administration and economic control of a single government;
(b)
any free zones, including bonded warehouses and factories under customs control;
(c)
the national air-space, territorial waters and the continental shelf lying in international waters, over which the country enjoys exclusive rights;
(d)
territorial enclaves, these being geographic territories situated in the rest of the world and used, under international treaties or agreements between states, by general government agencies of the country (such as embassies, consulates, military bases, scientific bases, etc.);
(e)
deposits of oil, natural gas, etc. in international waters outside the continental shelf of the country, worked by units resident in the territory as defined in points (a) to (d).
Fishing boats, other ships, floating platforms and aircraft are treated in the ESA as mobile equipment, whether owned and/or operated by units resident in the country, or owned by non-residents and operated by resident units. Transactions involving the ownership (gross fixed capital formation) and use (renting, insurance, etc.) of mobile equipment are attributed to the economy of the country of which the owner and/or operator respectively are residents. In cases of financial leasing, a change of ownership is assumed.
Economic territory may be an area larger or smaller than that defined above. An example of a larger area is a currency union such as the European Monetary Union; an example of a smaller area is a part of a country such as a region.
2.06
Economic territory excludes extraterritorial enclaves.
Also excluded are the parts of the country's own geographic territory used by the following organisations:
(a)
general government agencies of other countries;
(b)
institutions and bodies of the European Union; and
(c)
international organisations under international treaties between states.
The territories used by the institutions and bodies of the European Union and international organisations are separate economic territories. A feature of such territories is that the only residents are the institutions.
2.07
Centre of predominant economic interest indicates that a location exists within the economic territory of a country where a unit engages in economic activities and transactions on a significant scale, either indefinitely or over a finite but long period of time (a year or more). The ownership of land and buildings within the economic territory is deemed to be sufficient for the owner to have a centre of predominant economic interest there.
Enterprises are almost always connected to only a single economy. Taxation and other legal requirements tend to result in the use of a separate legal entity for operations in each legal jurisdiction. In addition, a separate institutional unit is identified for statistical purposes where a single legal entity has substantial operations in two or more territories (e.g. for branches, land ownership, and multi-territory enterprises). As a result of splitting such legal entities, the residence of each of the subsequently identified enterprises is clear. Centre of predominant economic interest does not mean that entities with substantial operations in two or more territories should not be split.
In the absence of any physical dimension to an enterprise, its residence is determined according to the economic territory under whose laws the enterprise is incorporated or registered.
2.08
Units deemed to be residents of a country can be subdivided into:
(a)
units that are engaged in production, finance, insurance or redistribution, in respect of all their transactions except those relating to ownership of land and buildings;
(b)
units which are principally engaged in consumption, in respect of all their transactions except those relating to ownership of land and buildings;
(c)
all units in their capacity as owners of land and buildings with the exception of owners of extraterritorial enclaves which are part of the economic territory of other countries or are independent states.
2.09
For units other than households, in respect of all their transactions except those relating to ownership of land and buildings, the following two cases may be distinguished:
(a)
activity is conducted exclusively on the economic territory of the country: units which carry out such activity are resident units of the country;
(b)
activity is conducted for a year or more on the economic territories of several countries: only that part of the unit that has a centre of predominant economic interest in the economic territory of the country is deemed to be a resident unit of that country.
A resident institutional unit may be a notional resident unit, in respect of the activity conducted in the country for a year or more by a unit which is resident in another country. When the activity is carried on for less than a year, the activity remains part of the activities of the producer institutional unit and no separate institutional unit is recognised. When the activity is insignificant, even though lasting longer than a year, and for the installation of equipment abroad, no separate unit is recognised and the activities are recorded as that of the producing institutional unit.
2.10
Households, except in their capacity as owners of land and buildings, are resident units of the economic territory where they have a centre of predominant economic interest. They are resident irrespective of periods spent abroad of less than one year. They shall include, in particular, the following:
(a)
border workers, defined as people who cross the frontier daily to work in a neighbouring country;
(b)
seasonal workers, defined as people who leave the country for several months according to season, but less than a year, to work in another country;
(c)
tourists, patients, students, visiting officials, businessmen, salesmen, artists and crew members who travel abroad;
(d)
locally recruited staff working in the extraterritorial enclaves of foreign governments;
(e)
the staff of the institutions of the European Union and of civilian or military international organisations which have their headquarters in extraterritorial enclaves;
(f)
the official, civilian or military representatives of the government of the country (including their households) established in territorial enclaves.
Students are always treated as residents, irrespective of the length of their studies abroad.
2.11
All units, in their capacity as owners of land and/or buildings forming part of the economic territory, are resident units or notional resident units of the country in which that land or those buildings in question are located.
THE INSTITUTIONAL UNITS
2.12
Definition:
 an institutional unit is an economic entity characterised by decision-making autonomy in the exercise of its principal function. A resident unit is regarded as constituting an institutional unit in the economic territory where it has its centre of predominant economic interest if it has decision-making autonomy and either keeps a complete set of accounts, or is able to compile a complete set of accounts.
To have autonomy of decision in respect of its principal function, an entity must be:
(a)
entitled to own goods and assets in its own right; it will be able to exchange the ownership of goods and assets in transactions with other institutional units;
(b)
able to take economic decisions and engage in economic activities for which it is responsible and accountable at law;
(c)
able to incur liabilities on its own behalf, to take on other obligations or further commitments and to enter into contracts; and
(d)
able to draw up a complete set of accounts, comprised of accounting records covering all its transactions carried out during the accounting period, as well as a balance sheet of assets and liabilities.
2.13
The following principles apply whenever an entity does not possess the characteristics of an institutional unit:
(a)
households are deemed to enjoy autonomy of decision in respect of their principal function and are, therefore, institutional units nonetheless, even though they do not keep a complete set of accounts;
(b)
entities which do not keep a complete set of accounts, and are not able to compile a complete set of accounts if required to do so, are not institutional units;
(c)
entities which, while keeping a complete set of accounts, have no autonomy of decision, are part of the units which control them;
(d)
entities do not need to publish accounts to be an institutional unit;
(e)
entities forming part of a group of units engaged in production and keeping a complete set of accounts are deemed to be institutional units even if they have partially surrendered their autonomy of decision to the central body (the head office) responsible for the general direction of the group; the head office itself is deemed to be an institutional unit distinct from the units which it controls;
(f)
quasi-corporations are entities which keep a complete set of accounts and have no legal status. They have an economic and financial behaviour that is different from that of their owners and similar to that of corporations. They are deemed to have autonomy of decision and are considered as distinct institutional units.
Head offices and holding companies
2.14
Head offices and holding companies are institutional units. The two types are:
(a)
A head office is a unit that exercises managerial control over its subsidiaries. Head offices are allocated to the dominant non-financial corporations sector of their subsidiaries, unless all or most of their subsidiaries are financial corporations, in which case they are treated as financial auxiliaries (S.126) in the financial corporations sector.
Where there is a mixture of non-financial and financial subsidiaries, then the predominant share-by-value-added determines the sector classification.
Head offices are described under international standard industrial classification of all economic activities revision (ISIC Rev. 4), Section M, class 7010 (NACE Rev. 2, M 70.10) as follows:
This class includes the overseeing and managing of other units of the company or enterprise; undertaking strategic or organisational planning and decision-making role of the company or enterprise; exercising operational control and managing the day-to-day operation of their related units.
(b)
A holding company that holds the assets of subsidiary corporations but does not undertake any management activities is a captive financial institution (S.127) and classified as a financial corporation.
Holding companies are described under ISIC Rev.4, Section K, class 6420 (NACE Rev. 2, K 64.20) as follows:
This class includes the activities of holding companies, i.e. units that hold the assets (owning controlling-levels of equity) of a group of subsidiary corporations and whose principal activity is owning the group. The holding companies in this class do not provide any other service to the businesses in which the equity is held, i.e. they do not administer or manage other units.
Groups of corporations
2.15
Large groups of corporations are created when a parent controls several subsidiaries, which may in turn control their own subsidiaries, and so on. Each member of the group is treated as a separate institutional unit if it satisfies the definition of an institutional unit.
2.16
An advantage of not treating groups of corporations as single institutional units is that groups are not always stable over time, nor easily identifiable in practice. It can be difficult to obtain data on groups whose activities are not closely integrated. Many groups are too large and heterogeneous to be treated as single units, and their size and composition can change over time as a result of mergers and takeovers.
Special purpose entities
2.17
A special purpose entity (SPE) or special purpose vehicle (SPV) is usually a limited company or a limited partnership, created to fulfil narrow, specific or temporary objectives and to isolate a financial risk, a specific taxation or a regulatory risk.
2.18
There is no common definition of an SPE, but the following characteristics are typical:
(a)
they have no employees and no non-financial assets;
(b)
they have little physical presence beyond a ‧brass plate‧ or sign confirming their place of registration;
(c)
they are always related to another corporation, often as a subsidiary;
(d)
they are resident in a different territory from the territory of residence of the related corporations. In the absence of any physical presence an enterprise's residence is determined according to the economic territory under whose laws the enterprise is incorporated or registered;
(e)
they are managed by employees of another corporation which may or may not be a related one. The SPE pays fees for services provided to it and in turn charges its parent or other related corporation a fee to cover those costs. This is the only production the SPE is involved in, although it will often incur liabilities on behalf of its owner and will usually receive investment income and holding gains on the assets it holds.
2.19
Whether a unit has all or none of these characteristics, and whether it is described as an SPE or some similar designation or not, it shall be treated in the same way as any other institutional unit by being allocated to sector and industry according to its principal activity unless the SPE has no independent rights of action.
2.20
So captive financial institutions, artificial subsidiaries and special purpose units of general government with no independence of action are allocated to the sector of their controlling body. The exception occurs when they are non-resident, in which case they are recognised separately from their controlling body. But in the case of government, the activities of the subsidiary shall be reflected in the government accounts.
Captive financial institutions
2.21
A holding company that simply owns the assets of subsidiaries is one example of a captive financial institution.
Examples of other
units that are also treated as captive financial institutions are units with the characteristics of SPEs as described above, including investment and pension funds and units used for holding and managing wealth for individuals or families, issuing debt securities on behalf of related companies (such a company may be called a conduit), and
carrying out
other financial functions.
2.22
The degree of independence from its parent may be demonstrated by exercising some substantive control over its assets and liabilities to the extent of carrying the risks and reaping the rewards associated with the assets and liabilities. Such units are classified in the financial corporations sector.
2.23
An entity of this type that cannot act independently of its parent and is simply a passive holder of assets and liabilities (sometimes described as being on autopilot) is not treated as a separate institutional unit unless it is resident in an economy different from that of its parent. If it is resident in the same economy as its parent, it is treated as an ‧artificial subsidiary‧ as described below.
Artificial subsidiaries
2.24
A subsidiary, wholly owned by a parent corporation, may be created to provide services to the parent corporation, or other corporations in the same group, in order to avoid taxes, to minimise liabilities in the event of bankruptcy, or to secure other technical advantages under the tax or corporation legislation in force in a particular country.
2.25
In general, such types of entities do not satisfy the definition of an institutional unit because they lack the ability to act independently from their parent corporation and may be subject to restrictions on their ability to hold or transact assets held on their balance sheets. Their level of output and the price they receive for it are determined by the parent that (possibly with other corporations in the same group) is their sole client. They are, thus, not treated as separate institutional units, but are treated as an integral part of the parent, and their accounts are consolidated with those of the parent, unless they are resident in an economic territory different from that where the parent is resident.
2.26
A distinction must be made between artificial subsidiaries as just described and a unit undertaking only ancillary activities. Ancillary activities are limited in scope to the type of service functions that virtually all enterprises need to some extent or another such as cleaning premises, running the staff payroll or providing the information technology infrastructure for the enterprise (see Chapter 1, paragraph 1.31).
Special purpose units of general government
2.27
General government may also set up special purpose units, with characteristics and functions similar to the captive financial institutions and artificial subsidiaries. Such units do not have the power to act independently and are restricted in the range of transactions they can engage in. They do not carry the risks and rewards associated with the assets and liabilities they hold. Such units, if they are resident, shall be treated as an integral part of general government and not as separate units. If they are non-resident, they shall be treated as separate units. Any transactions carried out by them abroad shall be reflected in corresponding transactions with government. Thus, a unit that borrows abroad is then regarded as lending the same amount to general government, and on the same terms, as the original borrowing.
2.28
In summary, the accounts of SPEs with no independent rights of action are consolidated with the parent corporation, unless they are resident in a different economy from that of the parent. There is one exception to this general rule, and that is when a non-resident SPE is set up by government.
2.29
Notional resident units shall be defined as:
(a)
those parts of non-resident units which have a centre of predominant economic interest (being, in most cases, units which engage in economic production for a year or more) on the economic territory of the country;
(b)
non-resident units in their capacity as owners of land and/or buildings on the economic territory of the country, but only in respect of transactions affecting such land or buildings.
Notional resident units, irrespective of only keeping partial accounts and irrespective of autonomy of decision, shall be treated as institutional units.
2.30
The following shall be considered as institutional units:
(a)
units that have autonomy of decision and a complete set of accounts such as:
(1)
private and public corporations;
(2)
cooperatives or partnerships recognised as independent legal entities;
(3)
public producers which by virtue of special legislation are recognised as independent legal entities;
(4)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities; and
(5)
agencies of general government;
(b)
units which have a complete set of accounts and which are deemed to have autonomy of decision despite not having separate incorporation from their parent: quasi-corporations;
(c)
units which do not necessarily keep a complete set of accounts, but which are deemed to have autonomy of decision, namely:
(1)
households;
(2)
notional resident units.
THE INSTITUTIONAL SECTORS
2.31
Macroeconomic analysis does not consider the actions of each institutional unit separately — it considers the aggregate activities of similar institutions. So units are combined into groups called institutional sectors, some of which are divided into subsectors.
Table 2.1 —
   
Sectors and subsectors
Sectors and subsectors
Public
National private
Foreign controlled
Non-financial corporations
S.11
S.11001
S.11002
S.11003
Financial corporations
S.12
Monetary financial institutions (MFIs)
Central bank
S.121
Other monetary financial institutions (OMFI)
Deposit-taking corporations except the central bank
S.122
S.12201
S.12202
S.12203
Money market funds (MMFs)
S.123
S.12301
S.12302
S.12303
Financial corporations except MFIs and Insurance corporations and pension funds (ICPFs)
Non-MMF investment funds
S.124
S.12401
S.12402
S.12403
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds
S.125
S.12501
S.12502
S.12503
Financial auxiliaries
S.126
S.12601
S.12602
S.12603
Captive financial institutions and money lenders
S.127
S.12701
S.12702
S.12703
ICPFs
Insurance corporations (IC)
S.128
S.12801
S.12802
S.12803
Pension funds (PF)
S.129
S.12901
S.12902
S.12903
General government
S.13
Central government (excluding social security funds)
S.1311
State government (excluding social security funds)
S.1312
Local government (excluding social security funds)
S.1313
Social security funds
S.1314
Households
S.14
Employers and own-account workers
S.141+S.142
Employees
S.143
Recipients of property and transfer income
S.144
Recipients of property income
S.1441
Recipients of pensions
S.1442
Recipients of other transfers
S.1443
Non-profit institutions serving households
S.15
Rest of the world
S.2
Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union
S.21
Member States of the European Union
S.211
Institutions and bodies of the European Union
S.212
Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union
S.22
2.32
Each sector and subsector groups together the institutional units which have a similar type of economic behaviour.
Diagram 2.1 —
   
Allocation of units to sectors
Is the unit resident?
No
Yes
RoW
Households
Is the unit a household?
Is the unit a non-market producer?
Does the unit produce financial services?
Is the unit controlled by government?
NPISH
General government
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
Is the unit controlled by general government?
Is the unit controlled by general government?
Public non-financial corporations
Private non-financial corporations
Private financial corporations
Public financial corporations
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
2.33
The institutional units are grouped into sectors on the basis of the type of producer they are and depending on their principal activity and function, which are considered to be indicative of their economic behaviour.
2.34
Diagram 2.1 shows how units are allocated to the main sectors. In order to determine the sector of a unit which is resident and not a household, according to the diagram, it is necessary to determine whether it is controlled by general government or not, and whether it is a market or a non-market producer.
2.35
Control over a financial or non-financial corporation shall be defined as the ability to determine general corporate policy, for example by choosing appropriate directors if necessary.
2.36
A single institutional unit (another corporation, a household, a non-profit institution or a government unit) secures control over a corporation or quasi-corporation by owning more than half the voting shares or otherwise controlling more than half the shareholders' voting power.
2.37
In order to control more than half the shareholders' voting power, an institutional unit need not own any of the voting shares itself. A given corporation, corporation C, could be a subsidiary of another corporation B in which a third corporation A owns a majority of the voting shares. Corporation C is said to be subsidiary of corporation B when either corporation B controls more than half of the shareholders' voting power in corporation C or corporation B is a shareholder in C with the right to appoint or remove a majority of the directors of C.
2.38
General government secures control over a corporation as a result of special legislation, decree or regulation which empowers the government to determine corporate policy. The following indicators are the main factors to consider in deciding whether a corporation is controlled by government:
(a)
government ownership of the majority of the voting interest;
(b)
government control of the board or governing body;
(c)
government control of the appointment and removal of key personnel;
(d)
government control of key committees in the entity;
(e)
government possession of a golden share;
(f)
special regulations;
(g)
government as a dominant customer;
(h)
borrowing from government.
A single indicator may be sufficient to establish control, but, in other cases, a number of separate indicators may collectively indicate control.
2.39
For non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities, the five indicators of control to be considered are:
(a)
the appointment of officers;
(b)
the provisions of enabling instruments;
(c)
contractual agreements;
(d)
the degree of financing;
(e)
the degree of government risk exposure.
As with corporations, a single indicator may be sufficient to establish control in some cases, but, in other cases, a number of separate indicators may collectively indicate control.
2.40
Differentiating between market and non-market, and so for public sector entities classification between the general government sector and the corporations sector, depends on the criteria set out in paragraph 1.37.
2.41
A sector shall be divided into subsectors according to the criteria relevant to that sector; for example government can be split into central, state and local government and social security funds. This permits a more precise description of the economic behaviour of the units.
The accounts for sectors and subsectors record all the activities, whether principal or secondary, of the institutional units covered by the appropriate sector.
Each institutional unit belongs to only one sector or subsector.
2.42
When the principal function of the institutional unit is to produce goods and services, the type of producer must be decided first, in order to allocate it to a sector.
2.43
Table 2.2 shows the type of producer and the principal activities and functions that are characteristic of each sector:
Table 2.2 —
   
Type of producer and principal activities and functions classified by sector
Type of producer
Principal activity and function
Sector
Market producer
Production of market goods and non-financial services
Non-financial corporations (S.11)
Market producer
Financial intermediation including insurance
Auxiliary financial activities
Financial corporations (S.12)
Public non-market producer
Production and supply of non-market output for collective and individual consumption, and carrying out transactions intended to redistribute national income and wealth
General government (S.13)
Market producer or private producer for own final use
Consumption
Production of market output and output for own final use
Households (S.14)
As consumers
As entrepreneurs
Private non-market producer
Production and supply of non-market output for individual consumption
Non-profit institutions serving households (S.15)
2.44
The rest of the world (S.2) sector refers to flows and positions between resident units and non-resident units — the non-resident units are not characterised by similar objectives and types of behaviour, but are only recognised through their flows and positions with resident units.
Non-financial corporations (S.11)
2.45
Definition:
 the non-financial corporations sector (S.11) consists of institutional units which are independent legal entities and market producers, and whose principal activity is the production of goods and non-financial services. The non-financial corporations sector also includes non-financial quasi-corporations (see paragraph 2.13(f)).
2.46
The institutional units covered are the following:
(a)
private and public corporations which are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services;
(b)
cooperatives and partnerships recognised as independent legal entities which are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services;
(c)
public producers which are recognised as independent legal entities and which are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services;
(d)
non-profit institutions or associations serving non-financial corporations, which are recognised as independent legal entities and which are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services;
(e)
head offices controlling a group of corporations which are market producers, where the preponderant type of activity of the group of corporations as a whole - measured on the basis of value added — is the production of goods and non-financial services;
(f)
SPEs whose principal activity is the provision of goods or non-financial services;
(g)
private and public quasi-corporations which are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services.
2.47
Non-financial quasi-corporations are all entities which are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services and which meet the conditions qualifying them as quasi-corporations (see point (f) of paragraph 2.13).
Non-financial quasi-corporations must keep enough information to enable a complete set of accounts to be drawn up, and are operated as if they were corporations. The de facto relationship to their owner is that of a corporation to its shareholders.
Non-financial quasi-corporations owned by households, government units or non-profit institutions are grouped with non-financial corporations in the non-financial corporations sector, and not in the sector of their owner.
2.48
The existence of a complete set of accounts, including balance sheets, is not a sufficient condition for market producers to be treated as institutional units such as quasi-corporations. Partnerships and public producers, other than those included under points (a), (b), (c) and (f) of paragraph 2.46 and sole proprietorships — even if they keep a complete set of accounts — are in general not distinct institutional units because they do not enjoy autonomy of decision, their management being under the control of the households, non-profit institutions or governments which own them.
2.49
Non-financial corporations include notional resident units which are treated as quasi-corporations.
2.50
The non-financial corporations sector is divided into three subsectors:
(a)
public non-financial corporations (S.11001);
(b)
national private non-financial corporations (S.11002);
(c)
foreign controlled non-financial corporations (S.11003).
2.51
Definition:
 the public non-financial corporations subsector consists of all non-financial corporations, quasi-corporations and non-profit institutions, recognised as independent legal entities, that are market producers and are subject to control by government units.
2.52
Public quasi-corporations are quasi-corporations owned directly by government units.
National private non-financial corporations (S.11002)
2.53
Definition:
 the national private non-financial corporations subsector consists of all non-financial corporations, quasi-corporations and non-profit institutions which are recognised as independent legal entities and which are market producers, that are not controlled by government or by non-resident institutional units.
This subsector includes corporate and quasi-corporate direct foreign investment units not classified in the foreign controlled non-financial corporations subsector (S.11003).
Foreign controlled non-financial corporations (S.11003)
2.54
Definition:
 the foreign controlled non-financial corporations subsector consists of all non-financial corporations and quasi-corporations that are controlled by non-resident institutional units.
This subsector includes:
(a)
all subsidiaries of non-resident corporations;
(b)
all corporations controlled by a non-resident institutional unit that is not itself a corporation; for example, a corporation which is controlled by a foreign government. It includes corporations controlled by a group of non-resident units acting in concert;
(c)
all branches or other unincorporated agencies of non-resident corporations or unincorporated producers which are notional resident units.
Financial corporations (S.12)
2.55
Definition:
 the financial corporations sector (S.12) consists of institutional units which are independent legal entities and market producers, and whose principal activity is the production of financial services. Such institutional units comprise all corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in:
(a)
financial intermediation (financial intermediaries); and/or
(b)
auxiliary financial activities (financial auxiliaries).
Also included are institutional units providing financial services, where most of either their assets or their liabilities are not transacted on open markets.
2.56
Financial intermediation is the activity in which an institutional unit acquires financial assets and incurs liabilities on its own account by engaging in financial transactions on the market. The assets and liabilities of financial intermediaries are transformed or repackaged in relation to, for example, maturity, scale, risk, etc. in the financial intermediation process.
Auxiliary financial activities are activities related to financial intermediation but which do not involve financial intermediation themselves.
Financial intermediaries
2.57
The financial intermediation process channels funds between third parties with a surplus and those with a lack of funds. A financial intermediary does not only act as an agent for other institutional units, but places itself at risk by acquiring financial assets and incurring liabilities on its own account.
2.58
In the financial intermediation process, all categories of liabilities may be involved with the exception of the liability category of other accounts payable (AF.8). The financial assets involved in the financial intermediation process may be classified in any category with the exception of the category of insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6) but including the other accounts receivable category. Financial intermediaries may invest their funds in non-financial assets including real estate. In order to be considered a financial intermediary, a corporation should incur liabilities on the market and transform funds. Real estate corporations are not financial intermediaries.
2.59
The function of insurance corporations and pension funds consists of the pooling of risks. The liabilities of such institutions are insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6). The counterparts of liabilities are investments by the insurance corporations and pension funds, acting as financial intermediaries.
2.60
Investment funds, hereinafter referred to as money market funds (MMFs) and non-money market funds (non-MMFs), primarily incur liabilities through the issue of investment fund shares or units (AF.52). They transform such funds by acquiring financial assets and/or real estate. Investment funds are classified as financial intermediaries. Any change in the value of their assets and liabilities other than their own shares is reflected in their own funds (see paragraph 7.07). Given that the amount of own funds equals the value of the investment fund's shares or units, any change in the value of the fund's assets and liabilities will be reflected in the market value of such shares or units. Investment funds investing in real estate are financial intermediaries.
2.61
Financial intermediation is limited to acquiring assets and incurring liabilities with the general public or specified and relatively large sub-groups thereof. Where the activity is limited to small groups of persons or families, no financial intermediation takes place.
2.62
Exceptions to the general limitation of financial intermediation to financial transactions on the market may exist. Examples are municipal credit and savings banks which rely on the municipality involved, or financial lease corporations that depend on a parent group of companies for acquiring funds or investing funds. Their lending or their acceptance of savings shall be independent of the municipality involved or the parent group, respectively, in classifying them as financial intermediaries.
Financial auxiliaries
2.63
Auxiliary financial activities comprise auxiliary activities for realising transactions in financial assets and liabilities or the transformation or repackaging of funds. Financial auxiliaries do not put themselves at risk by acquiring financial assets or incurring liabilities. They facilitate financial intermediation. Head offices, all or most of the subsidiaries of which are financial corporations, are financial auxiliaries.
Financial corporations other than financial intermediaries and financial auxiliaries
2.64
Other financial corporations other than financial intermediaries and financial auxiliaries are institutional units providing financial services, where most of either their assets or their liabilities are not transacted on open markets.
Institutional units included in the financial corporations sector
2.65
The institutional units included in the financial corporations sector (S.12) are the following:
(a)
private or public corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation and/or in auxiliary financial activities;
(b)
cooperatives and partnerships recognised as independent legal entities which are principally engaged in financial intermediation and/or in auxiliary financial activities;
(c)
public producers recognised as legal entities, which are principally engaged in financial intermediation and/or in auxiliary financial activities;
(d)
non-profit institutions recognised as legal entities which are principally engaged in financial intermediation and/or in auxiliary financial activities, or which are serving financial corporations;
(e)
head offices when all or most of their subsidiaries are, as financial corporations, principally engaged in financial intermediation and/or financial auxiliary activities. These head offices are classified as financial auxiliaries (S.126);
(f)
holding companies, where the main role is the holding of assets of a group of subsidiary corporations. The make-up of the group can be financial or non-financial — this does not affect the classification of holding companies as captive financial institutions (S.127);
(g)
SPEs whose principal activity is the provision of financial services;
(h)
unincorporated investment funds comprising investment portfolios owned by the group of participants, and whose management is undertaken, in general, by other financial corporations. Such funds are institutional units, separate from the managing financial corporation;
(i)
unincorporated units principally engaged in financial intermediation and subject to regulation and supervision (in most cases classified as deposit-taking corporations except the central bank, insurance corporations or pension funds) are deemed to enjoy autonomy of decision and to have autonomous management independent of their owners; their economic and financial behaviour is similar to that of financial corporations. In this case they are treated as separate institutional units. Examples are branches of non-resident financial corporations.
Subsectors of financial corporations
2.66
The financial corporations sector is subdivided into the following subsectors:
(a)
central bank (S.121);
(b)
deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122);
(c)
money market funds (MMFs) (S.123);
(d)
non-MMF investment funds (S.124);
(e)
other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds (S.125);
(f)
financial auxiliaries (S.126);
(g)
captive financial institutions and money lenders (S.127);
(h)
insurance corporations (S.128); and
(i)
pension funds (S.129).
Combining subsectors of financial corporations
2.67
Monetary financial institutions (MFIs) as defined by the ECB consist of all institutional units included in the central bank (S.121), deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122) and MMF (S.123) subsectors.
2.68
Other monetary financial institutions consist of those financial intermediaries through which the effects of the monetary policy of the central bank (S.121) are transmitted to the other entities of the economy. They are deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122) and MMF (S.123).
2.69
Financial intermediaries dealing with the pooling of risks are insurance corporations and pensions funds (ICPF). They consist of the insurance corporations (S.128) and pension funds (S.129) subsectors.
2.70
Financial corporations except MFI and ICPF consist of the non-MMF investment funds (S.124), other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds (S.125), financial auxiliaries (S.126) and captive financial institutions and money lenders (S.127) subsectors.
Subdividing subsectors of financial corporations into public, national private and foreign controlled financial corporations
2.71
With the exception of subsector S.121, each subsector is further subdivided into:
(a)
public financial corporations;
(b)
national private financial corporations; and
(c)
foreign controlled financial corporations.
The criteria for this subdivision are the same as for non-financial corporations (see paragraphs 2.51 to 2.54).
Table 2.3 —
   
Financial corporations sector and its subsectors
Sectors and subsectors
Public
National private
Foreign controlled
Financial corporations
S.12
Monetary financial institutions (MFI)
Central bank
S.121
Other monetary financial institutions (OMFI)
Deposit-taking corporations except the central bank
S.122
S.12201
S.12202
S.12203
MMF
S.123
S.12301
S.12302
S.12303
Financial corporations except MFI and ICPF
Non-MMF investment funds
S.124
S.12401
S.12402
S.12403
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds
S.125
S.12501
S.12502
S.12503
Financial auxiliaries
S.126
S.12601
S.12602
S.12603
Captive financial institutions and money lenders
S.127
S.12701
S.12702
S.12703
Insurance corporations and pension funds (ICPFs)
Insurance corporations (IC)
S.128
S.12801
S.12802
S.12803
Pension funds (PF)
S.129
S.12901
S.12902
S.12903
Central bank (S.121)
2.72
Definition:
 the central bank subsector (S.121) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations whose principal function is to issue currency, to maintain the internal and external value of the currency and to hold all or part of the international reserves of the country.
2.73
The following financial intermediaries are classified in subsector S.121:
(a)
the national central bank, including when it is part of a European system of central banks;
(b)
central monetary agencies of essentially public origin (e.g. agencies managing foreign exchange or issuing currency) which keep a complete set of accounts and enjoy autonomy of decision in relation to central government. When these activities are performed either within central government or within the central bank, no separate institutional units exist.
2.74
Subsector S.121 does not include agencies and bodies, other than the central bank, which regulate or supervise financial corporations or financial markets. They are classified in subsector S.126.
Deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122)
2.75
Definition:
 the deposit-taking corporations except the central bank
subsector
(S.122) includes all financial corporations and quasi-corporations, except those classified in the central bank and in the MMF subsectors, which are principally engaged in financial intermediation and whose business is to receive deposits
and/or close substitutes for deposits
from institutional units,
hence not only from MFIs,
and, for their own account, to grant loans and/or to make investments in securities.
2.76
Deposit-taking corporations except the central bank cannot be described simply as ‧banks‧, because they may include some financial corporations which do not call themselves banks, or some financial corporations which are not permitted to do so in some countries, while some other financial corporations describing themselves as banks may not in fact be deposit-taking corporations. The following financial intermediaries are classified in sub-sector S.122:
(a)
commercial banks, ‧universal‧ banks, ‧all-purpose‧ banks;
(b)
savings banks (including trustee savings banks and savings banks and loan associations);
(c)
post office giro institutions, post banks, giro banks;
(d)
rural credit banks, agricultural credit banks;
(e)
cooperative credit banks, credit unions;
(f)
specialised banks (e.g. merchant banks, issuing houses, private banks); and
(g)
electronic money institutions principally engaged in financial intermediation.
2.77
The following financial intermediaries are classified in subsector S.122 where it is their business to receive repayable funds from the public, whether in the form of deposits or in other forms such as the continuing issue of long-term debt securities:
(a)
corporations engaged in granting mortgages (including building societies, mortgage banks and mortgage credit institutions);
(b)
municipal credit institutions.
Otherwise, financial intermediaries are classified in subsector S.124.
2.78
Subsector S.122 does not include:
(a)
head offices which oversee and manage other units of a group consisting predominantly of deposit-taking corporations except the central bank, but which are not deposit-taking corporations. Such head offices are classified in subsector S.126;
(b)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving deposit-taking corporations, but not engaged in financial intermediation. They are classified in subsector S.126; and
(c)
electronic money institutions not principally engaged in financial intermediation.
MMF (S.123)
2.79
Definition:
 the MMF subsector (S.123) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations, except those classified in the central bank and in the credit institutions subsectors, which are principally engaged in financial intermediation. Their business is to issue investment fund shares or units as close substitutes for deposits from institutional units, and, for their own account, to make investments primarily in money market fund shares/units, short-term debt securities, and/or deposits.
2.80
The following financial intermediaries are classified in subsector S.123: investment funds including investment trusts, unit trusts and other collective investment schemes whose shares or units are close substitutes for deposits.
2.81
Subsector S.123 does not include:
(a)
head offices which oversee and manage a group consisting predominantly of MMFs, but which are not MMFs themselves. They are classified in subsector S.126;
(b)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving MMFs, but not engaged in financial intermediation. They are classified in subsector S.126.
Non-MMF investment funds (S.124)
2.82
Definition:
 the non-MMF investment funds subsector (S.124) consists of all collective investment schemes, except those classified in the MMF subsector, which are principally engaged in financial intermediation. Their business is to issue investment fund shares or units which are not close substitutes for deposits, and, on their own account, to make investments primarily in financial assets other than short-term financial assets and in non-financial assets (usually real estate).
2.83
Non-MMF investment funds cover investment trusts, unit trusts and other collective investment schemes whose investment fund shares or units are not seen as close substitutes for deposits.
2.84
The following financial intermediaries are classified in subsector S.124:
(a)
open-ended investment funds whose investment fund shares or units are, at the request of the holders, repurchased or redeemed directly or indirectly out of the undertaking's assets;
(b)
closed-ended investment funds with a fixed share capital, where investors entering or leaving the fund must buy or sell existing shares;
(c)
real estate investment funds;
(d)
investment funds investing in other funds (‧funds of funds‧);
(e)
hedge funds covering a range of collective investment schemes, involving high minimum investments, light regulation, and a range of investment strategies.
2.85
Subsector S.124 does not include:
(a)
pension funds which are part of the pension funds subsector;
(b)
special purpose government funds, called sovereign wealth funds. A special purpose government fund is classified as captive financial institution if it is a financial corporation. The classification of a ‧special purpose government fund‧ either as part of general government sector or as part of the financial corporation sector shall be determined according to the criteria concerning special purpose units of general government set out in paragraph 2.27;
(c)
head offices which oversee and manage a group consisting predominantly of non-MMF investment funds, but which are not investment funds themselves. They are classified in subsector S.126;
(d)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving non-MMF investment funds, but not engaged in financial intermediation. They are classified in subsector S.126.
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds (S.125)
2.86
Definition:
 the other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds subsector (S.125) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation by incurring liabilities in forms other than currency, deposits, or investment fund shares, or in relation to insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes from institutional units.
2.87
Subsector S.125 includes financial intermediaries predominantly engaged in long-term financing. In most cases, this predominant maturity distinguishes that subsector from the OMFI subsectors (S.122 and S.123). Based on the non-existence of liabilities in the form of investment fund shares which are not seen as close substitutes for deposits or insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes, the borderline with the non-MMF investment funds (S.124), the insurance corporations (S.128), and the pension funds (S.129) subsectors can be determined.
2.88
The other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds subsector (S.125) is further subdivided into subsectors consisting of financial vehicle corporations engaged in securitisation transactions (FVC), security and derivative dealers, financial corporations engaged in lending, and specialised financial corporations. This is shown in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 —
   
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds subsector (S.125) and its subdivisions
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds
Financial vehicle corporations engaged in securitisation transactions (FVC);
Security and derivative dealers;
Financial corporations engaged in lending; and
Specialised financial corporations
2.89
Subsector S.125 does not include non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving other financial intermediaries, but not engaged in financial intermediation. They are classified in subsector S.126.
Financial vehicle corporations engaged in securitisation transactions (FVC)
2.90
Definition:
 financial vehicle corporations engaged in securitisation transactions (FVC) are undertakings carrying out securitisation transactions. FVC that satisfy the criteria of an institutional unit are classified in S.125, otherwise they are treated as an integral part of the parent.
Security and derivative dealers, financial corporations engaged in lending and specialised financial corporations
2.91
Security and derivative dealers (on own account) are financial intermediaries on own account.
2.92
Financial corporations engaged in lending include for example financial intermediaries engaged in:
(a)
financial leasing;
(b)
hire purchase and the provision of personal or commercial finance; or
(c)
factoring.
2.93
Specialised financial corporations are financial intermediaries, for example:
(a)
venture and development capital companies;
(b)
export/import financing companies; or
(c)
financial intermediaries which acquire deposits and/or close substitutes for deposits, or incur loans vis-à-vis monetary financial institutions only; these financial intermediaries cover also central counterparty clearing houses (CCPs) carrying out inter-MFI repurchase agreement transactions.
2.94
Head offices which oversee and manage a group of subsidiaries principally engaged in financial intermediation and/or in auxiliary financial activities are classified in subsector S.126.
Financial auxiliaries (S.126)
2.95
Definition:
 the financial auxiliaries subsector (S.126) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in activities closely related to financial intermediation but which are not financial intermediaries themselves.
2.96
The following financial corporations and quasi-corporations are classified in subsector S.126:
(a)
insurance brokers, salvage and average administrators, insurance and pension consultants, etc.;
(b)
loan brokers, securities brokers, investment advisers, etc.;
(c)
flotation corporations that manage the issue of securities;
(d)
corporations whose principal function is to guarantee, by endorsement, bills and similar instruments;
(e)
corporations which arrange derivative and hedging instruments, such as swaps, options and futures (without issuing them);
(f)
corporations providing infrastructure for financial markets;
(g)
central supervisory authorities of financial intermediaries and financial markets when they are separate institutional units;
(h)
managers of pension funds, mutual funds, etc.;
(i)
corporations providing stock exchange and insurance exchange;
(j)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving financial corporations, but not engaged in financial intermediation (see point (d) of paragraph 2.46);
(k)
payment institutions (facilitating payments between buyer and seller).
2.97
Subsector S.126 also includes head offices whose subsidiaries are all or mostly financial corporations.
Captive financial institutions and money lenders (S.127))
2.98
Definition:
 the captive financial institutions and money lenders subsector (S.127) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are neither engaged in financial intermediation nor in providing financial auxiliary services, and where most of either their assets or their liabilities are not transacted on open markets.
2.99
In particular, the following financial corporations and quasi-corporations are classified in subsector S.127:
(a)
units as legal entities such as trusts, estates, agencies accounts or ‧brass plate‧ companies;
(b)
holding companies that hold controlling-levels of equity of a group of subsidiary corporations and whose principal activity is owning the group without providing any other service to the businesses in which the equity is held, that is, they do not administer or manage other units;
(c)
SPEs that qualify as institutional units and raise funds in open markets to be used by their parent corporation;
(d)
units which provide financial services exclusively with own funds, or funds provided by a sponsor, to a range of clients and incur the financial risk of the debtor defaulting. Examples are money lenders, corporations engaged in lending to students or for foreign trade from funds received from a sponsor such as a government unit or a non-profit institution, and pawnshops that predominantly engage in lending;
(e)
special purpose government funds, usually called sovereign wealth funds, if classified as financial corporations.
Insurance corporations (S.128)
2.100
Definition:
 the insurance corporations subsector (S.128) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation as a consequence of the pooling of risks mainly in the form of direct insurance or reinsurance (see paragraph 2.59).
2.101
Insurance corporations provide services of:
(a)
life and non-life insurance to individual units or groups of units;
(b)
reinsurance to other insurance corporations.
2.102
Services of non-life insurance corporations may be provided in the form of insurance against the following:
(a)
fire (e.g. commercial and private property);
(b)
liability (casualty);
(c)
motor (own damage and third party liability);
(d)
marine, aviation and transport (including energy risks);
(e)
accident and health; or
(f)
financial insurance (provision of guarantees or surety bonds).
Financial insurance or credit insurance corporations, also called guarantee banks, provide guarantees or surety bonds to back securitisation and other credit products.
2.103
Insurance corporations are mainly incorporated or mutual entities. Incorporated entities are owned by shareholders and many are listed on stock exchanges. Mutuals are owned by their policyholders and return their profits to the ‧with profits‧ or ‧participating‧ policyholders through dividends or bonuses. ‧Captive‧ insurers are normally owned by a non-financial corporation and mostly insure the risks of their shareholders.
Box 2.1 —
   
Types of insurance
Type of insurance
Sector/subsector
Direct insurance
Life insurance
Policyholder makes regular or one-off payments to an insurer in return for which the insurer guarantees to provide the policyholder with an agreed sum, or an annuity, at a given date or earlier.
Insurance corporations
Non-life insurance
Insurance to cover risks like accidents, sickness, fire, credit, etc.
Insurance corporations
Reinsurance
Insurance bought by an insurer to protect himself against an unexpectedly large number of claims or exceptionally heavy claims.
Insurance corporations
Social insurance
Social security
The participants are obliged by general government to insure against certain social risks.
Social security pensions
Social security funds
Other social security
Employment related social insurance other than social security
Employers can make it a condition of employment that employees insure against certain social risks.
Employment related pensions
Sector of employer, insurance corporations and pension funds or non-profit institutions serving households
Other employment related social insurance
2.104
Subsector S.128 does not include:
(a)
institutional units which fulfil each of the two criteria listed in paragraph 2.117. They are classified in sub-sector S.1314;
(b)
head offices which oversee and manage a group consisting predominantly of insurance corporations, but which are not insurance corporations themselves. They are classified in sub-sector S.126;
(c)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving insurance corporations, but not engaged in financial intermediation. They are classified in subsector S.126.
Pension funds (S.129)
2.105
Definition:
 the pension funds subsector (S.129) consists of all financial corporations and quasi-corporations which are principally engaged in financial intermediation as the consequence of the pooling of social risks and needs of the insured persons (social insurance). Pension funds as social insurance schemes provide income in retirement, and often benefits for death and disability.
2.106
Subsector S.129 consists of only those social insurance pension funds that are institutional units separate from the units that create them. Such autonomous funds have autonomy of decision and keep a complete set of accounts. Non-autonomous pension funds are not institutional units and remain part of the institutional unit that sets them up.
2.107
Examples of participants in pension fund schemes include employees of a single enterprise or a group of enterprises, employees of a branch or industry, and persons having the same profession. The benefits included in the insurance contract can be:
(a)
paid after the death of the insured to the widow(er) and children;
(b)
paid after retirement; or
(c)
paid after the insured becomes disabled.
2.108
In some countries, all those types of risks can be insured by life insurance corporations as well as through pension funds. In other countries, it is required that some of those classes of risks are insured through life insurance corporations. In contrast to life insurance corporations, pension funds are restricted by law to specified groups of employees and self-employed.
2.109
Pension fund schemes may be organised by employers or by general government. They may also be organised by insurance corporations on behalf of employees; or separate institutional units may be established to hold and manage the assets to be used to meet the pension entitlements and to distribute the pensions.
2.110
Subsector S.129 does not include:
(a)
institutional units which fulfil each of the two criteria listed in paragraph 2.117. They are classified in subsector S.1314;
(b)
head offices which oversee and manage a group consisting predominantly of pension funds, but which are not pension funds themselves. They are classified in subsector S.126;
(c)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities serving pension funds, but not engaged in financial intermediation. They are classified in subsector S.126.
General government (S.13)
2.111
Definition:
 the general government sector (S.13) consists of institutional units which are non-market producers whose output is intended for individual and collective consumption, and are financed by compulsory payments made by units belonging to other sectors, and institutional units principally engaged in the redistribution of national income and wealth.
2.112
The institutional units included in sector S.13 are for example the following:
(a)
general government units which exist through a legal process to have judicial authority over other units in the economic territory, and administer and finance a group of activities, principally providing non-market goods and services, intended for the benefit of the community;
(b)
a corporation or quasi-corporation which is a government unit, if its output is mainly non-market and a government unit controls it;
(c)
non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities which are non-market producers and which are controlled by general government;
(d)
autonomous pension funds, where there is a legal obligation to contribute, and where general government manages the funds with respect to the settlement and approval of contributions and benefits.
2.113
The general government sector is divided into four subsectors:
(a)
central government (excluding social security funds) (S.1311);
(b)
state government (excluding social security funds) (S.1312);
(c)
local government (excluding social security funds) (S.1313);
(d)
social security funds (S.1314).
Central government (excluding social security funds) (S.1311)
2.114
Definition:
 this subsector includes all administrative departments of the state and other central agencies whose competence extends normally over the whole economic territory, except for the administration of social security funds.
Included in subsector S.1311 are those non-profit institutions which are controlled by central government and whose competence extends over the whole economic territory.
Market regulatory organisations which are either exclusively or principally distributors of subsidies are classified in S.1311. Those organisations which are exclusively or principally engaged in buying, holding and selling agricultural or food products are classified in S.11.
State government (excluding social security funds) (S.1312)
2.115
Definition:
 this subsector consists of those types of public administration which are separate institutional units exercising some of the functions of government, except for the administration of social security funds, at a level below that of central government and above that of the governmental institutional units existing at local level.
Included in subsector S.1312 are those non-profit institutions which are controlled by state governments and whose competence is restricted to the economic territories of the states.
Local government (excluding social security funds) (S.1313)
2.116
Definition:
 this subsector includes those types of public administration whose competence extends to only a local part of the economic territory, apart from local agencies of social security funds.
Included in subsector S.1313 are those non-profit institutions which are controlled by local governments and whose competence is restricted to the economic territories of the local governments.
Social security funds (S.1314)
2.117
Definition:
 the social security funds subsector includes central, state and local institutional units whose principal activity is to provide social benefits and which fulfil each of the following two criteria:
(a)
by law or by regulation certain groups of the population are obliged to participate in the scheme or to pay contributions; and
(b)
general government is responsible for the management of the institution in respect of the settlement or approval of the contributions and benefits independently from its role as supervisory body or employer.
There is usually no direct link between the amount of the contribution paid by an individual and the risk to which that individual is exposed.
Households (S.14)
2.118
Definition:
 the households sector (S.14) consists of individuals or groups of individuals as consumers and as entrepreneurs producing market goods and non-financial and financial services (market producers) provided that the production of goods and services is not by separate entities treated as quasi-corporations. It also includes individuals or groups of individuals as producers of goods and non-financial services for exclusively own final use.
Households as consumers may be defined as small groups of persons who share the same living accommodation, who pool their income and wealth and who consume certain types of goods and services collectively, mainly housing and food.
The principal resources of households are the following:
(a)
the compensation of employees;
(b)
property income;
(c)
transfers from other sectors;
(d)
receipts from the disposal of market products; and
(e)
imputed receipts from the output of products for own final consumption.
2.119
The households sector includes:
(a)
individuals or groups of individuals whose principal function is consumption;
(b)
persons living permanently in institutions who have little or no autonomy of action or decision in economic matters (e.g. members of religious orders living in monasteries, long-term patients in hospitals, prisoners serving long sentences, old persons living permanently in retirement homes). Such people are treated as a single institutional unit: a single household;
(c)
individuals or groups of individuals whose principal function is consumption and that produce goods and non-financial services for exclusively own final use; only two categories of services produced for own final consumption are included within the system: services of owner-occupied dwellings and domestic services produced by paid employees;
(d)
sole proprietorships and partnerships without legal status, other than those treated as quasi-corporations, and which are market producers; and
(e)
non-profit institutions serving households, which do not have independent legal status, or those which do but which are of only minor importance.
2.120
In the ESA 2010, the households sector is subdivided into the following subsectors:
(a)
employers (S.141) and own-account workers (S.142);
(b)
employees (S.143);
(c)
recipients of property income (S.1441);
(d)
recipients of pensions (S.1442);
(e)
recipients of other transfers (S.1443).
2.121
Households are allocated to subsectors according to the largest income category (employers' income, compensation of employees, etc.) of the household as a whole. When more than one income of a given category is received within the same household, the classification is based on the total household income within each category.
Employers and own-account workers (S.141 and S.142)
2.122
Definition:
 the employers and own-account workers subsector consists of the group of households for which the (mixed) incomes (B.3) accruing to the owners of household unincorporated enterprises from their activity as producers of market goods and services with or without paid employees are the largest source of income for the household as a whole, even if it does not account for more than half of total household income.
Employees (S.143)
2.123
Definition:
 the employees subsector consists of the group of households for which the income accruing from compensation of employees (D.1) is the largest source of income for the household as a whole.
Recipients of property income (S.1441)
2.124
Definition:
 the recipients of property income subsector consists of the group of households for which property income (D.4) is the largest source of income for the household as a whole.
Recipients of pensions (S.1442)
2.125
Definition:
 the recipients of pensions subsector consists of the group of households for which the income accruing from pensions is the largest source of income for the household as a whole.
Pension households are households whose largest source of income consists of retirement or other pensions, including pensions from previous employers.
Recipients of other transfers (S.1443)
2.126
Definition:
 the recipients of other transfers subsector consists of the group of households for which the income accruing from other current transfers is the largest source of income for the household as a whole.
Other current transfers are all current transfers other than property income, pensions and income of persons living permanently in institutions.
2.127
If information on the relative contributions of the sources of income of the household as a whole is not available for sectoring purposes, the income of the reference person is used for classifying purposes. The reference person of a household is the person with the largest income. If the latter information is not available, the income of the person who states that he/she is the reference person is used for subsectoring households.
2.128
Other criteria for subsectoring households can be used, e.g. breakdown of households as entrepreneurs by activity: agricultural households and non-agricultural households.
Non-profit institutions serving households (S.15)
2.129
Definition:
 the non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) sector (S.15) consists of non-profit institutions which are separate legal entities, which serve households and which are private non-market producers. Their principal resources are voluntary contributions in cash or in kind from households in their capacity as consumers, from payments made by general government and from property income.
2.130
Where such institutions are not very important, they are not included in the NPISH sector, but in the households sector (S.14), as their transactions are indistinguishable from units in that sector. Non-market NPISHs controlled by general government are classified in the general government sector (S.13).
The NPISHs sector includes the following main kinds of NPISHs that provide non-market goods and services to households:
(a)
trade unions, professional or learned societies, consumers' associations, political parties, churches or religious societies (including those financed but not controlled by governments), and social, cultural, recreational and sports clubs; and
(b)
charities, relief and aid organisations financed by voluntary transfers in cash or in kind from other institutional units.
Sector S.15 includes charities, relief or aid agencies serving non-resident units and excludes entities where membership gives a right to a predetermined set of goods and services.
Rest of the world (S.2)
2.131
Definition:
 the rest of the world sector (S.2) is a grouping of units without any characteristic functions and resources; it consists of non-resident units insofar as they are engaged in transactions with resident institutional units, or have other economic links with resident units. Its accounts provide an overall view of the economic relationships linking the national economy with the rest of the world. The institutions of the EU and international organisations are included.
2.132
The rest of the world is not a sector for which complete sets of accounts have to be kept, but it is convenient to treat the rest of the world as a sector. Sectors are obtained by disaggregating the total economy to obtain more homogeneous groups of resident institutional units, which are similar in respect to their economic behaviour, objectives and functions. This is not the case for the rest of the world sector: for this sector, there are recorded the transactions and other flows of non-financial and financial corporations, non-profit institutions, households and general government with non-resident institutional units and other economic relationships between residents and non-residents, e.g. claims by residents on non-residents.
2.133
The accounts for the rest of the world include only transactions carried out between resident institutional units and non-resident units, subject to the following exceptions:
(a)
the services of transport (up to the border of the exporting country) provided by resident units in respect of imported goods are shown in the rest of the world accounts with FOB imports, even though they are produced by resident units;
(b)
transactions in foreign assets between residents belonging to different sectors in the domestic economy are shown in the detailed financial accounts for the rest of the world. These transactions do not affect the country's financial position vis-à-vis the rest of the world; they affect the financial relationships of individual sectors with the rest of the world;
(c)
transactions in the country's liabilities between non-residents belonging to different geographical zones are shown in the geographical breakdown of the rest of the world accounts. Although these transactions do not affect the country's overall liability to the rest of the world, they affect its liabilities to different parts of the world.
2.134
The rest of the world sector (S.2) is subdivided into:
(a)
Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union (S.21):
(1)
Member States of the European Union (S.211);
(2)
Institutions and bodies of the European Union (S.212);
(b)
non-member countries and international organisations non-resident of EU (S.22).
Sector classification of producer units for main standard legal forms of ownership
2.135
The following overview and paragraphs 2.31 to 2.44 summarise the principles underlying the classification of producer units into sectors, using the standard terminology for describing the main types of institutions.
2.136
Private and public corporations which are market producers are classified as follows:
(a)
those principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services: in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations);
(b)
those principally engaged in financial intermediation and auxiliary financial activities: in sector S.12 (financial corporations).
2.137
Cooperatives and partnerships which are recognised as independent legal entities and are market producers are classified as follows:
(a)
those principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services: in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations);
(b)
those principally engaged in financial intermediation and auxiliary financial activities: in sector S.12 (financial corporations).
2.138
Public producers which by virtue of special legislation are recognised as independent legal entities and which are market producers are classified as follows:
(a)
those principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services: in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations);
(b)
those principally engaged in financial intermediation and auxiliary financial activities: in sector S.12 (financial corporations).
2.139
Public producers which are not recognised as independent legal entities and are market producers are classified as follows:
(a)
If they are quasi-corporations:
(1)
those principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services: in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations);
(2)
those principally engaged in financial intermediation and financial auxiliary activities: in sector S.12 (financial corporations).
(b)
If they are not quasi-corporations: in sector S.13 (general government), as they remain an integral part of the units which control them.
2.140
Non-profit institutions (associations and foundations) recognised as independent legal entities are classified as follows:
(a)
those which are market producers and principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services: in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations);
(b)
those principally engaged in financial intermediation and auxiliary financial activities: in sector S.12 (financial corporations);
(c)
those which are non-market producers:
(1)
in sector S.13 (general government), if they are public producers controlled by general government;
(2)
in sector S.15 (non-profit institutions serving households), if they are private producers.
2.141
Sole proprietorships and partnerships which are not recognised as independent legal entities and are market producers are classified as follows:
(a)
If they are quasi-corporations:
(1)
those principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services: in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations);
(2)
those principally engaged in financial intermediation and financial auxiliary activities: in sector S.12 (financial corporations).
(b)
If they are not quasi-corporations, they are classified in sector S.14 (households).
2.142
Head offices are classified as follows:
(a)
in sector S.11 (non-financial corporations), if the preponderant type of activity of the group of corporations which are market producers as a whole is the production of goods and non-financial services (see point (e) of paragraph 2.46);
(b)
in sector S.12 (financial corporations), if the preponderant type of activity of the group of corporations as a whole is financial intermediation (see point (e) of paragraph 2.65).
Holding companies which are holders of assets of a group of subsidiary corporations are always treated as financial corporations. Holding companies hold the assets of a group of companies, but do not undertake any management activities with respect to the group.
2.143
Table 2.5 shows in schematic form the various cases enumerated above.
Table 2.5 —
   
Sector classification of producer units for main standard legal forms of ownership
Type of producer
Standard legal description
Market producers (goods and non-financial services)
Market producers (financial intermediation)
Non-market producers
Public producers
Private producers
Private and public corporations
S.11 non-financial corporations
S.12 financial corporations
Cooperatives and partnerships recognised as independent legal entities
S.11 non-financial corporations
S.12 financial corporations
Public producers which by virtue of special legislation are recognised as independent legal entities
S.11 non-financial corporations
S.12 financial corporations
Public producers not recognised as independent legal entities
Those with the characteristics of quasi-corporations
S.11 non-financial corporations
S.12 financial corporations
The rest
S.13 general government
Non-profit institutions recognised as independent legal entities
S.11 non-financial corporations
S.12 financial corporations
S.13 general government
S.15 non-profit institutions serving households
Partnerships not recognised as independent legal entities
Sole proprietorships
Those with the characteristics of quasi-corporations
S.11 non-financial corporations
S.12 financial corporations
The rest
S.14 households
S.14 households
Head offices whose preponderant type of activity of the group of corporations controlled by them is the production of:
goods and non-financial services
S.11 non-financial corporations
financial services
S.12 financial corporations
LOCAL KIND-OF-ACTIVITY UNITS AND INDUSTRIES
2.144
Most institutional units producing goods and services are engaged in a combination of activities at the same time. They may be engaged in a principal activity, some secondary activities and some ancillary activities.
2.145
An activity occurs when resources such as equipment, labour, manufacturing techniques, information networks or products are combined, leading to the creation of specific goods or services. An activity is characterised by an input of products, a production process and an output of products.
Activities can be determined by reference to a specific level of NACE Rev. 2.
2.146
If a unit carries out more than one activity, all the activities which are not ancillary activities (see Chapter 3, paragraph 3.12) are ranked according to the gross value added. On the basis of the preponderant gross value added generated, a distinction can then be made between principal activity and secondary activities.
2.147
In order to analyse flows occurring in the process of production and in the use of goods and services, it is necessary to choose units which emphasise relationships of a technico-economic kind. This requirement means that institutional units must be partitioned into smaller and more homogeneous units with regard to the kind of production. Local kind-of-activity units are intended to meet this requirement as an operational approach.
The local kind-of-activity unit
2.148
Definition:
 the local kind-of-activity unit (local KAU) is the part of a kind-of-activity unit (KAU) which corresponds to a local unit. The local KAU is called establishment in the 2008 SNA and ISIC Rev. 4. A KAU groups all the parts of an institutional unit in its capacity as producer contributing to the performance of an activity at class level (four digits) of the NACE Rev. 2 and corresponds to one or more operational subdivisions of the institutional unit. The institutional unit's information system must be capable of indicating or calculating for each local KAU at least the value of production, intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, the operating surplus and employment and gross fixed capital formation.
The local unit is an institutional unit, or part of an institutional unit, producing goods or services situated in a geographically identified place.
A local KAU may correspond to an institutional unit as producer; on the other hand, it can never belong to two different institutional units.
2.149
If an institutional unit producing goods or services contains a principal activity and also one or several secondary activities, it is subdivided into the same number of KAUs, and the secondary activities are classified under different headings from the principal activity. The ancillary activities are not separated from the principal or secondary activities. But KAUs falling within a particular heading of the classification system can produce products outside the homogeneous group on account of secondary activities connected with them which cannot be separately identified from available accounting documents. Thus a KAU may carry out one or more secondary activities.
Industries
2.150
Definition:
 an industry consists of a group of local KAUs engaged in the same, or similar, kind-of-activity. At the most detailed level of classification, an industry consists of all the local KAUs falling within a single class (four digits) of NACE Rev. 2 and which are therefore engaged in the same activity as defined in the NACE Rev. 2.
Industries comprise both local KAUs producing market goods and services and local KAUs producing non-market goods and services. An industry by definition consists of a group of local KAUs engaged in the same type of productive activity, irrespective of whether or not the institutional units to which they belong produce market or non-market output.
2.151
Industries are classified in three categories:
(a)
industries producing market goods and services (market industries) and goods and services for own final use. Services for own final use are housing services produced by owner-occupiers, and domestic services produced by employing paid staff;
(b)
industries producing non-market goods and services of general government: non-market industries of general government;
(c)
industries producing non-market goods and services of non-profit institutions serving households: non-market industries of non-profit institutions serving households.
Classification of industries
2.152
The classification used for grouping local KAUs into industries is the NACE Rev. 2.
UNITS OF HOMOGENEOUS PRODUCTION AND HOMOGENEOUS BRANCHES
2.153
For analysis of the production process, the unit best suited to this analysis is the unit of homogeneous production. This unit has a unique activity defined by its inputs, process of production, and outputs.
The unit of homogeneous production
2.154
Definition:
 a unit of homogeneous production carries out a unique activity which is identified by its inputs, process of production, and its outputs. The products which constitute the inputs and outputs are themselves distinguished by their physical characteristics, the extent to which they are processed and the technique of production used. They can be identified by a classification of products (classification of products by activity — CPA). The CPA is a product classification the elements of which are structured according to the industrial origin criterion, industrial origin being defined by NACE Rev. 2.
The homogeneous branch
2.155
Definition:
 the homogeneous branch consists of a grouping of units of homogeneous production. The set of activities covered by a homogeneous branch is identified by reference to a product classification. The homogeneous branch produces those goods or services specified in the classification and only those products.
2.156
Homogeneous branches are units designed for economic analysis. Units of homogeneous production cannot usually be observed directly; data collected from the units used in statistical enquiries have to be re-arranged to form homogeneous branches.
CHAPTER 3
TRANSACTIONS IN PRODUCTS AND NON-PRODUCED ASSETS
TRANSACTIONS IN PRODUCTS IN GENERAL
3.01
Definition
: products are all goods and services that are created within the production boundary. Production is defined in paragraph 3.07.
3.02
The following main categories of transactions in products are distinguished in the ESA:
Transaction categories
Code
Output
P.1
Intermediate consumption
P.2
Final consumption expenditure
P.3
Actual final consumption
P.4
Gross capital formation
P.5
Exports of goods and services
P.6
Imports of goods and services
P.7
3.03
Transactions in products are recorded as follows:
(a)
in the goods and services account, output and imports are recorded as resources and the other transactions in products are recorded as uses;
(b)
in the production account, output is recorded as a resource and intermediate consumption is recorded as a use; gross value added is the balancing item of these two transactions in products;
(c)
in the use of disposable income account, final consumption expenditure is recorded as a use;
(d)
in the use of adjusted disposable income account, actual final consumption is recorded as a use;
(e)
in the capital account, gross capital formation is recorded as a use (a change in non-financial assets);
(f)
in the external account of goods and services, imports of goods and services are recorded as a resource, and exports of goods and services are registered as uses.
Many major balancing items in the accounts, like value added, gross domestic product, national income and disposable income, are defined in terms of transactions in products. The definition of transactions in products defines those balancing items.
3.04
In the supply table (see paragraph 1.136), output and imports are recorded as supplies. In the use table, intermediate consumption, gross capital formation, final consumption expenditure and exports are registered as uses. In the symmetric input-output table, output and imports are recorded as supplies and the other transactions in products as uses.
3.05
Supplies of products are valued at basic prices (see paragraph 3.44). Uses of products are valued at purchasers' prices (see paragraph 3.06). For some types of supplies and uses, e.g. for imports and exports of goods, more specific valuation principles are used.
3.06
Definition
:
The purchaser's price is the price the purchaser pays for the products. The purchaser's price includes the following:
(a)
taxes less subsidies on the products (but excluding deductible taxes like VAT on the products);
(b)
transport charges paid separately by the purchaser to take delivery at the required time and place;
(c)
deductions for any discounts for bulk or off-peak-purchases from standard prices or charges.
The purchaser's price excludes the following:
(a)
interest or services charges added under credit arrangements;
(b)
extra charges incurred as a result of late payment, where late payment means failing to pay within the period stated at the time the purchases were made.
If the time of use does not coincide with the time of purchase, adjustments are made to the value to take account of the changes in price due to the lapsing of time (in a manner symmetrical with changes in the prices of the inventories). Such modifications are important if the prices of the products involved change significantly within a year.
PRODUCTION AND OUTPUT
3.07
Definition
: production is an activity carried out under the control, responsibility and management of an institutional unit that uses inputs of labour, capital and goods and services to produce outputs of goods and services.
Production does not cover natural processes which have no human involvement or direction, such as the unmanaged growth of fish stocks in international waters, but production does include fish farming.
3.08
Production includes:
(a)
the production of all individual or collective goods and services that are supplied to units other than their producers;
(b)
the own-account production of all goods that are retained by their producers for their own final consumption or gross fixed capital formation.
Examples of own-account production for gross fixed capital formation are the production of fixed assets such as construction, the development of software and mineral exploration for own gross fixed capital formation. The concept of gross fixed capital formation is described in paragraphs 3.124-3.138.
Own-account production of goods by households pertains in general to:
(1)
own-account construction of dwellings;
(2)
the production and storage of agricultural products;
(3)
the processing of agricultural products, like the production of flour by milling, the preservation of fruit by drying and bottling, the production of dairy products like butter and cheese and the production of beer, wine and spirits;
(4)
the production of other primary products, like mining salt, cutting peat and carrying water;
(5)
other kinds of processing, like weaving cloth, the production of pottery and making furniture;
(c)
the own-account production of dwelling services by owner-occupiers;
(d)
domestic and personal services produced by employing paid domestic staff;
(e)
volunteer activities that result in goods. Examples of such activities are the construction of a dwelling, church or other building. Volunteer activities that do not result in goods, e.g. care-taking and cleaning without payment, are excluded.
The activities listed above in points (a) to (e) are included as production irrespective of being illegal or not-registered at tax, social security, statistical and other public authorities.
Own-account production of goods by households is recorded when this type of production is significant, i.e. when it is quantitatively important in relation to the total supply of that good in a country.
The only own-account production of goods by households included is the construction of dwellings, and the production, storage and processing of agricultural products.
3.09
Production excludes the production of domestic and personal services that are produced and consumed within the same household. Examples of domestic services produced by households themselves that are excluded are:
(a)
cleaning, decoration and maintenance of the dwelling as far as these activities are also common for tenants;
(b)
cleaning, servicing and repair of household durables;
(c)
preparation and serving of meals;
(d)
care, training and instruction of children;
(e)
care of sick, infirm or old people; and
(f)
transportation of members of the household or their goods.
Domestic and personal services produced by employing paid domestic staff and the services of owner-occupied dwellings are included in production.
Principal, secondary and ancillary activities
3.10
Definition
: the principal activity of a local KAU is the activity where the value added of such activity exceeds that of any other activity carried out within the same unit. The classification of the principal activity is determined by reference to NACE rev. 2, first at the highest level of the classification and then at more detailed levels.
3.11
Definition
: a secondary activity is an activity carried out within a single local KAU in addition to the principal activity. The output of the secondary activity is a secondary product.
3.12
Definition
: an ancillary activity is an activity whose output is intended for use within an enterprise.
An ancillary activity is a supporting activity undertaken within an enterprise in order to enable the principal or secondary activities of local KAUs to be carried out. All inputs consumed by an ancillary activity — materials, labour, consumption of fixed capital, etc. — are treated as inputs into the principal or secondary activity which it supports.
Examples of ancillary activities are:
(a)
purchasing;
(b)
sales;
(c)
marketing;
(d)
accounting;
(e)
data processing;
(f)
transportation;
(g)
storage;
(h)
maintenance;
(i)
cleaning; and
(j)
security services.
Enterprises have a choice between engaging in ancillary activities and purchasing such services on the market from specialist service producers.
Own-account capital formation is not an ancillary activity.
3.13
Ancillary activities are not isolated to form distinct entities or separated from the principal or secondary activities or entities they serve. Accordingly, ancillary activities must be integrated with the local KAU they serve.
Ancillary activities may be carried out in separate locations, located in a region other than the local KAU they serve. The strict application of the rule referred to in the first subparagraph for the geographical allocation of the ancillary activities would result in the underestimation of the aggregates in the regions where ancillary activities are concentrated. In accordance, therefore, with the principle of residence, ancillary activities have to be allocated to the region where they are situated; they remain in the same industry as the local KAU they serve.
Output (P.1)
3.14
Definition
: output is the total of products created during the accounting period.
Examples of output include the following:
(a)
the goods and services which one local KAU provides to a different local KAU belonging to the same institutional unit;
(b)
the goods produced by a local KAU that remain in inventories at the end of the period in which they are produced, whatever their subsequent use. Goods and services produced and consumed within the same accounting period and within the same local KAU are not separately identified. They are not recorded as part of the output or intermediate consumption of that local KAU.
3.15
When an institutional unit contains more than one local KAU, the output of the institutional unit is the sum of the outputs of its component local KAUs, including outputs delivered between the component local KAUs.
3.16
Three types of output are distinguished in the ESA 2010:
(a)
market output (P.11);
(b)
output produced for own final use (P.12);
(c)
non-market output (P.13).
This distinction is also applied to local KAUs and institutional units:
(a)
market producers;
(b)
producers for own final use;
(c)
non-market producers.
The distinction between market, for own final use and non-market is fundamental in view of the following:
(a)
it affects the valuation of output and related concepts, such as value added, gross domestic product and final consumption expenditure by the government and NPISH;
(b)
it affects the classification of institutional units by sector, e.g. which units are included in the sector general government and which are not.
The distinction determines the valuation principles to be applied to output. Market output and output produced for own final use are valued at basic prices. The total output of non-market producers is valued by summing the costs of production. The output of an institutional unit is valued as the sum of the outputs of its local KAUs and depends thus also on the distinction between market, for own final use and non-market.
The distinction is also used to classify institutional units by sector. Non-market producers are classified in the general government sector or the non-profit institutions serving households sector.
The distinctions are defined in a top-down way, i.e. the distinction is first defined for institutional units, then for local KAUs and then for their output.
At the product level output is classified as market output, output for own final use and non-market output according to the characteristics of the institutional unit and the local KAU that produce that output.
3.17
Definition
: market output consists of output that is disposed of on the market or intended to be disposed of on the market.
3.18
Market output includes:
(a)
products sold at economically significant prices;
(b)
products bartered;
(c)
products used for payments in kind (including compensation of employees in kind and mixed income in kind);
(d)
products supplied by one local KAU to another within the same institutional unit to be used as intermediate inputs or for final uses;
(e)
products added to the inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress intended for one or other of the above uses (including natural growth of animal and vegetable products and uncompleted structures for which the buyer is unknown).
3.19
Definition
: economically significant prices are prices that have a substantial effect on the amounts of products that producers are willing to supply and on the amounts of products that purchasers wish to acquire. Such prices arise when both of the following conditions apply:
(a)
the producer has an incentive to adjust supply either with the goal of making a profit in the long run or, at a minimum, covering capital and other costs; and
(b)
consumers have the freedom to purchase or not purchase and make the choice on the basis of the prices charged.
Not economically significant prices are likely to be charged in order to raise some revenue or achieve some reduction in the excess demand that may occur when services are provided completely free.
The economically significant price of a product is defined in relation to the institutional unit and local KAU that has produced the output. For example, all the output of unincorporated enterprises owned by households sold to other institutional units is sold at economically significant prices; it is thus to be regarded as market output. For the output of other institutional units, the ability to undertake a market activity at economically significant prices will be checked notably through a quantitative criterion (the 50 % criterion), using the ratio of sales to production costs. To be a market producer, the unit shall cover at least 50 % of its costs by its sales over a sustained multi-year period.
3.20
Definition
: output produced for own final use consists of goods or services that are retained either for own final consumption or for capital formation by the same institutional unit.
3.21
Products retained for own final consumption can only be produced by the households sector. Examples of products retained for own final consumption include:
(a)
agricultural products retained by farmers;
(b)
dwelling services produced by owner-occupiers;
(c)
household services produced by employing paid staff.
3.22
Products used for own capital formation can be produced by any sector. Examples of such products are:
(a)
machine tools produced by engineering enterprises;
(b)
dwellings, or extensions to dwellings, produced by households;
(c)
own-account construction, including communal construction undertaken by groups of households;
(d)
own-account software;
(e)
own-account research and development. Expenditure on research and development is only to be recorded as fixed capital formation when a sufficiently high level of reliability and comparability of the estimates across the Member States has been achieved.
3.23
Definition
: non-market output is output that is provided to other units for free, or at prices that are not economically significant.
Non-market output (P.13) is subdivided into two items: ‧Payments for non-market output‧ (P.131), which consists of various fees and charges, and ‧Non-market output, other‧ (P.132), which is output provided for free.
Non-market output is produced for the following reasons.
(a)
It may be technically impossible to make individuals pay for collective services because their consumption of such services cannot be monitored and controlled. The production of collective services is organised by government units and financed out of funds other than receipts from sales, namely taxation or other government incomes.
(b)
Government units and NPISHs may also produce and supply goods or services to individual households for which they could charge but choose not to do so as a matter of social or economic policy. Examples are the provision of education or health services, for free or at prices that are not economically significant.
3.24
Definition
: market producers are local KAUs or institutional units the majority of output of which is market output.
If a local KAU or institutional unit is a market producer, its main output is by definition market output, as the concept of market output is defined after having applied the distinction market, for own final use and non-market output, to the local KAU and institutional unit that have produced that output.
3.25
Definition
: producers for own final use are local KAUs or institutional units the major part of the output of which is for own final use within the same institutional unit.
3.26
Definition
: non-market producers are local KAUs or institutional units the major part of the output of which is provided for free or at not economically significant prices.
Institutional units: distinction between market, for own final use and non-market
3.27
For institutional units as producers, the distinction between market, for own final use and non-market is summarised in Table 3.1. The classification by sectors is also shown.
Table 3.1 —
   
The distinction between market producers, producers for own final use and non-market producers for institutional units
Type of institutional unit
Classification
Private or public?
NPI or not?
Market producer?
Type of producer
Sector(s)
1.
Private producers
1.1
Unincorporated enterprises owned by households (excluding quasi-corporate enterprises owned by households)
1.1 = Market or for own final use
Households
1.2
Other private producers (including quasi-corporate enterprises owned by households)
1.2.1
Private NPIs
1.2.1.1
Yes
1.2.1.1 = Market
Corporations
1.2.1.2
No
1.2.1.2 = Non-market
NPISH
1.2.2
Other private producers not NPI
1.2.2 = Market
Corporations
2.
Public producers
2.1
Yes
2.1 = Market
Corporations
2.2
No
2.2 = Non-market
General government
3.28
Table 3.1 shows that, in order to determine whether an institutional unit should be classified as a market producer, a producer for own-final use or a non-market producer, several distinctions are made sequentially. The first distinction is between private and public producers. A public producer is a producer that is controlled by the general government, where control is as defined in paragraph 2.38.
3.29
As Table 3.1 shows, private producers are found in all sectors except general government. In contrast, public producers are only found in the non-financial corporations sector, the financial corporations sector, and the general government sector.
3.30
A specific category of private producers is that of unincorporated enterprises owned by households. These are market producers or producers for own final use. The latter occurs in case of the production of services of owner-occupied dwellings and the own-account production of goods. All unincorporated enterprises owned by households are classified to the households sector apart from quasi-corporate enterprises owned by households. These are market producers and classified in the non-financial corporations and financial corporations sectors.
3.31
For other private producers, a distinction is made between private non-profit institutions and other private producers.
Definition
: a private non-profit institution (NPI) is defined as a legal or social entity acting for the purpose of producing goods and services whose status does not permit them to be a source of income, profit or other financial gains for the units that establish, control or finance them. Where their productive activities generate surpluses, such surpluses cannot be appropriated by other institutional units.
A private NPI is classified to the non-financial corporations and financial corporations sectors, if it is a market producer.
A private NPI is classified to the NPISH sector if it is a non-market producer, except when it is under the control of government. When a private NPI is controlled by government, then it is classified in the general government sector.
All other private producers that are not NPIs are market producers. They are classified in the non-financial corporations and financial corporations sectors.
3.32
In distinguishing between market and non-market output and between market and non-market producers, several criteria are to be used. The market-non-market criteria in question (see paragraph 3.19 on the definition of economically significant prices) seek to assess the existence of market circumstances and sufficient market behaviour by the producer. According to the quantitative market-non-market criterion, products sold at economically significant prices should cover at least a majority of the production costs by sales.
3.33
In applying this quantitative market-non-market criterion, sales and production costs are defined as follows.
(a)
Sales shall mean the sales excluding taxes on products but including all payments made by general government or the institutions of the Union and granted to any kind of producer in this type of activity, i.e. all payments linked to the volume or value of output are included, but payments to cover an overall deficit or settle debts are excluded.
This definition of sales corresponds to that of output at basic prices except that:
(1)
output at basic prices is only defined after it has been decided on whether the output is market or non-market: sales are only used in valuing market output; non-market output is valued at costs;
(2)
the payments made by general government to cover an overall deficit of public corporations and quasi-corporations constitute part of other subsidies on products as defined in point (c) of paragraph 4.35. As a consequence, market output at basic prices includes the payments made by general government to cover an overall deficit.
(b)
Sales exclude other sources of revenue like holding gains (though they could be a normal and expected part of business revenue), investment grants, other capital transfers (e.g. debt redemption) and the purchase of equity.
(c)
For the purpose of this criterion, production costs are equal to the sum of intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital, other taxes on production plus costs of capital. Other subsidies on production are not deducted. To ensure consistency of the concepts ‧sales‧ and ‧production costs‧ when applying the quantitative market-non-market criterion, ‧production costs‧ shall exclude all costs incurred for own-account capital formation. For the sake of simplicity, the costs of capital may in general be approximated by the net actual interest payments. However, for producers of financial services, the interest charge is taken, i.e. a correction is made for financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM).
The quantitative market-non-market criterion is applied by looking over a range of years. Minor fluctuations in the size of sales from one year to another do not require a reclassification of institutional units (and their local KAUs and output).
3.34
Sales may consist of various elements. For example, in the case of health care services provided by a hospital, sales may correspond to:
(a)
purchases by employers to be recorded as income in kind paid to their employees and final consumption expenditure by these employees;
(b)
purchases by private insurance companies;
(c)
purchases by social security funds and general government to be classified as social benefits in kind;
(d)
purchases by households without reimbursement (final consumption expenditure).
Only other subsidies on production and gifts (e.g. from charities) received are not treated as sales.
Similarly, as an illustrative example, the sale of transport services by an enterprise may correspond to intermediate consumption by producers, income in kind provided by employers, social benefits in kind provided by the government and purchases by households without reimbursement.
3.35
Private non-profit institutions serving businesses are a special case. They are usually financed by contributions or subscriptions from the group of businesses concerned. The subscriptions are treated not as transfers but as payments for services rendered, i.e. as sales. These NPIs are therefore market producers and are classified in the non-financial corporations or the financial corporations sector.
3.36
In applying the criterion of comparing sales and production costs of private or public NPIs, including in sales, all the payments linked to volume of output may be misleading in some specific cases. This can be the case, for example, in relation to the financing of private and public schools. Payments by general government can be linked to the number of pupils but be the subject of negotiation with general government. In such a case, those payments are not recorded as sales, although they may have an explicit link with a measure of the volume of output, such as the number of pupils. This implies that a school mainly financed by such payments is a non-market producer.
3.37
Public producers can be market producers or non-market producers. Market producers are classified in the non-financial and financial corporations sectors. If the institutional unit is a non-market producer, it is classified in the general government sector.
3.38
Local KAUs as market producers and as producers for own final use cannot supply non-market output. Their output can thus only be recorded as market output or output for own final use and valued correspondingly (see paragraphs 3.42 to 3.53).
3.39
Local KAUs as non-market producers can supply as secondary output market outputs and output for own final use. The output for own final use consists of own-account capital formation. The occurrence of market output should in principle be determined by applying the qualitative and quantitative market-non-market criteria to individual products. Such secondary market output by non-market producers might be the case for instance when government hospitals charge economically significant prices for some of their services.
3.40
Other examples are sales of reproductions by government museums and sales of weather forecasts by meteorological institutes.
3.41
Non-market producers may also have revenues from the sale of their non-market output at not economically significant prices, e.g. the museum's revenues from tickets for entrance. These revenues pertain to non-market output. However, if both types of revenues (revenues from tickets and those from the sale of posters and cards) are difficult to distinguish, they can all be treated as either revenues for market output or revenues from non-market output. The choice between these two alternative registrations should depend on the assumed relative importance of both types of revenues (from tickets versus those from the sale of posters and cards).
Time of recording and valuation of output
3.42
Output is to be recorded and valued when it is generated by the production process.
3.43
All output is to be valued at basic prices, but specific conventions hold for:
(a)
the valuation of non-market output;
(b)
the valuation of total output of a non-market producer (local KAU);
(c)
the valuation of the total output of an institutional unit of which a local KAU is a non-market producer.
3.44
Definition
: the basic price is the price receivable by the producers from the purchaser for a unit of a good or service produced as output minus any tax (i.e. taxes on products) payable on that unit as a consequence of its production or sale, plus any subsidy (i.e. subsidies on products) receivable on that unit as a consequence of its production or sale. It excludes any transport charges invoiced separately by the producer. It also excludes holding gains and losses on financial and non-financial assets.
3.45
Output for own final use (P.12) is valued at the basic prices of similar products sold on the market. This generates net operating surplus or mixed income for such output. An example is services of owner-occupied dwellings generating net operating surplus. If basic prices of similar products are not available, output for own final use should be valued at the costs of production plus a mark-up (except for non-market producers) for net operating surplus or mixed income.
3.46
Additions to work-in-progress are valued at the current basic price of the finished product.
3.47
In order to estimate in advance the value of output treated as work-in-progress, the value is based on the actual costs incurred, plus a mark-up (except for non-market producers) for the estimated operating surplus or mixed income. The provisional estimates are subsequently replaced by those obtained by distributing the actual value (once known) of the finished products, over the period of work-in-progress.
The value of the output of finished products is the sum of the values of:
(a)
finished products sold or bartered;
(b)
entries of finished products into inventories, less withdrawals;
(c)
finished products for own final use.
3.48
For buildings and structures acquired in an incomplete state, a value is estimated based on costs to date, including a mark-up for operating surplus or mixed income. This mark-up results when the value can be estimated on the basis of the prices of similar buildings and structures. The amounts of stage payments may be used to approximate the values of gross fixed capital formation undertaken by the purchaser at each stage, assuming no advance payments or arrears.
Where the own-account construction of a structure is not completed within a single accounting period, the value of the output is estimated by the following method. The ratio of the costs incurred in the current period to the total costs over the whole time of construction is calculated. This ratio is applied to the estimate of total output at the current basic price. If it is not possible to estimate the value of the finished structure at current basic price, it is valued by its total costs of production plus a mark-up (except for non-market producers) for net operating surplus or mixed income. If some or all of the labour is provided free, as may happen with communal construction by households, an estimate of what the cost of paid labour would have been is included in the estimated total production costs using wage rates for similar labour inputs.
3.49
The total output of a non-market producer (a local KAU) is valued at the total costs of production, i.e. the sum of:
(a)
intermediate consumption (P.2);
(b)
compensation of employees (D.1);
(c)
consumption of fixed capital (P.51c);
(d)
other taxes on production (D.29) less other subsidies on production (D.39).
Interest payments (excluding FISIM) are not included as costs of non-market production. The costs of non-market production also do not include an imputation for a net return on capital, nor an imputation for the rental value of the non-residential buildings owned and used in non-market production.
3.50
The total output of an institutional unit is the sum of the total output of its constituent local KAUs. This applies also to institutional units that are non-market producers.
3.51
In the absence of secondary market output by non-market producers, non-market output is valued at the costs of production. In the case of secondary market output by non-market producers, non-market output is valued as a residual item, i.e. as the total costs of production minus their revenues from market output.
3.52
Market output by non-market producers is valued at basic prices. Total output of a non-market local KAU covering market, non-market and own final use output is valued by the sum of production costs. The value of its market output is given by its receipts from sales of market products, the value of its non-market output being obtained residually as the difference between the value of its total output and the sum of its market output and output for own final use. The value of its receipts from the sale of non-market goods or services at prices that are not economically significant does not figure in these calculations — they are part of the value of its non-market output.
3.53
A list of exceptions and clarifications to the times of recording and the valuation of output follows, in the order of CPA sections.
Products of agriculture, forestry and fishing (Section A)
3.54
The output of agricultural products is recorded as being produced continuously over the entire period of production (and not only when the crops are harvested or animals slaughtered).
Growing crops, standing timber and stocks of fish or animals reared for purposes of food are treated as inventories of work-in-progress during the process, and transformed into inventories of finished products when the process is completed.
Output excludes any changes in uncultivated biological resources, e.g. growth of animals, birds, fish living in the wild or uncultivated growth of forests.
Manufactured products (Section C); construction work (Section F)
3.55
In the case of the construction of a building or other structure extending over several accounting periods, the output produced each period is treated as being sold to the purchaser at the end of the period, i.e. recorded as fixed capital formation by the purchaser rather than work-in-progress in the construction industry. The output is treated as being sold to the purchaser in stages. When the contract calls for stage payments, the value of the output may be approximated by the value of stage payments made each period. Where there is no certainty as to the ultimate purchaser, the incomplete output produced each period is recorded as work-in-progress.
Wholesale and retail trade services; repair services of motor vehicles and motorcycles (Section G)
3.56
The output of wholesale and retail services is measured by the trade margins realised on the goods they purchase for resale.
Definition
: a trade margin is the difference between the actual or imputed sale price realised on a good purchased for resale, and the price that would have to be paid by the distributor to replace the good at the time it is sold or otherwise disposed of.
Trade margins realised on some goods can be negative if their sale prices are marked down. Trade margins are negative on goods that are not sold, but instead go to waste or are stolen. Trade margins on goods given to employees as compensation in kind, or withdrawn for final consumption by owners, are equal to zero.
Holding gains and losses are not included in the trade margin.
The output of a wholesaler or retailer is given by the following identity:
the value of output =
the value of sales
plus
 the value of goods purchased for resale and used for intermediate consumption, compensation of employees in kind or mixed income in kind,
minus
 the value of goods purchased for resale,
plus
 the value of additions to inventories of goods for resale,
minus
 the value of goods withdrawn from inventories of goods for resale,
minus
 the value of recurrent losses due to normal rates of wastage, theft or accidental damage.
Transportation and storage (Section H)
3.57
The output of transport services is measured by the value of the amounts receivable for transporting goods or persons. Transportation for own use within the local KAU is considered ancillary activity and is not separately identified and recorded.
3.58
The output of storage services is measured as the value of an addition to work-in-progress. Increases in the price of goods while in inventories should not be regarded as work-in-progress and production, but be treated as holding gains. If the increase in value reflects a rise in price with no change in quality, then there is no further production during the period in addition to the costs of storage or the explicit purchase for a storage service. However, in three cases the increase in value is regarded as production:
(a)
the quality of the good may improve with the passage of time, e.g. in case of wine; only in cases where maturing is part of the regular production process, the increase of the quality of the good is regarded as production;
(b)
seasonal factors affecting the supply or demand for a specific good that lead to regular, predictable variations in price over the year, even though its physical qualities may not have changed;
(c)
the production process is sufficiently long that discounting factors are applied to work carried out significantly long before delivery.
3.59
Most changes in prices of goods while in inventories are not additions to work-in-progress. In order to estimate the increase in the value of goods stored over and above the storage costs, use may be made of the expected increase in value over and above the general rate of inflation over a predetermined period. Any gain that occurs outside the predetermined period continues to be recorded as a holding gain or loss.
Storage services do not include any change in price due to holding financial assets, valuables or other non-financial assets like land and buildings.
3.60
The output of travel agency services is measured as the value of service charges of agencies (fees or commission charges) and not by the full expenditures made by travellers to the travel agency, including charges for transport by third parties.
3.61
The output of tour operator services is measured by the full expenditure made by travellers to the tour operator.
3.62
Travel agency services and tour operator services are distinguished by the fact that travel agency services amount only to intermediation on behalf of the traveller, while tour operator services create a new product called a tour, which has various components of travel, accommodation and entertainment.
Accommodation and food services (Section I)
3.63
The value of the output of the services of hotels, restaurants and cafes includes the value of the food, beverages, etc. consumed.
Financial and insurance services (Section K): output of the central bank
The central bank delivers the following services:
(a)
monetary policy services;
(b)
financial intermediation services;
(c)
supervisory services overseeing financial corporations.
The output of the central bank is measured as the sum of its costs.
Financial and insurance services (Section K): financial services in general
Financial services consist of the following services:
(a)
financial intermediation (including insurance and pension services);
(b)
services of financial auxiliaries; and
(c)
other financial services.
3.64
Financial intermediation is financial risk management and liquidity transformation. Corporations engaged in these activities obtain funds for example by taking deposits, and issuing bills, bonds and other securities. The corporations use these funds as well as own funds to acquire financial assets by making loans to others and by purchasing bills, bonds or other securities. Financial intermediation includes insurance and pension services.
3.65
Auxiliary financial activities facilitate risk management and liquidity transformation. Financial auxiliaries act on behalf of other units and do not put themselves at risk by incurring financial liabilities or by acquiring financial assets as part of an intermediation service.
3.66
Other financial services include monitoring services such as monitoring the stock and bond market, security services such as safeguarding expensive jewellery and important documents, and trading services such as foreign exchange dealing and dealing in securities.
3.67
Financial services are produced almost exclusively by financial institutions because of the stringent supervision of those services. For example, if a retailer wishes to offer credit facilities to its customers, the credit facilities are usually offered by a financial corporation subsidiary of the retailer or by another specialised financial institution.
3.68
Financial services may be paid for directly or indirectly. Some transactions in financial assets may involve both direct charges and indirect charges. Financial services are provided and charged for in four main ways:
(a)
financial services provided for direct payment;
(b)
financial services paid for through loading interest charges;
(c)
financial services in acquiring and disposing of financial assets and liabilities in financial markets;
(d)
financial services provided in insurance and pension schemes, where the activity is financed by loading insurance contributions and from the income return on savings.
Financial services provided for direct payment
3.69
These financial services are provided for explicit charges, covering a wide range of services that may be provided by different types of financial institutions. The following examples illustrate the nature of the services charged for directly:
(a)
banks charge households to arrange a mortgage, manage an investment portfolio, and administer an estate;
(b)
specialised institutions charge non-financial corporations for organising a takeover or for administering a restructuring of a group of corporations;
(c)
credit card companies charge units that accept credit cards usually a percentage of each sale;
(d)
a card holder is charged an explicit fee, usually each year, for holding the card.
Financial services paid for through loading interest charges
3.70
For example, in financial intermediation, a financial institution like a bank accepts deposits from units wishing to receive interest on funds for which the unit has no immediate use and lends them to other units whose funds are insufficient to meet their needs. The bank thus provides a mechanism to allow the first unit to lend to the second. Each of the two parties pays a fee to the bank for the service provided: the unit lending funds pays by accepting a rate of interest lower than the ‧reference‧ rate of interest, while the unit borrowing funds pays by accepting a rate of interest higher than the ‧reference‧ rate of interest. The difference between the interest rate paid to banks by borrowers and the interest rate actually paid to depositors is a charge for FISIM.
3.71
It is seldom the case that the amount of funds lent by a financial institution exactly matches the amount deposited with them. Some money may have been deposited but not yet loaned. Some loans may be financed by the bank's own funds and not from borrowed funds. Irrespective of the source of finance, a service is provided for the loans and deposits offered. FISIM are imputed for all loans and deposits. These indirect charges apply only to loans and deposits provided by, or deposited with, financial institutions.
3.72
The reference rate lies between bank interest rates on deposits and loans. It does not correspond to an arithmetic average of the rates on loans or deposits. The rate prevailing for inter-bank borrowing and lending is a suitable choice. However, different reference rates are needed for each currency in which loans and deposits are denominated, especially when a non-resident financial institution is involved.
FISIM are described in detail in Chapter 14.
Financial services consisting of acquiring and disposing of financial assets and liabilities in financial markets
3.73
When a financial institution offers a security (e.g. bill or bond) for sale, a service charge is levied. The purchase price (the ask price) is equal to the estimated market value of the security plus a margin. Another charge is levied when a security is sold, the price offered to the seller (the bid price) being equal to the market value minus a margin. Margins between buying and selling prices apply also to equities, investment fund shares and foreign currencies. These margins are for the provision of financial services.
Financial services provided in insurance and pension schemes, where activity is financed by loading insurance contributions and from the income return on savings
3.74
The following financial services fall under this heading. Each of them results in a redistribution of funds.
(a)
Non-life insurance. Under a non-life insurance policy, the insurance company accepts a premium from a client and holds it until a claim is made or the period of the insurance expires. The insurance company invests the premium and the resulting property income is an extra source of funds. The property income represents income foregone by the client and is treated as an implicit supplement to the actual premium. The insurance company sets the level of the actual premiums to be such that the sum of the premiums plus the property income earned on them less the expected claims will leave a margin that the insurance company will retain as the output of the insurance company.
Non-life insurance output is calculated as:
total premiums earned
plus
 implicit premium supplements (equal to the property income earned on technical reserves)
less
 adjusted claims incurred.
The insurance corporation has at its disposal reserves consisting of unearned premiums (actual premiums relating to the next accounting period) and claims outstanding. Claims outstanding cover claims that have not yet been reported, have been reported but are not yet settled or have been reported and settled but are not yet paid. These reserves are called technical reserves and are used to generate investment income. Holding gains and losses are not income from investment of the insurance technical reserves. Insurance technical reserves may be invested in secondary activities of the insurance company, e.g. the letting of dwellings or offices. The net operating surplus on these secondary activities is income from the investment of insurance technical reserves.
The appropriate level of claims used in calculating output is called ‧adjusted claims‧ and these can be determined in two ways. The expectation method estimates the level of adjusted claims from a model based on the past pattern of claims payable by the corporation. The second method uses accounting information: adjusted claims are derived 
ex post
 as actual claims incurred plus the change in equalisation provisions, i.e. the funds set aside to meet unexpectedly large claims. Where the equalisation provisions are insufficient to bring adjusted claims back to a normal level, contributions from own funds are added to the measure of adjusted claims. A major feature of both methods is that unexpectedly large claims do not lead to volatile and negative estimates of output.
Changes in technical reserves and equalisation provisions in response to changes in financial regulation are recorded as other changes in the volume of assets; they are irrelevant for calculating output. If, due to lack of information, both methods for estimating adjusted claims are not possible, it may be necessary to estimate output instead by the sum of costs including an allowance for normal profits.
In case of with-profits insurance, the change in the reserves for with-profits insurance is deducted to obtain output.
(b)
A life insurance policy is a type of saving scheme. For a number of years, the policyholder pays premiums to the insurance corporation against a promise of benefits at some future date. These benefits may be expressed in terms of a formula related to the premiums paid or may be dependent on the level of success the insurance corporation has in investing the funds. The method of calculating output for life insurance follows the same general principles as for non-life insurance. However, because of the time intervals between the time when premiums are received and when benefits are paid, special allowances must be made for changes in the technical reserves. The output of life insurance is derived as:
premiums earned
plus
 premium supplements, 
less
 benefits due
less
 increases (plus decreases) in life insurance technical reserves.
Premiums are defined in exactly the same way for life insurance as for non-life insurance. Premium supplements are more significant for life insurance than for non-life insurance. Benefits are recorded as they are awarded or paid. There is no need under life insurance to derive an adjusted estimate of benefits since there is not the same unexpected volatility in the payment under a life policy. Life insurance technical reserves increase each year because of new premiums paid and new investment income allocated to the policyholders (but not withdrawn by them) and decrease because of benefits paid. It is thus possible to express the level of output of life insurance as the difference between the total investment income earned on the life insurance technical reserves less the part of this investment income actually allocated to the policy holders and added to the insurance technical reserves.
When this method is not feasible for data reasons or does not yield meaningful results, output of life insurance shall also be calculated as the sum of production costs plus an allowance for ‧normal profit‧.
(c)
The output of reinsurance is to be determined in exactly the same way as for non-life insurance, whether it is life or non-life policies that are being reinsured.
(d)
The output of running a social insurance scheme depends on the way in which it is organised. The following are examples of how such schemes are organised.
(1)
Social security schemes are social insurance schemes that cover the community at large, and are imposed and controlled by government. Their purpose is to provide benefits for citizens to meet the demands of old age, invalidity or death, sickness, work injury, unemployment, family and health care, etc. If separate units are distinguished, their output is determined in the same way as all non-market output as the sum of costs. If separate units are not distinguished, the output of social security is included with the output of the level of government at which it operates.
(2)
When an employer operates his own social insurance scheme, the value of the output is determined as the sum of costs including an estimate for a return to any fixed capital used in the operation of the scheme. The value of output is measured in the same way where the employer establishes a separate pension fund to manage the scheme.
(3)
Where an employer uses an insurance corporation to manage the scheme on his behalf, the value of the output is the fee charged by the insurance corporation.
(4)
For a multi-employer scheme, the value of output is measured as for life insurance policies: it is investment income received by the schemes less the amount added to reserves.
(e)
Measuring the output of standardised loan guarantee schemes depends on the type of producer involved. If a standardised loan guarantee scheme operates as a market producer, the value of output is calculated in the same way as non-life insurance. If the scheme operates as a non-market producer, the value of output is calculated as the sum of costs.
Real estate services (Section L)
3.75
The output of services of owner-occupied dwellings is valued at the estimated value of rental that a tenant would pay for the same accommodation, taking into account factors such as location, neighbourhood amenities, etc., as well as the size and quality of the dwelling itself. For garages located separately from dwellings, which are used by the owner for final consumption purposes in connection with using the dwelling, a similar imputation is to be made. The rental value of owner-occupied dwellings abroad, e.g. holiday homes, should not be recorded as part of domestic production, but as imports of services and the corresponding net operating surplus as primary income received from the rest of the world. For owner-occupied dwellings owned by non-residents, analogous entries are made. In case of time-sharing apartments, a proportion of the service charge is recorded.
3.76
To estimate the value of owner-occupied dwelling services, the stratification method is used. The stock of dwellings is stratified by location, nature of dwelling and other factors that affect the rental. Information about actual rentals from rented dwellings is used to obtain an estimate of the rental value of the total stock of dwellings. The average actual rental per stratum is applied to all dwellings in that particular stratum. If the information on rentals is derived from sample surveys, the grossing-up to total stock rentals relates to both a part of the rented and all owner-occupied dwellings. The detailed procedure to determine a rental per stratum is carried out for a base year and is then extrapolated to the later periods.
3.77
The rental to be applied to owner-occupied dwellings in the stratification method is defined as the private market rental due for the right to use an unfurnished dwelling. The rentals for unfurnished dwellings from all private market contracts are used to determine imputed rentals. Private market rentals that are at a low level due to government regulation are included. If the information source is the tenant, the observed rental is corrected by adding any specific rental allowance, which is paid directly to the landlord. If the sample size for the observed rentals as defined above is not large enough, observed rentals for furnished dwellings may be used for imputation purposes, provided they are adjusted for the furniture element. Exceptionally, also increased rentals for public-owned dwellings may be used. Low rentals for dwellings let to relatives or to employees should not be used.
3.78
The stratification method is used for grossing up to all rented dwellings. The average rental for imputation as described above may not be suitable for some segments of the rental market. For example, scaled-down rentals for furnished dwellings or increased public rentals are not appropriate for the respective actually rented dwellings. In this case, separate strata for actually rented furnished or social dwellings combined with appropriate average rentals are required.
3.79
In the absence of a sufficiently large rental market, where accommodation is characteristic of owner-occupied dwellings, the user-cost method is applied for owner-occupied dwellings.
Under the user-cost method, the output of dwelling services is the sum of intermediate consumption, consumption of fixed capital, other taxes less subsidies on production and net operating surplus (NOS).
The NOS is measured by applying a constant real annual rate of return to the net value of the stock of owner-occupied dwellings at current prices (replacement costs).
3.80
The output of real estate services of non-residential buildings is measured by the value of the rentals due.
Professional, scientific and technical services (Section M); Administrative and support services (Section N)
3.81
The output of operating leasing services, such as renting out machinery or equipments, is measured by the value of the rental paid. Operating leasing is different from financial leasing: financial leasing is financing the acquisition of fixed assets, by making a loan from the lessor to the lessee. Financial leasing payments consist of repayments of principal and interest payments, with a small charge for direct services provided (see Chapter 15: Contracts, leases and licences).
3.82
Research and development (R&D) is creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase the stock of knowledge, and use of this stock of knowledge for the purpose of discovering or developing new products, including improved versions or qualities of -existing products, or discovering or developing new or more efficient processes of production. R&D of a significant size relative to the principal activity is recorded as a secondary activity of the local KAU. A separate local KAU is distinguished for R&D where possible.
3.83
The output of R&D services is measured as follows:
(a)
R&D by specialised commercial research laboratories or institutes is valued at the revenues from sales, contracts, commissions, fees, etc. in the usual way;
(b)
the output of R&D for use within the same enterprise is valued on the basis of the estimated basic prices that would be paid if the research were subcontracted. In the absence of a market for subcontracting R&D of a similar nature, it is valued as the sum of production costs plus a mark-up (except for non-market producers) for NOS or mixed income;
(c)
R&D by government units, universities and non-profit research institutes is valued as the sum of the costs of production. Revenues from the sale of R&D by non-market producers of R&D are to be recorded as revenues from secondary market output.
Expenditure on R&D is distinguished from that on education and training. Expenditure on R&D does not include the costs of developing software as a principal or secondary activity.
Public administration and defence services, compulsory social security services (Section O)
3.84
Public administration, defence services and compulsory social security services are provided as non-market services and valued accordingly.
Education services (Section P); human health and social work services (Section Q)
3.85
For education services and health services, a precise distinction is drawn between market and non-market producers and between their market and non-market output. For example, for some types of education and medical treatment, nominal fees can be levied by government institutions (or by other institutions due to specific subsidies), but for other education and special medical treatments they may charge commercial tariffs. Another example is that the same type of service (e.g. higher education) is provided by, on the one hand, the government and, on the other hand, commercial institutes.
Education and health services exclude R&D activities; health services exclude education in health care, e.g. by academic hospitals.
Arts, entertainment and recreation services (Section R); other services (Section S)
3.86
The production of books, recordings, films, software, tapes, disks, etc. is a two-stage process and is measured accordingly:
(1)
the output from the production of originals — an intellectual property product — is measured by the price paid if sold, or, if not sold, by the basic price paid for similar originals, its production costs (including a mark-up for NOS) or the discounted value of the future receipts expected from using it in production;
(2)
the owner of this asset may use it directly or to produce copies in subsequent periods. If the owner has licensed other producers to make use of the original in production, the fees, commissions, royalties, etc. received from the licenses are the output of services. However, the sale of the original is negative fixed capital formation.
Private households as employers (Section T)
3.87
The output of household services produced by employing paid staff is valued by the compensation of employees paid; this includes any compensation in kind such as food or accommodation.
INTERMEDIATE CONSUMPTION (P.2)
3.88
Definition
: intermediate consumption consists of goods and services consumed as inputs by a process of production, excluding fixed assets whose consumption is recorded as consumption of fixed capital. The goods and services are either transformed or used up by the production process.
3.89
Intermediate consumption includes the following cases:
(a)
goods and services used as inputs into ancillary activities. Common examples are purchasing, sales, marketing, accounting, data processing, transportation, storage, maintenance, security, etc. These goods and services are not distinguished from those consumed by the principal (or secondary) activities of a local KAU;
(b)
goods and services which are received from another local KAU of the same institutional unit;
(c)
rental of fixed assets, e.g. the operational leasing of machines, cars, software and entertainment originals;
(d)
fees for short-term contracts, leases and licences recorded as non-produced assets; this excludes the outright purchase of such non-produced assets;
(e)
the subscriptions, contributions or dues paid to non-profit business associations (see paragraph 3.35);
(f)
items not treated as gross capital formation, such as:
(1)
inexpensive tools used for common operations, such as saws, spades, knives, axes, hammers, screwdrivers, spanners, wrenches and other hand tools; small devices such as pocket calculators. All expenditure on such durables is recorded as intermediate consumption;
(2)
the regular maintenance and repair of fixed assets used in production;
(3)
services of staff training, market research and similar activities, purchased from an outside agency or provided by a separate local KAU of the same institutional unit;
(4)
expenditure on R&D will be treated as fixed capital formation when a sufficiently high level of reliability and comparability of the estimates by the Member States has been achieved;
(g)
expenditure by employees, reimbursed by the employer, on items necessary for the employers' production, like contractual obligations to purchase on own-account tools or safety-wear;
(h)
expenditure by employers which is to their own benefit as well as to that of their employees, because it is necessary for production. Examples are:
(1)
reimbursement of employees for travelling, separation, removal and entertainment expenses incurred in the course of their duties;
(2)
providing amenities at the place of work.
A list of relevant expenditure is presented in the paragraphs on compensation of employees (D.1) (see paragraph 4.07);
(i)
non-life insurance service charges paid by local KAUs (see Chapter 16: Insurance). To record only the service charge as intermediate consumption, the premiums paid are discounted for, e.g. claims paid out and the net change in actuarial reserves. The net change in actuarial reserves shall be allocated to the local KAUs as a proportion of the premiums paid;
(j)
FISIM purchased by resident producers;
(k)
the non-market output of the central bank output should be entirely allocated to the intermediate consumption of other financial intermediaries.
3.90
Intermediate consumption excludes:
(a)
items treated as gross capital formation, examples being:
(1)
valuables;
(2)
mineral exploration;
(3)
major improvements beyond those required to keep the fixed assets in good working order. Examples are renovation, reconstruction or enlargement;
(4)
software purchased outright or produced on own-account;
(5)
military weapons and the equipment to deliver them;
(b)
expenditure treated as the purchase of non-produced assets. Examples are long-term contracts, leases and licences (see Chapter 15);
(c)
expenditure by employers treated as wages and salaries in kind;
(d)
use by market or own-account producer units of collective services provided by government units (treated as collective consumption expenditure by government);
(e)
goods and services produced and consumed within the same accounting period and within the same local KAU (they are also not recorded as output);
(f)
payments for government licenses and fees that are treated as other taxes on production;
(g)
payments for licences for using natural resources (e.g. land) that are treated as rents, i.e. as a payment of property income.
Time of recording and valuation of intermediate consumption
3.91
Products used for intermediate consumption are recorded and valued at the time they enter the process of production. They are valued at the purchasers' prices for similar goods or services at the time of use.
3.92
Producer units do not record the use of goods in production directly. They record the purchases intended to be used as inputs less the increase in the amounts of such goods held in inventory.
FINAL CONSUMPTION (P.3, P.4)
3.93
Two concepts of final consumption are used:
(a)
final consumption expenditure (P.3);
(b)
actual final consumption (P.4).
Final consumption expenditure is expenditure on goods and services used by households, NPISHs and government to satisfy individual and collective needs. In contrast, actual final consumption refers to its acquisition of consumption goods and services. The difference between these concepts lies in the treatment of certain goods and services financed by the government or NPISHs but supplied to households as social transfers in kind.
Final consumption expenditure (P.3)
3.94
Definition
: final consumption expenditure consists of expenditure incurred by resident institutional units on goods or services that are used for the direct satisfaction of individual needs or wants or the collective needs of members of the community.
3.95
Household final consumption expenditure includes the following examples:
(a)
services of owner-occupied dwellings;
(b)
income in kind, such as:
(1)
goods and services received as income in kind by employees;
(2)
goods or services produced as outputs of unincorporated enterprises owned by households that are retained for consumption by members of the household. Examples are food and other agricultural goods, housing services by owner-occupiers and household services produced by employing paid staff (servants, cooks, gardeners, chauffeurs, etc.);
(c)
items not treated as intermediate consumption, such as:
(1)
materials for small repairs to and interior decoration of dwellings of a kind carried out by tenants as well as owners;
(2)
materials for repairs and maintenance to consumer durables, including vehicles;
(d)
items not treated as capital formation, in particular consumer durables, that continue to perform their function in several accounting periods; this includes the transfer of ownership of some durables from an enterprise to a household;
(e)
financial services directly charged and the part of FISIM used for final consumption purposes by households;
(f)
insurance services by the amount of the implicit service charge;
(g)
pension funding services by the amount of the implicit service charge;
(h)
payments by households for licences, permits, etc. which are regarded as purchases of services (see paragraphs 4.79 and 4.80);
(i)
the purchase of output at not economically significant prices, e.g. entrance fees for a museum.
3.96
Household final consumption expenditure excludes the following:
(a)
social transfers in kind, such as expenditures initially incurred by households but subsequently reimbursed by social security, e.g. some medical expenses;
(b)
items treated as intermediate consumption or gross capital formation, such as:
(1)
expenditures by households owning unincorporated enterprises when incurred for business purposes — e.g. on durable goods such as vehicles, furniture or electrical equipment (gross fixed capital formation), and also on non-durables such as fuel (treated as intermediate consumption);
(2)
expenditure that an owner-occupier incurs on the decoration, maintenance and repair of the dwelling not typically carried out by tenants (treated as intermediate consumption in producing housing services);
(3)
the purchase of dwellings (treated as gross fixed capital formation);
(4)
expenditure on valuables (treated as gross capital formation);
(c)
items treated as acquisitions of non-produced assets, in particular the purchase of land;
(d)
all those payments by households which are to be regarded as taxes (see paragraphs 4.79 and 4.80);
(e)
subscriptions, contributions and dues paid by households to NPISHs, such as trade unions, professional societies, consumers' associations, churches and social, cultural, recreational and sports clubs;
(f)
voluntary transfers in cash or in kind by households to charities and relief and aid organisations.
3.97
Final consumption expenditure of NPISHs includes two separate categories:
(a)
the value of the goods and services produced by NPISHs other than own-account capital formation and other than expenditure made by households and other units;
(b)
expenditures by NPISHs on goods or services produced by market producers that are supplied — without any transformation — to households for their consumption as social transfers in kind.
3.98
Final consumption expenditure (P.3) by government includes two categories of expenditures, similar to those by NPISHs:
(a)
the value of the goods and services produced by general government itself (P.1) other than own-account capital formation (corresponding to P.12), market output (P.11) and payments for non-market output (P.131);
(b)
purchases by general government of goods and services produced by market producers that are supplied to households, without any transformation, as social transfers in kind (D.632). General government pays for these goods and services that the sellers provide to households.
3.99
Corporations do not make final consumption expenditures. Their purchases of goods and services as used by households for final consumption are either used for intermediate consumption or provided to employees as compensation of employees in kind, i.e. imputed household final consumption expenditure.
Actual final consumption (P.4)
3.100
Definition
: actual final consumption consists of the goods or services that are acquired by resident institutional units for the direct satisfaction of human needs, whether individual or collective.
3.101
Definition
: goods and services for individual consumption (‧individual goods and services‧) are goods and services acquired by a household and used to satisfy the needs and wants of members of that household. Individual goods and services have the following characteristics:
(a)
it is possible to observe and record the acquisition of the goods and services by an individual household or member thereof and also the time at which the acquisition took place;
(b)
the household has agreed to the provision of the goods and services and takes the action necessary to consume the goods and services, for example by attending a school or clinic;
(c)
the goods and services are such that their acquisition by one household or person, or by a group of persons, precludes its acquisition by other households or persons.
3.102
Definition
: collective services are services for collective consumption that are provided simultaneously to all members of the community or all members of a particular section of the community, such as all households living in a particular region. Collective services have the following characteristics:
(a)
they can be delivered simultaneously to every member of the community or to particular sections of the community, such as those in a particular region or locality;
(b)
the use of such services is usually passive and does not require the agreement or active participation of all the individuals concerned;
(c)
the provision of a collective service to one individual does not reduce the amount available to other in the same community or section of the community.
3.103
All household final consumption expenditure is individual. All goods and services provided by NPISHs are treated as individual.
3.104
For the goods and services provided by government units, the borderline between individual and collective goods and services is drawn on the basis of the classification of the functions of government (COFOG).
All government final consumption expenditure under each of the following headings is treated as expenditure on individual consumption:
(a)
7.1
Medical products, appliances and equipment
7.2
Outpatient services
7.3
Hospital services
7.4
Public health services;
(b)
8.1
Recreational and sporting services
8.2
Cultural services;
(c)
9.1
Pre-primary and primary education
9.2
Secondary education
9.3
Post-secondary non-tertiary education
9.4
Tertiary education
9.5
Education not definable by level
9.6
Subsidiary services to education;
(d)
10.1
Sickness and disability
10.2
Old age
10.3
Survivors
10.4
Family and children
10.5
Unemployment
10.6
Housing
10.7
Social exclusion not elsewhere included.
3.105
Alternatively individual consumption expenditure of general government corresponds to division 14 of the classification of individual consumption by purpose (Coicop), which includes the following groups:
14.1
Housing (equivalent to COFOG group 10.6)
14.2
Health (equivalent to COFOG groups 7.1 to 7.4)
14.3
Recreation and culture (equivalent to COFOG groups 8.1 and 8.2)
14.4
Education (equivalent to COFOG groups 9.1 to 9.6)
14.5
Social protection (equivalent to COFOG groups 10.1 to 10.5 and group 10.7).
3.106
Collective consumption expenditure is the remainder of the government final consumption expenditure.
It consists of the following COFOG groups:
(a)
general public services (division 1);
(b)
defence (division 2);
(c)
public order and safety (division 3);
(d)
economic affairs (division 4);
(e)
environmental protection (division 5);
(f)
housing and community amenities (division 6);
(g)
general administration, regulation, dissemination of general information and statistics (all divisions);
(h)
research and development (all divisions).
3.107
The relationships between the various consumption concepts employed can be shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 —
   
Sector making expenditure
Government
NPISHs
Households
Total acquisitions
Individual consumption
X (= Social transfers in kind
X (= Social transfers in kind)
X
Households actual individual final consumption
Collective consumption
X
0
0
Government's actual collective final consumption
Total
Government's final consumption expenditure
NPISHs final consumption expenditure
Households' final consumption expenditure
Actual final consumption = Total final consumption expenditure
X: applicable
0: not applicable
3.108
Final consumption expenditure of NPISHs is all individual. Total actual final consumption is equal to the sum of households' actual final consumption and actual final consumption of general government.
3.109
There are no social transfers in kind with the rest of the world (though there are such transfers in monetary terms). Total actual final consumption is equal to total final consumption expenditure.
Time of recording and valuation of final consumption expenditure
3.110
Expenditure on a good is recorded at the time of change of ownership; expenditure on a service is recorded when the delivery of the service is completed.
3.111
Expenditure on goods acquired under a hire purchase or similar credit agreement, and also under a financial lease, is recorded at the time the goods are delivered even if there is no change of ownership at this point.
3.112
Own-account consumption is recorded when the output retained for own final consumption is produced.
3.113
The final consumption expenditure of households is recorded at purchasers' prices. This is the price the purchaser actually pays for the products at the time of the purchase. A more detailed definition is in paragraph 3.06.
3.114
Goods and services supplied as employee compensation in kind are valued at basic prices when produced by the employer and at the purchasers' prices of the employer when bought in by the employer.
3.115
Retained goods or services for own consumption are valued at basic prices.
3.116
Final consumption expenditures by general government or NPISHs on products produced by themselves are recorded at the time they are produced, which is also the time of delivery of such services by government or NPISHs. For the final consumption expenditure on goods and services supplied via market producers, the time of delivery is the time of recording.
3.117
Final consumption expenditure (P.3) by general government or NPISHs is equal to the sum of their output (P.1), plus the expenditure on products supplied to households via market producers, part of social transfers in kind (D.632), minus the payments by other units, market output (P.11) and payments for non-market output (P.131), minus own-account capital formation (P.12).
Time of recording and valuation of actual final consumption
3.118
Goods and services are acquired by institutional units when they become the new owners of the goods and when the delivery of services to them is completed.
3.119
Acquisitions (actual final consumption) are valued at the purchasers' prices for the units that incur the expenditures.
3.120
Transfers in kind other than social transfers in kind from government and NPISHs are treated as if they were transfers in cash. Accordingly, the values of the goods or services are recorded as expenditures by the institutional units or sectors that acquire them.
3.121
The values of the two aggregates of final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption are the same. The goods and services acquired by resident households through social transfers in kind are valued at the same prices as those at which they are valued in the expenditure aggregates.
GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION (P.5)
3.122
Gross capital formation consists of:
(a)
gross fixed capital formation (P.51g):
(1)
consumption of fixed capital (P.51c);
(2)
net fixed capital formation (P.51n);
(b)
changes in inventories (P.52);
(c)
acquisitions less disposals of valuables (P.53).
3.123
Gross capital formation is measured gross of consumption of fixed capital. Net capital formation is calculated by deducting consumption of fixed capital from gross capital formation.
Gross fixed capital formation (P.51g)
3.124
Definition
: gross fixed capital formation (P.51) consists of resident producers' acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of producer or institutional units. Fixed assets are produced assets used in production for more than one year.
3.125
Gross fixed capital formation consists of both positive and negative values:
(a)
positive values:
(1)
new or existing fixed assets purchased;
(2)
fixed assets produced and retained for producers' own use (including own account production of fixed assets not yet completed or fully mature);
(3)
new or existing fixed assets acquired through barter;
(4)
new or existing fixed assets received as capital transfers in kind;
(5)
new or existing fixed assets acquired by the user under a financial lease;
(6)
major improvements to fixed assets and existing historic monuments;
(7)
natural growth of those natural assets that yield repeat products;
(b)
negative values, i.e. disposals of fixed assets recorded as negative acquisitions:
(1)
existing fixed assets sold;
(2)
existing fixed assets surrendered in barter;
(3)
existing fixed assets surrendered as capital transfers in kind.
3.126
The disposals components of fixed assets exclude:
(a)
consumption of fixed capital (which includes anticipated normal accidental damage);
(b)
exceptional losses, such as those due to drought or other natural disasters, which are recorded as other change in the volume of assets.
3.127
The following types of gross fixed capital formation are distinguished:
(1)
dwellings;
(2)
other buildings and structures; this includes major improvements to land;
(3)
machinery and equipment, such as ships, cars and computers;
(4)
weapons systems;
(5)
cultivated biological resources, e.g. trees and livestock;
(6)
costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets, like land, contracts, leases and licences;
(7)
R&D, including the production of freely available R&D. Expenditure on R&D will only be treated as fixed capital formation when a high level of reliability and comparability of the estimates by the Member States has been achieved;
(8)
mineral exploration and evaluation;
(9)
computer software and databases;
(10)
entertainment, literary or artistic originals;
(11)
other intellectual property rights.
3.128
Major improvements to land include:
(a)
reclamation of land from sea by the construction of dikes, sea walls or dams for this purpose;
(b)
clearance of forests, rocks, etc. to enable land to be used in production for the first time;
(c)
draining of marshes or the irrigation of deserts by the construction of dikes, ditches and irrigation channels; prevention of flooding or erosion by the sea or rivers by the construction of breakwaters, sea walls or flood barriers.
These activities may lead to the creation of substantial new structures such as sea walls, flood barriers and dams, but these structures are not used to produce other goods and services, but obtain more or better land, and it is the land, a non-produced asset, that is used in production. For example, a dam built to produce electricity serves a different purpose from a dam built to keep out the sea. Only the latter type of dam is classified as an improvement to land.
3.129
Gross fixed capital formation includes the following borderline cases:
(a)
acquisitions of houseboats, barges, mobile homes and caravans used as residences of households and any associated structures such as garages;
(b)
structures and equipment used by the military;
(c)
light weapons and armoured vehicles used by non-military units;
(d)
changes in livestock used in production year after year, such as breeding stock, dairy cattle, sheep reared for wool and draught animals;
(e)
changes in trees that are cultivated year after year, such as fruit trees, vines, rubber trees, palm trees, etc.;
(f)
improvements to existing fixed assets beyond ordinary maintenance and repairs;
(g)
the acquisition of fixed assets by financial leasing;
(h)
terminal costs, i.e. large costs associated with disposal, e.g. decommissioning costs of nuclear power stations or clean up costs of landfill sites.
3.130
Gross fixed capital formation excludes:
(a)
transactions included in intermediate consumption, like:
(1)
purchase of small tools for production purposes;
(2)
ordinary maintenance and repairs;
(3)
the acquisition of fixed assets to be used under an operational leasing contract (see also Chapter 15: Contracts, leases and licences). For the enterprise that is using the fixed asset, rentals are treated as intermediate consumption. For the owner of the asset, the cost of acquisition is recorded as gross fixed capital formation;
(b)
transactions recorded as changes in inventories:
(1)
animals raised for slaughter, including poultry;
(2)
trees grown for timber (work-in-progress);
(c)
machinery and equipment acquired by households for purposes of final consumption;
(d)
holding gains and losses on fixed assets;
(e)
catastrophic losses on fixed assets, e.g. destruction of cultivated assets and livestock by outbreaks of disease which is not normally covered by insurance, or damage due to abnormal flooding, wind damage or forest fires;
(f)
funds set aside or put in reserve without any commitment for the actual purchase or construction of a specific capital good, e.g. a government fund for infrastructure.
3.131
Gross fixed capital formation in the form of improvements to existing fixed assets is recorded as acquisitions of new fixed assets of the same kind.
3.132
Intellectual property products are the result of research and development, investigation or innovation leading to knowledge, use of which is restricted by law or other means of protection.
Examples of intellectual property assets are:
(a)
results of R&D;
(b)
results of mineral exploration, measured as the costs of actual test drilling, aerial or other surveys, transportation, etc.;
(c)
computer software and large databases to be used in production for more than one year;
(d)
entertainment, literary or artistic originals of manuscripts, models, films, sound recordings, etc.
3.133
For both fixed assets and non-produced non-financial assets, the costs of ownership transfer incurred by their new owner consist of:
(a)
charges incurred in taking delivery of the asset (new or existing asset) at the required location and time, such as transport charges, installation charges, erection charges, etc.;
(b)
professional charges or commissions incurred, such as fees paid to surveyors, engineers, lawyers, valuers, etc., and commissions paid to estate agents, auctioneers, etc.;
(c)
taxes payable by the new owner on the transfer of ownership of the asset. These taxes are taxes on the services of intermediaries and any tax on the transfer of ownership but not taxes on the asset bought.
All these costs are to be recorded as gross fixed capital formation by the new owner.
Time of recording and valuation of gross fixed capital formation
3.134
Gross fixed capital formation is recorded when the ownership of the fixed assets is transferred to the institutional unit that intends to use them in production.
This rule is modified for:
(a)
financial leasing, when a change of ownership from lessor to lessee is imputed;
(b)
own-account gross fixed capital formation, which is recorded when it is produced.
3.135
Gross fixed capital formation is valued at purchasers' prices including installation charges and other costs of ownership transfer. When produced on own-account it is valued at the basic prices of similar fixed assets, and if such prices are not available, at the costs of production plus a mark-up (except for non-market producers) for net operating surplus or mixed income.
3.136
Acquisitions of intellectual property products are valued in different ways:
(a)
for mineral exploration: by the costs of actual test drillings and borings, and the costs incurred to make it possible to carry out tests, such as aerial or other surveys;
(b)
for computer software: by purchasers' prices when purchased on the market, or at its estimated basic price, or if no basic price is available, at its costs of production plus a mark-up for net operating surplus (except for non-market producers) when developed in-house;
(c)
for entertainment, literary or artistic originals: valued at the price paid by the purchaser when it is sold, or if not sold, the following methods of estimation are acceptable:
(i)
at the basic price paid for similar originals;
(ii)
the sum of its production costs plus a mark-up (except for non-market producers) for net operating surplus; or
(iii)
the discounted value of expected receipts.
3.137
Disposals of existing fixed assets by sale are valued at basic prices, deducting any costs of ownership transfer incurred by the seller.
3.138
Costs of ownership transfer can apply to both produced assets, including fixed assets, and non-produced assets, such as land.
These costs are included in the purchasers' prices in the case of produced assets. They are separated from the purchases and sales themselves in the case of land and other non-produced assets, and recorded under a separate heading in the classification of gross fixed capital formation.
Consumption of fixed capital (P.51c)
3.139
Definition
: consumption of fixed capital (P.51c) is the decline in value of fixed assets owned, as a result of normal wear and tear and obsolescence. The estimate of decline in value includes a provision for losses of fixed assets as a result of accidental damage which can be insured against. Consumption of fixed capital covers anticipated terminal costs, such as the decommissioning costs of nuclear power stations or oil rigs or the cleanup costs of landfill sites. Such terminal costs are recorded as consumption of fixed capital at the end of the service life, when the terminal costs are recorded as gross fixed capital formation.
3.140
Consumption of fixed capital shall be calculated for all fixed assets (except animals), including intellectual property rights, major improvements to land and costs of ownership transfers associated with non-produced assets.
3.141
Consumption of fixed capital is different from the depreciation allowed for tax purposes or the depreciation shown in business accounts. Consumption of fixed capital is estimated on the basis of the stock of fixed assets and the expected average economic life of the different categories of those goods. For the calculation of the stock of fixed assets, the perpetual inventory method (PIM) is applied whenever direct information on the stock of fixed assets is missing. The stock of fixed assets is valued at the purchasers' prices of the current period.
3.142
Losses of fixed assets occurring as a result of accidental damage which can be insured against are taken into account in calculating the average service life of the goods in question. For the economy as a whole the accidental damages within a given accounting period will be equal, or close, to the average. For individual units and groupings of units, actual and average accidental damage may differ. In this case, for sectors, any difference is recorded as other changes in volume of fixed assets.
3.143
Consumption of fixed capital shall be calculated according to the ‧straight line‧ method, by which the value of a fixed asset is written off at a constant rate over the whole lifetime of the good.
3.144
In some cases, the geometric depreciation method is used when the pattern of decline in the efficiency of a fixed asset requires it.
3.145
In the system of accounts, consumption of fixed capital is recorded below each balancing item, which is shown gross and net. Recording ‧gross‧ means without deducting consumption of fixed capital, while recording ‧net‧ means after deducting consumption of fixed capital.
Changes in inventories (P.52)
3.146
Definition
: changes in inventories are measured by the value of the entries into inventories less the value of withdrawals and the value of any recurrent losses of goods held in inventories.
3.147
Due to physical deterioration, or accidental damage or pilfering, recurrent losses may occur to all kinds of goods in inventories, such as:
(a)
losses of materials and supplies;
(b)
losses in the case of work-in-progress;
(c)
losses of finished goods;
(d)
losses of goods for resale (e.g. shoplifting).
3.148
Inventories consist of the following categories:
(a)
materials and supplies:
materials and supplies consist of all products held in stock with the intention of using them as intermediate inputs in production; this includes products held in stock by the government. Items such as gold, diamonds, etc. are included when intended for industrial use or other production;
(b)
work-in-progress:
work-in-progress consists of output produced that is not yet finished. It is recorded in the inventories of its producer. Examples of the different forms it can take are the following:
(1)
growing crops;
(2)
maturing trees and livestock;
(3)
uncompleted structures (except those produced under a contract of sale agreed in advance or on own-account; both of these examples are treated as fixed capital formation);
(4)
uncompleted other fixed assets, e.g. ships and oil rigs;
(5)
partially completed research for a legal or consultant's dossier;
(6)
partially completed film productions;
(7)
partially completed computer programs.
Work-in-progress shall be recorded for any production process that is not finished at the end of the given period. This is significant in quarterly accounts, an example being agricultural crops not completing growth within a quarter of a year.
Reductions in work-in-progress take place when the production process is completed. At that point, all work-in-progress is transformed into a finished product;
(c)
finished goods:
finished goods as part of inventories consist of outputs that their producer does not intend to process further before supplying them to other institutional units;
(d)
goods for resale:
goods for resale are goods acquired for the purpose of reselling them unchanged from their present state.
Time of recording and valuation of changes in inventories
3.149
The time of recording and the valuation of changes in inventories is consistent with those of other transactions in products. This applies in particular to intermediate consumption (e.g. for materials and supplies), output (e.g. work-in-progress and output from storage of agricultural products) and gross fixed capital formation (e.g. work-in-progress). If goods are processed abroad with a change of economic ownership, the goods are to be included in exports (and later in imports). The export is reflected in a concomitant reduction in inventories, and the corresponding later import is recorded as an increase in inventories, provided it is not sold or used at once.
3.150
In measuring changes in inventories, goods entering inventories are valued at the time of entry, and goods being withdrawn are valued at the time of withdrawal.
3.151
The prices used to value goods in changes in inventories are as follows:
(a)
output of finished goods transferred into the producer's inventories is valued as if they were sold at that time, at current basic prices;
(b)
additions to work-in-progress are valued in proportion to the estimated current basic price of the finished product;
(c)
reductions in work-in-progress due to work withdrawn from inventories when production is finished are valued at current basic prices of the unfinished product;
(d)
goods transferred out of inventories for sale are valued at basic prices;
(e)
goods for resale entering the inventories of wholesalers and retailers, etc. are valued at the actual or estimated purchasers' prices of the trader;
(f)
goods for resale withdrawn from inventories are valued at the purchasers' prices at which they can be replaced at the time they are withdrawn, and not at the price when they were acquired.
3.152
Losses as a result of physical deterioration, insurable accidental damage or pilfering are recorded and valued as follows:
(a)
for materials and supplies: as materials and supplies actually withdrawn to be used up in production (intermediate consumption);
(b)
for work-in-progress: valued as deduction from the additions accruing to production carried out in the same period;
(c)
for finished goods and goods for resale: treated as withdrawals at the current price of undeteriorated goods.
3.153
Where information is lacking, the following approximate methods for the estimation of change in inventories are used:
(a)
when changes in the volume of inventories are regular, an acceptable approximate method is to multiply the volume change of the inventories by the average prices for the period. Purchasers' prices are used for inventories held by users or by wholesalers or retailers; basic prices are used for inventories held by their producers;
(b)
when prices of the goods involved remain constant, fluctuations in the volume of inventories do not invalidate the approximation of estimating the change in inventories by multiplying the volume change by the average price;
(c)
if both the volume and the prices of the inventories change substantially within the accounting period, more sophisticated approximation methods are required. For example, quarterly valuation of the changes in inventories or the use of information about the distribution of the fluctuations within the accounting period (fluctuations may be largest at the end of the calendar year, during harvest time, etc.);
(d)
if information about the values at the beginning and end of the period are available (e.g. in case of wholesale or retail trade in which inventories often exist of many different products), but no separate information about prices and volumes, the changes in volume between the beginning and end of the period are estimated. One way of estimating the change in volumes is to estimate constant turn-over rates by type of product.
Seasonal changes in prices may reflect a change in quality, e.g. clearance prices or off-season prices for fruit and vegetables. These changes in quality are treated as changes in the volume.
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables (P.53)
3.154
Definition
: valuables are non-financial goods that are not used primarily for production or consumption, do not deteriorate (physically) over time under normal conditions and are acquired and held primarily as stores of value.
3.155
Valuables include the following types of goods:
(a)
precious stones and metals, such as diamonds, non-monetary gold, platinum, silver, etc.;
(b)
antiques and other art objects, such as paintings, sculptures, etc.;
(c)
other valuables, such as jewellery fashioned out of precious stones and metals and collectors' items.
3.156
Such types of goods are recorded as acquisition or disposal of valuables in the following examples:
(a)
the acquisition or disposal of non-monetary gold, silver, etc. by central banks and other financial intermediaries;
(b)
the acquisition or disposal of these goods by enterprises whose principal or secondary activity does not involve the production or trade in such types of goods. This acquisition or disposal is not included in the intermediate consumption or fixed capital formation of these enterprises;
(c)
the acquisition or disposal of such goods by households. Such acquisitions are not included in final consumption expenditure by households.
In the ESA, by convention also the following cases are recorded as acquisition or disposal of valuables:
(a)
the acquisition or disposal of these goods by jewellers and art dealers (following the general definition of valuables, the acquisition of these goods by jewellers and art dealers should be recorded as changes in inventories);
(b)
the acquisition or disposal of these goods by museums (following the general definition of valuables, the acquisition by a museum of these goods should be recorded as fixed capital formation).
This convention avoids frequent reclassification between the three main types of capital formation, i.e. between acquisition less disposal of valuables, fixed capital formation and changes in inventories, e.g. in the case of transactions of such goods between households and art dealers.
3.157
The production of valuables is valued at basic prices. All other acquisitions of valuables are valued at the purchasers' prices paid for them, including any agents' fees or commissions. They include trade margins when bought from dealers. Disposals of valuables are valued at the prices received by sellers, after deducting any fees or commissions paid to agents or other intermediaries. Acquisitions less disposals of valuables between resident sectors cancel out, leaving only agents and dealers margins.
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF GOODS AND SERVICES (P.6 and P.7)
3.158
Definition
: exports of goods and services consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, and gifts) from residents to non-residents.
3.159
Definition
: imports of goods and services consist of transactions in goods and services (purchases, barter, and gifts) from non-residents to residents.
3.160
Exports and imports of goods and services do not include:
(a)
establishment trade, i.e.:
(1)
deliveries to non-residents by non-resident affiliates of resident enterprises, e.g. sales abroad by foreign affiliates of a multinational owned/controlled by residents;
(2)
deliveries to residents by resident affiliates of non-resident enterprises, e.g. sales by domestic affiliates of a foreign multinational;
(b)
primary income flows to or from the rest of the world, such as compensation of employees, interest and revenues from direct investment. The revenues from direct investment may include an indistinguishable part for the provision of various services, e.g. training of employees, management services and the use of patents and trademarks;
(c)
the cross-border sale or purchase of financial assets or non-produced assets, such as land.
3.161
Imports and exports of goods and services are distinguished into:
(a)
intra-EU deliveries;
(b)
imports and exports outside the EU.
Both types are referred to as imports and exports.
Exports and imports of goods (P.61 and P.71)
3.162
Imports and exports of goods occur when economic ownership of goods changes between residents and non-residents. This applies irrespective of corresponding physical movements of goods across frontiers.
3.163
For deliveries between affiliated enterprises (branch or subsidiary, or foreign affiliate): a change of economic ownership is imputed whenever goods are delivered between affiliated enterprises. This applies only when the establishment receiving the goods assumes responsibility for making the decisions about the levels of supply and prices at which their output is delivered for the market.
3.164
Exports of goods occur without the goods crossing the country's frontier in the following examples:
(a)
goods produced by resident units operating in international waters are sold directly to non-residents in foreign countries. Examples of such goods are oil, natural gas, fishery products, maritime's salvage;
(b)
transportation equipment or other movable equipment not tied to a fixed location;
(c)
goods after changing ownership, which are lost or destroyed before they have crossed the frontier of the exporting country;
(d)
merchanting, i.e. the purchase of a good by a resident from a non-resident and the subsequent resale of the good to another non-resident, without the good entering the merchant's economy.
Analogous cases occur for the imports of goods.
3.165
Imports and exports of goods include transactions between residents and non-residents in the following:
(a)
non-monetary gold;
(b)
silver bullion, diamonds and other precious metals and stones;
(c)
paper money and coins not in circulation and unissued securities (valued as goods, not at face value);
(d)
electricity, gas and water;
(e)
livestock driven across frontiers;
(f)
parcel post;
(g)
government exports including goods financed by grants and loans;
(h)
goods transferred to or from the ownership of a buffer stock organisation;
(i)
goods delivered by a resident enterprise to its non-resident affiliates, except for goods for processing;
(j)
goods received by a resident enterprise from its non-resident affiliates, except for goods for processing;
(k)
smuggled goods or products not reported for taxes like import duties and VAT;
(l)
other unrecorded shipments, such as gifts and those of less than a stated minimum value.
3.166
Imports and exports of goods exclude the following goods which nevertheless may cross the national frontier:
(a)
goods in transit through a country;
(b)
goods shipped to or from a country's own embassies, military bases or other enclaves inside the national frontiers of another country;
(c)
transportation equipment and other movable kinds of equipment which leave a country temporarily, without any change of economic ownership, e.g. construction equipment for installation or construction purposes abroad;
(d)
equipment and other goods which are sent abroad for processing, maintenance, servicing or repair; this applies also to goods processed to order abroad when a substantial physical change in the goods is involved;
(e)
other goods which leave a country temporarily, being generally returned within a year in their original state and without change of economic ownership.
Examples are goods sent abroad for exhibition and entertainment purposes, goods under an operating lease, including leases for several years and goods returned without being sold to a non-resident;
(f)
goods on consignment lost or destroyed after crossing a frontier before change of ownership occurs.
3.167
Imports and exports of goods are recorded when the ownership of the goods is transferred. A change of ownership is considered to occur at the time the parties to the transaction record it in their books or accounts. This may not coincide with the various stages of the contractual process, such as:
(a)
the time of commitment (contract date);
(b)
the time of provision of goods and services and acquisition of a claim for payment (transfer date);
(c)
the time of settlement of that claim (payment date).
3.168
Imports and exports of goods are to be valued free on board at the border of the exporting country (FOB). This value is:
(a)
the value of the goods at basic prices;
(b)
plus the related transport and distributive services up to that point of the border, including the cost of loading on to a carrier for onward transportation;
(c)
plus any taxes less subsidies on the goods exported; for intra-EU deliveries this includes VAT and other taxes on the goods paid in the exporting country.
In the supply and use and symmetric input-output tables, imports of goods for individual product groups are valued at the cost-insurance-freight (CIF) price at the border of the importing country.
3.169
Definition
: the CIF price is the price of a good delivered at the frontier of the importing country, or the price of a service delivered to a resident, before the payment of any import duties or other taxes on imports or trade and transport margins within the country.
3.170
Proxies or substitute measures for the FOB value may be necessary under certain circumstances, such as:
(a)
barter of goods are valued at the basic prices that would have been received if the goods had been sold for cash;
(b)
transactions between affiliated enterprises: as a rule, actual transfer values are used. However, if they differ from market prices, they are replaced by an estimated market price equivalent;
(c)
goods transferred under a financial lease: the goods are valued on the basis of the purchasers' price paid by the lessor, and not by the cumulative value of the rental payments;
(d)
imports of goods estimated on the basis of customs data (for extra-EU trade) or Intrastat-information (for intra-EU trade). Both data sources do not apply FOB valuation; they use respectively the CIF value at the EU border and CIF values at the national border. As FOB-values are only used at the most aggregate level and CIF-values are used at the product group level, these modifications are applied at the most aggregate level, and the modification is known as the CIF/FOB adjustment;
(e)
imports and exports of goods estimated on the basis of survey information or various types of ad hoc information. In such instances, the total value of sales split out by product is obtained. The estimate is based on purchasers' prices and not on FOB values.
Exports and imports of services (P.62 and P.72)
3.171
Definition
: exports of services consist of all services rendered by residents to non-residents.
3.172
Definition
: imports of services consist of all services rendered by non-residents to residents.
3.173
Exports of services include the following cases:
(a)
transportation of exported goods after they have left the frontier of the exporting country when provided by a resident carrier (cases 2 and 3 in Table 3.3);
(b)
transportation of imported goods by a resident carrier:
(1)
up to the frontier of the exporting country when goods are valued FOB to offset the transportation value included in the FOB-value (case 3 in Table 3.4);
(2)
up to the frontier of the importing country when goods are valued CIF to offset the transportation value included in the CIF-value (cases 3 and 2 CIF in Table 3.4);
(c)
transportation of goods by residents on behalf of non-residents which does not involve imports or exports of the goods (e.g. the transport of goods that do not leave the country as exports or the transport of goods outside the domestic territory);
(d)
passenger transportation on behalf of non-residents by resident carriers;
(e)
processing and repair activities on behalf of non-residents; these activities are to be recorded net, i.e. as an export of services excluding the value of the goods processed or repaired;
(f)
installation of equipment abroad when a project is of limited duration by its nature;
(g)
financial services provided by residents to non-residents including both the explicit and implicit service charge, like FISIM;
(h)
insurance services provided by residents to non-residents by the amount of the implicit service charge;
(i)
expenditure by non-resident tourists and business travellers. The expenditure is classified as services; for the purposes of the supply and use and symmetric input-output tables, a breakdown by component products is necessary;
(j)
expenditure by non-residents on health and education services provided by residents; this includes the provision of these services on the domestic territory as well as abroad;
(k)
services of owner-occupied holidays homes of non-residents (see paragraph 3.77);
(l)
royalties and license fees, receipts of which are associated with the authorised use of intellectual property rights, such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial processes, franchises, etc., and with the use through licensing agreements of produced originals or prototypes, such as manuscripts, paintings, etc. paid by non-residents to residents.
3.174
There is an equivalent import of service as a mirror image of the list of exports of services in paragraph 3.173, and only the following imports of services require further description.
3.175
Imports of transport services include the following examples:
(a)
transportation of exported goods up to the frontier of the exporting country when provided by a non-resident carrier to offset the transportation value included in the FOB-value of the exported goods (case 4 in Table 3.3);
(b)
transportation of imported goods by a non-resident carrier:
(1)
from the frontier of the exporting country as a separate transportation service when imported goods are valued FOB (cases 4 and 5 FOB in Table 3.4);
(2)
from the frontier of the importing country as a separate transportation service when imported goods are valued CIF (in this case the value of the transportation service between the frontiers of the exporting and the importing country is already included in the CIF-value of the good; case 4 in Table 3.4);
(c)
transportation of goods by non-residents on behalf of residents which does not involve imports or exports of goods (e.g. transport of goods in transit or transport outside the domestic territory);
(d)
international or national passenger transportation on behalf of residents by non-resident carriers.
Imports of transport services do not include transportation of exported goods after they have left the frontier of the exporting country when provided by a non-resident carrier (cases 5 and 6 in Table 3.3). Exports of goods are valued FOB and all such transport services are thus to be regarded as transactions between non-residents, i.e. between a non-resident carrier and a non-resident importer. This applies when these transportation services are paid under export-CIF-contracts by the exporter.
3.176
Imports in respect of direct purchases abroad by residents cover all purchases of goods and services made by residents while travelling abroad for business or personal purposes. Two categories must be distinguished because they require different treatment:
(a)
all business related expenditure by business travellers are intermediate consumption;
(b)
all other expenditure, whether by business travellers or other travellers, are household final consumption expenditure.
3.177
Imports and exports of services are recorded at the time at which they are rendered. This time coincides with the time at which the services are produced. Imports of services are valued at purchasers' price and exports of services at basic prices.
Table 3.3 —
   
The treatment of transportation of exported goods
Domestic territory
Territory in-between
Territory of importing country
1.
resident carrier
2.
resident carrier
3.
resident carrier
4.
non-resident carrier
5.
non-resident carrier
6.
non-resident carrier
Exports of goods (FOB)
Exports of services
Imports of goods (CIF/FOB)
Imports of services
1.
x
—
—
—
2.
—
x
—
—
3.
—
x
—
—
4.
x
—
—
x
5.
—
—
—
—
6.
—
—
—
—
3.178
Explanation of how to read this table: the first part of this table indicates that there are six possibilities of transportation of exported goods, depending on whether the carrier is resident or not and depending on where the transport takes place: from a place on the domestic territory to the national border, from the national border to the border of the importing country or from the border of the importing country to a place within the importing country. In the second part of this table, for each of these six possibilities, it is indicated whether the transportation costs are to be recorded as exports of goods, exports of services, imports of goods or imports of services.
Table 3.4 —
   
The treatment of transportation of imported goods
Domestic territory
Territory in between
Territory of exporting country
1.
resident carrier
2.
resident carrier
3.
resident carrier
4.
non-resident carrier
5.
non-resident carrier
6.
non-resident carrier
Valuation of imported goods
Imports of goods
Imports of services
Exports of goods (FOB)
Exports of services
1.
CIF/FOB
—
—
—
—
2.
FOB
CIF
—
x
—
—
—
—
—
x
3.
CIF/FOB
x
—
—
x
4.
CIF/FOB
—
x
—
—
5.
FOB
CIF
—
x
x
—
—
—
—
—
6.
CIF/FOB
x
—
—
—
3.179
Explanation of how to read this table: the first part of this table indicates that there are six possibilities of transportation of imported goods, depending on whether the carrier is resident or not and depending on where the transport takes place: from a place in the exporting country to the border of this exporting country, from the border of the exporting country to the border of the importing country and from the national border to a place on the domestic territory. In the second part of this table, for each of these six possibilities, it is indicated whether the transportation costs are to be recorded as imports of goods, imports of services, exports of goods or exports of services. In some instances (cases 2 and 5), this recording depends on the valuation principle applied for imported goods. Note that the transition from valuation of imported goods at CIF to FOB consists of:
(a)
CIF/FOB adjustment, i.e. from 2 CIF to 2 FOB (reduces total imports and exports);
(b)
CIF/FOB reclassification, i.e. from 5 CIF to 5 FOB (leaves total imports and exports unchanged).
TRANSACTIONS IN EXISTING GOODS
3.180
Definition
: existing goods are goods that already have had a user (other than inventories).
3.181
Existing goods include:
(a)
buildings and other fixed capital goods which have been sold by producer units to other units:
(1)
to be reused as such;
(2)
to be demolished or broken up; the resulting products becoming raw materials (e.g. scrap iron) used for the production of new goods (e.g. steel);
(b)
valuables sold from one unit to another;
(c)
consumer durables which have been sold by households to other units:
(1)
to be reused as such;
(2)
to be broken up and converted into demolition materials;
(d)
non-durable goods (e.g. waste paper, rags, old clothes, old bottles, etc.) which have been sold by any unit, either to be used again or to become raw material for the manufacture of new goods.
The transfer of existing goods is recorded as a negative expenditure (acquisition) for the seller and a positive expenditure (acquisition) for the purchaser.
3.182
This definition of existing goods has the following consequences:
(a)
when the sale of an existing fixed asset or valuable takes place between two resident producers, the positive and negative values recorded for gross fixed capital formation cancel out for the economy as a whole except for the costs of ownership transfer;
(b)
when an existing immovable fixed asset (e.g. a building) is sold to a non-resident, the latter is treated as purchasing a financial asset, i.e. the equity of a notional resident unit. This notional resident unit is then deemed to purchase the fixed asset. The sale and purchase of the fixed asset take place between resident units;
(c)
when an existing movable fixed asset, such as a ship or aircraft, is exported, no positive gross fixed capital formation is recorded in the economy to offset the seller's negative gross fixed capital formation;
(d)
durable goods, such as vehicles, may be classified as fixed assets or as consumer durables depending upon the owner and the purpose for which they are used. If the ownership of such a good is transferred from an enterprise to a household to be used for final consumption, negative gross fixed capital formation is recorded for the enterprise and positive consumption expenditure for the household. Where ownership of such a good is transferred from a household to an enterprise, for the household negative final consumption expenditure is recorded and for the enterprise positive gross fixed capital formation is recorded;
(e)
transactions in existing valuables are to be recorded as the acquisition of a valuable (positive gross capital formation) by the purchaser and as the disposal of a valuable (negative gross capital formation) by the seller. In case of a transaction with the rest of the world, the import or export of a good is to be recorded. The sale of a valuable by a household is not to be recorded as negative final consumption expenditure;
(f)
when existing military durables are sold abroad by the government, this is recorded as an export of goods and as negative fixed capital formation by the government.
3.183
Transactions in existing goods are recorded at the time of change of ownership. The valuation principles appropriate to the type of transactions in products involved are applied.
ACQUISITIONS LESS DISPOSALS OF NON-PRODUCED ASSETS (NP)
3.184
Definition
: non-produced assets consist of assets that have not been produced within the production boundary, and that may be used in the production of goods and services.
3.185
Three categories of acquisition less disposals of non-produced assets are distinguished:
(a)
Acquisition less disposals of natural resources (NP.1);
(b)
Acquisition less disposals of contracts, leases and licenses (NP.2);
(c)
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets (NP.3).
3.186
Natural resources shall comprise the following categories:
(a)
Land;
(b)
Mineral and energy reserves;
(c)
Non-cultivated biological resources;
(d)
Water resources;
(e)
Radio spectra;
(f)
Other natural resources.
Natural resources exclude the produced asset cultivated biological resources. The purchase or sale of cultivated biological resources is not recorded as acquisition less disposal of natural resources; it is recorded as fixed capital formation. Also, payments for the temporary use of natural resources are not recorded as acquisition of natural resources; they are recorded as rent, i.e. as property income (see Chapter 15: Contracts, leases and licences).
3.187
Land is defined as the ground itself, including soil covering and associated surface water. The associated surface water includes any inland waters (reservoirs, lakes, rivers, etc.) over which ownership rights can be exercised.
3.188
The following items are not included under the heading of land:
(a)
buildings or other structures on the land or through it (for example roads and tunnels);
(b)
vineyards, orchards, or other plantations of trees and growing crops, etc.;
(c)
subsoil assets;
(d)
non-cultivated biological resources;
(e)
water resources below the ground.
Items (a) and (b) are produced fixed assets, items (c), (d) and (e) are types of non-produced assets.
3.189
Acquisitions and disposals of land and other natural resources are valued at current market prices prevailing at the time the acquisitions/disposals occur. Transactions in natural resources are recorded at the same value in the accounts of the purchaser and in those of the seller. This value excludes the costs of the transfer of ownership of the natural resource. These costs are treated as gross fixed capital formation.
3.190
Contracts, leases and licenses as non-produced assets consist of the following classes:
(a)
marketable operating leases;
(b)
permits to use natural resources, e.g. fishing quota;
(c)
permits to undertake specific activities, e.g. emission permits and licences for a limited number of casinos or to operate taxis in a certain area;
(d)
entitlements to future goods and services on an exclusive basis, e.g. a footballer's contracts and a publisher's exclusive right to publish new works by a named author.
3.191
Contracts, leases and licenses as a category of non-produced assets exclude the operating lease of such assets; payments for the operating lease are recorded as intermediate consumption.
The value of acquisitions and disposals of contracts, leases and licences excludes the associated costs of ownership transfer. The costs of ownership transfer are a component of gross fixed capital formation.
3.192
Definition
: the value of goodwill and marketing assets is the difference between the value paid for an enterprise as a ‧going concern‧ and the sum of its assets less the sum of its liabilities. To calculate the total value of assets less liabilities, each individual asset and liability is separately identified and valued.
3.193
Goodwill is only recorded when its value is evidenced by a market transaction, for example by the sale of the whole corporation. Where identified marketing assets are sold individually and separately from the whole corporation, such sale is recorded under this item.
3.194
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets are recorded in the capital account of the sectors, the total economy and the rest of the world.
CHAPTER 4
DISTRIBUTIVE TRANSACTIONS
4.01
Definition:
 distributive transactions are transactions whereby the value added generated by production is distributed to labour, capital and government, and transactions redistributing income and wealth.
A distinction is drawn between current and capital transfers, with capital transfers redistributing saving or wealth, rather than income.
COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES (D.1)
4.02
Definition:
 compensation of employees (D.1) is defined as the total remuneration, in cash or in kind, payable by an employer to an employee in return for work done by the latter during an accounting period.
Compensation of employees is made up of the following components:
(a)
wages and salaries (D.11):
—
wages and salaries in cash,
—
wages and salaries in kind;
(b)
employers' social contributions (D.12):
—
employers' actual social contributions (D.121):
—
employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211),
—
employers' actual non-pension contributions (D.1212),
—
employers' imputed social contributions (D.122):
—
employers' imputed pension contributions (D.1221),
—
employers' imputed non-pension contributions (D.1222).
Wages and salaries (D.11)
Wages and salaries in cash
4.03
Wages and salaries in cash include social contributions, income taxes, and other payments payable by the employee, including those withheld by the employer and paid directly to social insurance schemes, tax authorities, etc. on behalf of the employee:
Wages and salaries in cash include the following kinds of remuneration:
(a)
basic wages and salaries payable at regular intervals;
(b)
enhanced payments, such as payments for overtime, night work, weekend work, disagreeable or hazardous circumstances;
(c)
cost of living allowances, local allowances and expatriation allowances;
(d)
bonuses or other exceptional payments linked to the overall performance of the enterprise made under incentive schemes; bonuses based on productivity or profits, Christmas and New Year bonuses excluding employee social benefits (see point (c) of paragraph 4.07); ‧13th to 14th month‧ pay also known as annual supplementary pay;
(e)
allowances for transport to and from work, excluding allowances or reimbursement of employees for travelling, separation, removal and entertainment expenses incurred in the course of their duties (see point (a) of paragraph 4.07);
(f)
holiday pay for official holidays or annual holidays;
(g)
commissions, tips, attendance and directors' fees paid to employees;
(h)
payments made by employers to their employees under saving schemes;
(i)
exceptional payments to employees who leave the enterprise, where those payments are not linked to a collective agreement;
(j)
housing allowances paid in cash by employers to their employees.
Wages and salaries in kind
4.04
Definition:
 wages and salaries in kind consist of goods and services, or other non-cash benefits, provided free of charge or at reduced prices by employers, that can be used by employees in their own time and at their own discretion, for the satisfaction of their own needs or wants or those of other members of their households.
4.05
Examples of wages and salaries in kind are:
(a)
meals and drinks, including those consumed when travelling on business but excluding special meals or drinks necessitated by exceptional working conditions. Price reductions obtained in free or subsidised canteens, or obtained by luncheon vouchers, are included in wages and salaries in kind;
(b)
own account and purchased housing or accommodation services of a type that can be used by all members of the household to which the employee belongs;
(c)
uniforms or other forms of special clothing which employees choose to wear frequently outside of the workplace as well as at work;
(d)
the services of vehicles or other durables provided for the personal use of employees;
(e)
goods and services produced as outputs from the employer's own processes of production, such as free travel for the employees of railways or airlines, free coal for miners, or free food for employees in agriculture;
(f)
the provision of sports, recreation or holiday facilities for employees and their families;
(g)
transportation to and from work, except when organised in the employer's time; car parking when it would otherwise have to be paid for;
(h)
child care for the children of employees;
(i)
payments for the benefit of employees, made by employers to works councils or similar bodies;
(j)
bonus shares distributed to employees;
(k)
loans to employees at reduced rates of interest. The value of this benefit is estimated as the amount the employee would have to pay if interest at market conditions were charged, less the amount of interest actually paid. The benefit is recorded in wages and salaries in the generation of income account, and the corresponding imputed payment of interest from the employee to employer is recorded in the primary distribution of income account;
(l)
stock options, when an employer gives an employee the option to buy stocks or shares at a specified price at a future date (see paragraphs 4.168 to 4.178);
(m)
incomes generated by non-observed activities in corporate sectors and transferred to the employees participating in such activities for their private use.
4.06
Goods and services given to employees as wages and salaries in kind are valued at basic prices when produced by the employer, and at purchasers' prices when purchased by the employer. When provided free, the whole value of the wages and salaries in kind is calculated according to the basic prices (or purchasers' prices of the employer when purchased by the employer) of the goods and services in question. This value is reduced by the amount paid by the employee when the goods and services are given at reduced prices rather than free of charge.
4.07
Wages and salaries do not include the following:
(a)
expenditure by employers necessary for the employers' production process. Examples are the following:
(1)
allowances or reimbursement of employees for travelling, separation, removal and entertainment expenses incurred in the course of their duties;
(2)
expenditure on providing amenities at the place of work, medical examinations required because of the nature of the work and supplying working clothes which are worn for work;
(3)
accommodation services at the place of work of a kind which cannot be used by the households to which the employees belong, for example cabins, dormitories, workers' hostels, and huts;
(4)
special meals or drinks necessitated by exceptional working conditions;
(5)
allowances paid to employees for the purchase of tools, equipment or special clothing needed for their work, or that part of their wages or salaries which, under their contracts of employment, employees are required to devote to such purchases. To the extent that employees who are required by their contract of employment to purchase tools, equipment, special clothing, etc., are not fully reimbursed, the remaining expenses they incur are deducted from the amounts they receive in wages and salaries and the employers' intermediate consumption increased accordingly.
Expenditure on goods and services that employers are obliged to provide to their employees in order for them to be able to carry out their work is treated as intermediate consumption by employers;
(b)
The amounts of wages and salaries which employers pay to their employees temporarily in the case of sickness, maternity, industrial injury, disability, etc. Such payments are treated as other social insurance non-pension benefits (D.6222), with the same amounts recorded under employers' imputed non-pension social contributions (D.1222);
(c)
other employment-related social insurance benefits, in the form of children's, spouses', family, education or other allowances in respect of dependants, and in the form of the provision of free medical services (other than those necessitated by the nature of the work) to employees or their families;
(d)
taxes payable by the employer on the wage and salary bill — for example, a payroll tax. Such taxes payable by enterprises are assessed either as a proportion of the wages and salaries paid or as a fixed amount per person employed. They are treated as other taxes on production;
(e)
payments to outworkers on piecework rates. When the income received by the outworker is a function of the value of the outputs from some process of production for which that person is responsible, however much or little work was put in, this kind of remuneration implies that the worker is self-employed.
Employers' social contributions (D.12)
4.08
Definition:
 employers' social contributions are social contributions payable by employers to social security schemes or other employment-related social insurance schemes to secure social benefits for their employees.
An amount equal to the value of the social contributions incurred by employers in order to secure for their employees the entitlement to social benefits is recorded under compensation of employees. Employers' social contributions may be either actual or imputed.
Employers' actual social contributions (D.121)
4.09
Definition:
 employers' actual social contributions (D.121) consist of the payments made by employers for the benefit of their employees to insurers (social security and other employment-related social insurance schemes). Such payments cover statutory, conventional, contractual and voluntary contributions in respect of insurance against social risks or needs.
Although paid directly by employers to the insurers, such employers' contributions are treated as a component of the compensation of employees. The employees are then recorded as paying the contributions to the insurers.
Employers' actual social contributions are comprised of two categories, the contributions related to pensions and the contributions for other benefits, which are recorded separately under the following headings:
(a)
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211);
(b)
Employers' actual non-pension contributions (D.1212).
Employers' actual non-pension contributions correspond to contributions related to social risks and needs other than pensions, such as sickness, maternity, industrial injury, disability, redundancy, etc. of their employees.
Employers' imputed social contributions (D.122)
4.10
Definition:
 employers' imputed social contributions (D.122) represents the counterpart to other social insurance benefits (D.622) (less eventual employees' social contributions) paid directly by employers to their employees or former employees and other eligible persons without involving an insurance enterprise or autonomous pension fund, and without creating a special fund or segregated reserve for the purpose.
Employers' imputed social contributions are divided into two categories:
(a)
Employers' imputed pension contributions (D.1221)
Social insurance schemes in respect of pensions are classified as defined contribution schemes or defined benefit schemes.
A defined contribution scheme is one where the benefits are determined by the contributions made to the scheme and the return from the investment of the funds. At the time of retirement, it is the employee that takes on all risks regarding benefits payable. For such schemes there are no imputed contributions unless the employer operates the scheme himself. In that case, the costs of operating the scheme are treated as an imputed contribution payable to the employee as part of compensation of employees. This amount is also recorded as final consumption expenditure by households on financial services.
A defined benefit scheme is one where benefits payable to the members are determined by the rules of the scheme, i.e. by the use of a formula to determine the payment or a minimum payment. In a typical defined benefit scheme, both employer and employee make contributions, with the employee contribution compulsory, being a percentage of current salary. The costs of meeting the quoted benefits are the responsibility of the employer. It is the employer who takes the risk for providing the benefits.
Under a defined benefit scheme, there is an imputed contribution by the employer calculated according to the following calculation:
The imputed contribution by the employer is equal to
the increase in benefit due to current period of employment
less
the sum of the employer's actual contribution,
less
the sum of any contribution by the employee,
plus
the costs of operating the scheme.
Some schemes may be expressed as non-contributory because no actual contributions are made by either the employer or employee. Nevertheless, an imputed contribution by the employer is calculated and imputed as just described.
Where pension entitlements of schemes for government employees are not recorded in the core accounts, the government employers' imputed pension contributions are to be estimated on the basis of actuarial calculations. Where the actuarial calculations cannot obtain a sufficient level of reliability, and in such cases only, two other approaches are possible to estimate government employers' imputed pension contributions as follows:
(1)
on the basis of a reasonable percentage of wages and salaries paid to current employees; or
(2)
as equal to the difference between current benefits payable and actual contributions payable (by both employees and government as employer).
(b)
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions (D.1222)
The fact that certain social benefits are paid directly by employers, and not through the medium of social security funds or other insurers, does not prevent them from being recorded as social welfare benefits. Since the costs of such benefits form part of employers' labour costs, they are also included in the compensation of employees. Remuneration is therefore imputed for such employees equal in value to the amount of social contributions that is needed to secure the entitlements to the social benefits that they accumulate. Such amounts take into account any actual contributions made by the employer or employee and depend not only on the levels of the benefits currently payable but also on the ways in which employers' liabilities under such schemes are likely to evolve in the future as a result of factors such as expected changes in the numbers, age distribution and life expectancies of their present and previous employees. The values imputed for the contributions are based on the same kind of actuarial calculations that determine the levels of premiums charged by insurance enterprises.
In practice, however, it may be difficult to calculate precisely the amounts of such imputed contributions. The employer may make estimates itself, perhaps on the basis of the contributions paid into similar funded schemes, in order to calculate its likely liabilities in the future, and such estimates may be used when available. Another acceptable method is to use a reasonable percentage of wages and salaries paid to current employees. Otherwise, the only practical alternative is to use the unfunded non-pension benefits payable by the employer during the same accounting period as an estimate of the imputed remuneration that would be needed to cover the imputed contributions. The benefits actually paid in the current period provide an acceptable estimate of the contributions and associated imputed remuneration.
4.11
In the accounts of the sectors, the costs of direct social benefits appear firstly among uses in the generation of income account, as a component of the compensation of employees, and secondly among uses in the secondary distribution of income account, as social benefits. In order to balance the latter account, it is assumed that the households of employees pay back to the employers' sectors the employers' imputed social contributions, which finance, together with eventual employees' social contributions, the direct social welfare benefits provided to them by those same employers. This notional circuit is similar to that for employers' actual social contributions, which pass through the accounts of households and are then deemed to be paid by them to the insurers.
4.12
Time of recording of compensation of employees:
(a)
wages and salaries (D.11) are recorded in the period during which the work is done. However, ad hoc bonuses or other exceptional payments such as 13th month payments are recorded when they are due to be paid. The time of recording of stock options is spread over the period between the grant date and vesting date. If the data are inadequate, the value of the option is recorded at vesting date;
(b)
employers' actual social contributions (D.121) are recorded in the period during which the work is done;
(c)
employers' imputed social contributions (D.122) are recorded according to following categories:
(1)
Those representing the counterpart of compulsory direct social benefits are recorded in the period during which the work is done;
(2)
Those representing the counterpart of voluntary direct social benefits are recorded at the time these benefits are provided.
4.13
The compensation of employees consists of the following components:
(a)
the compensation of resident employees by resident employers;
(b)
the compensation of resident employees by non-resident employers;
(c)
the compensation of non-resident employees by resident employers.
The items listed in points (a) to (c) are recorded as follows:
(1)
the compensation of resident and non-resident employees by resident employers groups together the items listed in points (a) and (c) and is recorded as uses in the generation of income account of the sectors and industries to which the employers belong;
(2)
the compensation of resident employees by resident and non-resident employers groups together the items listed in points (a) and (b) and is recorded as resources in the allocation of primary income account of households;
(3)
for the item referred to in point (b), compensation of resident employees by non-resident employers is recorded as uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers;
(4)
for the item referred to in point (c), compensation of non-resident employees by resident employers, is recorded as resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
TAXES ON PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS (D.2)
4.14
Definition:
 taxes on production and imports (D.2) consist of compulsory, unrequited payments, in cash or in kind, which are levied by general government, or by the institutions of the European Union, in respect of the production and importation of goods and services, the employment of labour, the ownership or use of land, buildings or other assets used in production. Such taxes are payable irrespective of profits made.
4.15
Taxes on production and imports are comprised of the following components:
(a)
taxes on products (D.21):
(1)
value added type taxes (VAT) (D.211);
(2)
taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT (D.212);
—
import duties (D.2121),
—
taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties (D.2122);
(3)
taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes (D.214);
(b)
other taxes on production (D.29).
Taxes on products (D.21)
4.16
Definition:
 taxes on products (D.21) are taxes that are payable per unit of a given good or service produced or transacted. The tax may be a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service, or it may be calculated as a specified percentage of the price per unit or value of the goods and services produced or transacted. Taxes assessed on a product, irrespective of which institutional unit pays the tax, are included in taxes on products, unless specifically included under another heading.
Value added type taxes (VAT) (D.211)
4.17
Definition:
 a value added type tax (VAT) is a tax on goods or services collected in stages by enterprises and which is ultimately charged in full to the final purchaser.
This heading comprises the value added tax which is collected by general government and which is applied to national and imported products, as well as other deductible taxes applied under similar rules to those governing VAT. All value added type taxes are hereinafter referred to as: VAT. The common feature of VAT is that producers are obliged to pay to the government only the difference between the VAT on their sales and the VAT on their purchases for intermediate consumption and gross fixed capital formation.
VAT is recorded net in the sense that:
(a)
outputs of goods and services and imports are valued excluding invoiced VAT;
(b)
purchases of goods and services are recorded inclusive of non-deductible VAT. VAT is recorded as being borne by purchasers, not sellers, and then only by those purchasers who are not able to deduct it. The greater part of VAT is recorded as being paid on final uses, mainly on household consumption.
For the total economy, VAT is equal to the difference between total invoiced VAT and total deductible VAT (see paragraph 4.27).
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT (D.212)
4.18
Definition:
 taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT (D.212) comprise compulsory payments levied by general government or the institutions of the European Union on imported goods, excluding VAT, in order to admit them to free circulation on the economic territory, and on services provided to resident units by non-resident units.
The compulsory payments include:
(a)
import duties (D.2121): these consist of customs duties, or other import charges, payable according to customs tariff schedules on goods of a particular type when they enter for use in the economic territory of the country of utilisation;
(b)
taxes on imports, excluding VAT and import duties (D.2122).
This heading includes:
(1)
levies on imported agricultural products;
(2)
monetary compensatory amounts levied on imports;
(3)
excise duties and special taxes on certain imported products, provided such duties and taxes on similar products of domestic origin are paid by the producer branch itself;
(4)
general sales taxes payable on imports of goods and services;
(5)
taxes on specific services provided by non-resident enterprises to resident units within the economic territory;
(6)
profits of public enterprises exercising a monopoly over the imports of some goods or services, which are transferred to the state.
Net taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT are calculated by deducting import subsidies (D.311) from taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT (D.212).
Taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes (D.214)
4.19
Definition:
 taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes (D.214) consist of taxes on goods and services that become payable as a result of the production, export, sale, transfer, leasing or delivery of those goods or services, or as a result of their use for own consumption or own capital formation.
4.20
This heading includes, in particular:
(a)
excise duties and consumption taxes (other than those included in taxes and duties on imports);
(b)
stamp taxes on the sale of specific products, such as alcoholic beverages or tobacco, and on legal documents or cheques;
(c)
taxes on financial and capital transactions, payable on the purchase or sale of non-financial and financial assets, including foreign exchange. They become payable when the ownership of land or other assets changes, except as a result of capital transfers (mainly inheritances and gifts). They are treated as taxes on the services of intermediaries;
(d)
car registration taxes;
(e)
taxes on entertainment;
(f)
taxes on lotteries, gambling and betting, other than those on winnings;
(g)
taxes on insurance premiums;
(h)
other taxes on specific services: hotels or lodging, housing services, restaurants, transportation, communication, advertising;
(i)
general sales or turnover taxes (excluding VAT type taxes): these include manufacturers' wholesale and retail sales taxes, purchase taxes, turnover taxes;
(j)
profits of fiscal monopolies which are transferred to the state, except those exercising a monopoly over the imports of a given good or service (included in D.2122). Fiscal monopolies are public enterprises which have been granted a legal monopoly over the production or distribution of a particular kind of good or service in order to raise revenue and not in order to further the interests of public economic or social policy. When a public enterprise is granted monopoly powers as a matter of deliberate economic or social policy because of the special nature of the good or service or the technology of production — for example, public utilities, post offices and telecommunications, railways and so on — it is not considered as a fiscal monopoly;
(k)
export duties and monetary compensatory amounts collected on exports.
4.21
Net taxes on products are obtained by deducting subsidies on products (D.31) from taxes on products (D.21).
Other taxes on production (D.29)
4.22
Definition:
 other taxes on production (D.29) consist of all taxes that enterprises incur as a result of engaging in production, independent of the quantity or value of the goods and services produced or sold.
Other taxes on production may be payable on the land, fixed assets or labour employed in the production process or on certain activities or transactions.
4.23
Other taxes on production (D.29) include the following:
(a)
taxes on the ownership or use of land, buildings, or other structures utilised by enterprises in production (including owner-occupiers of dwellings);
(b)
taxes on the use of fixed assets (for example vehicles, machinery and equipment) for purposes of production, irrespective of the assets being owned or rented;
(c)
taxes on the total wage bill and payroll taxes;
(d)
taxes on international transactions (for example travel abroad, foreign remittances, or similar transactions with non-residents) for purposes of production;
(e)
taxes paid by enterprises for business and professional licences, if those licences are granted automatically on payment of the amounts due. In this case, it is likely that they are simply a means of raising revenue, even though the government may provide a certificate, or authorisation, in return. However, if the government uses the issue of licences to exercise some proper regulatory function, for example, when the government carries out checks on the suitability or safety of the business premises, on the reliability or safety of the equipment employed, on the professional competence of the staff employed, or on the quality or standard of goods or services produced as a condition for granting such a licence, the payments are treated as purchases of services rendered, unless the amounts charged for the licences are out of all proportion to the costs of the checks carried out by the government;
(f)
taxes on pollution resulting from production activities. These consist of taxes levied on the emission or discharge into the environment of noxious gases, liquids or other harmful substances. They do not include payments made for the collection and disposal of waste or noxious substances by public authorities, which constitute intermediate consumption of enterprises;
(g)
under-compensation of VAT resulting from the flat-rate system, frequently found in agriculture.
4.24
Other taxes on production exclude taxes on the personal use of vehicles etc. by households, which are recorded under current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
Taxes on production and imports paid to the institutions of the European Union
4.25
The taxes on production and imports paid to the institutions of the European Union include the following taxes collected by national governments on behalf of the institutions of the European Union: receipts from the common agricultural policy: levies on imported agricultural products, monetary compensatory amounts levied on exports and imports, sugar production levies and the tax on isoglucose, co-responsibility taxes on milk and cereals; receipts from trade with third countries: customs duties levied on the basis of the Integrated Tariff of the European Communities (TARIC).
The taxes on production and imports paid to the Institutions of the European Union do not include the VAT-based third own resource which is included in other current transfers under the heading ‧VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources‧ (D.76) (see paragraph 4.140).
Taxes on production and imports: time of recording and amounts to be recorded
4.26
Recording of taxes on production and imports: taxes on production and imports are recorded when the activities, transactions or other events occur which create the liabilities to pay taxes.
4.27
Some economic activities, transactions or events, which generate an obligation to pay taxes, escape the notice of the tax authorities. Such activities, transactions or events do not give rise to financial assets or liabilities in the form of payables or receivables. The amounts recorded are only those evidenced by tax assessments, declarations or other instruments which create liabilities in the form of obligations to pay on the part of taxpayers. No imputations are made for taxes not evidenced by tax assessments.
Taxes recorded in the accounts are derived from two sources: amounts evidenced by assessments and declarations or cash receipts.
(a)
If assessments and declarations are used, the amounts shall be adjusted by a coefficient reflecting assessed and declared amounts never collected. An alternative treatment is that a capital transfer (D.995), as described in point (j) of paragraph 4.165, to the relevant sectors is recorded equal to the same adjustment. The coefficients shall be estimated on the basis of past experience and current expectations in respect of assessed and declared amounts never collected. They shall be specific to different types of taxes.
(b)
If cash receipts are used, they shall be time-adjusted so that the cash is attributed when the activity took place to generate the tax liability. This adjustment is based on the average time difference between the activity and cash tax receipt.
4.28
The total value of the taxes recorded includes interest charged on arrears of taxes due and fines imposed by taxation authorities where such interest and fines are not separately identifiable. The total value of taxes includes charges imposed in connection with the collection or recovery of taxes outstanding. The total value is reduced by the amount of any tax rebates made by general government as a matter of economic policy and any tax refunds made as a result of over-payments.
4.29
In the system of accounts, taxes on production and imports (D.2) are recorded as follows:
(a)
on the uses side, in the generation of income account of the total economy;
(b)
on the resources side, in the allocation of primary income account of the general government sector and in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Taxes on products are recorded as resources in the goods and services account of the total economy. This enables the resources of goods and services — valued exclusive of taxes on products — to be balanced with the uses, which are valued inclusive of such taxes.
Other taxes on production (D.29) are recorded as uses in the generation of income accounts of the industries or sectors which pay them.
SUBSIDIES (D.3)
4.30
Definition:
 subsidies (D.3) are current unrequited payments which general government or the institutions of the European Union make to resident producers.
The following are examples of the objectives of giving subsidies:
(a)
influencing levels of production;
(b)
influencing the prices of products; or
(c)
influencing the remuneration of the factors of production.
Non-market producers can receive other subsidies on production only if those payments depend on general regulations applicable to both market and non-market producers.
Subsidies on products are not recorded in non-market output (P.13).
4.31
Subsidies granted by the institutions of the European Union cover only current transfers made directly by them to resident producer units.
4.32
Subsidies are classified into:
(a)
subsidies on products (D.31):
(1)
import subsidies (D.311);
(2)
other subsidies on products (D.319);
(b)
other subsidies on production (D.39).
Subsidies on products (D.31)
4.33
Definition:
 subsidies on products (D.31) are subsidies payable per unit of a good or service produced or imported.
The amount of subsidies on products can be specified in the following ways:
(a)
a specific amount of money per unit of quantity of a good or service;
(b)
a specified percentage of the price per unit;
(c)
the difference between a specified target price and the market price paid by a buyer.
A subsidy on a product usually becomes payable when the good is produced, sold or imported, but it may also be payable in other circumstances such as when a good is transferred, leased, delivered or used for own consumption or own capital formation.
Subsidies on products only apply to market output (P.11) or to output for own final use (P.12).
Import subsidies (D.311)
4.34
Definition:
 import subsidies (D.311) consists of subsidies on goods and services that become payable when the goods cross the frontier for use in the economic territory or when the services are delivered to resident institutional units.
Import subsidies include losses incurred as a matter of deliberate government policy by government trading organisations whose function is to purchase products from non-residents and then sell them at lower prices to residents.
Other subsidies on products (D.319)
4.35
Other subsidies on products (D.319) include the following:
(a)
subsidies on products used domestically: these consist of subsidies payable to resident producers in respect of their production which is used or consumed within the economic territory;
(b)
losses of government trading organisations whose function is to buy the products of resident producers and then sell them at lower prices to residents or non-residents, when they are incurred as a matter of deliberate government economic or social policy;
(c)
subsidies to public corporations and quasi-corporations to compensate for persistent losses which they incur on their productive activities as a result of charging prices which are lower than their average costs of production as a matter of deliberate government or European economic and social policy;
(d)
direct subsidies on exports payable directly to resident producers when the goods leave the economic territory or the services are provided to non-residents — except repayments at the customs frontier of taxes on products previously paid and waiving of the taxes that would be due if the goods were to be sold or used inside the economic territory.
Other subsidies on production (D.39)
4.36
Definition:
 other subsidies on production (D.39) consist of subsidies except subsidies on products which resident producer units may receive as a consequence of engaging in production.
For their non-market output, non-market producers can receive other subsidies on production only if those payments from general government depend on general regulations applicable to market and non-market producers as well.
4.37
Other subsidies on production (D.39) include the following examples:
(a)
subsidies on payroll or work force i.e. subsidies payable on the total wage or salary bill, or total work force, or on the employment of particular types of persons such as physically handicapped persons or persons who have been unemployed for long periods, or on the costs of training schemes organised or financed by enterprises;
(b)
subsidies to reduce pollution: these consist of current subsidies intended to cover some or all of the costs of additional processing undertaken to reduce or eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the environment;
(c)
grants for interest relief made to resident producer units, even when they are intended to encourage capital formation. When a grant serves the dual purpose of financing both the amortisation of the debt and the payment of interest on it, and when it is not possible to apportion it between two elements, the whole of the grant is treated as an investment grant. Grants for interest relief are current transfers designed to lighten producers' operating costs. They are treated in the accounts as subsidies to the producers benefiting from them, even when the difference in the interest is paid directly by the government to the credit institution granting the loan;
(d)
over-compensation of VAT resulting from the flat-rate system, often for example found in agriculture.
4.38
The following are not treated as subsidies (D.3):
(a)
current transfers from general government to households in their capacity as consumers. These are treated either as social benefits (D.62 or D.63) or as miscellaneous current transfers (D.75);
(b)
current transfers between different parts of general government in their capacity as producers of non-market goods and services, except other subsidies on production (D.39). Current transfers are recorded as current transfers within general government (D.73);
(c)
investment grants (D.92);
(d)
extraordinary payments into social insurance funds, in so far as such payments are designed to increase the actuarial reserves of these funds. Such payments are recorded as other capital transfers (D.99);
(e)
transfers made by general government to non-financial corporations and quasi-corporations to cover losses accumulated over several financial years, or exceptional losses due to factors outside the control of the enterprise, which are recorded as other capital transfers (D.99);
(f)
the cancellation of debts which producer units have incurred towards the government (resulting, for example, from loans advanced by a government agency to a non-financial enterprise which has accumulated trading losses over several financial years). Such transactions are treated in the accounts as other capital transfers (D.99);
(g)
payments made by general government or by the rest of the world for damage to, or losses of, capital goods as a result of acts of war, other political events or national disasters. They are recorded as other capital transfers (D.99);
(h)
shares and other equities in corporate enterprises purchased by general government, which are shown under the heading equity and investment fund shares (AF.5);
(i)
payments made by a general government agency which has assumed responsibility for abnormal pension charges affecting a public enterprise. These payments are recorded as miscellaneous current transfers (D.75);
(j)
payments made by general government to market producers to pay entirely, or in part, for goods and services that those market producers provide directly and individually to households in the context of social risks or needs (see paragraph 4.84), and to which the households have a right. These payments are included in individual consumption expenditure of general government (P.31) and subsequently in social transfers in kind — market production purchased by government and NPISHs (D.632) and actual individual consumption of households (P.41).
4.39
Time of recording: subsidies (D.3) are recorded when the transaction or the event (production, sale, import, etc.) which gives rise to the subsidy occurs.
Particular cases are the following:
(a)
subsidies which take the form of the difference between the purchase price and the selling price charged by a government trading agency are recorded at the time the goods are bought by the agency;
(b)
subsidies intended to cover a loss incurred by a producer are recorded at the time the general government agency decides to cover the loss.
4.40
Subsidies (D.3) are recorded as:
(a)
negative uses in the generation of income account of the total economy;
(b)
negative resources in the allocation of primary income account of the general government sector and in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Subsidies on products are recorded as negative resources in the goods and services account of the total economy.
Other subsidies on production (D.39) are recorded as resources in the generation of income accounts of the industries or sectors which receive them.
Consequences of a system of multiple exchange rates on taxes on production and imports and on subsidies: multiple exchange rates are not currently applicable among the Member States. In such a system:
(a)
implicit taxes on imports are treated as taxes on imports excluding VAT and import duties (D.2122);
(b)
implicit taxes on exports are treated as taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes (D.214);
(c)
implicit subsidies on imports are treated as import subsidies (D.311);
(d)
implicit subsidies on exports are treated as other subsidies on products (D.319).
PROPERTY INCOME (D.4)
4.41
Definition:
 property income (D.4) accrues when the owners of financial assets and natural resources put them at the disposal of other institutional units. The income payable for the use of financial assets is called investment income, while that payable for the use of a natural resource is called rent. Property income is the sum of investment income and rent.
Property incomes are classified as follows:
(a)
interest (D.41);
(b)
distributed income of corporations (D.42):
(1)
dividends (D.421);
(2)
withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations (D.422);
(c)
reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment (D.43);
(d)
other investment income (D.44):
(1)
investment income attributable to insurance policy holders (D.441);
(2)
investment income payable on pension entitlements (D.442);
(3)
investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders (D.443);
(e)
rents (D.45).
Interest (D.41)
4.42
Definition:
 interest (D.41) is property income receivable by the owners of a financial asset for putting it at the disposal of another institutional unit. It applies to the following financial assets:
(a)
deposits (AF.2);
(b)
debt securities (AF.3);
(c)
loans (AF.4);
(d)
other accounts receivable (AF.8).
Income on SDR holdings and allocations and on unallocated gold accounts is treated as interest. The financial assets giving rise to interest are claims of creditors over debtors. Creditors lend funds to debtors that lead to the creation of one or other of the financial instruments listed above.
Interest on deposits and loans
4.43
The amounts of interest on loans and deposits payable to and receivable from financial institutions include an adjustment for a margin that represents an implicit payment for the services provided by the financial institutions in providing loans and accepting deposits. The payment or receipt is divided into the service part and into the national accounts concept of interest. The actual payments or receipts to or from financial institutions, described as bank interest, need to be partitioned so that the national accounts concept of interest and the service charges may be recorded separately. The amounts of national accounts interest paid by borrowers to financial institutions is less than bank interest by the estimated values of the charges payable, while the amounts of national accounts interest receivable by depositors is higher than bank interest by the amount of the service charge payable. The values of the charges are recorded as sales of services in the production accounts of financial institutions and as uses in the accounts of their customers.
Interest on debt securities
4.44
Interest on debt securities comprise interest on bills and similar short-term instruments, and interest on bonds and debentures.
Interest on bills and similar short-term instruments
4.45
The difference between the face value and the price paid at the time of issue (i.e. the discount) is a measure of the interest payable over the life of the bill. The increase in the value of a bill due to the accumulation of accrued interest does not constitute a holding gain because it is due to an increase in the principal outstanding and not a change in the price of the asset. Other changes in the value of the bill are treated as holding gains/losses.
Interest on bonds and debentures
4.46
Bonds and debentures are long-term securities that give the holder the unconditional right to a fixed or contractually determined variable money income in the form of coupon payments, or to a stated fixed sum on a specified date or dates when the security is redeemed, or both of these terms.
(a)
zero-coupon bonds: there are no coupon payments. The interest based on the difference between the redemption price and the issue price has to be distributed over the years to the maturity of the bond. The interest accruing each year is reinvested in the bond by its holder, thus counterpart entries equal to the value of the accrued interest are recorded in the financial account as the acquisition of more bond by the holder and as a further issue of more bond by the issuer or debtor (i.e. as a growth in the ‧volume‧ of the original bond);
(b)
other bonds, including deep-discounted bonds. The interest has two components:
(1)
the amount of the money income receivable from coupon payments each period;
(2)
the amount of interest accruing each period attributable to the difference between the redemption price and the issue price, calculated in the same way as for zero-coupon bonds;
(c)
index-linked securities:
(1)
the amounts of the coupon payments and/or the principal outstanding are linked to a general price index. The change in the value of the principal outstanding between the beginning and the end of a particular accounting period due to the movement in the relevant index is treated as interest accruing in that period, in addition to any interest due for payment in that period;
(2)
the amounts to be paid at maturity are linked to a narrow index that includes a holding gain motive. Interest accruals are to be determined by fixing the rate of accrual at the time of issue. Accordingly, interest is the difference between the issue price and the market expectation, at inception, of all payments that the debtor will have to make; this amount is recorded as interest accruing over the life of the instrument. This approach records as income the yield-to-maturity at issuance, which incorporates the results of the indexation that are foreseen at the moment the instrument was created. Any deviation of the underlying index from the originally expected path leads to holding gains or losses which will not normally cancel out over the life of the instrument.
The interest accruing as a result of the indexing is effectively reinvested in the security and must be recorded in the financial accounts of the holder and issuer.
Interest rate swaps and forward rate agreements
4.47
Payment resulting from any kind of swap arrangement is recorded as a transaction in financial derivatives in the financial account, and not as interest recorded as property income. Transactions under forward rate agreements are recorded as transactions in financial derivatives in the financial account, and not recorded as property income.
Interest on financial leases
4.48
A financial lease is a method of financing for example the purchase of machinery and equipment. The lessor purchases the equipment and the lessee contracts to pay rentals which enable the lessor, over the period of the contract, to recover his costs including the interest foregone on the money used to purchase the equipment.
The lessor is treated as making a loan to the lessee equal to the value of the purchaser's price paid for the asset, this loan being repaid over the period of the lease. The rental paid each period by the lessee is therefore treated as having two components: a repayment of principal and a payment of interest. The rate of interest on the imputed loan is determined by the total amount paid in rentals over the life of the lease in relationship to the purchaser's price of the asset. The share of the rental that represents interest declines over the duration of the lease as the principal is repaid. The initial loan by the lessee, together with the subsequent repayments of principal, is recorded in the financial accounts of the lessor and lessee. The interest payments are recorded as interest in the primary distribution of income account.
Other interest
4.49
Other interest comprises the following:
(a)
interest charged on bank overdrafts;
(b)
extra interest paid on deposits left longer than originally agreed; and
(c)
payments determined by lottery, to bond holders.
Time of recording
4.50
Interest is recorded on an accrual basis, that is, interest is recorded as accruing continuously over time to the creditor on the amount of principal outstanding. The interest accruing in each accounting period must be recorded whether or not it is actually paid or added to the principal outstanding. When it is not paid, the increase in the principal is recorded in the financial account as an acquisition of a financial asset by the creditor and an equal acquisition of a liability by the debtor.
4.51
Interest is recorded before the deduction of taxes levied on it. Interest received and paid is recorded inclusive of grants for interest relief, irrespective of whether those grants are directly paid to financial institutions, or to beneficiaries (see paragraph 4.37).
The value of the services provided by financial intermediaries being allocated among different customers, the actual payments or receipts of interest to or from financial intermediaries are adjusted to eliminate the margins that represent the implicit charges made by financial intermediaries. The amounts of interest paid by borrowers to financial intermediaries must be reduced by the estimated values of the charges payable, and on the contrary the amounts of interest receivable by depositors must be increased. The values of the charges are treated as payments for services rendered by financial intermediaries to their customers and not as payments of interest.
4.52
In the system of accounts, interest is recorded as:
(a)
resources and uses in the allocation of primary income account of the sectors;
(b)
resources and uses in the rest of the world account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Distributed income of corporations (D.42)
Dividends (D.421)
4.53
Definition:
 dividends (D.421) are a form of property income to which owners of shares (AF.5) become entitled as a result of, for example, placing funds at the disposal of corporations.
Raising equity capital through the issue of shares is a way of raising funds. In contrast to loan capital, equity capital does not give rise to a liability that is fixed in monetary terms and it does not entitle the holders of shares of a corporation to a fixed or predetermined income. Dividends are all distributions of profits by corporations to their shareholders or owners.
4.54
Dividends also include:
(a)
shares issued to shareholders in payment of the dividend for the financial year. Issues of bonus shares, which represent the capitalisation of own funds in the form of reserves and undistributed profits and give rise to new shares to shareholders in proportion for their holdings, are not included;
(b)
the income paid to general government by public enterprises which are recognised as independent legal entities not constituted as corporate enterprises;
(c)
incomes generated by non-observed activities and transferred to the owners of corporations who participate in such activities for their private use.
4.55
Dividends (D.421) exclude super-dividends.
Super-dividends are dividends that are large relative to the recent level of dividends and earnings. In order to assess whether the dividends are large, the concept of distributable income is used. Distributable income of a corporation is equal to entrepreneurial income 
plus
 all current transfers receivable 
less
 all current transfers payable and 
less
 the adjustment for the change in pension entitlements. The ratio of dividends to distributable income over the recent past is used to assess the plausibility of the current level of dividends. If the level of dividends declared is greatly in excess, the dividends causing the excess are treated as financial transactions and classified as ‧super-dividends‧. Such super-dividends are treated as the withdrawal of owners' equity from the corporation (F.5). That treatment applies to corporations, whether incorporated or quasi-corporate and whether subject to foreign or domestic private control.
4.56
In the case of public corporations, super-dividends are large and irregular payments or payments that exceed the entrepreneurial income of the relevant accounting period, which are funded from accumulated reserves or sales of assets. Super-dividends of public corporations are to be recorded as withdrawal of equity (F.5) for the difference between the payments and the entrepreneurial income of the relevant accounting period (see paragraph 20.206).
Interim dividends are described in paragraph 20.207.
4.57
Time of recording: Although dividends represent a part of income that has been generated over a period, dividends are not recorded on an accrual basis. For a short period after a dividend is declared, but before it is actually payable, shares may be sold ‧ex dividend‧ meaning that the dividend is still payable to the owner at the date the dividend was declared and not to the owner on the date payable. A share sold ‧ex dividend‧ is therefore worth less than one sold without this constraint. The time of recording of dividends is the point in time at which the share price starts to be quoted on an ex-dividend basis and not at a price that includes the dividend.
Dividends are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the allocation of primary income account of the sectors in which the corporations are classified;
(b)
as resources in the allocation of primary income account of the sectors in which shareholders are classified;
(c)
as uses and resources in the rest of the world account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations (D.422)
4.58
Definition:
 withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations (D.422) are the amounts which entrepreneurs withdraw for their own use from the profits earned by the quasi-corporations which belong to them.
Such withdrawals are recorded before the deduction of current taxes on income, wealth, etc., which are deemed always to be paid by the owners of the businesses.
When a quasi-corporation makes a trading profit, the unit which owns it may choose to leave part or all of the profit in the business, especially for investment purposes. The income left in the business appears as saving by the quasi-corporation, and only the profits actually withdrawn by the owner units are recorded in the accounts under the heading withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations.
4.59
When profits are earned in the rest of the world by the branch-offices, agencies, etc. of resident enterprises, in so far as these branch-offices etc. are treated as non-resident units, retained earnings appear as reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment (D.43). Only the income actually transferred to the parent enterprise is treated in the accounts as withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations received from the rest of the world. The same principles are applied to deal with the relations between branch-offices, agencies, etc. operating on the economic territory and the non-resident parent enterprise to which they belong.
4.60
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations include the net operating surplus received by residents as owners of land and buildings in the rest of the world, or by non-residents as owners of land or buildings on the economic territory concerned. In respect of transactions in land and buildings carried out on the economic territory of a country by non-resident units, notional resident units are created, in which the non-resident owners own the equity.
The rental value of owner-occupied dwellings abroad is registered as imports of services and the corresponding net operating surplus as primary income received from the rest of the world; the rental value of owner-occupied dwellings belonging to non-residents is registered as exports of services and the corresponding net operating surplus as primary income paid to the rest of the world.
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations include incomes generated by non-observed activities of quasi-corporations that are transferred to the owners participating in such activities for their private use.
4.61
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations do not include amounts which their owners receive from:
(a)
the sale of existing fixed capital goods;
(b)
the sale of land and other non-produced assets;
(c)
withdrawals of equity.
Such amounts are treated as withdrawals from equity in the financial account as they amount to a partial or total liquidation equity in the quasi-corporation. If the quasi-corporation is owned by government, and if it runs a persistent operating deficit as a matter of deliberate government economic and social policy, any regular transfers of funds into the enterprise made by government to cover its losses are treated as subsidies.
4.62
Time of recording: withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations are recorded when they are made by the owners.
4.63
In the system of accounts, withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations appear as:
(a)
uses in the allocation of primary income account of the sectors in which the quasi-corporations are classified;
(b)
resources in the allocation of primary income account of the owner sectors;
(c)
uses and resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment (D.43)
4.64
Definition:
 reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment (D.43) are equal to the operating surplus of the foreign direct investment enterprise
plus
any property incomes or current transfers receivable,
minus
any property incomes or current transfers payable, including actual remittances to foreign direct investors and any current taxes payable on the income, wealth, etc., of the foreign direct investment enterprise.
4.65
A foreign direct investment enterprise is an incorporated or unincorporated enterprise in which an investor resident in another economy owns 10 % or more of the ordinary shares or voting power in an incorporated enterprise, or the equivalent for an unincorporated enterprise. Foreign direct investment enterprises comprise those entities that are identified as subsidiaries, associates and branches. A subsidiary is where the investor owns more than 50 %, an associate is where the investor owns 50 % or less, and a branch is a wholly or jointly owned unincorporated enterprise. The foreign direct investment relationship may be direct or indirect as a result of a chain of ownership. ‧Foreign direct investment enterprises‧ is a broader concept than ‧foreign controlled corporations‧.
4.66
Actual distributions may be made from the entrepreneurial income of foreign direct investment enterprises in the form of dividends or withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations. In addition, retained earnings are treated as if they were distributed and remitted to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them by means of additions to equity in the financial account. Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment can be either positive or negative.
4.67
Time of recording: reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment are recorded when they are earned.
In the system of accounts, reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment are recorded as:
(a)
uses and resources in the allocation of primary income account of the sectors;
(b)
uses and resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Other investment income (D.44)
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders (D.441)
4.68
Definition:
 Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders corresponds to total primary incomes received from the investment of insurance technical reserves. The reserves are those where an insurance corporation recognises a corresponding liability to the policyholders.
Insurance technical reserves are invested by insurance enterprises in financial assets or land (from which net property income, i.e. after deducting any interest paid, is received) or in buildings (which generate net operating surpluses).
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders is recorded separately between holders of non-life and life policies.
For non-life policies, the insurance corporation has a liability towards the policy holder of the amount of the premium deposited with the corporation but not yet earned, the value of any claims due but not yet paid and a reserve for claims not yet notified or notified but not yet settled. Set against this liability, the insurance corporation holds technical reserves. The investment income on these reserves is treated as income attributable to the policy holders, then distributed to the policy holders in the allocation of primary income account and paid back to the insurance corporation as a premium supplement in the secondary distribution of income account.
For an institutional unit operating a standardised loan guarantee scheme against fees, there could also be investment income earned on the reserves of the scheme and this must also be shown as being distributed to the units paying the fees (which may not be the same units which stand to benefit from the guarantees) and treated as supplementary fees in the secondary distribution of income account.
For life insurance policies and annuities, insurance corporations have liabilities towards the policy holders and annuitants equal to the present value of expected claims. Set against those liabilities, insurance corporations have funds belonging to the policy holders consisting of bonuses-declared-for-with-profits policies as well as provisions for both policy holders and annuitants of the payment of future bonuses and other claims. Those funds are invested in a range of financial and non-financial assets.
The bonuses declared to holders of life policies are recorded as investment income receivable by the policyholders and are treated as premium supplements paid by the policyholders to the insurance corporations.
The investment income attributable to life insurance policy holders is recorded as payable by the insurance company and receivable by households in the allocation of primary income account. Unlike the case of non-life insurance or pensions, the amount carries through to saving and is then recorded as a financial transaction, specifically an increase in the liabilities of life insurance corporations, in addition to new premiums less the service charge less benefits payable.
Investment income payable on pension entitlements (D.442)
4.69
Pension entitlements arise from one of two different types of pension schemes. These are defined contribution schemes and defined benefit schemes.
A defined contribution scheme is one where contributions by both employers and employees are invested on behalf of the employees as future pensioners. No other source of funding of pensions is available and no other use is made of the funds. The investment income payable on defined contribution entitlements is equal to the investment income on the funds 
plus
 any income earned by renting land or buildings owned by the fund.
The characteristic of a defined benefit scheme is that a formula is used to determine the level of payments to be made to pensioners. This characteristic makes it possible to determine the level of entitlements as the present value of all future payments, calculated using actuarial assumptions about life lengths and economic assumptions about the interest or discount rate. The present value of the entitlements existing at the start of the year increases because the date when the entitlements become payable is one year nearer. This increase is regarded as investment income attributed to the pension holders in the case of defined benefit scheme. The amount of the increase is neither affected by whether the pension scheme actually has sufficient funds to meet all the obligations nor by the type of increase in the funds, whether it is investment income or holding gains, for example.
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders (D.443)
4.70
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders, including mutual funds and unit trusts, consists of the following separate components:
—
dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders (D.4431),
—
retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders (D.4432).
The dividend component is recorded in exactly the same manner as dividends for individual corporations, as described above. The retained earnings component is recorded using the same principles as those described for foreign direct investment enterprises but is calculated excluding any reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment. The remaining retained earnings are attributed to the investment fund shareholders leaving the investment fund with no saving, and are re-injected into the fund by the investment fund shareholders in a transaction recorded in the financial account.
The property income received by mutual funds is recorded as shareholders' property income even if it is not distributed but reinvested on their behalf.
Shareholders indirectly pay out of their fund shares to management companies for managing their investments. This service charge is expenditure by shareholders, and not expenditure of funds.
Time of recording: other investment income is recorded when it accrues.
4.71
In the system of accounts, other investment income is recorded as:
(a)
resources in the allocation of primary income account of policy and investment fund holders;
(b)
uses in the allocation of primary income account of the insurers, pension funds and investment funds;
(c)
resources and uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Rent (D.45)
4.72
Definition:
 rent is the income receivable by the owner of a natural resource for putting the natural resource at the disposal of another institutional unit.
There are two different types of resource rents: rent on land, and rent on subsoil resources. Resource rents on other natural resources such as radio spectra follow the same pattern.
The distinction between rent and rentals is that rent is a form of property income and rentals are payments for services. Rentals are payments made under an operating lease to use a fixed asset belonging to another unit. Rent is a payment made under a resource lease for access to a natural resource.
Rent on land
The rent received by a landowner from a tenant constitutes a form of property income. Rents on land also include the rents payable to the owners of inland waters and rivers for the right to exploit such waters for recreational or other purposes, including fishing.
A landowner pays land taxes and incurs maintenance expenses as a consequence of owning the land. Such taxes and expenses are treated as payable by the person entitled to use the land, who is deemed to deduct them from the rent that he would otherwise be obliged to pay to the landowner. Rent reduced in this way by taxes or other expenses for which the landowner is liable is called ‧after-tax rent‧.
4.73
Rents on land do not include the rentals of buildings and of dwellings situated on it; those rentals are treated as the payment for a market service provided by the owner to the tenant of the building or dwelling, and are recorded in the accounts as the intermediate or final consumption of the tenant. If there is no objective basis on which to split the payment between rent on land and rental on the buildings situated on it, the whole amount is treated as rent when the value of the land is estimated to exceed the value of the buildings on it and as rental otherwise.
Rents on subsoil assets
4.74
This heading includes the royalties that accrue to owners of deposits of minerals or fossil fuels (coal, oil or natural gas), whether private or government units, who grant leases to other institutional units permitting them to explore or to extract such deposits over a specified period of time.
4.75
Time of recording of rents: rents are recorded in the period when payable.
4.76
In the system of accounts, rents are recorded:
(a)
among resources and among uses in the allocation of primary income account of sectors;
(b)
among resources and among uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
CURRENT TAXES ON INCOME, WEALTH, ETC. (D.5)
4.77
Definition:
 current taxes on income, wealth, etc. (D.5) cover all compulsory, unrequited payments, in cash or in kind, levied periodically by general government and by the rest of the world on the income and wealth of institutional units, and some periodic taxes which are assessed neither on that income nor that wealth.
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc. are divided into:
(a)
taxes on income (D.51);
(b)
other current taxes (D.59).
Taxes on income (D.51)
4.78
Definition:
 taxes on income (D.51) consist of taxes on incomes, profits and capital gains. They are assessed on the actual or presumed incomes of individuals, households, corporations or NPIs. They include taxes assessed on holdings of property, land or real estate when these holdings are used as a basis for estimating the income of their owners.
Taxes on income include:
(a)
taxes on individual or household income, examples of which are income from employment, property, entrepreneurship, pensions, etc., and including taxes deducted by employers, for example pay-as-you-earn taxes. Taxes on the income of owners of unincorporated enterprises are included here;
(b)
taxes on the income or profits of corporations;
(c)
taxes on holding gains;
(d)
taxes on winnings from lotteries or gambling, payable on the amounts received by winners as distinct from taxes on the turnover of producers that organise gambling or lotteries which are treated as taxes on products.
Other current taxes (D.59)
4.79
Other current taxes (D.59) includes:
(a)
current taxes on capital which consist of taxes payable on the ownership or use of land or buildings by owners, and current taxes on net wealth and on other assets, for example jewellery — except taxes mentioned in D.29 (which are paid by enterprises as a result of engaging in production) and those in D.51 (taxes on income);
(b)
poll taxes, levied per adult or per household, independently of income or wealth;
(c)
expenditure taxes, payable on the total expenditures of persons or households;
(d)
payments by households for licences to own or use for non-business purposes vehicles, boats or aircraft, or for licences for recreational hunting, shooting or fishing, etc. The distinction between taxes and purchases of services from government is defined according to the same criteria as those used in the case of payments made by enterprises namely, if the issue of licenses involves little or no work on the part of government, the licences being granted automatically on payment of the amounts due, it is likely that they are simply a device to raise revenue, even though the government may provide some kind of certificate, or authorisation, in return; in such cases their payment is treated as taxes. If, however, the government uses the issue of licences to organise some proper regulatory function (such as checking the competence, or qualifications, of the person concerned), the payments made are treated as purchases of services from government rather than payments of taxes, unless the payments are clearly out of all proportion to the cost of providing the services;
(e)
taxes on international transactions, for example travel abroad, foreign remittances, foreign investments, etc., except those payable by producers and import duties paid by households.
4.80
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc. do not include:
(a)
inheritance taxes, death duties or taxes on gifts between living persons, which are deemed to be levied on the capital of the beneficiaries and are shown under the heading capital taxes (D.91);
(b)
occasional or exceptional levies on capital or wealth, which are recorded as capital taxes (D.91);
(c)
taxes on land, buildings or other assets owned or rented by enterprises and used by them for production, such taxes being treated as other taxes on production (D.29);
(d)
payments by households for licences other than licences for the use of vehicles, boats or aircraft, or licences for recreational hunting, shooting or fishing: driving or pilot's licences, firearm licences, and fees to government such as museum or library admissions, garbage disposal fees, payments for passports, airport fees, court fees etc. which are treated in most cases as purchases of services rendered by government, if they satisfy the criteria set out in point (d) of paragraph 4.79 to be recorded as services.
4.81
The total value of the taxes includes interest charged on arrears of taxes due and fines imposed by taxation authorities if there is no data to estimate such interest and fines separately; it includes charges imposed in connection with the recovery and assessment of taxes outstanding, less the amount of any rebates made by general government as a matter of economic policy and any refunds made as a result of over-payments.
Subsidies and social benefits made available via the tax system in the form of tax credits and the incidence of linking payment systems with the tax collection system are increasing. Tax credits represent tax relief and so reduce the tax liability of the beneficiary.
If the tax credit system results in the beneficiary receiving the excess when the relief is greater than the liability, the tax credits system is a payable tax credit system. Under a payable tax credits system, payments can be awarded to non-taxpayers as well as taxpayers. Under a payable tax credits system, the whole amount of tax credits is recorded as government expenditure, and not as a reduction of tax revenue.
In contrast, some tax credit systems are non-payable tax credits systems where tax credits are limited to the size of the tax liability. Under a non-payable tax credits system, all tax credits are embedded in the tax system and reduce government tax revenue.
4.82
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc. are recorded at the time when activities, transactions or other events occur which create the liabilities to pay.
However, some economic activities, transactions or events, which under tax legislation ought to impose on the units concerned the obligation to pay taxes, permanently escape the attention of tax authorities. It would be unrealistic to assume that such activities, transactions or events give rise to financial assets or liabilities in the form of payables or receivables. The amounts to be recorded are determined by the amounts due for payment only when evidenced by tax assessments, declarations or other instruments which create liabilities in the form of clear obligations to pay on the part of taxpayers. Missing taxes are not imputed if not evidenced by tax assessments.
Taxes recorded in the accounts are derived from two sources: amounts evidenced by assessments and declarations, and cash receipts.
(a)
If assessments and declarations are used, the amounts shall be adjusted by a coefficient reflecting assessed and declared amounts never collected. As an alternative treatment, a capital transfer to the relevant sectors is recorded equal to the same adjustment. The coefficients shall be estimated on the basis of past experience and current expectations in respect of assessed and declared amounts never collected. They shall be specific to different types of taxes;
(b)
If cash receipts are used, they shall be time-adjusted so that the cash is attributed when the activities, transactions or other events took place to generate the tax liability (or when the amount of tax was determined, in the case of some income taxes). This adjustment is based on the average time difference between the activities, transactions or other events (or the determination of the amount of tax) and cash tax receipt.
When retained at source by an employer, current taxes on income, wealth, etc. are included in wages and salaries even if the employer did not pass them on to the general government. The households sector is shown as paying the full amount to the general government sector. The amounts actually unpaid are neutralised under D.995 as a capital transfer from general government to the employers' sectors.
In some cases, the liability to pay income taxes can only be determined in a later accounting period than that in which the income accrues. Some flexibility is therefore needed concerning the point in time at which such taxes are recorded. Income taxes deducted at source, such as PAYE taxes and regular prepayments of income taxes, may be recorded in the periods in which they are paid and any final tax liability on income can be recorded in the period in which the liability is determined.
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc. are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of the sectors in which the taxpayers are classified;
(b)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of general government;
(c)
uses and resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS AND BENEFITS (D.6)
4.83
Definition:
 social benefits are transfers to households, in cash or in kind, intended to relieve them from the financial burden of a number of risks or needs, made through collectively organised schemes, or outside such schemes by government units and NPISHs; they include payments from general government to producers which individually benefit households and which are made in the context of social risks or needs.
4.84
The list of risks or needs which may give rise to social benefits is as follows:
(a)
sickness;
(b)
invalidity, disability;
(c)
occupational accident or disease;
(d)
old age;
(e)
survivors;
(f)
maternity;
(g)
family;
(h)
promotion of employment;
(i)
unemployment;
(j)
housing;
(k)
education;
(l)
general neediness.
In the case of housing, payments made by public authorities to tenants in order to reduce their rents are social benefits, with the exception of special benefits paid by public authorities in their capacity as employers.
4.85
Social benefits include:
(a)
current and lump-sum transfers from schemes which receive contributions, cover the entire community or large sections of the community and are imposed and controlled by government units (social security schemes);
(b)
current and lump sum transfers from schemes organised by employers on behalf of their employees, ex-employees or dependants (other employment related social insurance schemes). Contributions may be made by employees and/or employers; they may also be made by self-employed persons;
(c)
current transfers from government units and NPISHs which are not conditional on previous payment of contributions and which are generally linked to an assessment of available income. Such transfers are commonly known as social assistance.
4.86
Social benefits exclude:
(a)
insurance claims based on policies taken out solely on the own initiative of the insured, independently of his employer or government;
(b)
insurance claims on policies taken out with the sole purpose of obtaining a discount, even if those policies follow from a collective agreement.
4.87
In order for an individual policy to be treated as part of a social insurance scheme, the eventualities or circumstances against which the participants are insured shall correspond to the risks or needs listed in paragraph 4.84, and, in addition, one or more of the following conditions shall be satisfied:
(a)
participation in the scheme is obligatory either by law or under the terms and conditions of employment of an employee or group of employees;
(b)
the scheme is a collective one operated for the benefit of a designated group of workers, whether employees, self-employed or non-employed, participation being restricted to members of that group;
(c)
an employer makes a contribution (actual or imputed) to the scheme on behalf of an employee, whether or not the employee also makes a contribution.
4.88
Definition:
 social insurance schemes are schemes in which participants are obliged, or encouraged, by their employers or by general government, to take out insurance against certain eventualities or circumstances that may adversely affect their welfare or that of their dependants. In such schemes social contributions are paid by employees or others, or by employers on behalf of their employees, in order to secure entitlement to social insurance benefits, in the current or subsequent periods, for the employees or other contributors, their dependants or survivors.
Social insurance schemes are organised for groups of workers or are available by law to all workers or designated categories of workers, including non-employed persons as well as employees. They range from private schemes arranged for selected groups of workers employed by a single employer to social security schemes covering the entire labour force of a country. Participation in such schemes may be voluntary for the workers concerned, but it is more common for it to be obligatory. For example, participation in schemes organised by individual employers may be required by the terms and conditions of employment collectively agreed between employers and their employees.
4.89
Two types of social insurance schemes may be distinguished:
(a)
The first consists of social security schemes covering the entire community, or large sections of the community, that are imposed, controlled and financed by government units. Pensions payable under such schemes may or may not be related to levels of salary of the beneficiary or history of employment. Non-pension benefits are less frequently linked to salary levels;
(b)
The second type consists of other employment related schemes. Such schemes derive from an employer-employee relationship in the provision of pension and possibly other entitlements that are part of the conditions of employment and where responsibility for the provision of benefits does not devolve to general government under social security provisions.
4.90
Social insurance schemes organised by government units for their own employees as opposed to the working population at large are classified as other employment related schemes and not as social security schemes.
Net social contributions (D.61)
4.91
Definition:
 net social contributions are the actual or imputed contributions made by households to social insurance schemes to make provision for social benefits to be paid. Net social contributions (D.61) consist of:
employers' actual social contributions (D.611)
plus
employers' imputed social contributions (D.612),
plus
households' actual social contributions (D.613),
plus
households' social contribution supplements (D.614),
less
social insurance scheme service charges (D.61SC).
The social insurance scheme service charges are the service fees charged by the units administering the schemes. They appear here as part of the calculation for net social contributions (D.61); they are not redistributive transactions but part of output and consumption expenditure.
Employers' actual social contributions (D.611)
4.92
Employers' actual social contributions (D.611) correspond to flow D.121.
Employers' actual social contributions are paid by employers to social security schemes and other employment related social insurance schemes to secure social benefits for their employees.
As employers' actual social contributions are made for the benefit of their employees, their value is recorded as one of the components of compensation of employees together with wages and salaries in cash and in kind. The social contributions are then recorded as being paid by the employees as current transfers to the social security schemes, and other employment related social insurance schemes.
This heading is split into two categories:
(a)
employers' actual pension contributions (D.6111) corresponds to flow D.1211;
(b)
employers' actual non-pension contributions (D.6112) corresponds to flow D.1212.
4.93
Payments of actual social contributions may be compulsory by virtue of a statute or regulation, or they may be paid as a result of collective agreements in a particular industry or agreements between employer and employees in a particular enterprise, or because they are written into the contract of employment itself. In certain cases, the contributions may be voluntary.
Such voluntary contributions cover:
(a)
social contributions which persons who are not legally obliged to contribute to a social security fund;
(b)
social contributions paid to insurance enterprises (or pension funds classified in the same sector) as part of supplementary insurance schemes organised by enterprises for the benefit of their employees and which the latter join voluntarily;
(c)
contributions to provident insurance schemes with membership open to employees or self-employed workers.
4.94
Time of recording: employers' actual social contributions (D.611) are recorded at the time when the work that gives rise to the liability to pay the contributions is carried out.
4.95
Social contributions payable to the general government sector recorded in the accounts are derived from two sources: amounts evidenced by assessments and declarations or cash receipts.
(a)
If assessments and declarations are used, the amounts shall be adjusted by a coefficient reflecting assessed and declared amounts never collected. As an alternative treatment, a capital transfer to the relevant sectors could be recorded equal to the same adjustment. The coefficients shall be estimated on the basis of past experience and current expectations in respect of assessed and declared amounts never collected. They shall be specific to different types of social contributions.
(b)
If cash receipts are used, they shall be time-adjusted so that the cash is attributed when the activity took place to generate the social contribution liability (or when the liability is created). This adjustment may be based on the average time difference between the activity (or the creation of the liability) and cash receipt.
When retained at source by the employer, social contributions payable to the general government sector are included in wages and salaries irrespective of whether the employer passed them to the general government. The households sector is then shown as paying the full amount to the general government sector. The amounts actually unpaid are neutralised under D.995 as a capital transfer from general government to the employers' sectors.
4.96
Employers' actual social contributions are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of households;
(b)
uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident households);
(c)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of resident insurers or employers;
(d)
resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident insurers or employers).
Employers' imputed social contributions (D.612)
4.97
Definition:
 employers' imputed social contributions (D.612) represent the counterpart to social benefits (less eventual employees' social contributions) paid directly by employers (i.e. not linked to employers' actual contributions) to their employees or former employees and other eligible persons.
They correspond to flow D.122 as described under compensation of employees. Their value must be based on actuarial considerations, or on the basis of reasonable percentage of wages and salaries paid current employees or as equal to unfunded non-pension benefits payable by the enterprise during the same accounting period.
Employers' imputed social contributions D.612) is split into two categories:
(a)
employers' imputed pension contributions (D.6121). They correspond to flow D.1221;
(b)
employers' imputed non-pension contributions (D.6122). They correspond to flow D.1222.
4.98
Time of recording: employers' imputed social contributions which represent the counterpart of compulsory direct social benefits are recorded in the period during which the work is done. Employers' imputed social contributions which represent the counterpart of voluntary direct social benefits are recorded at the time the benefits are provided.
4.99
Employers' imputed social contributions are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of households and in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers;
(b)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of the sectors to which the employers or resident insurers belong and in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Households' actual social contributions (D.613)
4.100
Definition:
 Households' actual social contributions are social contributions payable on their own behalf by employees, self-employed or non-employed persons to social insurance schemes.
Households' actual social contributions (D.613) are split into two categories:
(a)
households' actual pension contributions (D.6131);
(b)
households' actual non-pension contributions (D.6132).
Time of recording: households' actual social contributions are recorded on an accrual basis. For those in work, this is at the time when the work that gives rise to the liability to pay the contributions is carried out. For non-employed persons, this is at the time where the contributions are to be made.
In the system of accounts, households' actual social contributions are recorded:
(a)
among uses in the secondary distribution of income account of households and in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers;
(b)
among resources in the secondary distribution of income account of the sectors to which the employers belong and in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Households' social contribution supplements (D.614)
4.101
Definition:
 households' social contribution supplements consist of the property income earned during the accounting period on the stock of pension and non-pension entitlements.
This heading is split into two categories:
(a)
households' pension contribution supplements (D.6141);
(b)
households' non-pension contribution supplements (D.6142). The heading D.6142 corresponds to households' contributions supplements related to social risks and needs other than pensions, such as sickness, maternity, industrial injury, disability, redundancy, etc.
Households' social contribution supplements are included in property income payable by the administrators of pension funds to households in the allocation of primary income account (investment income payable on pension entitlements D.442).
As this income is retained by the administrators of pension funds in practice, it is treated in the secondary distribution of income account as being paid back by households to pension funds in the form of households' social contributions supplements.
Time of recording: households' social contribution supplements are recorded when they accrue.
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind (D.62)
4.102
The heading D.62 is made up of three sub-headings:
Social security benefits in cash (D.621);
Other social insurance benefits (D.622);
Social assistance benefits in cash (D.623).
Social security benefits in cash (D.621)
4.103
Definition:
 social security benefits in cash are social insurance benefits payable in cash to households by social security funds. Reimbursements are excluded and treated as social transfers in kind (D.632).
Such benefits are provided under social security schemes.
They may be split between:
—
social security pension benefits in cash (D.6211),
—
social security non-pension benefits in cash (D.6212).
Other social insurance benefits (D.622)
4.104
Definition:
 other social insurance benefits correspond to benefits payable by employers in the context of other employment related social insurance schemes. Other employment-related social insurance benefits are social benefits (in cash or in kind) payable by social insurance schemes other than social security to contributors to the schemes, their dependants or their survivors.
They typically include:
(a)
the continued payment of normal, or reduced, wages during periods of absence from work as a result of ill health, accident, maternity, etc.;
(b)
the payment of family, education or other allowances in respect of dependants;
(c)
the payment of retirement or survivors' pensions to ex-employees or their survivors, and the payment of severance allowances to workers or their survivors in the event of redundancy, incapacity, accidental death, etc. (if linked to collective agreements);
(d)
general medical services not related to the employee's work;
(e)
convalescent and retirement homes.
Other social insurance benefits (D.622) may be split between:
—
other social insurance pension benefits (D.6221),
—
other social insurance non-pension benefits (D.6222).
Social assistance benefits in cash (D.623)
4.105
Definition:
 social assistance benefits in cash are current transfers payable to households by government units or NPISHs to meet the same needs as social insurance benefits but which are not made under a social insurance scheme requiring participation usually by means of social contributions.
They therefore exclude all benefits paid by social security funds. Social assistance benefits may be payable in the following circumstances:
(a)
no social insurance scheme exists to cover the circumstances in question;
(b)
although a social insurance scheme, or schemes, may exist, the households in question do not participate and are not eligible for social insurance benefits;
(c)
social insurance benefits are deemed to be inadequate to cover the needs in question the social assistance benefits being paid in addition;
(d)
as a matter of general social policy.
Such benefits do not include current transfers paid in response to events or circumstances that are not normally covered by social insurance schemes (i.e. transfers made in response to natural disasters, recorded under other current transfers or under other capital transfers).
4.106
Time of recording of social benefits other than social transfers in kind (D.62):
(a)
in cash, they are recorded when the claims on the benefits are established;
(b)
in kind, they are recorded at the time the services are provided, or at the time the changes of ownership of goods provided directly to households by non-market producers take place.
4.107
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind (D.62) are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of the sectors granting the benefits;
(b)
uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of benefits granted by the rest of the world);
(c)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of households;
(d)
resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of benefits granted to non-resident households).
Social transfers in kind (D.63)
4.108
Definition:
 social transfers in kind (D.63) consist of individual goods and services provided for free or at prices that are not economically significant to individual households by government units and NPISHs, whether purchased on the market or produced as non-market output by government units or NPISHs. They are financed out of taxation, other government income or social security contributions, or out of donations and property income in the case of NPISHs.
Services provided for free, or at prices that are not economically significant, to households are described as individual services to distinguish them from collective services provided to the community as a whole, or large sections of the community, such as defence and street lighting. Individual services consist mainly of education and health services, although other kinds of services such as housing services, cultural and recreational services are also frequently provided.
4.109
Social transfers in kind (D.63) are subdivided into:
Social transfers in kind — general government and NPISHs non-market production (D.631)
Definition:
 social transfers in kind — general government and NPISHs non-market production (D.631) are individual goods and services provided directly to the beneficiaries by non-market producers. Any payments made by the households themselves should be deducted.
Social transfers in kind — market production purchased by general government and NPISHs (D.632)
Definition:
 social transfers in kind — market production purchased by general government and NPISHs (D.632) are individual goods and services
(a)
in the form of reimbursements by social security funds of approved expenditures made by households on specific goods and services; or
(b)
provided directly to the beneficiaries by market producers from which general government purchases the corresponding goods and services.
Any payments made by the households themselves are to be deducted.
When a household purchases a good or service for which it is subsequently reimbursed, in part or in whole, by a social security fund, the household can be regarded as if it were acting on behalf of the social security fund. In effect, the household provides a short-term credit to the social security fund that is liquidated as soon as the household is reimbursed.
The amount of the expenditure reimbursed is recorded as being incurred directly by the social security fund at the time the household makes the purchase, while the only expenditure recorded for the household is the difference, if any, between the purchaser's price paid and the amount reimbursed. Thus, the amount of the expenditure reimbursed is not treated as a current transfer in cash from the social security funds to households.
4.110
Examples of social transfers in kind (D.63) are medical or dental treatments, surgery, hospital accommodation, spectacles or contact lenses, medical appliances or equipment, and similar goods or services meeting social risks or needs.
Other examples not covered by a social insurance scheme are social housing, dwelling allowance, day nurseries, professional training, reductions on transport prices (provided that there is a social purpose), and similar goods and services in the context of social risks or needs. Outside the scope of social risks or needs, when government provides individual households with goods and services such as recreational, cultural or sport services for free or at prices which are not economically significant, these are treated as social transfers in kind — government and NPISHs non-market production (D.631).
4.111
Time of recording: social transfers in kind (D.63) are recorded at the time the services are provided, or at the time the changes of ownership of goods provided directly to households by producers take place.
Social transfers in kind (D.63) are recorded:
(a)
among uses in the redistribution of income in kind account of the sectors granting the benefits;
(b)
among resources in the redistribution of income in kind account of households.
The consumption of the goods and services transferred is recorded in the use of adjusted disposable income account.
There are no social transfers in kind with the rest of the world (they are registered in D.62 social benefits other than social transfers in kind).
OTHER CURRENT TRANSFERS (D.7)
Net non-life insurance premiums (D.71)
4.112
Definition:
 net non-life insurance premiums (D.71) are premiums payable under policies taken out by institutional units. The policies taken out by individual households are those taken out on their own initiative and for their own benefit, independently of their employers or government and outside any social insurance scheme. Net non-life insurance premiums comprise both the actual premiums payable by policy holders to obtain insurance cover during the accounting period (premiums earned) and the premium supplements payable out of the property income attributed to insurance policy holders, after deducting the service charges of insurance enterprises arranging the insurance.
Net non-life insurance premiums are the amounts available to provide cover against various events or accidents resulting in damage to goods or property, or harm to persons as a result of natural or human causes, examples being fires, floods, crashes, collisions, theft, violence, accidents, sickness, etc., or against financial losses resulting from events such as sickness, unemployment, accidents, etc.
Net non-life insurance premiums are split into two categories:
(a)
net non-life direct insurance premiums (D.711);
(b)
net non-life reinsurance premiums (D.712).
4.113
Time of recording: net non-life insurance premiums are recorded when they are earned.
The insurance premiums from which the service charges are deducted are those parts of the total premiums, paid in the current period or previous periods, that cover risks outstanding in the current period.
Premiums earned in the current period must be distinguished from the premiums due for payment during the current period, which are likely to cover risks in future periods as well as the current period.
Net non-life insurance premiums are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of resident policy holders;
(b)
uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident policy holders);
(c)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of resident insurance enterprises;
(d)
resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident insurance enterprises).
Non-life insurance claims (D.72)
4.114
Definition:
 non-life insurance claims (D.72) are the claims due under contracts in respect of non-life insurance, that is, the amounts which insurance enterprises are obliged to pay in settlement of injuries or damage suffered by persons or goods (including fixed capital goods).
This heading is split into two categories:
(a)
non-life direct insurance claims (D.721);
(b)
non-life reinsurance claims (D.722).
4.115
Non-life insurance claims does not include payments which constitute social benefits.
The settlement of a non-life insurance claim is treated as a transfer to the claimant. Such payments are treated as current transfers, even when large sums may be involved as a result of the accidental destruction of a fixed asset or serious personal injury to an individual.
Exceptionally large claims, e.g. in the wake of a disaster, may be treated not as current transfers but as capital transfers (see point (k) of paragraph 4.165).
The amounts received by claimants are usually not committed for any particular purpose, and goods or assets which have been damaged or destroyed need not necessarily be repaired or replaced.
Claims arise because of damage or injuries that the policy holders cause to the property or persons of third parties. In such cases, valid claims are recorded as being payable directly by the insurance enterprise to the injured parties and not indirectly via the policy holder.
4.116
Net reinsurance premiums and claims are calculated in exactly the same manner as non-life insurance premiums and claims. As the reinsurance business is concentrated in a few countries, most reinsurance policies are with non-resident units.
Some units, especially government units, may provide a guarantee against a debtor defaulting in conditions that have the same characteristics as non-life insurance. This happens when many guarantees of the same sort are issued and it is possible to make a realistic estimate of the overall level of defaults. In such cases, the fees paid (and the property income earned on them) are treated in the same way as non-life insurance premiums and the calls under the standardised loans guarantees are treated in the same way as non-life insurance claims.
4.117
Time of recording: non-life insurance claims are recorded at the time the accident or other event insured against occurs.
They are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of resident insurance enterprises;
(b)
uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident insurance enterprises);
(c)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of the beneficiary sectors;
(d)
resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident beneficiaries).
Current transfers within general government (D.73)
4.118
Definition:
 current transfers within general government (D.73) include transfers between the different subsectors of general government (central government, state government, local government and social security funds) with the exception of taxes, subsidies, investment grants and other capital transfers.
Current transfers within general government (D.73) do not include transactions on behalf of another unit; these are recorded only once in the accounts, in the resources of the beneficiary unit on whose behalf the transaction is made (see paragraph 1.78). This situation arises particularly when a government agency (e.g. a central government department) collects taxes which are automatically transferred, in total or in part, to another government agency (e.g. a local authority). In such cases, the tax receipts destined for the other government agency are shown as if they were collected directly by that agency and not as a current transfer within general government. The solution applies especially in the case of taxes destined for another government agency which take the form of additional rates superimposed on taxes levied by central government. Delays in remitting the taxes from the first to the second government unit give rise to entries under ‧other accounts receivable/payable‧ in the financial account.
Transfers of tax receipts which form part of a block transfer from central government to another government agency are included in current transfers within general government. Such transfers do not correspond to any specific category of taxes and they are not made automatically but mainly through certain funds (county and local authority funds) in accordance with scales of apportionment laid down by central government.
4.119
Time of recording: current transfers within general government are recorded at the time the regulations in force stipulate they are to be made.
4.120
Current transfers within general government are recorded as uses and resources in the secondary distribution of income account of the subsectors of general government. Current transfers within general government are flows internal to the general government sector, and do not appear in a consolidated account for the sector as a whole.
Current international cooperation (D.74)
4.121
Definition:
 current international cooperation (D.74) includes all transfers in cash or in kind between general government and governments or international organisations in the rest of the world, except investment grants and other capital transfers.
4.122
Heading D.74 covers:
(a)
the contributions of the government to international organisations (excluding taxes payable by member governments to supranational organisations);
(b)
current transfers which general government receive from the institutions or organisations referred to in point (a). Current transfers which the institutions of the European Union make directly to resident market producers are recorded as subsidies paid by the rest of the world;
(c)
current transfers between governments, either in cash (e.g. payments intended to finance the budget deficits of foreign countries or overseas territories) or in kind (e.g. counterpart of gifts of food, military equipment, emergency aid after natural disasters in the form of food, clothing, medicines, etc.);
(d)
wages and salaries paid by a government, an institution of the European Union or an international organisation, to advisers or technical assistance experts made available to developing countries.
Current international cooperation includes transfers between general government and international organisations located in the country, as international organisations are not treated as resident institutional units of the countries in which they are located.
4.123
Time of recording: the time the regulations in force stipulate the transfers are to be made in the case of obligatory transfers, or the time the transfers are made in the case of voluntary transfers.
4.124
Current international cooperation is recorded as:
(a)
uses and resources in the secondary distribution of income account of the general government sector;
(b)
uses and resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Miscellaneous current transfers (D.75)
Current transfers to NPISHs (D.751)
4.125
Definition:
 current transfers to NPISHs include all voluntary contributions (other than legacies), membership subscriptions and financial assistance which NPISHs receive from households (including non-resident households) and, to a lesser extent, from other units.
4.126
Current transfers to NPISHs include the following:
(a)
regular subscriptions paid by households to trade unions and political, sporting, cultural, religious and similar organisations classified in the sector NPISHs;
(b)
voluntary contributions (other than legacies) from households, corporate enterprises and the rest of the world to NPISHs, including transfers in kind in the form of gifts of food, clothing, blankets, medicines, etc. to charities for distribution to resident or non-resident households. Such treatment applies to consumption goods, as transfers of large gifts (valuables treated as non-financial assets) are recorded in other capital transfers (D.99) (see point (e) of paragraph 4.165).
Gifts of unwanted or used articles from households are not recorded as transfers;
(c)
assistance and grants from general government, other than transfers made for the specific purpose of financing capital expenditure, which are shown under investment grants.
Excluded from current transfers to NPISHs are payments of membership dues or subscriptions to market NPIs serving businesses, such as chambers of commerce or trade associations, which are treated as payments for services provided.
4.127
Time of recording: current transfers to NPISHs are recorded at the time they are made.
4.128
Current transfers to NPISHs are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of the contributing sectors;
(b)
uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers;
(c)
resources in the secondary distribution of income account of the NPISHs sector.
Current transfers between households (D.752)
4.129
Definition:
 current transfers between households (D.752) consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made, or received, by resident households to, or from, other resident or non-resident households. In particular, they comprise remittances by emigrants or workers permanently settled abroad (or working abroad for a period of a year or longer) to members of their family living in their country of origin, or by parents to children in another location.
4.130
Time of recording: current transfers between households are recorded at the time the transfers occur.
4.131
Current transfers between households are recorded as:
(a)
uses and resources in the secondary distribution of income account of households;
(b)
uses and resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
Other miscellaneous current transfers (D.759)
Fines and penalties
4.132
Definition:
 fines and penalties imposed on institutional units by courts of law or quasi-judicial bodies are treated as other miscellaneous current transfers (D.759).
4.133
The following are not included in other miscellaneous current transfers (D.759):
(a)
fines and penalties imposed by tax authorities for the evasion or late payment of taxes, which cannot be distinguished from the taxes themselves and remain classified as taxes;
(b)
payments of fees to obtain licences, such payments being either taxes or payments for services provided by government units.
4.134
Time of recording: fines and penalties are recorded at the time the liabilities arise.
Lotteries and gambling
4.135
Definition:
 the amounts paid for lottery tickets or placed in bets consist of two elements: the payment of a service charge to the unit organising the lottery or gambling and a residual current transfer that is paid out to the winners.
The service charge may be substantial and cover taxes on the production of gambling services. The transfers are regarded in the system as taking place directly between those participating in the lottery or gambling, that is, between households. When non-resident households take part significant net transfers can arise between the households sector and the rest of the world.
Time of recording: residual current transfers are recorded at the time they are made.
Payments of compensation
4.136
Definition:
 payments of compensation consist of current transfers paid by institutional units to other institutional units in compensation for injury to persons or damage to property, excluding payments of non-life insurance claims. Payments of compensation are compulsory payments awarded by a court of law, or voluntary payments agreed out of court. This heading covers voluntary payments made by government units or NPISHs in compensation for injuries or damage caused by natural disasters other than those classified as capital transfers.
4.137
Time of recording: payments of compensation are recorded when they are made (voluntary payments) or when they are due (compulsory payments).
4.138
Other forms of other miscellaneous current transfers:
(a)
current transfers from NPISHs to general government which are not taxes;
(b)
payments by general government to public enterprises classified as non-financial corporate and quasi-corporate enterprises intended to cover abnormal pension charges;
(c)
travelling fellowships and awards paid to resident or non-resident households by general government or NPISHs;
(d)
bonus payments on savings granted at intervals by general government to households in order to reward them for their saving during the period;
(e)
the refunds by households of expenditure incurred on their behalf by social welfare organisations;
(f)
current transfers from NPISHs to the rest of the world;
(g)
sponsoring by corporations if those payments cannot be regarded as purchases of advertising or other services (for instance, transfers for a good cause, or scholarships);
(h)
current transfers from general government to households in their capacity as consumers, if not recorded as social benefits;
(i)
the counterpart transfer from the central bank to MFIs (S.122 and S.125) to cover the intermediate consumption of the non-directly allocated part of the output of the central bank (see Chapter 14: FISIM).
4.139
Time of recording: the transfers listed in 4.138 are recorded when they are made, except those from or to general government, which are recorded when they are due.
Other miscellaneous current transfers appear as:
(a)
resources and uses in the secondary distribution of income account of all sectors;
(b)
resources and uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources (D.76)
4.140
Definition:
 the VAT- and GNI-based third and fourth EU own resources (D.76) are current transfers paid by the general government of each Member State to the institutions of the European Union.
The VAT-based third EU own resource (D.761) and the GNI-based fourth EU own resource (D.762) are contributions to the budget of the Union institutions. The level of the contribution of each Member State is based on the levels of their VAT base and their GNI.
The heading D.76 also includes miscellaneous non-tax contributions of the government to the institutions of the European Union (D.763).
Time of recording: VAT- and GNI-based third and fourth own resources are recorded when they are due to be paid.
VAT- and GNI-based third and fourth own resources are recorded as:
(a)
uses in the secondary distribution of income account of general government;
(b)
resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers.
ADJUSTMENT FOR THE CHANGE IN PENSION ENTITLEMENTS (D.8)
4.141
Definition:
 the adjustment for the change in pension entitlements (D.8) represents the adjustment needed to make appear in the saving of households the change in the pension entitlements on which households have a definite claim. The pension entitlement change comes from contributions and benefits recorded in the secondary distribution of income account.
4.142
Since households are treated in the financial accounts and balance sheets of the system as owning the pension entitlements, an adjustment item is necessary to ensure that any excess of pension contributions over pension receipts does not affect household saving.
In order to neutralise this effect, an adjustment equal to:
the total value of actual and imputed social contributions in respect of pensions payable into pension schemes in which households have a definite claim
plus
the total value of contribution supplements payable out of property income attributed to pension schemes beneficiaries
minus
the value of associated service charges
minus
the total value of pensions paid out as social insurance benefits by pension schemes
is added to the disposable income, or adjusted disposable income, of households in the use of income accounts before arriving at saving.
In this way, the saving of households is the same as it would be had pension contributions and pension receipts not been recorded as current transfers in the secondary distribution of income account. This adjustment item is necessary in order to reconcile the saving of households with the change in their pension entitlements recorded in the financial account of the system. Opposite adjustments are, of course, needed in the use of income accounts of the units responsible for paying pensions.
4.143
Time of recording: the adjustment is recorded according to the timing of the flows which compose it.
4.144
The adjustment for the change in pension entitlements is recorded as:
(a)
uses in the use of income accounts of the sectors in which the units responsible for paying pensions are classified;
(b)
uses in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident institutions);
(c)
resources in the use of income accounts of the households sector;
(d)
resources in the external account of primary incomes and current transfers (in the case of non-resident households).
CAPITAL TRANSFERS (D.9)
4.145
Definition:
 capital transfers require the acquisition or disposal of an asset, or assets, by at least one of the parties to the transaction. Whether made in cash or in kind, they result in a commensurate change in the financial, or non-financial, assets shown in the balance sheets of one or both parties to the transaction.
4.146
A capital transfer in kind consists of the transfer of ownership of an asset (other than inventories and cash), or the cancellation of a liability by a creditor, without any counterpart being received in return.
A capital transfer in cash consists of the transfer of cash that the first party has raised by disposing of an asset, or assets (other than inventories), or that the second party is expected, or required, to use for the acquisition of an asset, or assets (other than inventories). The second party, the recipient, is obliged to use the cash to acquire an asset, or assets, as a condition on which the transfer is made.
The transfer value of a non-financial asset is valued according to the estimated price at which the asset, whether new or used, could be sold on the market plus any transport, installation or other costs of ownership transfer incurred by the donor but excluding any such charges incurred by the recipient. Transfers of financial assets are valued in the same way as other acquisitions or disposals of financial assets or liabilities.
4.147
Capital transfers include capital taxes (D.91), investment grants (D.92) and other capital transfers (D.99).
Capital taxes (D.91)
4.148
Definition:
 capital taxes (D.91) consist of taxes levied at irregular and very infrequent intervals on the values of the assets or net worth owned by institutional units or on the values of assets transferred between institutional units as a result of legacies, gifts between persons, or other transfers.
4.149
Capital taxes (D.91) include:
(a)
taxes on capital transfers: inheritance taxes, death duties and taxes on gifts between persons, which are levied on the capital of the beneficiaries. Taxes on sales of assets are not included;
(b)
capital levies: occasional and exceptional levies on assets or net worth owned by institutional units. These include betterment levies, that is taxes on the increase in the value of agricultural land due to planning permission to develop the land for commercial or residential purposes.
Taxes on capital gains are not recorded as capital taxes, but as current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
4.150
Taxes recorded in the accounts come from two sources: amounts evidenced by assessments and declarations, or cash receipts.
(a)
If assessments and declarations are used, the amounts are adjusted by a coefficient reflecting assessed and declared amounts never collected. As an alternative treatment, a capital transfer to the relevant sectors is recorded equal to the same adjustment. The coefficients are estimated on the basis of past experience and current expectations in respect of assessed and declared amounts never collected. They are specific to different types of taxes;
(b)
If cash receipts are used, they are time-adjusted so that the cash is attributed to when the activity took place to generate the tax liability, or if this is not known, when the amount of tax was determined. This adjustment is based on the average time difference between the activity (or the determination of the amount of tax) and cash tax receipt.
4.151
Capital taxes are recorded as:
(a)
changes in liabilities and net worth (-) in the capital account of the sectors in which the taxpayers are classified;
(b)
changes in liabilities and net worth (+) in the capital account of general government;
(c)
changes in liabilities and net worth in the capital account of the rest of the world.
Investment grants (D.92)
4.152
Definition:
 investment grants (D.92) consist of capital transfers in cash or in kind made by governments or by the rest of the world to other resident or non-resident institutional units to finance all or part of the costs of their acquiring fixed assets.
Investment grants made by the rest of the world include those paid directly by the institutions of the European Union (e.g. transfers made by the European Agriculture Guarantee Fund (EAGF) and the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)).
4.153
Investment grants in kind consist of transfers of transport equipment, machinery and other equipment by governments to other resident or non-resident units and also the direct provision of buildings or other structures for resident or non-resident units.
4.154
The value of capital formation carried out by general government for the benefit of other sectors of the economy is recorded as investment grants whenever the beneficiary is identifiable and becomes the owner of the capital. In such cases, the capital formation is recorded as changes in assets in the capital account of the beneficiary and is financed by an investment grant which is recorded as changes in liabilities and net worth in the same account.
4.155
Investment grants (D.92) include both lump sum payments designed to finance capital formation during the same period, and instalment payments in respect of capital formation carried out during an earlier period. Those parts of the annual payments by general government to enterprises which represent the amortisation of debts of enterprises undertaken for the purpose of government capital formation projects are treated as investment grants.
4.156
Grants for interest relief made by general government are excluded from investment grants. The assumption by public authorities of part of the interest charges is a current distributive transaction. Nevertheless, when a grant serves the dual purpose of financing the amortisation of the debt contracted and the payment of the interest on the capital borrowed, and when it is not possible to separate these two elements, the whole of the grant is treated in the accounts as an investment grant.
4.157
Investment grants to non-financial corporate and quasi-corporate enterprises include, in addition to grants to private enterprises, capital grants to public enterprises recognised as institutional units, provided that the government department which makes the grant does not retain a claim against the public enterprise.
4.158
Investment grants to the households sector include equipment and modernisation grants to businesses other than corporate or quasi-corporate enterprises and grants to households for the construction, purchase and improvement of dwellings.
4.159
Investment grants to general government include payments (except grants for interest relief) made to subsectors of general government for the purpose of financing capital formation. Investment grants within general government are flows internal to the general government sector and do not appear in a consolidated account for the sector as whole. Examples of investment grants within general government are transfers from central government to local government for the specific purpose of financing their gross fixed capital formation. Transfers intended for various indeterminate purposes are recorded as current transfers within general government, even if they are used to cover expenditure on capital formation.
4.160
Investment grants to non-profit institutions from general government and from the rest of the world are distinguished from current transfers to non-profit institutions by using the criteria set out in paragraph 4.159.
4.161
Investment grants to the rest of the world are restricted to transfers with the specific objective of financing capital formation by non-resident units. They include, for example, unrequited transfers for the construction of bridges, roads, factories, hospitals or schools in developing countries, or for constructing buildings for international organisations. They may comprise instalment payments over a period of time as well as single payments. This heading also covers the supply of fixed capital goods free of charge or at a reduced value.
4.162
Time of recording: investment grants in cash are recorded when the payment is due to be made. Investment grants in kind are recorded when the ownership of the asset is transferred.
4.163
Investment grants are recorded as:
(a)
changes in liabilities and net worth (-) in the capital account of general government;
(b)
changes in liabilities and net worth (+) in the capital account of the sectors receiving the grants;
(c)
changes in liabilities and net worth in the capital account of the rest of the world.
Other capital transfers (D.99)
4.164
Definition:
 other capital transfers (D.99) cover transfers other than investment grants and capital taxes which do not themselves redistribute income but redistribute saving or wealth among the different sectors or subsectors of the economy or the rest of the world. They can be made in cash or kind (cases of debt assumption or debt cancellation) and correspond to voluntary transfers of wealth.
4.165
Other capital transfers (D.99) include the following transactions:
(a)
payments by general government or by the rest of the world to the owners of capital goods destroyed or damaged by acts of war, other political events or natural disasters (floods etc.);
(b)
transfers from general government to non-financial corporate and quasi-corporate enterprises to cover losses accumulated over several financial years or exceptional losses from causes beyond the control of the enterprise (even in the case of a capital injection);
(c)
transfers between subsectors of general government designed to cover unexpected expenditure or accumulated deficits. Such transfers between subsectors of general government are flows within the general government sector and do not appear in a consolidated account for the sector as a whole;
(d)
non-recurrent bonus payments on savings granted by general government to households to reward them for their savings carried out over a period of several years;
(e)
legacies, large gifts between persons, and donations between units belonging to different sectors, including legacies or large gifts to non-profit institutions (NPIs). Examples of gifts to NPIs are gifts to universities to cover the costs of building new residential colleges, libraries, laboratories, etc.;
(f)
the counterpart transaction of cancellation of debts by agreement between institutional units belonging to different sectors or subsectors (for example, the cancellation by the government of a debt owed to it by a foreign country; payments in fulfilment of guarantees which free defaulting debtors from their obligations) — except the particular case of taxes and social contributions payable to the general government sector (see point (j)). Such cancellations by mutual agreement are treated as a capital transfer from the creditor to the debtor equal to the value of the outstanding debt at the time of cancellation. Likewise the counterpart transaction of debt assumption, and of other similar transactions (activation of guarantees related to non-standardised guarantee schemes, or debt rescheduling where part of debt is extinguished or transferred), is another capital transfer. However, the following are excluded:
(1)
cancellation of financial claims against and assumption of liabilities from quasi-corporations by the owner of the quasi-corporation. This case is treated as a transaction in equity and investment fund shares (F.5);
(2)
debt cancellation against and debt assumption from a public corporation by government which disappears as an institutional unit in the system. This case is recorded in the other changes in the volume of assets account (K.5);
(3)
debt cancellation against and debt assumption from a public corporation by government as a part of an ongoing process of privatisation to be achieved in a short-term perspective. This case is treated as a transaction in equity and investment fund shares (F.5).
The writing-off of debt is not a transaction between institutional units and therefore is not recorded in either the capital account or the financial account. If the creditor decides such a write-off, it is recorded in the other changes in the volume of assets accounts of the creditor and the debtor. Provisions for bad debt are treated as book-keeping entries that are internal to the institutional producer unit and are not recorded except in the case of expected losses on non-performing loans, which are recorded as memorandum items in the balance sheets. The unilateral repudiation of debt by a debtor is also not a transaction and is not recorded;
(g)
that part of realised capital gains (or losses) which is redistributed to another sector, as, for example, capital gains redistributed by insurance companies to households. However, the counterpart transactions of transfers to general government of the proceeds of privatisation made indirectly (through a holding company for example) are recorded as financial transactions in equity and investment fund shares (F.5) and have no impact on the level of net lending/net borrowing of the general government;
(h)
major payments in compensation for damage or injuries not covered by insurance policies (except payments by general government or by the rest of the world described in point (a)). The payments are awarded by courts of law or settled out of court. Examples are payments of compensation for damage caused by major explosions, oil spillages, the side-effects of drugs, etc.;
(i)
extraordinary payments into social insurance funds made by employers (including government) or by government (as part of its social function), in so far as these payments are designed to increase the actuarial reserves of these funds. The accompanying adjustment from social insurance funds to households is also recorded as other capital transfers (D.99);
(j)
when taxes and social contributions payable to the general government sector are recorded on the basis of assessments and declarations, the part unlikely to be collected is neutralised in the same accounting period. This is done by recording an ‧other capital transfer‧ (D.99), as an entry under D.995, between general government and the relevant sectors. This D.995 flow is subdivided according to the coding of the different taxes and social contributions concerned;
(k)
insurance settlements in the wake of a catastrophe: following a catastrophe, the total value of the claims related to the catastrophe, as obtained from insurance industry information, is recorded as a capital transfer from the insurance corporations to the policy holders. When information on claims related to the catastrophe cannot be provided by the insurance industry, the catastrophe-related claims are estimated as the difference between the actual claims and the adjusted claims in the period of the catastrophe;
(l)
community built assets where responsibility for maintenance is then assumed by government.
4.166
Time of recording is determined as follows:
(a)
other capital transfers in cash are recorded when the payment is due to be made;
(b)
other capital transfers in kind are recorded when the ownership of the asset is transferred or the liability cancelled by the creditor.
4.167
Other capital transfers are shown among changes in liabilities and net worth in the capital account of sectors and of the rest of the world.
EMPLOYEE STOCK OPTIONS (ESOs)
4.168
A particular form of income in kind is the practice of an employer giving an employee the option to buy stocks (shares) at a specified price at some future date. An ESO is similar to a financial derivative and the employee may choose not to exercise the option, either because the share price is now lower than the price at which he can exercise the option or because he has left the employ of that employer and so forfeits his option.
4.169
Typically an employer informs his employees of the decision to make a stock option available at a given price (the strike price or exercise price) after a certain time under certain conditions (for example, that the employee is still in the enterprise's employ, or conditional on the performance of the enterprise). The time of recording of the employee stock option in the national accounts has to be carefully specified. The ‧grant date‧ is when the option is provided to the employee, the ‧vesting date‧ is the earliest date when the option can be exercised, and the ‧exercise date‧ is when the option is actually exercised (or lapses).
4.170
The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) accounting recommendations are that the enterprise derives a fair value for the options at grant date by taking the strike price of the shares at that time multiplied by the number of options expected to be exercisable at vesting date divided by the number of service years expected to be provided until the vesting date.
4.171
In the ESA, if there is neither an observable market price nor an estimate made by the corporation in line with the recommendations just given, the valuation of the options may be estimated using a stock options pricing model. Such models aim to capture two effects in the value of the option. The first effect is a projection of the amount by which the market price of the shares in question will exceed the strike price at the vesting date. The second effect allows for the expectation that the price will rise further between the vesting date and exercise date.
4.172
Before the option is exercised, the arrangement between the employer and employee has the nature of a financial derivative and is shown as such in the financial accounts of both parties.
4.173
An estimate of the value of the ESO is to be made at grant date. This amount must be included as part of compensation of employees spread over the period between the grant date and vesting date, if possible. If this is not possible, the value of the option has to be recorded at vesting date.
4.174
The costs of administering ESOs are borne by the employer and are treated as part of intermediate consumption just as any other administrative functions associated with compensation of employees.
4.175
Although the value of the stock option is treated as income, there is no investment income associated with ESOs.
4.176
In the financial account, the acquisition of ESOs by households matches the corresponding part of compensation of employees with a matching liability of the employer.
4.177
In principle, any change in value between the grant date and vesting date is to be treated as part of compensation of employees while any change in value between vesting date and exercise date is not treated as compensation of employees but as a holding gain or loss. In practice, it is most unlikely that estimates of the costs of ESOs to the employers are revised between grant date and exercise date. For pragmatic reasons, therefore, the whole of the increase between grant date and exercise date is treated as a holding gain or loss. An increase in value of the share price above the strike price is a holding gain for the employee and a holding loss for the employer and vice versa.
4.178
When an ESO is exercised, the entry in the balance sheet disappears and is replaced by the value of the stocks (shares) acquired. This change in classification takes place via transactions in the financial account and not via the other changes in the volume of assets account.
CHAPTER 5
FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
5.01
Definition
: financial transactions (F) are transactions in financial assets (AF) and liabilities between resident institutional units, and between them and non-resident institutional units.
5.02
A financial transaction between institutional units is a simultaneous creation or liquidation of a financial asset and the counterpart liability, or a change in ownership of a financial asset, or an assumption of a liability.
GENERAL FEATURES OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
Financial assets, financial claims, and liabilities
5.03
Definition
: financial assets consist of all financial claims, equity and the gold bullion component of monetary gold.
5.04
Financial assets are stores of value representing a benefit or series of benefits accruing to an economic owner by holding or using the assets over a period of time. They are a means of carrying forward values from one accounting period to another. Benefits are settled through payments, which are typically currency (AF.21) and transferable deposits (AF.22).
5.05
Definition
: a financial claim is the right of a creditor to receive a payment or series of payments from a debtor.
Financial claims are financial assets that have corresponding liabilities. Equity and investment fund shares or units (AF.5) are treated as a financial asset with a corresponding liability even though the claim of the holder on the corporation is not a fixed amount.
5.06
Definition
: liabilities are established when a debtor is obliged to provide a payment or a series of payments to a creditor.
5.07
The gold bullion component of monetary gold, held by monetary authorities as a reserve asset, is treated as a financial asset even if a holder does not have claims on other designated units. There is no matching liability for gold bullion.
Contingent assets and contingent liabilities
5.08
Definition
: contingent assets and contingent liabilities are agreements whereby one party is obliged to provide a payment or series of payments to another unit only where certain specific conditions prevail.
As they do not give rise to unconditional obligations, contingent assets and contingent liabilities are not considered as financial assets and liabilities.
5.09
Contingent assets and contingent liabilities include:
(a)
one-off guarantees of payment by third parties since payment is only required if the debtor defaults;
(b)
loan commitments providing a guarantee that funds will be made available but no financial asset exists until funds are actually advanced;
(c)
letters of credit which constitute promises to make a payment conditional upon the presentation of certain documents specified by a contract;
(d)
lines of credit which are promises to make loans to a specified customer up to a specified limit;
(e)
underwritten note issuance facilities (NIFs) providing a guarantee that a potential debtor will be able to sell short-term debt securities known as notes, and that the bank issuing the facility will take up any notes not sold on the market or will provide equivalent advances; and
(f)
pension entitlements under unfunded government defined benefit employer pension schemes or social security pension funds. Such pension entitlements are recorded in the supplementary table on accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance, and not in the core accounts.
5.10
Contingent assets and contingent liabilities do not include:
(a)
reserves of insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6);
(b)
financial derivatives (AF.7) where the arrangements themselves have a market value because they are tradable or can be offset on the market.
5.11
Although contingent assets and contingent liabilities are not recorded in the accounts, they are important for policy and analysis, and information on them needs to be collected and presented as supplementary data. Even though no payments may turn out to be due for contingent assets and contingent liabilities, a high level of contingencies may indicate an undesirable level of risk on the part of those units offering them.
Box 5.1 —
   
Treatment of guarantees in the system
B5.1.1.
Definition
: guarantees are arrangements whereby the guarantor undertakes to a lender that if a borrower defaults, the guarantor will make good the loss the lender would otherwise suffer.
Often a fee is payable for the provision of a guarantee.
B5.1.2.
Three different types of guarantees are distinguished. These apply only to guarantees provided in the case of financial assets. No special treatment is proposed for guarantees in the form of manufacturers' warrantees or other forms of guarantee. The three types of guarantee are:
(a)
guarantees provided by means of a financial derivative, such as a credit default swap. Such derivatives are based on the risk of default of reference financial assets and are not linked to individual loans or debt securities;
(b)
standardised guarantees are issued in large numbers, usually for fairly small amounts. Examples are export credit guarantees or student loan guarantees. Even though the degree of probability of any one standardised guarantee being called is uncertain, the fact that there are many similar guarantees means that a reliable estimate of the number of calls under the guarantee can be made. Standardised guarantees are treated as giving rise to financial assets and not contingent assets;
(c)
one-off guarantees, where the associated risk cannot be calculated with any degree of accuracy, due to a lack of comparable cases. The granting of a one-off guarantee is considered a contingent asset or a contingent liability and is not recorded as a financial asset or a liability.
Categories of financial assets and liabilities
5.12
Eight categories of financial assets are distinguished:
AF.1
Monetary gold and special drawing rights;
AF.2
Currency and deposits;
AF.3
Debt securities;
AF.4
Loans;
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares or units;
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes;
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options;
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable.
5.13
Each financial asset has a counterpart liability, with the exception of the gold bullion component of monetary gold held by monetary authorities as a reserve asset classified in the category monetary gold and special drawing rights (F.1). With this exception, eight categories of liabilities are distinguished corresponding to the categories of the counterpart financial assets.
5.14
The classification of financial transactions corresponds to the classification of financial assets and liabilities. Eight categories of financial transactions are distinguished relating to:
F.1
monetary gold and special drawing rights;
F.2
currency and deposits;
F.3
debt securities;
F.4
loans;
F.5
equity and investment fund shares or units;
F.6
insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes;
F.7
financial derivatives and employee stock options;
F.8
other accounts receivable/payable.
5.15
Given the symmetry of financial claims and liabilities, the term ‧instrument‧ is used to relate to both the asset and the liability aspect of financial transactions. Its use does not imply an extension of the coverage of financial assets and liabilities by including off-balance sheet items which are sometimes described as financial instruments in monetary and financial statistics.
Balance sheets, financial account, and other flows
5.16
The financial assets held and the liabilities outstanding at a particular point in time are recorded in the balance sheet. Financial transactions result in changes between opening and closing balance sheets. However, changes between the opening balance sheet and the closing balance sheet are also due to other flows, which are not interactions between institutional units by mutual agreement. Other flows related to financial assets and liabilities are broken down into revaluations in financial assets and liabilities, and changes in the volume of financial assets and liabilities not due to financial transactions. Revaluations are recorded in the revaluation account and changes in volume in the other changes in the volume of assets account.
5.17
The financial account is the final account in the sequence of accounts that record transactions. The financial account does not have a balancing item that is carried forward to another account. The balancing item of the financial account, the net acquisitions of financial assets less net incurrence of liabilities, is net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) (B.9F).
5.18
The balancing item of the financial account is conceptually identical to the balancing item of the capital account. In practice, a discrepancy is usually found between them because they are calculated on the basis of different statistical data.
Valuation
5.19
Financial transactions are recorded at transaction values, that is, the values in national currency at which the financial assets and/or liabilities involved are created, liquidated, exchanged or assumed between institutional units, on the basis of commercial considerations.
5.20
Financial transactions and their financial or non-financial counterpart transactions are recorded at the same transaction value. There are three possibilities:
(a)
the financial transaction gives rise to a payment in national currency: the transaction value is equal to the amount exchanged;
(b)
the financial transaction is a transaction in foreign currency and the counterpart transaction is not a transaction in national currency: the transaction value is equal to the amount in national currency at the market rate prevailing when the payment takes place; and
(c)
neither the financial transaction nor its counterpart transaction is a transaction in cash or via other means of payment: the transaction value is the current market value of the financial assets and/or liabilities involved.
5.21
The transaction value refers to a specific financial transaction and its counterpart transaction. In concept, the transaction value is to be distinguished from a value based on a price quoted on the market, a fair market price, or any price that is intended to express the generality of prices for a class of similar financial assets and/or liabilities. However, in cases where the counterpart transaction of a financial transaction is, for example, a transfer and therefore the financial transaction may be undertaken other than for purely commercial considerations, the transaction value is identified with the current market value of the financial assets and/or liabilities involved.
5.22
The transaction value does not include service charges, fees, commissions, or similar payments for services provided in carrying out the transactions; such items are to be recorded as payments for services. Taxes on financial transactions are also excluded and are treated as taxes on services within taxes on products. When a financial transaction involves a new issue of liabilities, the transaction value is equal to the amount of the liability incurred, excluding any prepaid interest. Similarly, when a liability is extinguished, the transaction value for both creditor and debtor must correspond to the reduction of the liability.
Net and gross recording
5.23
Definition
: net recording of financial transactions means that acquisitions of financial assets are shown net of disposals of financial assets, and that incurrences of liabilities are shown net of repayments of liabilities.
Financial transactions may be represented net across financial assets with different characteristics and with different debtors or creditors, provided they are within the same category or subcategory.
5.24
Definition
: gross recording of financial transactions means that acquisitions and disposals of financial assets are shown separately, as are incurrences and repayments of liabilities.
Gross recording of financial transactions shows the same amount of net lending and net borrowing as if financial transactions were recorded net.
Financial transactions are to be recorded gross in cases of detailed financial market analyses.
Consolidation
5.25
Definition
: consolidation in the financial account refers to the process of offsetting transactions in financial assets for a given group of institutional units against the counterpart transactions in liabilities for the same group of institutional units.
Consolidation can be performed at the level of the total economy, of institutional sectors, and of subsectors. The financial account of the rest of the world is consolidated by definition since only transactions of the non-resident institutional units with resident institutional units are recorded.
5.26
Different levels of consolidation are appropriate for different types of analysis. For example, consolidation of the financial account for the total economy emphasises the economy's financial transactions with non-resident institutional units since all financial transactions between resident institutional units are netted on consolidation. Consolidation for sectors permits the tracing of overall financial transactions between sectors with net lending and those with net borrowing. Consolidation at the subsector level for financial corporations can provide much more detail on financial intermediation and allow, for example, the identification of monetary financial institutions' transactions with other financial corporations as well as with other resident sectors and with non-resident institutional units. Another area where consolidation can be instructive at the subsector level is within the general government sector, since transactions between the various subsectors of government are not eliminated.
5.27
As a rule, the accounting entries in the ESA 2010 are not consolidated, as a consolidated financial account requires information on the counterpart grouping of institutional units. This requires financial transaction data on a from-whom-to-whom basis. For example, the compilation of consolidated general government liabilities requires a distinction to be made, among the holders of general government liabilities, between general government and other institutional units.
Netting
5.28
Definition
: netting is the consolidation at the level of a single institutional unit whereby accounting entries on both sides of the account for the same transaction item are offset against one another. Netting is to be avoided unless source data are lacking.
5.29
Various degrees of netting can be distinguished as transactions in liabilities are subtracted from transactions in financial assets for the same financial asset category or subcategory.
5.30
When a department of an institutional unit purchases bonds issued by another department of the same institutional unit, the financial account of the unit does not record the transaction as the acquisition of a claim by one department on another. The transaction is recorded as a redemption of liabilities rather than an acquisition of consolidating assets. Such financial instruments are viewed as netted. Netting is to be avoided if it is necessary to keep the financial instrument on both the asset side and the liability side to follow the legal presentation.
5.31
Netting may be unavoidable for transactions of an institutional unit in financial derivatives, where separate data on transactions in assets and liabilities are usually not available. It is appropriate to net these transactions because the value of a position in financial derivatives may switch sign, i.e. to change from an asset to a liability position, as the value of the instrument ‧underlying‧ the derivative contract changes in relation to the price in the contract.
Accounting rules for financial transactions
5.32
Quadruple-entry is an accounting practice in which each transaction involving two institutional units is recorded twice by each unit. For example businesses exchanging goods for cash will result in entries in both the production account and the financial account for each unit. Quadruple-entry accounting ensures symmetry of reporting by the institutional units involved, and so consistency in the accounts.
5.33
A financial transaction always has a counterpart transaction. This counterpart may be another financial transaction or a non-financial transaction.
5.34
Where a transaction and its counterpart are both financial transactions, they change the portfolio of financial assets and liabilities and they may change the totals of both financial assets and liabilities of the institutional units, but they do not change net lending/net borrowing or net worth.
5.35
The counterpart of a financial transaction may be a non-financial transaction such as a transaction in products, a distributive transaction, or a transaction in non-financial non-produced assets. Where the counterpart transaction of a financial transaction is not a financial transaction, net lending/net borrowing of the institutional units will change.
A financial transaction with a current or a capital transfer as counterpart
5.36
The counterpart transaction of a financial transaction may be a transfer. In this case, the financial transaction involves a change in ownership of a financial asset, or an assumption of a liability as debtor, known as debt assumption, or the simultaneous liquidation of a financial asset and the counterpart liability, known as debt cancellation or debt forgiveness. Debt assumption and debt cancellation are capital transfers (D.9) and recorded in the capital account.
5.37
If the owner of a quasi-corporation assumes liabilities from or cancels financial claims against the quasi-corporation, the counterpart transaction of debt assumption or debt cancellation is a transaction in equity (F.51). However, if the operation is intended to cover accumulated losses or an exceptionally large loss, or is made in the context of persistent losses, then the operation is classified as a non-financial transaction — a capital transfer or a current transfer.
5.38
If government cancels or assumes debt from a public corporation which disappears as an institutional unit in the system, no transaction is recorded in the capital account or the financial account. In this case a flow is recorded in the other changes in the volume of assets account.
5.39
If government cancels or assumes debt from a public corporation as part of a process of privatisation to be achieved in the short term, the counterpart transaction is a transaction in equity (F.51) up to the total of privatisation receipts. In other words, the government, by cancelling or assuming debt of the public corporation, is considered to be temporarily increasing its equity in the corporation. Privatisation means the giving up of control over that public corporation by the disposal of equity. Such a cancellation of debt or debt assumption leads to an increase of the own funds of the public corporation, even in the absence of an issue of equity.
5.40
The writing-off or writing-down of bad debts by creditors and the unilateral cancellation of a liability by a debtor, known as debt repudiation, are not transactions because they do not involve interactions between institutional units by mutual agreement. The writing-off or writing-down of bad debts by creditors is recorded in the other changes in the volume of assets account.
A financial transaction with property income as counterpart
5.41
The counterpart transaction of a financial transaction may be property income.
5.42
Interest (D.41) is receivable by creditors and payable by debtors of certain kinds of financial claims classified in the monetary gold and special drawing rights (AF.1), currency and deposits (AF.2), debt securities (AF.3), loans (AF.4) and other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8) categories.
5.43
Interest is recorded as accruing continuously over time to the creditor on the amount of principal outstanding. The counterpart transaction of an entry in interest (D.41) is a financial transaction creating a financial claim of the creditor against the debtor. The accumulation of interest is recorded in the financial account with the financial instrument to which it relates. The effect of this financial transaction is that interest is reinvested. The actual payment of interest is not recorded as interest (D.41), but as a transaction in currency and deposits (F.2) matched by an equivalent repayment of the relevant asset reducing the net financial claim of the creditor against the debtor.
5.44
When accrued interest is not paid when due, it gives rise to interest arrears. As it is the accrued interest which is recorded, interest arrears do not change the total of financial assets or liabilities.
5.45
Income of corporations comprises dividends (D.421), withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations (D.422), reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment, (D.43) and retained earnings of domestic enterprises. The effect of the counterpart financial transaction in the case of reinvested earnings is that the property income is reinvested in the direct investment enterprise.
5.46
Dividends are recorded as investment income at the time the shares start to be quoted ex-dividend. This also applies to withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations. A different recording is made for extraordinarily large dividends or withdrawals that are out of line with recent experience of the amount of income available for distribution to the owners of the corporation. Such excess distribution is recorded as a withdrawal of equity in the financial account and not as investment income.
5.47
Property income receivable by investment funds, net of a part of management costs, and assigned to shareholders, even though it is not distributed, is recorded in property income with a counterpart entry in the financial account under investment fund shares or units. The effect is that the income assigned to shareholders but not distributed is treated as reinvested in the fund.
5.48
Investment income is attributed to insurance policy holders (D.44), holders of pension entitlements, and holders of investment fund shares. Regardless of the amount actually distributed by the insurance corporation, pension fund or investment fund, the full amount of investment income received by the insurance corporation or fund is recorded as distributed to the policy holders or holders of shares. The amount not actually distributed is recorded in the financial account as reinvestment.
Time of recording
5.49
Financial transactions and their counterpart transactions are recorded at the same point in time.
5.50
When the counterpart of a financial transaction is a non-financial transaction, both are recorded at the time the non-financial transaction takes place. For example, when sales of goods or services give rise to a trade credit, this financial transaction is to be recorded when the entries are made in the relevant non-financial account, when the ownership of the goods is transferred or when the service is provided.
5.51
When the counterpart of a financial transaction is a financial transaction, there are three possibilities:
(a)
both financial transactions are transactions in cash or other means of payment: they are recorded at the time the first payment is made;
(b)
only one of the two financial transactions is a transaction in cash or other means of payment: they are recorded at the time payment is made; and
(c)
neither of the two financial transactions is a transaction in cash or other means of payment: they are recorded at the time the first financial transaction takes place.
A from-whom-to-whom financial account
5.52
The from-whom-to-whom financial account or the financial account by debtor/creditor is an extension of the non-consolidated financial account. It is a three dimensional presentation of financial transactions where both parties to a transaction are shown, as well as the nature of the financial instrument being transacted.
This presentation provides information on debtor/creditor relationships and is consistent with a from-whom-to-whom financial balance sheet. No information is provided on the institutional units to whom financial assets were sold or from whom financial assets were bought. This also applies to corresponding transactions in liabilities. The from-whom-to-whom financial account is also known as the flow of funds matrix.
5.53
Based on the principle of quadruple-entry accounting a from-whom-to-whom financial account has three dimensions: the financial instrument category, the sector of the debtor, and the sector of the creditor. A from-whom-to-whom financial account requires three-dimensional tables covering the breakdowns by financial instrument, debtor and creditor. Such tables show the financial transactions cross-classified by debtor sector and creditor sector as shown in Table 5.1.
5.54
The table for the financial instrument debt securities category shows that, as a result of transactions in the reference period, the debt securities acquired, net of disposals, by households and by non-profit institutions serving households (275) represent claims on non-financial corporations (65), financial corporations (43), general government (124), and the rest of the world (43). The table shows that, as a result of transactions in the reference period, non-financial corporations incurred, net of redemptions, liabilities in the form of debt securities of 147: their liabilities in this form to other non-financial corporations increased by 30, to financial corporations by 23, to general government by 5, to households and non-profit institutions serving households by 65 and to the rest of the world by 24. No debt securities were issued by households and non-profit institutions serving households. Because of the consolidated presentation of the rest of the world, no transactions are shown between non-resident institutional units. Similar tables can be compiled for all financial instrument categories.
Table 5.1 —
   
A from-whom-to-whom financial account for debt securities
Debtor sector
Creditor sector
Net incurrence of debt securities by
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households and non-profit institutions serving households
National economy
Rest of the world
Total
Net acquisition of debt securities by
Non-financial corporations
30
11
67
108
34
142
Financial corporations
23
22
25
70
12
82
General government
5
2
6
13
19
32
Households and non-profit institutions serving households
65
43
124
232
43
275
National economy
123
78
222
423
108
531
Rest of the world
24
28
54
106
106
Total
147
106
276
529
108
637
5.55
The from-whom-to-whom financial account allows analysis of who is financing whom, to what amount and by which financial asset. It provides the answers to questions such as:
(a)
What are the counterpart sectors for the financial assets acquired net, or for the liabilities incurred net by an institutional sector?
(b)
Which are the corporations with which the general government sector participates?
(c)
What amounts of debt securities do resident sectors and the rest of the world acquire (net of disposals), which have been issued (net of redemptions) by general government, financial or non-financial corporations, and the rest of the world?
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS BY CATEGORIES IN DETAIL
The following definitions and descriptions are of financial instruments. When a transaction is being recorded, the code used is F. When the underlying stock level or position of an asset or liability is being recorded, then the coding is AF.
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (F.1)
5.56
The monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs) (F.1) category consists of two subcategories:
(a)
monetary gold (F.11); and
(b)
special drawing rights (SDRs) (F.12).
Monetary gold (F.11)
5.57
Definition
: monetary gold is gold to which monetary authorities have title and which is held in reserve assets.
It includes gold bullion, and unallocated gold accounts with non-residents that give title to claim the delivery of gold.
5.58
Monetary authorities include the central bank and central government institutions which carry out operations usually attributed to the central bank. Such operations include the issue of currency, maintenance and management of reserve assets and the operation of exchange stabilisation funds.
5.59
Being subject to the effective control of monetary authorities means that:
(a)
the resident unit can transact in these claims on non-residents only on the terms specified by the monetary authorities or with their express approval;
(b)
the monetary authorities have access on demand to these claims on non-residents to meet balance of payments financing needs and other related purposes; and
(c)
there is a prior law or other binding arrangement confirming points (a) and (b) above.
5.60
All monetary gold is included in reserve assets or is held by international financial organisations. Its components are:
(a)
gold bullion (including monetary gold held in allocated gold accounts); and
(b)
unallocated gold accounts with non-residents.
5.61
Gold bullion included in monetary gold is the only financial asset for which there is no counterpart liability. It takes the form of coins, ingots, or bars with a purity of at least 995 parts per 1 000. Gold bullion not held as reserve assets is a non-financial asset and is included in non-monetary gold.
5.62
Allocated gold accounts provide ownership of a specific piece of gold. The ownership of the gold remains with the entity placing it for safe custody. These accounts typically offer purchasing, storing, and selling facilities. When held as reserve assets, allocated gold accounts are classified as monetary gold, and so as a financial asset. When not held as reserve assets, allocated gold accounts represent ownership of a commodity, namely non-monetary gold.
5.63
In contrast to allocated gold accounts, unallocated gold accounts represent a claim against the account operator to deliver gold. When held as reserve assets, unallocated gold accounts are classified as monetary gold, and so as a financial asset. Unallocated gold accounts not held as reserve assets are classified as deposits.
5.64
Transactions in monetary gold consist predominantly of purchases and sales of monetary gold among monetary authorities or certain international financial organisations. There cannot be any transactions in monetary gold involving institutional units other than those. Purchases of monetary gold are recorded in the financial accounts of monetary authorities as an increase in financial assets and sales are recorded as a decrease in financial assets. The counterpart entries are recorded respectively as a decrease in financial assets or an increase in financial assets of the rest of the world.
5.65
If monetary authorities add non-monetary gold to their holdings of monetary gold (for example, by purchasing gold on the market), or release monetary gold from their holdings for non-monetary purposes (for example, by selling it on the market), they are deemed to have monetised or demonetised gold, respectively. Monetisation or demonetisation of gold does not give rise to entries in the financial account, but to entries in the other changes in the volume of assets account as a change in classification of assets and liabilities, i.e. the reclassification of gold from a valuable (AN.13) to monetary gold (AF.11) (paragraphs 6.22-6.24). Demonetisation of gold is reclassification of monetary gold to a valuable.
5.66
Deposits, loans, and securities denominated in gold are treated as financial assets other than monetary gold and are classified along with similar financial assets in foreign currency in the appropriate category. Gold swaps are forms of securities repurchase agreements (repos) involving either monetary gold or non-monetary gold. They imply the exchange of gold for a deposit with an agreement that the transaction will be reversed at an agreed future date at an agreed gold price. Following the general practice for the recording of reverse transactions, the gold taker will not record the gold on its balance sheet, while the gold provider will not remove the gold from its balance sheet. Gold swaps are recorded as collateralised loans by both parties, where the collateral is gold. Monetary gold swaps are undertaken between monetary authorities or between monetary authorities and other parties, while non-monetary gold swaps are similar transactions without the involvement of monetary authorities.
5.67
Gold loans consist of the delivery of gold for a given time period. As for other reverse transactions, legal ownership of the gold is transferred, but the risks and benefits of changes in the gold price remain with the lender. Gold borrowers often use these transactions to cover their sales to third parties in periods of gold shortage. A fee, determined by the value of the underlying asset and the duration of the reverse transaction, is paid to the original owner for the use of the gold.
5.68
Monetary gold is a financial asset; the fees for gold loans are accordingly payments for putting a financial asset at the disposal of another institutional unit. Fees associated with loans of monetary gold are treated as interest. This also applies as a simplifying convention to fees paid on loans of non-monetary gold.
SDRs (F.12)
5.69
Definition
: SDRs are international reserve assets created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and which are allocated to its members to supplement existing reserve assets.
5.70
The SDR Department of the IMF manages reserve assets by allocating SDRs among member countries of the IMF and certain international agencies, collectively known as the participants.
5.71
The creation of SDRs through their allocation, and extinguishing them through their cancellations, are transactions. Allocations of SDRs are recorded gross as acquisition of an asset in the financial accounts of the monetary authorities of the individual participant, and as an incurrence of a liability by the rest of the world.
5.72
SDRs are held exclusively by official holders, which are central banks and certain international agencies, and are transferable among participants and other official holders. SDR holdings represent each holder's assured and unconditional right to obtain other reserve assets, especially foreign exchange, from other IMF members.
5.73
SDRs are assets with matching liabilities but the assets represent claims on the participants collectively and not on the IMF. A participant may sell some or all of its SDR holdings to another participant and receive other reserve assets, particularly foreign exchange, in return.
Currency and deposits (F.2)
5.74
Definition
: currency and deposits are currency in circulation and deposits, both in national currency and in foreign currencies.
5.75
There are three sub-categories of financial transaction in relation to currency and deposits:
(a)
currency (F.21);
(b)
transferable deposits (F.22); and
(c)
other deposits (F.29).
Currency (F.21)
5.76
Definition
: currency is notes and coins that are issued or authorised by monetary authorities.
5.77
Currency includes:
(a)
notes and coins issued by resident monetary authorities as national currency in circulation held by residents and non-residents; and
(b)
notes and coins issued by non-resident monetary authorities as foreign currencies in circulation and held by residents.
5.78
Currency does not include:
(a)
notes and coins that are not in circulation, for example, a central bank's stock of its own notes or emergency stockpiles of notes; and
(b)
commemorative coins that are not commonly used to make payments. They are classified as valuables.
Box 5.2 —
   
Currency issued by the Eurosystem
B5.2.1.
Euro banknotes and coins issued by the Eurosystem are the domestic currency of the Member States in the euro area. Although treated as domestic currency, holdings of euro currency by residents of each participating Member State are liabilities of the resident national central bank only to the extent of its notional share in the total issue, based on its share in the capital of the ECB. A consequence is that, in the euro area, from a national perspective, part of residents' holdings of domestic currency may be a financial claim on non-residents.
B5.2.2.
Currency issued by the Eurosystem includes notes and coins. Notes are issued by the Eurosystem; coins are issued by central governments in the euro area, although, by convention, they are treated as liabilities of the national central banks which as a counterpart hold a notional claim on general government. Euro banknotes and coins may be held by euro area residents or by non-residents of the euro area.
Deposits (F.22 and F.29)
5.79
Definition
: deposits are standardised, non-negotiable contracts with the public at large, offered by deposit-taking corporations and, in some cases, by central government as debtors, and allowing the placement and the later withdrawal of the principal amount by the creditor. Deposits usually involve the debtor giving back the full principal amount to the investor.
Transferable deposits (F.22)
5.80
Definition
: transferable deposits are deposits exchangeable for currency on demand, at par, and which are directly usable for making payments by cheque, draft, giro order, direct debit/credit, or other direct payment facilities, without penalty or restriction.
5.81
Transferable deposits predominantly represent liabilities of resident deposit-taking corporations, in some cases of central government, and of non-resident institutional units. Transferable deposits include any of the following:
(a)
inter-bank positions between monetary financial institutions;
(b)
deposits held with the central bank by deposit-taking corporations in excess of the amount of reserves that they are obliged to hold, and which they are able to use without notice or restriction;
(c)
deposits which other monetary financial institutions incur vis-à-vis the central bank in the form of unallocated gold accounts which are not monetary gold, and also corresponding deposits in the form of precious metal accounts;
(d)
foreign currency deposits under swap arrangements;
(e)
the reserve position with the IMF forming the ‧reserve tranche‧, i.e. the SDR or foreign currency amounts that a member country may draw from the IMF at short notice, and other claims on the IMF that are readily available to the member country, including the reporting country's lending to the IMF under the general arrangements to borrow (GAB) and the new arrangements to borrow (NAB).
5.82
Transferable deposit accounts may have overdraft facilities. If the account is overdrawn, the withdrawal to zero is the withdrawal of a deposit, and the amount of the overdraft is the granting of a loan.
5.83
All resident sectors and the rest of the world may hold transferable deposits.
5.84
Transferable deposits may be divided by currency into transferable deposits denominated in domestic currency and in foreign currencies.
Other deposits (F.29)
5.85
Definition
: other deposits are deposits other than transferable deposits. Other deposits cannot be used to make payments except on maturity or after an agreed period of notice, and they are not exchangeable for currency or for transferable deposits without some significant restriction or penalty.
5.86
Other deposits include:
(a)
time deposits, which are deposits not immediately disposable, but disposable with an agreed maturity. Their availability is subject to a fixed term or they are redeemable at notice of withdrawal. They also include deposits with the central bank held by deposit-taking corporations as compulsory reserves to the extent that the depositors cannot use them without notice or restriction;
(b)
savings deposits, savings books, non-negotiable savings certificates or non-negotiable certificates of deposit;
(c)
deposits resulting from a savings scheme or contract. These deposits often involve an obligation on the part of the depositor to make regular payments over a given period, and the capital paid and interest accrued do not become available until a fixed term has elapsed. These deposits are sometimes combined with the issue, at the end of the savings period, of loans which are proportionate to the accumulated savings, for the purpose of buying or building a dwelling;
(d)
evidence of deposits issued by savings and loan associations, building societies, credit unions etc., sometimes called shares, which are redeemable on demand or at relatively short notice, but which are not transferable;
(e)
repayable margin payments related to financial derivatives which are liabilities of monetary financial institutions;
(f)
short-term repurchase agreements (repos) which are liabilities of monetary financial institutions; and
(g)
liabilities to the IMF that are components of international reserves and are not evidenced by loans; they consist of use of Fund credit within the IMF's General Resources Account. This item measures the amount of a member's currency with the IMF that the member is obligated to repurchase.
5.87
Other deposits do not include negotiable certificates of deposit and negotiable savings certificates. They are classified under debt securities (AF.3).
5.88
Other deposits may be divided by currency into other deposits denominated in domestic currency and other deposits denominated in foreign currencies.
Debt securities (F.3)
5.89
Definition
: debt securities are negotiable financial instruments serving as evidence of debt.
Main features of debt securities
5.90
Debt securities have the following characteristics:
(a)
an issue date on which the debt security is issued;
(b)
an issue price at which investors buy the debt securities when first issued;
(c)
a redemption date or maturity date on which the final contractually scheduled repayment of the principal is due;
(d)
a redemption price or face value, which is the amount to be paid by the issuer to the holder at maturity;
(e)
an original maturity, which is the period from the issue date until the final contractually scheduled payment;
(f)
a remaining or residual maturity, which is the period from the reference date until the final contractually scheduled payment;
(g)
a coupon rate that the issuer pays to holders of the debt securities; the coupon may be fixed throughout the life of the debt security or vary with inflation, interest rates, or asset prices. Bills and zero-coupon debt securities offer no coupon interest;
(h)
coupon dates, on which the issuer pays the coupon to the securities' holders;
(i)
the issue price, redemption price, and coupon rate may be denominated (or settled) in either national currency or foreign currencies; and
(j)
the credit rating of debt securities, which assesses the credit worthiness of individual debt securities issues. Rating categories are assigned by recognised agencies.
With regard to point (c) in the first subparagraph, the maturity date may coincide with the conversion of a debt security into a share. In this context, convertibility means that the holder may exchange a debt security for the issuer's common equity. Exchangeability means that the holder may exchange the debt security for shares of a corporation other than the issuer. Perpetual securities, which have no stated maturity date, are classified as debt securities.
5.91
Debt securities include financial assets and liabilities which may be described according to different classifications — by maturity, holding and issuing sector and subsector, currency, and type of interest rate.
Classification by original maturity and currency
5.92
Transactions in debt securities are divided by original maturity into two subcategories:
(a)
short-term debt securities (F.31); and
(b)
long-term debt securities (F.32).
5.93
Debt securities may be denominated in national currency or in foreign currencies. A further breakdown of debt securities denominated in various foreign currencies may be appropriate and will vary depending on the relative importance of the individual foreign currencies for an economy.
5.94
Debt securities with both principal and coupon linked to a foreign currency are classified as denominated in that foreign currency.
Classification by type of interest rate
5.95
Debt securities may be classified by type of interest rate. Three groups of debt securities are distinguished:
(a)
fixed interest rate debt securities;
(b)
variable interest rate debt securities; and
(c)
mixed interest rate debt securities.
Fixed interest rate debt securities
5.96
Fixed interest rate debt securities cover:
(a)
plain debt securities, which are issued and redeemed at par value;
(b)
debt securities issued at discount or at premium to their par value. Examples are treasury bills, commercial paper, promissory notes, bill acceptances, bill endorsements, and certificates of deposit;
(c)
deep-discounted bonds having small interest payments and issued at a considerable discount to par value;
(d)
zero-coupon bonds, which are single-payment debt securities with no coupon payments. The bond is sold at a discount from par value, and the principal is repaid at maturity or sometimes redeemed in tranches. Zero-coupon bonds may be created from fixed rate debt securities by ‧stripping off‧ the coupons, that is, by separating the coupons from the final principal payment of the security and trading them independently;
(e)
Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities (STRIPS), or stripped debt securities, which are securities whose interest and principal payment portions have been separated, or ‧stripped‧, and may then be sold separately;
(f)
perpetual, callable, and puttable debt securities, and debt securities with sinking fund provision;
(g)
convertible bonds, which may, at the option of the holder, be converted into the equity of the issuer, at which point they are classified as shares; and
(h)
exchangeable bonds, with an embedded option to exchange the security for a share in a corporation other than the issuer, usually a subsidiary or company in which the issuer owns a stake, at some future date and under agreed conditions.
5.97
Fixed interest rate debt securities also include other debt securities like equity warrant bonds, subordinated bonds, non-participating preference shares that pay a fixed income but do not provide for participation in the distribution of the residual value of a corporation on dissolution, and stapled instruments.
Variable interest rate debt securities
5.98
Variable interest rate debt securities have their interest and/or principal payments linked to:
(a)
a general price index for goods and services (such as the consumer price index);
(b)
an interest rate; or
(c)
an asset price.
5.99
Variable interest rate debt securities are usually classified as long-term debt securities, unless they have an original maturity of one year or less.
5.100
Inflation-linked and asset price-linked debt securities include those debt securities issued as inflation-linked bonds and as commodity-linked bonds. The coupons and/or the redemption value of a commodity-linked bond are linked to the price of a commodity. Debt securities, interest on which is linked to the credit rating of another borrower, are classified as index-linked debt securities, as credit ratings do not change in a continuous manner in response to market conditions.
5.101
For interest rate-linked debt securities, the contractual nominal interest and/or the redemption value are variable in terms of national currency. At the date of issue, the issuer cannot know the value of interest and principal repayments.
Mixed interest rate debt securities
5.102
Mixed interest rate debt securities have both a fixed and a variable coupon rate over their life and are classified as variable interest rate debt securities. They cover debt securities that have:
(a)
a fixed coupon and a variable coupon at the same time;
(b)
a fixed or a variable coupon until a reference point and then a variable or a fixed coupon from that reference point to the maturity date; or
(c)
coupon payments that are pre-fixed over the life of the debt securities, but are not constant over time. They are called stepped debt securities.
Private placements
5.103
Debt securities also include private placements. Private placements involve an issuer selling debt securities directly to a small number of investors. The credit worthiness of the issuers of these debt securities are typically not assessed by credit rating agencies, and the securities are generally not resold or repriced, so the secondary market is shallow. However, most private placements meet the criterion of negotiability and are classified as debt securities.
Securitisation
5.104
Definition
: securitisation is the issuance of debt securities for which coupon or principal payments are backed by specified assets or by future income streams. A variety of assets or future income streams may be securitised including, among others, residential and commercial mortgage loans; consumer loans; corporate loans, government loans; insurance contracts; credit derivatives; and future revenue.
5.105
Securitisation of assets or of future income streams is an important financial innovation that has led to the creation and extensive use of new financial corporations to facilitate the creation, marketing, and issuance of debt securities. Securitisation has been driven by different considerations. For corporations, these include: cheaper funding than is available through banking facilities; the reduction in regulatory capital requirements; the transfer of various types of risk like credit risk or insurance risk; and the diversification of funding sources.
5.106
Securitisation schemes vary within and across debt securities markets. These schemes can be grouped into two broad types:
(a)
a financial corporation engaging in the securitisation of assets and a transfer of the assets providing collateral from the original holder, known as a true-sale; and
(b)
securitisation schemes involving a financial corporation engaged in the securitisation of assets and a transfer of credit risk only, using credit default swaps (CDS) — the original owner retains the assets, but passes on the credit risk. This is known as synthetic securitisation.
5.107
With regard to the scheme referred to in point (a) of paragraph 5.106 a securitisation corporation is created to hold securitised assets or other assets that have been securitised by the original holder, and issue debt securities collateralised by those assets.
5.108
It is essential to establish, in particular, whether the financial corporation engaged in the securitisation of assets actively manages its portfolio by issuing debt securities, rather than simply acting as a trust that passively manages assets or holds debt securities. Where the financial corporation is the legal owner of a portfolio of assets, issues debt securities that present an interest in the portfolio, has a full set of accounts, it is acting as a financial intermediary classified in other financial intermediaries. Financial corporations engaged in the securitisation of assets are distinguished from entities that are created solely to hold specific portfolios of financial assets and liabilities. These entities are combined with their parent corporation, if resident in the same country as the parent. However, as non-resident entities they are treated as separate institutional units and are classified as captive financial institutions.
5.109
In the case of the securitisation scheme referred to in point (b) of paragraph 5.106, the original owner of the assets, or protection buyer, by means of credit default swaps (CDS), transfers the credit risk related to a pool of diversified reference assets to a securitisation corporation but retains the assets themselves. The proceeds from the issue of debt securities are placed in a deposit or in another safe investment such as AAA bonds, and the interest accrued on the deposit, together with the premium from the CDS, finances the interest on the debt securities issued. If a default occurs, the principal owed to the holders of the ABS is reduced — with junior tranches getting the first ‧hit‧ etc. Coupon and principal payments may also be redirected to the original collateral owner from investors in the debt securities to cover default losses.
5.110
An asset-backed security (ABS) is a debt security whose principal and/or interest is solely payable from the cash flows produced by a specified pool of financial or non-financial assets.
Covered bonds
5.111
Definition
: covered bonds are debt securities issued by a financial corporation, or fully guaranteed by a financial corporation. In case of default of the issuing or guarantor financial corporation, bond holders have a priority claim on the cover pool, in addition to their ordinary claim on the financial corporation.
Loans (F.4)
5.112
Definition
: loans are created when creditors lend funds to debtors.
Main features of loans
5.113
Loans are characterised by the following features:
(a)
the conditions governing a loan are either fixed by the financial corporation granting the loan or agreed by the lender and the borrower directly or through a broker;
(b)
the initiative to take out a loan normally lies with the borrower; and
(c)
a loan is an unconditional debt to the creditor which has to be repaid at maturity and which is interest-bearing.
5.114
Loans can be financial assets or liabilities of all resident sectors and the rest of the world. Deposit taking corporations normally record short-term liabilities as deposits, not as loans.
Classification of loans by original maturity, currency, and purpose of lending
5.115
Transactions in loans can be categorised into two types of original maturity:
(a)
short-term loans (F.41) with a short-term original maturity, including loans repayable on demand; and
(b)
long-term loans (F.42) with a long-term original maturity.
5.116
For analytical purposes, loans may be subcategorised further as follows:
(a)
loans denominated in national currency; and
(b)
loans denominated in foreign currencies.
For households, a useful sub-categorisation is as follows:
(a)
loans for consumption;
(b)
loans for house purchases; and
(c)
other loans.
Distinction between transactions in loans and transactions in deposits
5.117
The distinction between transactions in loans (F.4) and transactions in deposits (F.22) is that a debtor offers a standardised non-negotiable contract in the case of a loan, but not in the case of a deposit.
5.118
Short-term loans granted to deposit taking corporations are classified as transferable deposits or as other deposits, and short-term loans accepted by institutional units other than deposit-taking corporations are classified as short-term loans.
5.119
Placements of funds between deposit-taking corporations are always recorded as deposits.
Distinction between transactions in loans and transactions in debt securities
5.120
The distinction between transactions in loans (F.4) and transactions in debt securities (F.3) is that loans are non-negotiable financial instruments while debt securities are negotiable financial instruments.
5.121
In most cases, loans are evidenced by a single document and transactions in loans are carried out between one creditor and one debtor. By contrast, debt security issues consist of a large number of identical documents, each evidencing a round sum, which together form the total amount borrowed.
5.122
A secondary market in loans exists. In cases where loans become negotiable on an organised market, they are to be reclassified from loans to debt securities, provided that there is evidence of secondary market trading, including the existence of market makers, and frequent quotation of the financial asset, such as provided by bid-offer spreads. An explicit conversion of the original loan is normally involved.
5.123
Standardised loans are offered in most cases by financial corporations and they are often granted to households. Financial corporations determine the conditions and households may only choose either to accept or refuse. The conditions of non-standardised loans however are usually the result of negotiations between the creditor and the debtor. This is an important criterion which facilitates a distinction between non-standardised loans and debt securities. In the case of public security issues, the issue conditions are determined by the borrower, possibly after consulting the bank/lead-manager-bank. In the case of private security issues, however, the creditor and the debtor negotiate the issue conditions.
Distinction between transactions in loans, trade credit and trade bills
5.124
Trade credit is credit extended directly by the suppliers of goods and services to their customers. Trade credit arises when payment for goods and services is not made at the same time as the change in ownership of a good or the provision of a service.
5.125
Trade credit is distinguished from loans to finance trade, which are classified as loans. Trade bills drawn on a customer by the supplier of goods and services, which are subsequently discounted by the supplier with a financial corporation, become a claim by a third party on the customer.
Securities lending and repurchase agreements
5.126
Definition
: securities lending is the temporary transfer of securities by the lender to the borrower. The securities borrower may be required to provide assets as collateral to the securities lender in the form of cash or securities. Legal title passes on both sides of the transaction so that borrowed securities and collateral can be sold or ‧on-lent‧.
5.127
Definition
: a securities repurchase agreement is an arrangement involving the provision of securities like debt securities or shares in exchange for cash or other means of payment, with a commitment to repurchase the same or similar securities at a fixed price. The commitment to repurchase may be either on a specified future date or an ‧open‧ maturity.
5.128
Securities lending with cash collateral and repurchase agreements (repos) are different terms for financial arrangements with the same economic effects, namely those of a secured loan, as both involve the provision of securities as collateral for a loan or a deposit, where a deposit-taking corporation sells the securities under such a financial arrangement. The different features of the two arrangements are shown in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 —
   
Main features of securities lending and repurchase agreements
Feature
Securities lending
Repurchase agreements
Cash collateral
Without cash collateral
Specific securities
General collateral
Formal method of exchange
Lending of securities with an agreement by the borrower to deliver it back to the lender
Sale of securities and commitment to repurchase them under terms of master agreement
Form of exchange
Securities versus cash
Securities versus other collateral (if any)
Securities versus cash
Cash versus securities
Return is paid to the supplier of
Cash collateral (the securities borrower)
Securities (not collateral securities)
(the securities lender)
Cash
Cash
Return repayable as
Fee
Fee
Repo rate
Repo rate
5.129
The securities provided under securities lending and repurchase agreements are treated as not having changed economic ownership because the lender is still the beneficiary of the income yield by the security, and subject to the risks or benefits of any change in the price of the security.
5.130
Neither the supply and receipt of funds under a securities repurchase agreement, nor securities lending with cash collateral, involve any new issuance of debt securities. Such provision of funds to institutional units other than monetary financial institutions is treated as loans; for deposit taking corporations, it is treated as deposits.
5.131
If a securities lending does not involve the supply of cash, that is, if there is an exchange of one security for another, or if one party supplies a security without collateral, there is no transaction in loans, deposits or securities.
5.132
Marginal calls in cash under a repo are classified as loans.
5.133
Gold swaps are similar to securities repurchase agreements except that the collateral is gold. They involve an exchange of gold for foreign exchange deposits with an agreement that the transaction be reversed at an agreed future date at an agreed gold price. The transaction is recorded as a collateralised loan or a deposit.
Financial leases
5.134
Definition
: a financial lease is a contract under which the lessor as legal owner of an asset conveys the risks and benefits of ownership of the asset to the lessee. Under a financial lease, the lessor is deemed to make, to the lessee, a loan with which the lessee acquires the asset. Thereafter the leased asset is shown on the balance sheet of the lessee and not the lessor; the corresponding loan is shown as an asset of the lessor and a liability of the lessee.
5.135
Financial leases may be distinguished from other kinds of leases because the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred from the legal owner of the good to the user of the good. Other kinds of leases are (i) operating lease; and (ii) resource lease. Contracts, leases and licenses, as defined in Chapter 15, can be considered as leases as well.
Other types of loans
5.136
The loans category includes the following:
(a)
overdrafts on transferable deposit accounts, where the amount overdrawn is not treated as a negative transferable deposit;
(b)
overdrafts on other current accounts, for example, intra-group balances between non-financial corporations and their subsidiaries, but excluding balances which are liabilities of monetary financial institutions classified in the deposit sub-categories;
(c)
financial claims of employees because of participation in the corporation's profit;
(d)
repayable margin payments related to financial derivatives which are liabilities of institutional units other than monetary financial institutions;
(e)
loans which are counterparts of bankers' acceptances;
(f)
mortgage loans;
(g)
consumer credit;
(h)
revolving credits;
(i)
instalment loans;
(j)
loans paid as a guarantee for fulfilling certain obligations;
(k)
deposit guarantees as financial claims of reinsurance corporations on ceding corporations;
(l)
financial claims on the IMF evidenced by loans in the General Resources Account, including lending under the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB) and the New Arrangements to Borrow (NAB); and
(m)
liabilities to the IMF evidenced by IMF credit or Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) loans.
5.137
The special case of non-performing loans is discussed in Chapter 7.
Financial assets excluded from the category of loans
5.138
The category of loans does not include:
(a)
other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8), including trade credits and advances (AF.81); and
(b)
financial assets or liabilities arising from the ownership of immovable assets, such as land and structures, by non-residents. They are classified in other equity (AF.519).
Equity and investment fund shares or units (F.5)
5.139
Definition
: equity and investment fund shares or units are residual claims on the assets of the institutional units that issued the shares or units.
5.140
Equity and investment fund shares are divided into two subcategories:
(a)
equity (F.51); and
(b)
investment fund shares or units (F.52).
Equity (F.51)
5.141
Definition
: equity is a financial asset that is a claim on the residual value of a corporation, after all other claims have been met.
5.142
Ownership of equity in legal entities is usually evidenced by shares, stocks, depository receipts, participations, or similar documents. Shares and stocks have the same meaning.
Depository receipts
5.143
Definition
: depository receipts represent ownership of securities listed in other economies; ownership of the depository receipts is treated as direct ownership of the underlying securities. A depository issues receipts listed on one exchange that represent ownership of securities listed on another exchange. Depository receipts facilitate transactions in securities in economies other than their home listing. The underlying securities may be shares or debt securities.
5.144
Equity is subcategorised into the following:
(a)
listed shares (F.511);
(b)
unlisted shares (F.512); and
(c)
other equity (F.519).
5.145
Both listed shares and unlisted shares are negotiable, and described as equity securities.
Listed shares (F.511)
5.146
Definition
: listed shares are equity securities listed on an exchange. Such an exchange may be a recognised stock exchange or any other form of secondary market. Listed shares are also referred to as quoted shares. The existence of quoted prices of shares listed on an exchange means that current market prices are usually readily available.
Unlisted shares (F.512)
5.147
Definition
: unlisted shares are equity securities not listed on an exchange.
5.148
Equity securities include shares issued by unlisted limited liability companies as follows:
(a)
capital shares which give the holders the status of joint owners and entitle them to a share in the total distributed profits and to a share in the net assets in the event of liquidation;
(b)
redeemed shares whose capital has been repaid but which are retained by holders who continue to be joint owners and to be entitled to a share in the profits left after dividends have been paid on the remaining registered capital and also to a share in any surplus which may be left on liquidation, i.e. the net assets less the remaining registered capital;
(c)
dividend shares, also called founders' shares, profits shares, and dividend shares, which are not part of the registered capital. Dividend shares do not give holders the status of joint owners — holders therefore do not have the right to a share in the repayment of the registered capital, the right to a return on this capital, the right to vote at shareholders' meetings, etc. Nevertheless, they entitle the holders to a proportion of any profits remaining after dividends have been paid on the registered capital and to a fraction of any surplus remaining on liquidation;
(d)
Participating preference shares or stocks, which entitle holders to participate in the distribution of the residual value of a corporation on dissolution. The holders have also the right to participate in, or receive, additional dividends over and above the fixed percentage dividend. The additional dividends are usually paid in proportion to any ordinary dividends declared. In the event of liquidation, participating preference shareholders have the right to a share of any remaining proceeds that ordinary shareholders receive, and receive back what they paid for their shares.
Initial public offering, listing, de-listing, and share buy back
5.149
An initial public offering (IPO), also referred to simply as an ‧offering‧ or a ‧flotation‧, is when a corporation issues equity securities to the public for the first time. Such equity securities are often issued by smaller, younger corporations for financing reasons, or by large enterprises to become publicly traded. In an IPO the issuer may obtain the assistance of an underwriting entity, which helps to determine what type of equity security to issue, the best offering price and time to bring it to market.
5.150
Listing refers to the corporation's shares being on the list of stocks that are officially traded on a stock exchange. Normally, the issuing corporation is the one that applies for a listing but in some countries the exchange can list a corporation, for instance because its stock is already being actively traded via informal channels. Initial listing requirements usually include a history of a few years of financial statements; a sufficient size of the amount being placed among the general public, both in absolute terms and as a percentage of the total outstanding stock; and an approved prospectus, usually including opinions from independent assessors. De-listing refers to the practice of removing the shares of a corporation from a stock exchange. This occurs when a corporation goes out of business, declares bankruptcy, no longer satisfies the listing rules of a stock exchange, or has become a quasi-corporation or unincorporated business, often as a result of a merger or acquisition. Listing is recorded as an issuance of listed shares, and as a redemption of unlisted shares, while de-listing is recorded as a redemption of listed shares, and an issuance of unlisted shares where appropriate.
5.151
Corporations may buy back their own equity in a share repurchase, also known as a stock repurchase or a share buyback. A share buyback is recorded as a financial transaction, providing cash to the existing shareholders in exchange for a part of the corporation's outstanding equity. That is, cash is exchanged for a reduction in the number of shares outstanding. The corporation either retires the shares or keeps them as a ‧treasury stock‧, available for reissuance.
Financial assets excluded from equity securities
5.152
Equity securities do not include:
(a)
shares offered for sale but not taken up on issue. They are not recorded;
(b)
debentures and loan stock convertible into shares. They are classified as debt securities (AF.3) up to the time when they are converted;
(c)
the equity of partners with unlimited liability in incorporated partnerships. They are classified as other equity;
(d)
government investments in the capital of international organisations which are legally constituted as corporations with share capital. They are classified as other equity (AF.519);
(e)
issues of bonus shares i.e. the issue without payment of new shares to shareholders in proportion to their holdings. Such an issue, which changes neither the liability of the corporation vis-à-vis the shareholders nor the proportion of the assets that each shareholder holds in the corporation, does not constitute a financial transaction. Share split issues are also not recorded.
Other equity (F.519)
5.153
Definition
: other equity comprises all forms of equity other than those classified in sub-categories listed shares (AF.511) and unlisted shares (AF.512).
5.154
Other equity includes:
(a)
all forms of equity in corporations which are not shares, including the following:
(1)
the equity in incorporated partnerships subscribed by unlimited partners;
(2)
the equity in limited liability companies whose owners are partners and not shareholders;
(3)
the capital invested in ordinary or limited partnerships recognised as independent legal entities;
(4)
the capital invested in cooperative societies recognised as independent legal entities;
(b)
investment by general government in the capital of public corporations whose capital is not divided into shares and which by virtue of special legislation are recognised as independent legal entities;
(c)
investment by general government in the capital of the central bank;
(d)
government investments in the capital of international and supranational organisations, with the exception of the IMF, even if these are legally constituted as corporations with share capital (e.g. the European Investment Bank);
(e)
the financial resources of the ECB contributed by the national central banks;
(f)
capital invested in financial and non-financial quasi-corporations. The amount of such investments corresponds to new investments in cash or kind, less any capital withdrawals;
(g)
the financial claims that non-resident units have against notional resident units and vice versa.
Valuation of transactions in equity
5.155
New shares are recorded at issue value, which is nominal value plus the issue premium.
5.156
Transactions in shares in circulation are recorded at their transaction value. When the transaction value is not known, it is approximated by the stock exchange quotation or market price for listed shares and by the market-equivalent value for unlisted shares.
5.157
Scrip dividend shares are shares valued at the price implied by the issuer's dividend proposal.
5.158
Issues of bonus shares are not recorded. However, in cases where the issue of bonus shares involves changes in the total market value of the shares of a corporation, the changes in market value are recorded in the revaluation account.
5.159
The transaction value of equity (F.51) is the amount of funds transferred by the owners to corporations or quasi-corporations. In some cases, funds can be transferred by assuming liabilities of the corporation or quasi-corporation.
Investment fund shares or units (F.52)
5.160
Definition
: investment fund shares are shares of an investment fund if the fund has a corporate structure. They are known as units if the fund is a trust. Investment funds are collective investment undertakings through which investors pool funds for investment in financial and/or non-financial assets.
5.161
Investment funds are also called mutual funds, unit trusts, investment trusts, and undertakings for collective investments in transferable securities (UCITS); they may be open-ended, semi-open or closed-end funds.
5.162
Investment fund shares may be listed or unlisted. When they are unlisted, they are usually repayable on request, at a value corresponding to their share in the own funds of the financial corporation. These own funds are revalued regularly on the basis of the market prices of their various components.
5.163
Investment fund shares are subdivided into:
Money market fund (MMF) shares or units (F.521); and
Non-MMF investment fund shares /units (F.522).
MMF shares or units (F.521)
5.164
Definition
: MMF shares or units are shares issued by MMFs. MMF shares or units can be transferable and are often regarded as close substitutes for deposits.
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units (F.522)
5.165
Definition
: other investment fund shares or units other than MMF shares or units represent a claim on a portion of the value of an investment fund other than an MMF. These types of shares and units are issued by investment funds.
5.166
Other unlisted investment fund shares or units other than MMF shares or units are usually repayable on request, at a value corresponding to their share in the own funds of the financial corporation. Such own funds are revalued regularly on the basis of the market prices of their various components.
Valuation of transactions in investment fund shares or units
5.167
Transactions in investment fund shares or units include the value of net contributions to a fund.
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (F.6)
5.168
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes are divided into six subcategories:
(a)
non-life insurance technical reserves (F.61);
(b)
life insurance and annuity entitlements (F.62);
(c)
pension entitlements (F.63);
(d)
claims of pension funds on pension managers (F.64);
(e)
entitlements to non-pension benefits (F.65); and
(f)
provisions for calls under standardised guarantees (F.66).
Non-life insurance technical reserves (F.61)
5.169
Definition
: non-life insurance technical reserves are financial claims that non-life insurance policy holders have against non-life insurance corporations in respect of unearned premiums and claims incurred.
5.170
Transactions in non-life insurance technical reserves for unearned premiums and claims incurred relate to risks like accidents, sickness, or fire, and also to reinsurance.
5.171
Unearned premiums are premiums paid but not yet earned. Premiums are usually paid at the beginning of the period covered by the policy. On an accrual basis, the premiums are earned throughout the policy period, so that the initial payment involves a prepayment or advance.
5.172
Claims outstanding are claims due but not yet settled, including cases where the amount is in dispute or the event leading to the claim has occurred but has not yet been reported. Claims due but not yet settled correspond to the reserves against outstanding insurance claims, which are amounts identified by insurance corporations to cover what they expect to pay out arising from events that have occurred but for which the claims are not yet settled.
5.173
Other technical reserves, such as equalisation reserves, may be identified by insurers. However, these are only recognised as liabilities and corresponding assets when there is an event giving rise to a liability. Otherwise, equalisation reserves are internal accounting entries by the insurer representing saving to cover irregularly occurring events, and do not represent existing claims of policy holders.
Life insurance and annuity entitlements (F.62)
5.174
Definition
: life insurance and annuity entitlements consist of financial claims that life insurance policy holders and beneficiaries of annuities have against corporations providing life insurance.
5.175
Life insurance and annuity entitlements are used to provide benefits to policy holders upon the expiry of the policy, or to compensate beneficiaries upon the death of policyholders, so they are kept separate from shareholders' funds. Reserves in the form of annuities are based on the actuarial calculation of the present value of the obligations to pay future income until the death of the beneficiaries.
5.176
Transactions in life insurance and annuity entitlements consist of additions less reductions.
5.177
Additions in terms of financial transactions consist of:
(a)
actual premiums earned during the current accounting period; and
(b)
premium supplements, corresponding to the income from the investment of the entitlements attributed to the policy holders after deduction of service charges.
5.178
Reductions consist of:
(a)
amounts due to holders of endowment and similar insurance policies; and
(b)
payments due on policies that are surrendered before maturity.
5.179
In the case of a group insurance taken out by a corporation on behalf of its employees, the employees, but not the employer, are the beneficiaries since they are considered to be the policy holders.
Pension entitlements (F.63)
5.180
Definition
: pension entitlements comprise financial claims that current employees and former employees hold against either:
(a)
their employers;
(b)
a scheme designated by the employer to pay pensions as part of a compensation agreement between the employer and the employee; or
(c)
an insurer.
5.181
Transactions in pension entitlements consist of additions less reductions, which are to be distinguished from nominal holding gains or losses on the funds invested by pension funds.
5.182
Additions in terms of financial transactions consist of:
(a)
actual contributions to pension schemes payable by employees, employers, self-employed persons or other institutional units on behalf of individuals or households with claims on the scheme, and earned during the current accounting period; and
(b)
contribution supplements corresponding to the income earned from the investment of the pension entitlements of the pension scheme attributed to participating households, after deduction of service charges during the period for managing the scheme.
5.183
Reductions consist of:
(a)
social benefits equal to the amounts payable to retired persons or their dependants in the form of regular payments or other benefits; and
(b)
social benefits which consist of any lump sums payable to persons when they retire.
Contingent pension entitlements
5.184
The pension entitlements category does not include contingent pension entitlements established by institutional units classified as unfunded government defined benefit employer pension schemes or as social security pension funds. Their transactions are not fully recorded and their other flows and stocks are not recorded in the core accounts, but in the supplementary table on accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance. Contingent pension entitlements are not liabilities of the central government, state government, local government or social security funds subsectors and are not financial assets of the prospective beneficiaries.
Claims of pension funds on pension managers (F.64)
5.185
An employer may contract with a third party to look after the pension funds for his employees. If the employer continues to determine the terms of the pension schemes and retains the responsibility for any deficit in funding as well as the right to retain any excess funding, the employer is described as the pension manager and the unit working under the direction of the pension manger is described as the pension administrator. If the agreement between the employer and the third party is such that the employer passes the risks and responsibilities for any deficit in funding to the third part in return for the right of the third party to retain any excess, the third party becomes the pension manager as well as the administrator.
5.186
When the pension manager is a unit different from the administrator and the amount accruing to the pension fund falls below the increase in entitlements, a claim of the pension fund on the pension manager is recorded. Where the amount accruing to the pension fund exceeds the increase in entitlements, there is an amount payable by the pension fund to the pension manager.
Entitlements to non-pension benefits (F.65)
5.187
The excess of net contributions over benefits represents an increase in the liability of the insurance scheme towards the beneficiaries. This item is shown as an adjustment in the use of income account. As an increase in a liability, it is also shown in the financial account. This item is likely to occur only rarely and, for pragmatic reasons, changes in such non-pension entitlements may be included with those for pensions.
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees (F.66)
5.188
Definition
: provisions for calls under standardised guarantees are financial claims that holders of standardised guarantees have against institutional units providing them.
5.189
Provisions relating to calls under standardised guarantees are prepayments of net fees and provisions to meet outstanding calls under standardised guarantees. Like provisions for prepaid insurance premiums and reserves, provisions for calls under standardised guarantees include unearned fees (premiums) and calls (claims) not yet settled.
5.190
Standardised guarantees are guarantees that are issued in large numbers, usually for fairly small amounts, along identical lines. Such arrangements involve three parties: the borrower, the lender and the guarantor. Either the borrower or the lender may contract with the guarantor to repay the lender if the borrower defaults. Examples are export credit guarantees and student loan guarantees.
5.191
Although it is not possible to establish the likelihood of any particular borrower defaulting, it is usual to estimate how many out of a batch of similar borrowers will default. Much like a non-life insurer, a guarantor working on commercial lines will expect all the fees paid, plus the property income earned on the fees and any reserves, to cover the expected defaults and associated costs and leave a profit. Accordingly a similar treatment to that of non-life insurance is adopted for such guarantees, described as standardised guarantees.
5.192
Standardised guarantees cover guarantees on various financial instruments like deposits, debt securities, loans and trade credit. They are usually provided by a financial corporation, including but not confined to insurance corporations, but also by general government.
5.193
When an institutional unit offers standardised guarantees, it charges fees and incurs liabilities to meet the call on the guarantee. The value of the liabilities in the accounts of the guarantor is equal to the present value of the expected calls under existing guarantees, net of any recoveries the guarantor expects to receive from the defaulting borrowers. The liability is called provisions for calls under standardised guarantees.
5.194
A guarantee may cover a multi-year period. A fee may be payable annually or up-front. In principle, the fee represents charges earned in each year the guarantee holds, with the liability decreasing as the period gets shorter (assuming that the borrower repays in instalments). Thus recording follows that of annuities with the fee paid as the future liability decreases.
5.195
The nature of a standardised guarantee scheme is that there are many guarantees of the same type, though not all for exactly the same time period nor all starting and finishing on the same dates.
5.196
Net fees are calculated as fees receivable plus fee supplements (equal to the property income attributed to the unit paying the fee for the guarantee) less administration, etc. costs. Such net fees may be payable by any sector of the economy and are receivable by the sector in which the guarantor is classified. Calls under standardised guarantee schemes are payable by the guarantor and receivable by the lender of the financial instrument under guarantee, regardless of whether the fee was paid by the lender or the borrower. Financial transactions refer to the difference between the payment of fees for new guarantees and calls made under existing guarantees.
Standardised guarantees and one-off guarantees
5.197
Standardised guarantees are distinguished from one-off guarantees according to two criteria:
(a)
standardised guarantees are characterised by often repeated transactions with similar features and pooling of risks; and
(b)
guarantors are able to estimate the average loss based on available statistics.
One-off guarantees are individual, and guarantors are not able to make a reliable estimate of the risk of calls. The granting of a one-off guarantee is a contingency and not recorded. Exceptions are certain guarantees provided by government and described in Chapter 20.
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (F.7)
5.198
Financial derivatives and employee stock options are divided into two subcategories:
(a)
financial derivatives (F.71); and
(b)
employee stock options (F.72).
Financial derivatives (F.71)
5.199
Definition
: financial derivatives are financial instruments linked to a specified financial instrument or indicator or commodity, through which specific financial risks can be traded in financial markets in their own right. Financial derivatives meet the following conditions:
(a)
they are linked to a financial or non-financial asset, to a group of assets, or to an index;
(b)
they are either negotiable or can be offset on the market; and
(c)
no principal amount is advanced to be repaid.
5.200
Financial derivatives are used for a number of purposes including risk management, hedging, arbitrage between markets, speculation and compensation of employees. Financial derivatives enable parties to trade specific financial risks such as interest rate risk, currency, equity and commodity price risk and credit risk, to other entities which are willing to take these risks, usually without trading in a primary asset. Accordingly, financial derivatives are referred to as secondary assets.
5.201
The value of a financial derivative derives from the price of the underlying asset: the reference price. The reference price may relate to a financial or non-financial asset, an interest rate, an exchange rate, another derivative or a spread between two prices. The derivative contract may also refer to an index, a basket of prices or other items like emissions trading or weather conditions.
5.202
Financial derivatives can be categorised by instrument such as options, forwards and credit derivatives, or by market risk as currency swaps, interest rate swaps, etc.
Options
5.203
Definition
: options are contracts which give the holder of the option the right, but not the obligation, to purchase from or sell to the issuer of the option an asset at a predetermined price within a given time span or on a given date.
The right to purchase is known as a call option, and the right to sell is known as a put option.
5.204
The purchaser of the option pays a premium (the option price) for the commitment of the option writer to sell or purchase the specified amount of the underlying asset at the agreed price. The premium is a financial asset of the option holder and a liability of the option writer. The premium can be conceptually considered to include a service charge, which is to be recorded separately. However, in the absence of detailed data, assumptions should be avoided as much as possible when identifying the service element.
5.205
Warrants are a form of options. They give the holder the right but not the obligation to purchase from the issuer of the warrant a certain number of shares or bonds under specified conditions for a specified period of time. There are also currency warrants based on the amount of one currency required to purchase another and cross-currency warrants tied to third currencies as well as index-, basket- and commodity-warrants.
5.206
The warrant may be detachable and traded separately from the debt security. As a result, two separate financial instruments are recorded in principle, the warrant as a financial derivative and the bond as a debt security. Warrants with embedded derivatives are classified according to their primary characteristics.
Forwards
5.207
Definition
: forwards are financial contracts under which two parties agree to exchange a specified quantity of an underlying asset at an agreed price (the strike price) on a specified date.
5.208
Futures are forward contracts traded on organised exchanges. Futures and other forward contracts are typically, but not always, settled by the payment of cash or the provision of some other financial asset rather than the delivery of the underlying asset, and, therefore, are valued and traded separately from the underlying item. Common forward-type contracts include swaps and forward rate agreements (FRAs).
Options vis-à-vis forwards
5.209
Options can be contrasted with forwards in that:
(a)
at inception, there is usually no up-front payment for a forward contract and the derivative contract begins with zero value; in the case of an option, a premium is paid when the contract is taken out, and at inception the contract is valued at the amount of the premium;
(b)
as market prices, interest rates or exchange rates change during the life of a forward contract, the contract may take on a positive value for one party (as an asset) and a corresponding negative value (as a liability) for the other. Such positions may switch between the parties, depending on market developments in the underlying asset in relation to the strike price in the contract. This characteristic makes it impractical to identify transactions in assets separately from transactions in liabilities. Unlike other financial instruments, transactions in forwards are therefore normally reported net over assets and liabilities. In the case of an option, the buyer is always the creditor and the writer always the debtor;
(c)
at maturity, redemption is unconditional for a forward, whereas for an option it is determined by the buyer of the option. Some options are redeemed automatically when they are positive at maturity.
Swaps
5.210
Definition
: swaps are contractual arrangements between two parties who agree to exchange, over time and according to predetermined rules, streams of payment on an agreed notional amount of principal. The most common types are interest rate swaps, foreign exchange swaps and currency swaps.
5.211
Interest rate swaps are an exchange of interest payments of different character on a notional amount of principal, which is never exchanged. Examples of the types of interest rate swapped are fixed rate, floating rate and rates denominated in a currency. Settlements are often made through net cash payments amounting to the current difference between the two interest rates stipulated in the contract applied to the agreed notional principal.
5.212
Foreign exchange swaps are transactions in foreign currencies at a rate of exchange stated in the contract.
5.213
Currency swaps involve an exchange of cash flows related to interest payments and an exchange of principal amounts at an agreed exchange rate at the end of the contract.
Forward rate agreements (FRAs)
5.214
Definition
: FRAs are contractual arrangements in which two parties, to protect themselves against interest rate changes, agree on an amount of interest to be paid, at a specified settlement date, on a notional amount of principal that is never exchanged. FRAs are settled by net cash payments in a similar way as interest rate swaps. The payments are related to the difference between the forward rate agreement rate and the prevailing market rate at the time of settlement.
Credit derivatives
5.215
Definition
: credit derivatives are financial derivatives the primary purpose of which is to trade credit risk.
Credit derivatives are designed for trading in loan and security default risk. Credit derivatives may take the form of forward-type or option-type contracts and, like other financial derivatives, are frequently drawn up under standard legal agreements which facilitate market valuation. Credit risk is transferred from the risk seller, who is buying protection, to the risk buyer, who is selling protection, in exchange for a premium.
5.216
The risk buyer pays cash to the risk seller in the event of a default. A credit derivative may also be settled by the delivery of debt securities through the unit that has defaulted.
5.217
Types of credit derivatives are credit default options, credit default swaps (CDS) and total return swaps. A CDS index as a traded credit derivative index reflects the development of CDS premiums.
Credit default swaps
5.218
Definition
: credit default swaps (CDS) are credit insurance contracts. They are intended to cover losses to the creditor (buyer of a CDS) when:
(a)
a credit event occurs in relation to a reference unit, rather than being associated to a particular debt security or loan. A credit event affecting the reference unit of concern may be a default, but also a failure to make a payment on any (qualifying) liability that has become due as in cases such as debt restructuring, breach of covenants, and others;
(b)
a particular debt instrument, typically a debt security or a loan, goes into default. As with swap contracts, the buyer of the CDS, (regarded as the risk seller), makes a series of premium payments to the seller of the CDS (regarded as the risk buyer).
5.219
Where there is no default on the associated unit or the debt instrument, the risk seller continues paying premiums until the end of the contract. If there is a default, the risk buyer compensates the risk seller for the loss, and the risk seller ceases to pay premiums.
Financial instruments not included in financial derivatives
5.220
Financial derivatives do not include:
(a)
the underlying instrument upon which the financial derivative is based;
(b)
structured debt securities that combine a debt security, or a basket of debt securities, with a financial derivative or a basket of financial derivatives, where the derivatives are inseparable from the debt security and the principal initially invested is large compared to the prospective returns from the embedded financial derivatives. Financial instruments where small principal amounts are invested relative to the prospective returns, and which are fully at risk, are classified as financial derivatives. Financial instruments where the debt security component and the financial derivative component are separable from each other are classified accordingly;
(c)
repayable margin payments related to financial derivatives are classified in other deposits or loans depending on the institutional units involved. However, non-repayable margin payments, reducing or eliminating the asset/liability positions which may emerge during the life of the contract, are treated as settlements under the contract, and classified as transactions in financial derivatives;
(d)
secondary instruments, which are not negotiable and cannot be offset on the market; and
(e)
gold swaps, which have the same nature as securities repurchase agreements.
Employee stock options (F.72)
5.221
Definition
: employee stock options are agreements made on a given date under which an employee has the right to purchase a given number of shares of the employer's stock at a stated price either at a stated time or within a period of time immediately following the vesting date.
The following terminology is used:
the date of the agreement is the ‧grant date‧;
the purchase price agreed is the ‧strike price‧;
the agreed first date of purchase is the ‧vesting date‧;
the period after the vesting date in which the purchase can be made is the ‧exercise period‧.
5.222
Transactions in employee stock options are recorded in the financial account as the counterpart to the element of compensation of employees represented by the value of the stock option. The value of the option is spread over the period between the grant date and vesting date; if the detailed data are lacking, they are to be recorded at the vesting date. Thereafter, transactions are recorded at exercise date or, if they are tradable and are actually traded, between the vesting date and the end of the exercise period.
Valuation of transactions in financial derivatives and employee stock options
5.223
Secondary trade in options and closing out options prior to delivery involve financial transactions. If an option proceeds to delivery, it may be exercised or not exercised. In cases where the option is exercised, there may be a payment from the option writer to the option holder equal to the difference between the prevailing market price of the underlying asset and the strike price, or, alternatively, there may be an acquisition or sale of the underlying financial or non-financial asset recorded at the prevailing market price and a counterpart payment between the option holder and the option writer equal to the strike price. The difference between the prevailing market price of the underlying asset and the strike price is in both cases equal to the liquidation value of the option, which is the option price on the terminal date. In cases where the option is not exercised, no transaction takes place. However, the option writer makes a holding gain and the option holder makes a holding loss (in both cases equal to the premium paid when the contract was taken out) to be recorded in the revaluation account.
5.224
The transactions recorded for financial derivatives include any trading in the contracts as well as the net value of settlements made. There may also be the need to record transactions associated with the establishment of derivative contracts. However, in many cases, the two parties will enter into a derivative contract without any payment by one party to the other; in such cases the value of the transaction establishing the contract is nil and nothing is recorded in the financial account.
5.225
Any explicit commissions paid or received from brokers or intermediaries for arranging options, futures, swaps, and other derivatives contracts are treated as payments for services in the appropriate accounts. The parties to a swap are not considered to be providing a service to each other, but any payment to a third party for arranging the swap is treated as payment for a service. Under a swap arrangement, where principal amounts are exchanged the corresponding flows are to be recorded as transactions in the underlying instrument; streams of other payments are to be recorded under the financial derivatives and employee stock options (F.7) category. While the premium paid to the seller of an option can conceptually be considered to include a service charge, in practice it is usually not possible to distinguish the service element. Therefore, the full price is to be recorded as acquisition of a financial asset by the buyer and as incurrence of a liability by the seller.
5.226
Where contracts do not involve an exchange of principal, no transaction is recorded at inception. In both cases, implicitly, a financial derivative with a zero initial value is created at that point. Subsequently, the value of a swap will be equal to one of the following:
(a)
for principal amounts, the current market value of the difference between the expected future market values of the amounts to be re-exchanged and the amounts specified in the contract; and
(b)
for other payments, the current market value of the future streams specified in the contract.
5.227
Changes in the value of the financial derivative over time are recorded in the revaluation account.
5.228
Subsequent re-exchanges of principal will be governed by the terms and conditions of the swap contract and may imply financial assets being exchanged at a price different from the prevailing market price of such assets. The counterpart payment between the parties to the swap contract will be that specified within the contract. The difference between the market price and the contract price is then equal to the liquidation value of the asset/liability as it applies on the due date and is recorded as a transaction in financial derivatives and employee stock options (F.7). In total, transactions in financial derivatives and employee stock options must match the total revaluation gain or loss throughout the duration of the swap contract. This treatment is analogous to that set out with respect to options, which proceed to delivery.
5.229
For an institutional unit, a swap or a forward rate agreement is recorded under the item financial derivatives and employee stock options on the assets side where it has a net asset value. Where the swap has a net liability value, it is also recorded on the asset side by convention to avoid flipping between the asset and the liability side. Accordingly, negative net payments increase the net value.
Other accounts receivable/payable (F.8)
5.230
Definition
: other accounts receivable/payable are financial assets and liabilities created as counterparts to transactions where there is a timing difference between these transactions and the corresponding payments.
5.231
Other accounts receivable/payable include transactions in financial claims which stem from the early or late payment for transactions in goods or services, distributive transactions or financial transactions on the secondary market.
5.232
Financial transactions in other accounts receivable/payable comprise:
(a)
Trade credits and advances (F.81); and
(b)
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances (F.89).
Trade credits and advances (F.81)
5.233
Definition
: trade credits and advances are financial claims arising from the direct extension of credit by the suppliers of goods and services to their customers, and advances for work that is in progress or is yet to be undertaken, in the form of prepayment by customers for goods and services not yet provided.
5.234
Trade credits and advances arise when payment for goods or services is not made at the same time as the change in ownership of a good or provision of a service. If a payment is made prior to the change of ownership, there is an advance.
5.235
FISIM accrued but not yet paid is included with the corresponding financial instrument, usually interest, and prepayment of insurance premiums is included in insurance technical reserves (F.61); in neither case is there an entry in trade credits and advances.
5.236
The trade credits and advances subcategory includes:
(a)
financial claims relating to the delivery of goods or services where payment has not taken place;
(b)
trade credits accepted by factoring corporations except when regarded as a loan;
(c)
rent of buildings accruing over time; and
(d)
arrears concerning the payment of goods and services, when not evidenced by a loan.
5.237
Trade credits are to be distinguished from trade finance in the form of trade bills, and credit provided by third parties to finance trade.
5.238
Trade credits and advances do not include loans to finance trade credits. They are classified in loans.
5.239
Trade credits and advances may be divided by original maturity into short-term and long-term trade credits and advances.
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances (F.89)
5.240
Definition
: other accounts receivable/payable are financial claims arising from timing differences between distributive transactions or financial transactions on the secondary market and the corresponding payments.
5.241
Other accounts receivable/payable include financial claims created as a result of the timing difference between accrued transactions and payments made in respect of, for example:
(a)
wages and salaries;
(b)
taxes and social contributions;
(c)
dividends;
(d)
rent; and
(e)
purchase and sale of securities.
5.242
Interest accrued and arrears are recorded with the financial asset or liability on which they accrue, and not as other accounts receivable/payable. If the interest accrued is not recorded as being reinvested in the financial asset, it is classified in other accounts receivable/payable.
5.243
For securities lending and gold loan fees, which are treated as interest, the corresponding entries are included under other accounts receivable/payable, rather than with the instrument to which they relate.
5.244
Other accounts receivable/payable do not include:
(a)
statistical discrepancies other than timing differences between transactions in goods and services, distributive transactions or financial transactions and the corresponding payments;
(b)
early or late payment in the creation of financial assets or the redemption of liabilities other than those classified in other accounts receivable/payable. These early or late payments are classified in the relevant instrument category;
(c)
the amounts of taxes and social contributions payable to the general government to be included under other accounts receivable/payable omits that part of these taxes and social contributions which is unlikely to be collected, and which therefore represents a general government claim of no value.
ANNEX 5.1
CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
5.A1.01
Financial transactions may be classified according to different criteria: by type of financial instrument, negotiability, type of income, maturity, currency and type of interest.
Classification of financial transactions by category
5.A1.02
Financial transactions are classified in categories and subcategories as shown in Table 5.3. This classification of the transactions in financial assets and liabilities corresponds to the classification of financial assets and liabilities.
Table 5.3 —
   
Classification of financial transactions
Category
Code
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
F.1
Monetary gold
F.11
Special drawing rights (SDRs)
F.12
Currency and deposits
F.2
Currency
F.21
Transferable deposits
F.22
Other deposits
F.29
Debt securities
F.3
Short-term
F.31
Long-term
F.32
Loans
F.4
Short-term
F.41
Long-term
F.42
Equity and investment fund shares or units
F.5
Equity
F.51
Listed shares
F.511
Unlisted shares
F.512
Other equity
F.519
Investment fund shares or units
F.52
Money market fund shares or units (MMFs)
F.521
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
F.522
Insurance, pension and standardised guaranteed schemes
F.6
Non-life insurance technical reserves
F.61
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
F.62
Pension entitlements
F.63
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
F.64
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.65
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
F.66
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
F.7
Financial derivatives other than employee stock options
F.71
Employee stock options
F.72
Other accounts receivable/payable
F.8
Trade credits and advances
F.81
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
F.89
5.A1.03
The classification of financial transactions and of financial assets and liabilities is based primarily on the liquidity, the negotiability and the legal characteristics of the financial instruments. The definitions of the categories are in general independent of the classification of institutional units. The classification of financial assets and liabilities can be further detailed by a cross-classification by institutional unit. An example is the cross-classification of transferable deposits between deposit taking corporations, other than the central bank, as inter-bank positions.
Classification of financial transactions by negotiability
5.A1.04
Financial claims can be distinguished by whether they are negotiable or not. A claim is negotiable if its ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one unit to another by delivery or endorsement or of being offset in the case financial derivatives. While any financial instrument can be potentially traded, negotiable instruments are designed to be traded on an organised exchange or ‧over-the-counter‧, although actual trading is not a necessary condition for negotiability. Necessary conditions of negotiability are:
(a)
transferability or offsetability in the case of financial derivatives;
(b)
standardisation often evidenced by fungibility and eligibility of an ISIN code; and
(c)
that the holder of an asset does not retain the right of recourse against the previous holders.
5.A1.05
Securities, financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF.7) are negotiable financial claims. Securities include debt securities (AF.3), listed shares (AF.511), unlisted shares (AF.512), and investment fund shares (AF.52). Financial derivatives and employee stock options are not classified as securities even if they are negotiable financial instruments. They are linked to specific financial or non-financial assets or indices through which financial risks can be traded in financial markets in their own right.
5.A1.06
Monetary gold and SDRs (AF.1), currency and deposits (AF.2), loans (AF.4), other equity (AF.519), insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6) and other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8) are not negotiable.
Structured securities
5.A1.07
Structured securities typically combine a security, or a basket of securities, with a financial derivative, or a basket of financial derivatives. Financial instruments which are not structured securities are, for instance, structured deposits which combine characteristics of deposits and of financial derivatives. While debt securities typically involve payment at inception of a principal to be repaid, financial derivatives do not.
Classification of financial transactions by type of income
5.A1.08
Financial transactions are classified by the type of income they generate. The linking of income with the corresponding financial assets and liabilities facilitates calculation of rates of return. Table 5.4 shows the detailed classification by transaction and by income type. While monetary gold and SDRs, deposits, debt securities, loans and other accounts receivable/payable accrue interest, equity pays predominantly dividends, reinvested earnings or withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations. Investment income is attributable to holders of investment fund shares and of insurance technical reserves. The remuneration related to the participation in a financial derivative is not recorded as income, because no principal amount is provided.
Table 5.4 —
   
Classification of financial transactions by type of income
Financial transactions
Code
Type of income
Code
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
F.1
Interest
D.41
Currency
F.21
None
Transferable deposits
F.22
Interest
D.41
Other deposits
F.29
Interest
D.41
Debt securities
F.3
Interest
D.41
Loans
F.4
Interest
D.41
Equity
F.51
Distributed income of corporations
D.42
Reinvested earnings
D.43
Listed and unlisted shares
F.511
Dividends
D.421
F.512
Reinvested earnings
D.43
Other equity
F.519
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
D.422
Reinvested earnings
D.43
Dividends
D.421
Investment fund shares or units
F.52
Investment income attributable to investment fund shareholders
D.443
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
F.6
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
D.441
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.442
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
F.7
None
Other accounts receivable/payable
F.8
Interest
D.41
Classification of financial transactions by type of interest rate
5.A1.09
Financial assets and liabilities accruing interest may be broken down by the type of interest rate namely fixed, variable, or mixed interest rates.
5.A1.10
For financial instruments with a fixed interest rate the contractual nominal interest payments are fixed in terms of the currency of denomination for the life of the financial instrument or for a certain number of years. At the date of inception, from the debtor's perspective, the timing and value of interest payments and principal repayments are known.
5.A1.11
For financial instruments with a variable interest rate, interest and principal payments are linked to an interest rate, general price index for goods and services or asset price. The reference value fluctuates in response to market conditions.
5.A1.12
Mixed interest rate financial instruments have both a fixed and a variable interest rate over their life and are classified as variable interest rate financial instruments.
Classification of financial transactions by maturity
5.A1.13
For the analysis of interest rates, asset yields, liquidity or debt servicing capacity, a breakdown of financial assets and liabilities by a range of maturities may be required.
Short-term and long-term maturity
5.A1.14
Definition
: a financial asset or liability with short-term maturity is repayable on demand at the request of the creditor, or in one year or less. A financial asset or liability with long-term maturity is repayable at some date beyond one year, or has no stated maturity.
Original maturity and remaining maturity
5.A1.15
Definition
: the original maturity of financial assets or liabilities is defined as the period from the issue date until the final scheduled payment date. A remaining maturity of financial assets or of liabilities is defined as the period from the reference date until the date of the final scheduled payment.
5.A1.16
The original maturity concept is helpful in understanding debt issuance activity. Therefore, debt securities and loans are split by original maturity into short-term and long-term debt securities and loans.
5.A1.17
Remaining maturity is more relevant to analysis of debt positions and debt servicing capabilities.
Classification of financial transactions by currency
5.A1.18
Many of the categories, subcategories and sub-positions of the financial assets and liabilities may be broken down by the currency in which they are denominated.
5.A1.19
Financial assets or liabilities in foreign currency include financial assets or liabilities denominated in a currency basket, for example SDRs and financial assets or liabilities denominated in gold. A distinction between national currency and foreign currencies is particularly useful for currency and deposits (AF.2), debt securities (AF.3) and loans (AF.4).
5.A1.20
The currency of settlement may be different from the currency of denomination. The currency of settlement refers to the currency into which the value of positions and flows of financial instruments such as securities are converted each time settlement occurs.
Measures of money
5.A1.21
Monetary policy analysis may require measures of money such as M1, M2 and M3 to be identified in the financial account. Measures of money are not defined in the ESA 2010.
CHAPTER 6
OTHER FLOWS
INTRODUCTION
6.01
Other flows are changes in the value of assets and liabilities that do not result from transactions. The reason that these flows are not transactions is linked to their not meeting one or more of the characteristics of transactions, for example, the institutional units involved may not be acting by mutual agreement, as in the case of an uncompensated seizure of assets, or the change may be due to a natural event such as an earthquake rather than a purely economic phenomenon. Alternatively, the value of an asset expressed in foreign currency may change as a result of an exchange rate change.
OTHER CHANGES IN ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
6.02
Definition:
 other changes in assets and liabilities are economic flows, other than those that occur through transactions recorded in the capital and financial accounts, that change the value of assets and liabilities.
Two types of other changes are distinguished. The first consists of changes in the volume of assets and liabilities. The second is through nominal holding gains and losses.
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities (K.1 to K.6)
6.03
In the capital account, produced and non-produced assets may enter and leave a sector through acquisitions and disposals of assets, consumption of fixed capital or additions to, withdrawals from and recurrent losses from inventories. In the financial account, financial assets and liabilities enter the system when a debtor accepts a future obligation to pay a creditor, and leave the system when this obligation has been fulfilled.
6.04
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities include flows that allow assets and liabilities to enter or leave the accounts other than by transactions — for example, entrances and exits of the discovery, depletion and degradation of natural assets.
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities also include the effect of exceptional, unanticipated external events that are not economic in nature, and changes resulting from reclassification or restructuring of institutional units or assets and liabilities.
6.05
Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities cover six categories:
(a)
economic appearance of assets (K.1);
(b)
economic disappearance of non-produced assets (K.2);
(c)
catastrophic losses (K.3);
(d)
uncompensated seizures (K.4);
(e)
other changes in volume not elsewhere classified (K.5); and
(f)
changes in classification (K.6).
Economic appearance of assets (K.1)
6.06
Economic appearance of assets is the increase in the volume of produced and non-produced assets that is not the result of production. Included are:
(a)
historic monuments, e.g. those structures or sites with special archaeological, historical or cultural significance, when their value is first recognised in the balance sheet;
(b)
valuables, such as precious stones, antiques and art objects, when the high value or artistic significance of an object not already recorded in the balance sheet is first recognised;
(c)
discoveries of exploitable subsoil resources such as proven reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, metallic or non-metallic minerals. This also covers the upwards reappraisals of the value of reserves when exploitation becomes economically viable as a result of technological progress or relative price changes;
(d)
natural growth of uncultivated biological resources, such as natural forests and the stock of fish, where the growth in such economic assets is not under the direct control, responsibility and management of an institutional unit and thus not treated as production;
(e)
transfers of other natural resources to economic activity: natural resources that change status to qualify as economic assets. Examples include the initial exploitation of virgin forests, transfer of land from a wild or waste state to land that can be put to economic use, land reclamation and initial charging for extraction of water. The natural resources may also acquire value due to economic activity in the vicinity, for example, land may be recognised as valuable because of a nearby development or creation of an access road. The cost of land improvements is recorded as gross fixed capital formation but any excess in the increase of value of the land over the value of the land improvements is recorded as economic appearance;
(f)
quality changes in natural assets due to changes in economic uses. Changes in quality are recorded as changes in volume. The quality changes recorded here occur as the counterpart of the changes in economic use that are shown as changes in classification (see paragraph 6.21). For example, the reclassification of cultivated land to land underlying buildings may result in an increase in value as well as a change in classification. In this case the asset is already within the asset boundary and it is the change in quality of the asset due to the change of economic use that is regarded as the appearance of an asset. Another example is the increase in value of dairy cattle when sent to slaughter earlier than expected;
(g)
initial appearance of value from granting transferable contracts, leases, licences or permits. The value in such contracts, leases, licences or permits represents an asset when the value of the entitlement they give exceeds the fees payable and the holder can realise this by transferring them to others; and
(h)
changes in the value of goodwill and marketing assets, which materialises when institutional units are sold at prices that exceed their own funds (see paragraph 7.07); the excess of purchase price over own funds is referred to as purchased goodwill and marketing assets. Goodwill not evidenced by a sale/purchase is not considered as an economic asset.
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets (K.2)
6.07
Economic disappearance of non-produced non-financial assets includes:
(a)
depletion of natural resources, which covers the reduction of the value of deposits of subsoil assets, and the depletion of uncultivated biological resources included in the asset boundary (see point (e) of paragraph 6.06) as a result of harvesting, forest clearance or use beyond sustainable levels of extraction. Many of the possible entries here are the opposite of the entries described in points (c) to (f) of paragraph 6.06;
(b)
other economic disappearance of non-produced assets, which covers:
(i)
the writing-down of the value of purchased goodwill and marketing assets; and
(ii)
the expiration of the advantages given by transferable contracts, leases, licences and permits.
Catastrophic losses (K.3)
6.08
Catastrophic losses recorded as other changes in volume result from large-scale, discrete and recognisable events that destroy economic assets.
6.09
Such events include major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves, exceptionally severe hurricanes, drought and other natural disasters; acts of war, riots and other political events; and technological accidents such as major toxic spills or release of radioactive particles into the air. Examples of such events are:
(a)
deterioration in the quality of land caused by abnormal flooding or wind damage;
(b)
destruction of cultivated assets by drought or outbreak of disease;
(c)
destruction of buildings, equipment or valuables in forest fires or earthquakes; and
(d)
accidental destruction of currency or bearer securities as a result of natural catastrophes or political events, or destruction of evidence of ownership.
Uncompensated seizures (K.4)
6.10
Uncompensated seizures occur when governments or other institutional units take possession of the assets of other institutional units, including non-resident units, without full compensation, for reasons other than the payment of taxes, fines or similar levies. The seizure of property related to criminal activity is considered to be a fine. The uncompensated part of such unilateral seizures is recorded as other change in volume.
6.11
Foreclosures and repossessions of assets by creditors are not recorded as uncompensated seizures because, either explicitly or by general understanding, the agreement between the parties provides for this avenue of recourse.
Other changes in volume not elsewhere classified (K.5)
6.12
Other changes in volume not elsewhere classified (K.5) are the effects of unexpected events on the economic value of assets.
6.13
Examples of other changes in volume not elsewhere classified of non-financial assets include:
(a)
unforeseen obsolescence. Assumptions used in deriving consumption of fixed capital will not cover unforeseen obsolescence in fixed assets. The amount included for their expected obsolescence may fall short of the actual obsolescence. Entries must, therefore, be made for the decline in the value of the fixed assets resulting from, for example, the introduction of improved technology;
(b)
differences between allowances included in consumption of fixed capital for normal damage and actual losses. Consumption of fixed capital does not cover unforeseen damage, and the amount estimated for normally expected damage may fall short or exceed the actual damage. Adjustments must, therefore, be made for the unforeseen decline or increase in the value of the fixed assets due to such events. The losses adjusted for here are not sufficiently large to be considered catastrophic;
(c)
degradation of fixed assets not accounted for in consumption of fixed capital. This covers the decline in the value of fixed assets from, for example, the unforeseen effects of acidity in air and rain on building surfaces or vehicle bodies;
(d)
abandonment of production facilities before completion or being brought into economic use;
(e)
exceptional losses in inventories (e.g. from fire damage, robberies, or insect infestation of grain stores) that are not considered as catastrophic losses.
6.14
Examples of other changes in volume not elsewhere classified concerning financial assets and liabilities include:
(a)
losses of currency or bearer securities for reasons (such as fire damage or theft) that are not considered catastrophic, and currency withdrawn from circulation that is no longer exchangeable, excluding amounts where there has been a change in classification from currency to valuables;
(b)
changes in financial claims resulting from write-offs. These are excluded from the financial account because there is no mutual agreement between the parties. Specifically, a creditor may decide that a financial claim can no longer be collected, for example because of bankruptcy or liquidation, and removes the claim from their balance sheet. The creditor's recognition that the claim is uncollectable is recorded as other changes in the volume of assets. The corresponding liability must also be removed from the balance sheet of the debtor to maintain balance in the accounts of the total economy. An exception to this general principle is made for taxes and social contributions payable to general government (see point (d) of paragraph 6.15);
(c)
changes of life insurance, annuity entitlements and pension entitlements due to changes in demographic assumptions;
(d)
provisions for calls under standardised guarantee schemes when the expected calls exceed the expected receipts and recoveries.
6.15
Other changes in volume not elsewhere classified exclude:
(a)
changes in financial claims resulting from write-downs that reflect the actual market values of tradable financial claims: these are accounted for in the revaluation account;
(b)
cancellation of debt by mutual agreement between debtor and creditor (debt cancellation or debt forgiveness): this is recorded as a transaction between the creditor and the debtor (see point (f) of paragraph 4.165);
(c)
debt repudiation: the unilateral cancellation of a liability by a debtor is not recognised;
(d)
taxes and social contributions payable to general government that general government unilaterally recognises as unlikely to be collected (see paragraphs 1.57, 4.27 and 4.82).
Changes in classification (K.6)
6.16
Changes in classification comprise changes in sector classification and institutional unit structure, and changes in classification of assets and liabilities.
Changes in sector classification and institutional unit structure (K.61)
6.17
Reclassifying an institutional unit from one sector to another transfers its entire balance sheet, e.g. if an institutional unit classified in the households sector becomes financially distinct from its owner, it may qualify as a quasi-corporation and be reclassified in the non-financial corporations sector.
6.18
Changes in sector classification transfer the entire balance sheet from one sector or subsector to another. The transfer may result in consolidation or deconsolidation of assets and liabilities, which is also included in this category.
6.19
Changes in structure of institutional units cover appearance and disappearance of certain financial assets and liabilities arising from corporate restructuring. When a corporation disappears as an independent legal entity because it is absorbed by one or more corporations, all financial assets and liabilities, including shares and other equity that existed between that corporation and those that absorbed it, disappear from the system. However, the purchase of shares and other equity of a corporation as part of a merger is recorded as a financial transaction between the purchasing corporation and its previous owners. The replacement of existing shares by shares in the purchasing corporation, or a new corporation, is recorded as redemptions of shares accompanied by the issue of new shares. Financial assets and liabilities that existed between the absorbed corporation and third parties remain unchanged and pass to the absorbing corporation.
6.20
Symmetrically, when a corporation is legally split up into two or more institutional units, the appearance of financial assets and liabilities is recorded as changes in sector classification and structure.
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities (K.62)
6.21
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities occur where assets and liabilities appear under one category in the opening balance sheet and another in the closing balance sheet. Examples include changes in land use and conversions of dwellings to commercial use or vice versa. In the case of land, both entries (a negative entry for the old category, a positive one for the new category) are made with the same value. Any change in land value resulting from this change in use is recorded as a volume change rather than a revaluation and, hence, as an economic appearance of assets or economic disappearance of non-produced assets.
6.22
Appearance or disappearance of monetary gold held in the form of gold bullion cannot be created by a financial transaction but enters or leaves the system through other changes in the volume of assets.
6.23
A special case of a change in classification occurs for gold bullion. Gold bullion can be a financial asset known as monetary gold, or a valuable known as non-monetary gold, depending on the holder and the motivation for the holding. Monetisation is the change in the classification of gold bullion from non-monetary to monetary. Demonetisation is the change in the classification of gold bullion from monetary to non-monetary.
6.24
Operations in relation to gold bullion are recorded as follows.
(a)
When a monetary authority sells gold bullion that is a reserve asset to a non-resident institutional unit that is not a monetary authority or to a resident institutional unit, a transaction in non-monetary gold is recorded. Demonetisation of gold as a change in the classification of gold bullion from monetary to non-monetary occurs immediately before the transaction and is recorded as other changes in the volume of assets of the monetary authority.
(b)
When a monetary authority purchases gold bullion from a non-resident or a resident institutional unit for its reserve assets and that gold is not already a reserve asset, a transaction in non-monetary gold is recorded. Monetisation of gold as a change in the classification of gold bullion from non-monetary to monetary occurs immediately after the transaction and is recorded as other changes in the volume of assets of the monetary authority.
(c)
When buyer and seller are monetary authorities of different economies and both hold the gold bullion as part of their reserve assets, there is a transaction in gold bullion, which is recorded in the financial account.
(d)
In other cases, gold bullion is non-monetary at all times and transactions in non-monetary gold are recorded.
The above cases relating to a monetary authority also apply to an international financial organisation.
6.25
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities do not include the conversion of debt securities into shares, which is recorded as two financial transactions.
Nominal holding gains and losses (K.7)
6.26
The revaluation account records the nominal holding gains and losses accruing during an accounting period to the owners of assets and liabilities, reflecting changes in the level and structure of their prices. Nominal holding gains and losses (K.7) comprise neutral holding gains and losses (K.71) and real holding gains and losses (K.72).
6.27
Definition:
 the nominal holding gains and losses (K.7) that relate to an asset are the increases or decreases in the asset's value accruing to its economic owner as a result of increases or decreases in its price. The nominal holding gains and losses that relate to a financial liability are the decreases or increases in the liability's valuation as a result of decreases or increases to its price.
6.28
A holding gain arises from an increase in the value of an asset or from a decrease in the value of a liability. A holding loss arises from a decrease in the value of an asset or an increase in the value of a liability.
6.29
The nominal holding gains and losses recorded in the revaluation account are those accruing on assets or liabilities, whether realised or not. A holding gain is said to be realised when the asset in question is sold, redeemed, used or otherwise disposed of, or the liability repaid. An unrealised gain is one accruing on an asset that is still owned or a liability that is still outstanding at the end of the accounting period. A realised gain is usually understood as the gain realised over the entire period over which the asset is owned or liability outstanding whether this period coincides with the accounting period or not. However, as holding gains and losses are recorded on an accruals basis, the distinction between realised and unrealised gains and losses, although useful for some purposes, does not appear in the classifications and accounts.
6.30
Holding gains and losses include the gains and losses on all kinds of non-financial assets, financial assets and liabilities. Thus, holding gains and losses on inventories of all kinds of goods held by producers, including work-in-progress, are also covered.
6.31
Nominal holding gains and losses may accrue on assets held or liabilities incurred for any length of time during the accounting period and not merely on assets or liabilities that appear in the opening and/or closing balance sheets. The nominal holding gains and losses accruing to the owner of a particular asset or liability, or given quantity of a specific type of asset or liability, between two points of time is defined as ‧the current value of that asset or liability at the later point of time minus the current value of that asset or liability at the earlier point of time‧, assuming that the asset or liability itself does not change, qualitatively or quantitatively, during that time.
6.32
The nominal holding gain (G) accruing on a given quantity q of some asset between times o and t can be expressed as follows:
,
where p
o
 and p
t
 are the prices of the asset at times o and t respectively. For financial assets and liabilities with fixed current values in the national currency, p
o
 and p
t
 are unity by definition and the nominal holding gain are always zero.
6.33
To calculate nominal holding gains and losses, acquisitions and disposals of assets must be valued in the same way they are recorded in the capital and financial accounts and stocks of assets must be valued in the same way they are recorded in the balance sheet. In the case of fixed assets, the value of an acquisition is the amount paid by the purchaser to the producer, or seller, plus the associated costs of ownership transfer incurred by the purchaser. The value of a disposal of an existing fixed asset is the amount received by the seller from the purchaser minus the costs of ownership transfer incurred by the seller.
6.34
An exception to the case described in paragraph 6.33 is where the price paid differs from the market value of the asset. In this case, a capital transfer is imputed for the difference between the price paid and the market value and the acquisition is recorded at market value. This particularly occurs in transactions involving non-market sectors.
6.35
Four different situations leading to nominal holding gains and losses are distinguished:
(a)
an asset held throughout the accounting period: the nominal holding gain accruing during the accounting period is equal to the closing balance sheet value minus the opening balance sheet value minus any consumption of fixed capital in the accounting period. These values are the estimated values of the assets if they were to be acquired at the times the balance sheets are drawn up. The nominal gain is unrealised;
(b)
an asset held at the beginning of the period that is sold during the period: the nominal holding gain accruing is equal to the value at disposal minus the opening balance sheet value minus any consumption of fixed capital in the accounting period that occurs prior to the sale. The nominal gain is realised;
(c)
an asset acquired during the period and still held at the end of the period: the nominal holding gain accruing is equal to the closing balance sheet value minus the value at acquisition minus any consumption of fixed capital in the accounting period. The nominal gain is unrealised; and
(d)
an asset acquired and disposed of during the accounting period: the nominal holding gain accruing is equal to the value at disposal minus the value at acquisition minus any consumption of fixed capital in the accounting period between acquisition and disposal. The nominal gain is realised.
6.36
The nominal holding gains and losses included are those accruing on assets and liabilities, whether realised or not. They are recorded in the revaluation account of the sectors involved, the total economy and the rest of the world.
Neutral holding gains and losses (K.71)
6.37
Definition:
 the neutral holding gains and losses (K.71) relate to assets and liabilities and are the value of the holding gains and losses that accrue if the price of the asset or liability changes over time in the same proportion as the general price level.
6.38
Neutral holding gains and losses are identified to facilitate the derivation of real holding gains and losses, which redistribute real purchasing power between sectors.
6.39
Let the general price index be denoted by r. The neutral holding gain (NG) on a given quantity q of an asset between times o and t is then given by the following expression:
,
where p
o
 × q is the current value of the asset at time o and r
t
/r
o
 the factor of the change in the general price index between times o and t. The same term r
t
/r
o
 is applied to all assets and liabilities.
6.40
The general price index to be applied for the calculation of neutral holding gains and losses is a price index for final expenditure.
6.41
Neutral holding gains and losses are recorded in the neutral holding gains and losses account, which is a subaccount of the revaluation account of the sectors, the total economy and the rest of the world.
Real holding gains and losses (K.72)
6.42
Definition:
 the real holding gains and losses (K.72) relate to an asset or liability and are the difference between the nominal and the neutral holding gains and losses on that asset.
6.43
The real holding gain (RG) on a given quantity q of an asset between times o and t is given by:
or
.
6.44
The values of the real holding gains and losses on assets and liabilities thus depend on the movements of their prices over the period in question, relative to movements of other prices, on average, as measured by the general price index.
6.45
Real holding gains and losses are recorded in the real holding gains and losses account, which is a subaccount of the revaluation account.
Holding gains and losses by types of financial asset and liability
Monetary gold and SDRs (AF.1)
6.46
As the price of monetary gold is usually quoted in US dollars, the value of monetary gold is subject to nominal holding gains and losses through changes in the exchange rate as well as the price of the gold itself.
6.47
As the SDRs represent a basket of currencies, its value in national currency terms, and so the value of the holding gains and losses, varies with the exchange rates of the currencies in the basket against the national currency.
Currency and deposits (AF.2)
6.48
The current values of currency and deposits denominated in national currency remain constant over time. The ‧price‧ of such an asset is always unity while the quantity is given by the number of units of the currency in which they are denominated. The nominal holding gains and losses on such assets are always zero. For this reason, the difference between the values of the opening and closing stocks of such assets is, with the exception of other changes in volume, entirely accounted for by the values of the transactions in the assets. This is a rare case where it is normally possible to deduce the transactions from the changes in balance sheet figures.
6.49
The interest accruing on deposits is recorded in the financial account as being simultaneously reinvested as deposits.
6.50
Holdings of foreign currency and deposits denominated in other currencies will register nominal holding gains and losses due to changes in exchange rates.
6.51
In order to calculate the neutral and real holding gains and losses on assets of fixed current value, data on the times and values of transactions are needed as well as the opening and closing balance sheet values. Suppose, for example, a deposit is made and withdrawn within the accounting period while the general price level is rising. The neutral gain on the deposit is positive and the real gain negative, the amount depending upon the length of time the deposit is outstanding and the rate of inflation. It is impossible to record such real losses without data on the value of the transactions during the accounting period and the times at which they are made.
6.52
In general, it may be inferred that if the total absolute value of the positive and negative transactions is large in relation to the opening and closing balance sheet levels, approximate estimates of the neutral and real holding gains and losses on financial assets and liabilities with fixed current values derived from balance sheet data alone may not be very satisfactory. Even recording the values of financial transactions on a gross basis, i.e. recording deposits made and withdrawn separately as distinct from the total value of deposits minus withdrawals, may not be sufficient without information on the timing of the deposits.
Debt securities (AF.3)
6.53
When a long-term debt security, such as a bond, is issued at premium or discount, including deep discounted and zero coupon bonds, the difference between its issue price and its face or redemption value when it matures measures interest that the issuer is obliged to pay over the life of the debt security. Such interest is recorded as property income payable by the issuer of the long-term debt security and receivable by the holder of the debt security, in addition to any coupon interest actually paid by the issuer at specified intervals over the life of the debt security.
6.54
The interest accruing is recorded in the financial account as being simultaneously reinvested in the debt security by the holder of the debt security. It is therefore recorded in the financial account as the acquisition of an asset, which is added to the existing asset. Thus the gradual increase in the market value of a long-term debt security that is attributable to the accumulation of accrued reinvested interest reflects a growth in the principal outstanding — that is, in the size of the asset. It is essentially a quantum or volume increase and not a price increase. It does not generate any holding gain for the holder of the long-term debt security or a holding loss for the issuer. Debt securities change qualitatively over time as they approach maturity and it is essential to recognise that increases in their values due to the accumulation of accrued interest are not price changes and do not generate holding gains.
6.55
The prices of fixed-interest long-term debt securities also change, however, when the market rates of interest change, the prices varying inversely with the interest rate movements. The impact of a given interest rate change on the price of an individual long-term debt security is lower the closer the security is to maturity. Changes in prices of long-term debt securities that are attributable to changes in market rates of interest constitute price and not quantum changes. They, therefore, generate nominal holding gains and losses for both the issuers and the holders of the debt securities. An increase in interest rates generates a nominal holding gain for the issuer of the debt security and an equal nominal holding loss for the holder, and vice versa in the case of a fall in interest rates.
6.56
Variable interest rate debt securities have their coupon or principal payments linked to a general price index for goods and services, such as the consumer price index, an interest rate such as the Euribor, the Libor or a bond yield, or an asset price.
When the amounts of the coupon payments and/or the principal outstanding are linked to a general or broad price index, the change in the value of the principal outstanding between the beginning and the end of a particular accounting period due to the movement in the relevant index is treated as interest accruing in that period, in addition to any interest due for payment in that period.
When indexation of the amounts to be paid at maturity includes a holding gain motive, typically indexation based on a single, narrowly defined item, any deviation of the underlying index from the originally expected path leads to holding gains or losses, which will not normally cancel out over the life of the instrument.
6.57
Nominal holding gains and losses may accrue on short-term debt securities in the same way as for long-term debt securities. However, as short-term debt securities have much shorter times to maturity, the holding gains generated by interest rate changes are generally much smaller than on long-term debt securities with the same face values.
Loans (AF.4)
6.58
The same situation as for currency and deposits applies for loans that are not traded. However, when an existing loan is sold to another institutional unit, the write-down of the loan, which is the difference between the redemption price and the transaction price, is recorded under the revaluation account of the seller and the purchaser at the time of transaction.
Equity and investment fund shares (AF.5)
6.59
Bonus shares increase the number of shares and the nominal value of the shares issued but do not by themselves alter the market value of the totality of shares. This also applies for a stock dividend which is a pro-rata distribution of additional shares of a corporation's stock to owners of the common stock. Bonus shares and stock dividends do not enter the accounts at all. However, such issues are designed to improve the liquidity of the shares on the market and hence the total market value of shares issued may rise as a result: any such change is recorded as a nominal holding gain.
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6)
6.60
When the reserves and entitlements for insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes are denominated in national currency, there are no nominal holding gains and losses, just as there are none for currency or deposits and loans. The assets used by the financial institutions to meet the commitments are subject to holding gains and losses.
6.61
The liabilities to policy holders and beneficiaries change as a result of transactions, other volume changes and revaluations. Revaluations are due to changes of key model assumptions in the actuarial calculations. Those assumptions are the discount rate, the wage rate and the inflation rate.
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF.7)
6.62
The value of financial derivatives may change as a result of changes in the value of the underlying instrument, changes in the volatility of the price of the underlying instrument, or approaching the date of execution or maturity. All such changes in value to financial derivatives and employee stock options are to be regarded as price changes and recorded as a revaluation.
Other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8)
6.63
The same situation as for domestic currency, deposits and loans applies for other accounts receivable/payable, which are not traded. However, when an existing trade credit is sold to another institutional unit the difference between the redemption price and the transaction price is recorded as revaluation at the time of transaction. Nonetheless, as trade credit generally has a short-term nature, the sale of a trade credit might imply the creation of a new financial instrument.
Assets denominated in foreign currency
6.64
The value of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency is measured by their current market value in foreign currency converted into national currency at the current exchange rate. Nominal holding gains and losses may therefore occur from both changes in the price of the asset and the exchange rate. The total value of the nominal holding gains and losses accruing over the accounting period is calculated by subtracting the value of transactions and other volume changes from the difference between the opening and closing balance sheet values. For this purpose, transactions in assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are converted into the national currency using the exchange rates at the time the transactions occur, while the opening and closing balance sheet values are converted using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates to which the balance sheets relate. This implies that the total value of the transactions as net acquisitions — acquisitions less disposals — expressed in foreign currency is, in effect, converted by a weighted average exchange rate in which the weights are given the values of transactions conducted on different dates.
CHAPTER 7
BALANCE SHEETS
7.01.
Definition
: a balance sheet is a statement, drawn up for a particular point in time, of the values of assets economically owned and of liabilities owed by an institutional unit or group of units.
7.02
The balancing item of a balance sheet is called net worth (B.90). The stock of the assets and liabilities recorded in the balance sheet are valued at the appropriate prices, which are usually the market prices prevailing on the date to which the balance sheet relates, but for some categories at their nominal values. A balance sheet is drawn up for resident institutional sectors and subsectors, the total national economy and the rest of the world.
7.03
The balance sheet completes the sequence of accounts, showing the ultimate effect of the entries in the production, distribution and use of income, and accumulation accounts on the stock of wealth of an economy.
7.04
For institutional sectors the balancing item on the balance sheet is net worth.
7.05
For the total national economy the balancing item is often referred to as national wealth — the total value of non-financial assets, and net financial assets with respect to the rest of the world.
7.06
The rest of the world balance sheet is compiled in the same manner as the balance sheets of the resident institutional sectors and subsectors. It consists entirely of positions in financial assets and liabilities of non-residents vis-à-vis residents. In the BPM6 the corresponding balance sheet drawn from the viewpoint of residents vis-à-vis non-residents is called the international investment position (IIP).
7.07
Own funds are defined as the sum of net worth (B.90) plus the value of equity and investment fund shares (AF.5) as liabilities in the balance sheet.
7.08
For the non-financial corporations and financial corporations sectors and subsectors, own funds is an analytically meaningful indicator similar to net worth.
7.09
The net worth of corporations will usually be different from the value of their shares and other equity issued. Quasi-corporations' net worth is zero because the value of their owner's equity is assumed to be equal to its assets less its non-equity liabilities. The net worth of resident direct investment enterprises, which are branches of non-resident enterprises and treated as quasi-corporations, is therefore also zero.
7.10
The balancing item of financial assets and liabilities is called financial net worth (BF.90).
7.11
A balance sheet relates to the value of assets and liabilities at a particular moment of time. Balance sheets are compiled at the beginning and end of an accounting period; the opening balance sheet at the beginning of the period is the same as the closing balance sheet recorded at the end of the preceding period.
7.12
A basic accounting identity links the value of the stock of a specific type of an asset as shown in the opening balance sheet and the closing balance sheet as follows:
the value of the stock of a specific type of asset in the opening balance sheet
plus
transactions
the total value of that asset acquired in transactions that take place during the accounting period
minus
the total value of that asset disposed of in transactions that take place during the accounting period
minus
consumption of fixed capital (if applicable)
plus
other changes in the volume of assets
other positive changes in volume affecting that asset
minus
other negative changes in volume affecting that asset
plus
revaluations
the value of nominal holding gains accruing during the period resulting from changes in the price of that asset
minus
the value of nominal holding losses accruing during the period resulting from changes in the price of that asset
equals the value of the stock of that asset in the closing balance sheet.
A table can also be drawn up, which links the value of the stock of a specific type of a liability in the opening balance sheet and the closing balance sheet.
7.13
The accounting links between the opening balance sheet and the closing balance sheet via transactions, other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities, and holding gains and losses are shown schematically in Annex 7.2.
TYPES OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Definition of an asset
7.14
The assets recorded in the balance sheets are economic assets.
7.15
Definition
: an economic asset is a store of value representing the benefits accruing to the economic owner by holding or using the entity over a period of time. It is a means of carrying forward value from one accounting period to another.
7.16
The economic benefits consist of primary incomes such as operating surplus, where the economic owner uses the asset, or property income, where the economic owner lets others use it. The benefits are derived from the use of the asset and the value, including holding gains and losses, that is realised by disposing of the asset or terminating it.
7.17
The economic owner of an asset is not necessarily the legal owner. The economic owner is the institutional unit entitled to claim the benefits associated with the use of the asset by virtue of accepting the associated risks.
7.18
An overview of the classification and coverage of economic assets is given in Table 7.1. The detailed definition of each asset category is set out in Annex 7.1.
EXCLUSIONS FROM THE ASSET AND LIABILITY BOUNDARY
7.19
Excluded from the asset and liability boundary are:
(a)
human capital;
(b)
natural assets that are not considered as economic assets (e.g. air, river water);
(c)
consumer durables; and
(d)
contingent assets and liabilities, which are not financial assets and liabilities (see paragraph 7.31).
CATEGORIES OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
7.20
Two main categories of entries in the balance sheets are distinguished: non-financial assets (denoted as AN) and financial assets and liabilities (denoted as AF).
7.21
Non-financial assets are divided into produced non-financial assets (denoted as AN.1) and non-produced non-financial assets (denoted as AN.2).
Produced non-financial assets (AN.1)
7.22
Definition
: produced non-financial assets (AN.1) are outputs from production processes.
7.23
The classification of produced non-financial assets (AN.1) is designed to distinguish among assets on the basis of their role in production. It consists of: fixed assets which are used repeatedly or continuously in production for more than one year; inventories which are used up in production as intermediate consumption, sold or otherwise disposed of; and valuables. Valuables are not used primarily for production or consumption, but are instead acquired and held primarily as stores of value.
Non-produced non-financial assets (AN.2)
7.24
Definition
: non-produced non-financial assets (AN.2) are economic assets that come into existence other than through processes of production. They consist of natural assets, contracts, leases, licences, permits, and goodwill and marketing assets.
7.25
The classification of non-produced assets is designed to distinguish assets on the basis of how they come into existence. Some of these assets exist naturally, while others, which are known as constructs of society, come into existence by legal or accounting actions.
7.26
The choice of which natural assets to include in the balance sheet is determined, in compliance with the general definition of an economic asset, by whether the assets are subject to effective economic ownership and are capable of bringing economic benefits to their owners, given the existing technology, knowledge, economic opportunities, available resources, and set of relative prices. Natural assets where ownership rights have not been established, such as open seas or air, are excluded.
7.27
Contracts, leases, licences and permits are regarded as non-financial assets only when a legal agreement confers economic benefits on the holder in excess of amounts payable under the agreement, and the holder can legally and practically realise such benefits by transferring them to others.
Financial assets and liabilities (AF)
7.28
Definition
: financial assets (AF) are economic assets, comprising all financial claims, equity and the gold bullion component of monetary gold (paragraph 5.03). Liabilities are established when debtors are obliged to provide a payment or a series of payments to creditors (paragraph 5.06).
7.29
Financial assets are stores of value representing a benefit or series of benefits accruing to the economic owner through holding or using the assets over a period of time. They are a means of carrying forward value from one accounting period to another. Benefits are exchanged through means of payments (paragraph 5.04).
7.30
Each financial asset has a counterpart liability, with the exception of the gold bullion component of monetary gold, which is classified in the monetary gold and special drawing rights (AF.1) category.
7.31
Contingent assets and contingent liabilities are agreements whereby one party is obliged to provide a payment or series of payments to another unit only if certain specific conditions prevail (paragraph 5.08). They are not financial assets and liabilities.
7.32
The classification of financial assets and liabilities corresponds to the classification of financial transactions (paragraph 5.14). The definitions of the categories and subcategories of financial assets and liabilities and the supplementary explanations are provided in Chapter 5 and not repeated here but Annex 7.1 contains a summary of all assets and liabilities defined in the system.
Table 7.1 —
   
Classification of assets
AN.
NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS (AN.1 + AN.2)
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
 (
1
)
AN.111
Dwellings
AN.112
Other buildings and structures
AN.1121
Buildings other than dwellings
AN.1122
Other structures
AN.1123
Land improvements
AN.113
Machinery and equipment
AN.1131
Transport equipment
AN.1132
ICT equipment
AN.1139
Other machinery and equipment
AN.114
Weapons systems
AN.115
Cultivated biological resources
AN.1151
Animal resources yielding repeat products
AN.1152
Tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products
AN.117
Intellectual property products
AN.1171
Research and development
AN.1172
Mineral exploration and evaluation
AN.1173
Computer software and databases
AN.11731
Computer software
AN.11732
Databases
AN.1174
Entertainment, literary or artistic originals
AN.1179
Other intellectual property products
AN.12
Inventories
AN.121
Materials and supplies
AN.122
Work-in-progress
AN.1221
Work-in-progress on cultivated biological assets
AN.1222
Other work-in-progress
AN.123
Finished goods
AN.124
Military inventories
AN.125
Goods for resale
AN.13
Valuables
AN.131
Precious metals and stones
AN.132
Antiques and other art objects
AN.133
Other valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.211
Land
AN.2111
Land underlying buildings and structures
AN.2112
Land under cultivation
AN.2113
Recreational land and associated surface water
AN.2119
Other land and associated surface water
AN.212
Mineral and energy reserves
AN.213
Non-cultivated biological resources
AN.214
Water resources
AN.215
Other natural resources
AN.2151
Radio spectra
AN.2159
Other
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.221
Marketable operating leases
AN.222
Permits to use natural resources
AN.223
Permits to undertake specific activities
AN.224
Entitlement to future goods and services on an exclusive basis
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
FINANCIAL ASSETS
 (
2
)
 (AF.1 + AF.2 + AF.3 + AF.4 + AF.5 + AF.6 + AF.7 + AF.8)
AF.1
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
AF.11
Monetary gold
AF.12
Special drawing rights (SDRs)
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.21
Currency
AF.22
Transferable deposits
AF.29
Other deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
AF.31
Short-term
AF.32
Long-term
AF.4
Loans
AF.41
Short-term
AF.42
Long-term
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares or units
AF.51
Equity
AF.511
Listed shares
AF.512
Unlisted shares
AF.519
Other equity
AF.52
Investment fund shares or units
AF.521
MMF shares/units
AF.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
AF.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
AF.63
Pension entitlements
AF.64
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
AF.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
AF.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.71
Financial derivatives
AF.72
Employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
AF.81
Trade credits and advances
AF.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credit and advances
VALUATION OF ENTRIES IN THE BALANCE SHEETS
General valuation principles
7.33
Each item in the balance sheet is valued as if it were being acquired on the date to which the balance sheet relates. Assets and liabilities are valued at market prices on the date to which the balance sheet relates.
7.34
The values recorded should reflect prices observable on the market on the date to which the balance sheet relates. When there are no observable market prices, which may be the case if there is a market but no assets have recently been sold on it, estimates should be made of what the price would be if the assets were acquired on the market on the date to which the balance sheet relates.
7.35
Market prices are usually available for many financial assets and liabilities, existing real estate (buildings and other structures plus the underlying land), existing transport equipment, crops and livestock, as well as for newly produced fixed assets and inventories.
7.36
Non-financial assets produced on own-account should be valued at basic prices or, if basic prices are not available, at the basic prices of similar goods, or, if this is not possible, at cost.
7.37
In addition to observed market prices, estimates based on observed prices or costs incurred, values of non-financial assets may be estimated by:
(a)
revaluing and accumulating acquisitions less disposals over the assets' lifetimes; or
(b)
the present value, i.e. the discounted value, of future economic benefits.
7.38
Market valuation is the key principle for valuing positions (and transactions) in financial instruments. Financial instruments are identical to financial claims. They are financial assets that have corresponding liabilities. The market value is that at which financial assets are acquired or disposed of, between willing parties, on the basis of commercial considerations only, excluding commissions, fees and taxes. In determining market values, trading parties also take account of accrued interest.
7.39
Nominal valuation reflects the sum of funds originally advanced, plus any subsequent advances, less any repayments, plus any accrued interest. Nominal value is not the same as face value.
(a)
The nominal value in domestic currency of a financial instrument denominated in foreign currency includes holdings gains or losses arising from movements in exchange rates.
The value of financial instruments denominated in foreign currency should be converted into the national currency at the market exchange rate prevailing on the date to which the balance sheet relates. This rate should be the mid-point between the buying and the selling spot rates for currency transactions.
(b)
For financial instruments like debt securities linked to a narrow index, the nominal value can also include holding gains or losses arising from movements in the index.
(c)
At any specific point in time, the market value of a financial instrument may deviate from its nominal value due to revaluations arising from market price changes. Movements in market prices arise from general market conditions, such as changes in the market rate of interest, specific circumstances, such as changes in the perceived creditworthiness of the issuer of a debt security, and changes in general market liquidity and in market liquidity that is specific to that debt security.
(d)
Thus, the following basic equation applies to positions:
market value = nominal value + revaluations arising from market price changes.
7.40
For some non-financial assets, the revalued initial acquisition price reduces to zero over the asset's expected life. The value of such an asset, at any particular point of time, is given by its current acquisition price less the accumulated value of such reductions.
7.41
Most fixed assets can be recorded in balance sheets at current purchasers' prices reduced for the accumulated consumption of fixed capital; this is known as the written-down replacement cost. The sum of the reduced values of all fixed assets still in use is described as the net capital stock. The gross capital stock includes the values of the accumulated consumption of fixed capital.
NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS (AN)
Produced non-financial assets (AN.1)
Fixed assets (AN.11)
7.42
Fixed assets are recorded at market prices if possible (or basic prices in the case of own-account production of new assets) or, if not possible, then at purchasers' prices at acquisition reduced by the accumulated consumption of fixed capital. The purchasers' costs of transferring ownership of fixed assets, appropriately reduced through consumption of fixed capital over the period the purchaser expects to hold the economic asset, are included in the balance sheet value.
Intellectual property products (AN.117)
7.43
Mineral exploration and evaluation (category AN.1172) are valued either on the basis of the accumulated amounts paid to other institutional units conducting the exploration and evaluation, or on the basis of the costs incurred for exploration undertaken on own-account. That part of exploration undertaken in the past that has not yet been fully reduced should be revalued at the prices and costs of the current period.
7.44
Originals of intellectual property products, such as computer software and entertainment, literary or artistic originals should be valued at the acquisition price when traded on markets. The initial value is estimated by summing their costs of production, appropriately revalued to the prices of the current period. If it is not possible to establish the value by this method, the present value of expected future receipts arising from using the asset is estimated.
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets (AN.116)
7.45
The costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets other than land are shown separately in the capital account, and treated as gross fixed capital formation, but in the balance sheets such costs are incorporated in the value of the asset to which they relate even though the asset is non-produced. Thus, there are no costs of ownership transfer shown separately in the balance sheets. The costs of ownership transfer on financial assets are treated as intermediate consumption, where the assets are acquired by corporations or government, final consumption where the assets are acquired by households and exports of services where the assets are acquired by non-residents.
Inventories (AN.12)
7.46
Inventories should be valued at prices prevailing on the date to which the balance sheet relates, and not at the prices at which the products were valued when they entered inventory.
7.47
Inventories of materials and supplies are valued at purchasers' prices, and inventories of finished goods and work-in-progress are valued at basic prices. Inventories of goods intended for resale without further processing by distributors are valued at the prices prevailing on the date to which the balance sheet relates, excluding any transportation costs incurred by the wholesalers or retailers. For inventories of work-in-progress, the value of the closing balance sheet is estimated by applying the fraction of the total production cost incurred by the end of the period to the basic price of a similar finished product on the date to which the balance sheet relates. If the basic price of the finished products is unavailable, it is estimated by the value of the production cost with a mark-up for expected net operating surplus or estimated net mixed income.
7.48
Single-use crops (except timber) under cultivation and livestock raised for slaughter can be valued by reference to the prices of such products on the markets. Standing timber is valued by discounting the future proceeds of selling the timber at current prices after deducting the expenses of bringing the timber to maturity, felling, etc.
Valuables (AN.13)
7.49
Valuables such as works of art, antiques, jewellery, precious stones, non-monetary gold and other metals are valued at current prices. If organised markets exist for these assets, they should be valued at the actual or estimated prices they would fetch, excluding any agents' fees or commissions, if sold on the market on the date to which the balance sheet relates. Otherwise, they should be valued at acquisition prices, revalued to the current price level.
Non-produced non-financial assets (AN.2)
Natural resources (AN.21)
Land (AN.211)
7.50
In the balance sheet land is valued at its current market price. Any expenditure on land improvements is recorded as gross fixed capital formation and the additional value it provides is excluded from the value of land shown in the balance sheet and is instead shown in a separate asset category for land improvement (AN.1123).
7.51
Land is valued at the estimated price achieved if sold on the market, excluding the costs involved in transferring ownership for a future sale. When a transfer does occur, it is recorded by convention as gross fixed capital formation and the costs are excluded from the AN.211 land value recorded in the balance sheet and instead recorded as an AN.1123 asset. This is reduced to zero through consumption of fixed capital over the period that the new owner expects to use the land.
7.52
If the value of the land cannot be separated from that of buildings or other structures situated on it, the combined assets are classified together in the category of the asset that has the greater value.
Mineral and energy reserves (AN.212)
7.53
Reserves of mineral deposits located on or below the earth's surface, that are economically exploitable given current technology and relative prices, are valued at the present value of expected net returns resulting from their commercial exploitation of the assets.
Other natural assets (AN.213, AN.214 and AN.215)
7.54
Observed market prices for non-cultivated biological resources (AN.213), water resources (AN.214) and other natural resources (AN.215) are unlikely to be available, so they are usually valued at the present value of future returns expected from them.
Contracts, leases and licences (AN.22)
7.55
Definition
: contracts, leases and licences are recorded as assets when the following conditions are met:
(a)
the terms of the contract, lease or licence specify a price for the use of an asset or provision of a service that differs from the prevailing market price; and
(b)
one party to the contract can realise the price difference.
The contracts, leases and licences can be valued by taking market information from the transfers of the instruments conferring the rights, or estimated as the present value of expected future returns at the balance sheet date compared to the situation when the legal agreement starts.
7.56
The category covers assets that may arise from marketable operating leases, licences to use natural resources, permits to undertake specific activities and entitlements to future goods and services on an exclusive basis.
7.57
The value of the asset is equal to the net present value of the excess of the prevailing price over that fixed in the agreement. Other things being equal, this will decline as the period of the agreement expires. Changes in the value of the asset due to changes in the prevailing price are recorded as nominal holding gains and losses.
7.58
Marketable operating lease assets are only recorded as assets when lessees exercise their rights to realise the price difference.
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets (AN.23)
7.59
The balance sheet value of goodwill and marketing assets is the excess of the price paid at the time an institutional unit is sold, over the value recorded for its own funds, revalued for any subsequent reductions as the initial value is written down as an economic disappearance of non-produced assets (K.2). The rate of write down is in accordance with commercial accounting standards.
7.60
Marketing assets consist of items such as brand names, mastheads, trademarks, logos and domain names.
FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES (AF)
7.61
Financial assets and liabilities as negotiable financial instruments such as debt securities, equity securities, investment fund shares or units and financial derivatives, are valued at market value. Financial instruments that are non-negotiable are valued at nominal value (see paragraphs 7.38 and 7.39). The counterpart financial assets and liabilities have the same values in the balance sheet. The values should exclude commissions, fees and taxes. Commissions, fees and taxes are recorded as services provided in carrying out the transactions.
Monetary gold and SDRs (AF.1)
7.62
Monetary gold (AF.11) is to be valued at the price established in organised gold markets.
7.63
The value of SDRs (AF.12) is determined daily by the IMF and the rates against domestic currencies are obtainable from foreign exchange markets.
Currency and deposits (AF.2)
7.64
For currency (banknotes and coins — AF.21), the valuation is the nominal value of the currency.
7.65
For deposits (AF.22, AF.29), the values recorded in the balance sheet are nominal values.
7.66
Currency and deposits in foreign currency are converted to domestic currency at the mid-point of the bid and offer spot exchange rates prevailing on the balance sheet date.
Debt securities (AF.3)
7.67
Debt securities are recorded at market value.
7.68
Short-term debt securities (AF.31) are valued at market value. If market values are not available then, provided there are no conditions of high inflation or high nominal interest rates, the market value can be approximated by the nominal value for:
(a)
short-term debt securities issued at par; and
(b)
short-term discounted debt securities.
7.69
Long-term debt securities (AF.32) are valued at market value, whether they are bonds on which interest is paid regularly or deep-discounted or zero-coupon bonds on which little or no interest is paid.
Loans (AF.4)
7.70
The values to be recorded in the balance sheets of both creditors and debtors are the nominal values irrespective of whether the loans are performing or non-performing.
Equity and investment fund shares/units (AF.5)
7.71
Listed shares (AF.511) are valued at their market values. The same value is adopted for both the asset side and the liability side, although shares and other equity are not, legally, a liability of the issuer, but an ownership right to a share in the liquidation value of a corporation, where the liquidation value is not known in advance.
7.72
Listed shares are valued at a representative mid-market price observed on the stock exchange or other organised financial markets.
7.73
The values of unlisted shares (AF.512), which are not traded on organised markets, should be estimated with reference to either:
(a)
the values of quoted shares where appropriate;
(b)
the value of own funds; or
(c)
discounting forecast profits by applying an appropriate market price to earnings ratio to the smoothed recent earnings of the institutional unit.
However, these estimates will take into account differences between listed and unlisted shares, notably their liquidity and consider the net worth accumulated over the life of the corporation and its branch of business.
7.74
The estimation method applied depends on the basic statistics available. It may take into account, for example, data on merger activities involving unlisted shares. If the value of unlisted corporations' own funds moves similarly, on average and in proportion to their nominal capital, to that of similar corporations with listed shares, then the balance sheet value can be calculated using a ratio. This ratio compares the value of own funds of unlisted corporations to that of listed corporations:
value of unlisted shares = market price of similar listed shares × (own funds of unlisted corporations)/(own funds of similar listed corporations).
7.75
The ratio of share price to own funds may vary with the branch of business. It is preferable to calculate the current price of unlisted shares branch by branch. There may be other differences between listed and unlisted corporations, which can have an effect on the estimation method.
7.76
Other equity (AF.519) is equity that is not in the form of securities. It can include equity in quasi-corporations (such as branches, trusts, limited liability and other partnerships), public corporations, unincorporated funds and notional units (including notional resident units created to reflect non-resident ownership of real estate and natural resources). The ownership of international organisations not in the form of shares is classified as other equity.
7.77
Quasi-corporations' other equity is valued according to their own funds, since their net worth is by convention equal to zero. For other units the most appropriate valuation method from the methods used for unlisted shares should be taken.
7.78
Corporations that issue shares or units may additionally have other equity.
7.79
Investment fund shares or units (AF.52) are valued at market price if they are listed. If unlisted the market value may be estimated as described for unlisted shares. If they are redeemable by the fund itself they are valued at their redemption value.
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6)
7.80
The amounts recorded for non-life insurance technical reserves (AF.61) cover premiums paid but not earned plus the amounts set aside to meet outstanding claims. The latter represent the present value of amounts expected to be paid out in settlement of claims, including disputed claims and an allowance for claims to cover incidents that have occurred but not yet been reported.
7.81
The amounts recorded for life insurance and annuity entitlements (AF.62) represent the reserves needed to meet all expected future claims.
7.82
The amounts recorded for pension entitlements (AF.63) depend on the type of pension scheme.
7.83
In a defined benefit pension scheme the level of pension benefits promised to participating employees is determined by a formula agreed in advance. The liability of a defined benefit pension scheme is equal to the present value of the promised benefits.
7.84
In a defined contribution scheme the benefits paid are dependent on the performance of the assets acquired by the pension scheme. The liability of a defined contribution scheme is the current market value of the funds' assets. The funds' net worth is always zero.
7.85
The value recorded for provisions for calls under standardised guarantees (AF.66) is the expected level of claims less the value of any expected recoveries.
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF.7)
7.86
Financial derivatives (AF.71) should be included in the balance sheets at their market value. If market price data are unavailable, for example in the case of over the counter options they should be valued at either the amount required to buy out or to offset the contract or the amount of premium payable.
7.87
For options, the writer of the option is considered to have incurred a counterpart liability representing the cost of buying out the rights of the option holder.
7.88
The market value of options and forwards can switch between positive (asset) and negative (liability) positions depending on price movements in the underlying items and thus they can switch being assets and liabilities for the writers and holders. Some options and forwards operate on margin payments, where profits or losses are settled daily; in these cases the balance sheet value will be zero.
7.89
Employee stock options (AF.72) are valued by reference to the fair value of the equity granted. The fair value is measured at grant date using the market value of equivalent traded options or, if unavailable, using an option pricing model.
Other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8)
7.90
Trade credits and advances (AF.81) and other accounts receivable/payable excluding trade credits and advances (AF.89), which arise due to timing differences between distributive transactions, such as taxes, social contributions, dividends, rents, wages and salaries, and financial transactions, are valued, for both creditors and debtors, at nominal value. Any amounts of taxes and social contributions payable under AF.89 should exclude the amounts unlikely to be collected since they represent a government claim with no value.
FINANCIAL BALANCE SHEETS
7.91
The financial balance sheet shows, on its left side, financial assets and, on its right side, liabilities. The balancing item of the financial balance sheet is financial net worth (BF.90).
7.92
The financial balance sheet of a resident sector or a subsector may be consolidated or non-consolidated. The non-consolidated financial balance sheet shows all the financial assets and liabilities of the institutional units classified in the sector or subsector, including those where the corresponding asset or liability is held within that sector or subsector. The consolidated financial balance sheet eliminates the financial assets and liabilities that have counterparts in the same sector or subsector. The financial balance sheet of the rest of the world is consolidated by definition. As a rule, the accounting entries in the System are not consolidated. Therefore, the financial balance sheet of a resident sector or subsector is to be presented on a non-consolidated basis.
7.93
The from-whom-to-whom financial balance sheet (the balance sheet by debtor/creditor) is an extension of the financial balance sheet, showing in addition a breakdown of financial assets by debtor sector and a breakdown of liabilities by creditor sector. Therefore, it provides information on debtor/creditor relationships and is consistent with the financial account by debtor/creditor.
MEMORANDUM ITEMS
7.94
In order to show items of more specialised analytic interest for particular sectors, three types of memorandum items are included as supporting items to the balance sheets:
(a)
consumer durables (AN.m);
(b)
foreign direct investment (AF.m1);
(c)
non-performing loans (AF.m2).
7.95
Definition
: consumer durables are durable goods used by households repeatedly over periods of time of more than one year for final consumption. They are included in the balance sheets as memorandum items. They are excluded from the main balance sheet because they are recorded as uses in the households sector's use of income account as being consumed in the period of account, and not gradually used up.
7.96
The stocks of consumer durables held by households as final consumers — transport equipment (AN.1131) and other machinery and equipment (AN.1139) — are valued at market prices in the memorandum item, net of the equivalent accumulated charges for consumption of fixed capital. A full list of the subgroups and items of consumer durables is given in Chapter 23.
7.97
Durable goods, such as vehicles, are classified as either fixed assets or as consumer durables depending on the sector classification of the owner and the purpose for which they are used. For example, a vehicle may be used partly by a quasi-corporation for production and partly by a household for final consumption. The values shown in the balance sheet for the non-financial corporations sector (S.11) should reflect the proportion of the use that is attributable to the quasi-corporation. A similar example exists for employers (including own-account workers) subsector (S.141 + S.142). The proportion attributed to the households sector (S.14) as final consumers should be recorded in the memorandum item, net of the equivalent accumulated charges for consumption of fixed capital.
Foreign direct investment (AF.m1)
7.98
Financial assets and liabilities that constitute direct investment are recorded according to the nature of the investment in the categories loans (AF.4), equity and investment fund shares/units (AF.5) or other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8). The amount of direct investment included within each of these categories is recorded as a separate memorandum item.
Non-performing loans (AF.m2)
7.99
Loans are recorded in the balance sheet at nominal value.
7.100
Certain loans that have not been serviced for some time are included as a memorandum item to the balance sheet of the creditor. Such loans are termed non-performing loans.
7.101
Definition
: a loan is non-performing when (a) payments of interest or principal are 90 days or more past their due date; (b) interest payable of 90 days or more has been capitalised, refinanced, or delayed by agreement; or (c) payments are less than 90 days overdue, but there are other good reasons (such as a debtor filing for bankruptcy) to doubt that payments will be made in full.
7.102
This definition of a non-performing loan is to be interpreted taking into account national conventions on when a loan is deemed to be non-performing. Once a loan is classified as non-performing, it (or any replacement loans) should remain classified as such until payments are received or the principal is written off on this or subsequent loans that replace the original.
7.103
Two memorandum items are required for non-performing loans:
(a)
the nominal value of such loans, as recorded in the main balance sheet; and
(b)
the market equivalent value of such loans.
7.104
The closest approximation to market equivalent value is fair value, which is ‧the value that approximates to the value that would arise from a market transaction between two parties‧. Fair value can be established using transactions in comparable instruments, or using the discounted present value of cash flows; which may be available from the balance sheet of the creditor. In the absence of fair value data, the memorandum item will have to use a second-best approach and show nominal value less expected loan losses.
Recording of non-performing loans
7.105
The non-performing loans of the general government and financial corporations sectors must be recorded as memorandum items, along with other sectors that have significant amounts. If significant, the loans to or from the rest of the world, are also recorded as memorandum items.
7.106
The following table describes the positions and flows that are recorded for non-performing loans to show a more complete picture on stocks, transactions, reclassifications and write-offs.
7.107
The example shows an outstanding amount of loans at nominal value of 1 000 at t-1, of which 500 are performing and 500 are non-performing. The majority of the non-performing loans, 400, is covered by loan loss provisions, while 100 are not. The second part of the table provides detailed supplementary information on the market equivalent value of the non-performing loans. It is derived as the difference between the nominal value and the loan loss provisions. At t-1, it is assumed to be 375. During the period from t-1 to t, parts of the loans are reclassified from performing or not yet covered to non-performing or vice versa, or written off. The flows are shown in the corresponding columns of the table. For the loan loss provisions the nominal values and the market equivalent values are also presented.
7.108
The assessments on loan loss provisions have to be made in the framework of the accounting standards, the legal status and the taxation rules applicable to the units, which might lead to rather heterogeneous results in terms of amounts and duration of loan loss provisions. This makes it difficult to record non-performing loans in the main accounts and leads to their recording as a memorandum item. It is preferable instead to provide market equivalent values as memorandum items in addition to the nominal values of loans, performing and non-performing.
Recording of non-performing loans
Positions
Stock
Transaction
Reclassification
Write-off
Stock
t-1
period t-1 to t
t
Nominal value
Loans
1 000
200
0
–90
1 110
Performing loans
500
200
–50
650
Non-performing loans
500
50
–90
460
Covered by loan loss provisions
400
70
–90
380
Not yet covered by loan loss provisions
100
–20
80
Market equivalent value
Non-performing loans
375
24
–51
348
= Nominal value
500
50
–90
460
– Loan loss provisions
125
26
–39
112
o/w not yet covered
100
–20
80
ANNEX 7.1
SUMMARY OF EACH ASSET CATEGORY
Classification of assets
Summary
Non-financial assets (AN)
Non-financial items over which ownership rights are enforced by institutional units, individually or collectively, and from which economic benefits may be derived by their owners by holding, using or allowing others to use them over a period of time. Consists of fixed assets, inventories, valuables, constructs of society and intellectual property products.
Produced non-financial assets (AN.1)
Non-financial assets that are outputs from production processes. Produced non-financial assets consist of fixed assets, inventories and valuables, as defined below.
Fixed assets (AN.11)
Produced non-financial assets that are used repeatedly or continuously in production processes for more than one year. Fixed assets consist of dwellings, other buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, weapons systems, cultivated biological resources, and intellectual property products, as defined below.
Dwellings (AN.111)
Buildings that are used entirely or primarily as residences, including any associated structures, such as garages, and all permanent fixtures customarily installed in residences. Houseboats, barges, mobile homes and caravans used as principal residences of households are also included, as are public monuments (see AN.1121) identified primarily as dwellings. Costs of site clearance and preparation are also included.
Examples include residential buildings, such as one- and two-dwelling buildings and other residential buildings intended for non-transient occupancy.
Uncompleted dwellings are included to the extent that the ultimate user is deemed to have taken ownership, either because the construction is on own-account or as evidenced by the existence of a contract of sale/purchase. Dwellings acquired for military personnel are included because they are used, as are dwellings acquired by civilian units, for the production of housing services.
The value of dwellings is net of the value of land underlying dwellings, which is included in land (AN.211) if separately classified.
Other buildings and structures (AN.112)
Other buildings and structures consist of buildings other than dwellings, other structures and land improvements, as defined below.
Uncompleted buildings and structures are included to the extent that the ultimate user is deemed to have taken ownership, either because the construction is for own use or as evidenced by the existence of a contract of sale/purchase. Buildings and structures acquired for military purposes are included.
The value of other buildings and structures is net of the value of land underlying them, which is included in land (AN.211) if separately classified.
Buildings other than dwellings (AN.1121)
Buildings other than dwellings, including fixtures, facilities and equipment that are integral parts of the associated structures and costs of site clearance and preparation. Public monuments (see AN.1122) identified primarily as non-residential buildings are also included.
Public monuments are identifiable because of particular historical, national, regional, local, religious or symbolic significance. They are described as public because they are accessible to the general public, not due to public sector ownership. Visitors are often charged for admission to them. Consumption of fixed capital on new monuments, or on major improvements to existing monuments, should be calculated on the assumption of appropriately long service lives.
Other examples of buildings other than dwellings include warehouse and industrial buildings, commercial buildings, buildings for public entertainment, hotels, restaurants, educational buildings, health buildings.
Other structures (AN.1122)
Structures other than residential structures, including the costs of the streets, sewers and site clearance and preparation. Also included are public monuments not classified as dwellings or buildings other than dwellings; shafts, tunnels and other structures associated with mining mineral and energy reserves; and the construction of sea-walls, dykes and flood barriers intended to improve land adjacent but not integral to them.
Examples include highways, streets, roads, railways and airfield runways; bridges, elevated highways, tunnels and subways; waterways, harbours, dams and other waterworks; long-distance pipelines, communication and power lines; local pipelines and cables, ancillary works; constructions for mining and manufacture; and constructions for sport and recreation.
Land improvements (AN.1123)
The value of actions that lead to major improvements in the quantity, quality or productivity of land, or prevent its deterioration.
Examples include the increase in asset value arising from land clearance, land contouring, creation of wells and watering holes.
Also includes the costs of transfer of ownership of land, which have yet to be written off.
Machinery and equipment (AN.113)
Transport equipment, information and communication technologies (ICT) equipment, and other machinery and equipment, as defined below, other than that acquired by households for final consumption.
Tools that are relatively inexpensive and purchased at a relatively steady rate, such as hand tools, may be excluded. Also excluded are machinery and equipment integral to buildings, which are included in dwellings and non-residential buildings.
Uncompleted machinery and equipment is excluded, unless produced for own use, because the ultimate user is deemed to take ownership only on delivery of the asset. Machinery and equipment other than weapons systems acquired for military purposes are included.
Machinery and equipment such as vehicles, furniture, kitchen equipment, computers, communications equipment, etc., that are acquired by households for final consumption are not treated as an asset. They are instead included in the memorandum item consumer durables in the balance sheet for households. Houseboats, barges, mobile homes and caravans used by households as principal residences are included in dwellings.
Transport equipment (AN.1131)
Equipment for moving people and objects. Examples include products other than parts included in Classification of Products by Activity 2008 (CPA 2008) division 29: motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, and division 30: other transport equipment.
ICT equipment (AN.1132)
Information and communication technologies (ICT) equipment: devices using electronic controls and the electronic components used in the devices. Examples are products within CPA 2008 groups 261: electronic equipment and boards, and 262 computers and peripheral equipment.
Other machinery and equipment (AN.1139)
Machinery and equipment not elsewhere classified. Examples include products other than parts, installation, repair and maintenance services included in CPA 2008 division 26: computer, electronic and optical products (except groups 261 and 262), division 27: electrical equipment, division 28: machinery and equipment n.e.c., division 31: furniture, and division 32: other manufactured goods.
Weapons systems (AN.114)
Vehicles and other equipment such as warships, submarines, military aircraft, tanks, missile carriers and launchers etc. Most single-use weapons they deliver are recorded as military inventories (see AN.124) but others, such as ballistic missiles with highly destructive capability, that are judged to provide ongoing deterrence against aggressors are classified as fixed assets.
Cultivated biological resources (AN.115)
Livestock for breeding, dairy, draught, etc. and vineyards, orchards and other plantations of trees yielding repeat products that are under the direct control, responsibility and management of institutional units, as defined below.
Immature cultivated assets are excluded unless produced for own use.
Animal resources yielding repeat products (AN.1151)
Animals whose natural growth and regeneration are under the direct control, responsibility and management of institutional units. They include breeding stocks (including fish and poultry), dairy cattle, draught animals, sheep or other animals used for wool production and animals used for transportation, racing or entertainment.
Tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products (AN.1152)
Trees (including vines and shrubs) cultivated for products they yield year after year, including those cultivated for fruits and nuts, for sap and resin and for bark and leaf products, whose natural growth and regeneration are under the direct control, responsibility and management of institutional units.
Intellectual property products (AN.117)
Fixed assets that consist of the results of research and development, mineral exploration and evaluation, computer software and databases, entertainment, literary or artistic originals and other intellectual property products, as defined below, intended to be used for more than one year.
Research and development (AN.1171)
Consists of the value of expenditure on creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
The value is determined in terms of the economic benefits expected in the future. Unless the value can be reasonably estimated it is, by convention, valued as the sum of the costs, including those of unsuccessful research and development. Research and development that will not provide a benefit to the owner is not classified as an asset and is instead recorded as intermediate consumption.
Mineral exploration and evaluation (AN.1172)
The value of expenditure on exploration for petroleum and natural gas and for non-petroleum deposits and subsequent evaluation of the discoveries made. This expenditure includes pre-licence costs, licence and acquisition costs, appraisal costs and the costs of actual test drilling and boring, as well as the costs of aerial and other surveys, transportation costs, etc, incurred to make it possible to carry out the tests.
Computer software (AN.11731)
Computer programs, program descriptions and supporting materials for both systems and applications software. Included are the initial development and subsequent extensions of software as well as acquisition of copies that are classified as AN.11731 assets.
Databases (AN.11732)
Files of data organised to permit resource-effective access and use of the data. For databases created exclusively for own use the valuation is estimated by costs, which should exclude those for the database management system and the acquisition of the data.
Entertainment, literary or artistic originals (AN.1174)
Original films, sound recordings, manuscripts, tapes, models, etc., on which drama performances, radio and television programmes, musical performances, sporting events, literary and artistic output, etc. are recorded or embodied. Included are works produced on own-account. In some cases, such as films, there may be multiple originals.
Other intellectual property products (AN.1179)
New information, specialised knowledge, etc., not elsewhere classified, whose use in production is restricted to the units that have established ownership rights over them or to other units licensed by such units.
Inventories (AN.12)
Produced assets that consist of goods and services that came into existence in the current period or in an earlier period held for sale, use in production or other use at a later date. They consist of materials and supplies, work-in-progress, finished goods and goods for resale, as defined below.
Included are all inventories held by government, including, but not limited to, inventories of strategic materials, grains and other commodities of special importance to the nation.
Materials and supplies (AN.121)
Goods that their owners intend to use as intermediate inputs to their own production processes, not to resell.
Work-in-progress (AN.122)
Goods and services that are partially complete but that are not usually turned over to other units without further processing or that are not mature, and whose production process will be continued in a subsequent period by the same producer. Excluded are partially complete structures for which the ultimate owner is deemed to have taken ownership, either because the production is for own use or as evidenced by the existence of a contract of sale/purchase.
Category AN.122 consists of work-in-progress on cultivated assets and other work-in-progress, as defined below.
Work-in-progress on cultivated biological assets (AN.1221)
Livestock raised for products yielded only on slaughter, such as fowl and fish raised commercially, trees and other vegetation yielding once-only products on destruction and immature cultivated assets yielding repeat products.
Other work-in-progress (AN.1222)
Goods other than cultivated assets and services that have been partially processed, fabricated or assembled by the producer but that are not usually sold, shipped or turned over to others without further processing.
Finished goods (AN.123)
Goods that are ready for sale or shipment by the producer.
Military inventories (AN.124)
Ammunition, missiles, rockets, bombs and other single-use military items delivered by weapons or weapons systems. Excludes some types of missiles with highly destructive capability (see AN.114).
Goods for resale (AN.125)
Goods acquired by enterprises, such as wholesalers and retailers, for the purpose of reselling them without further processing (that is, not transformed other than by presenting them in ways that are attractive to the customer).
Valuables (AN.13)
Produced assets that are not used primarily for production or consumption, that are expected to appreciate or at least not to decline in real value, that do not deteriorate over time under normal conditions and that are acquired and held primarily as stores of value. Valuables consist of precious metals and stones, antiques and other art objects and other valuables, as defined below.
Precious metals and stones (AN.131)
Precious metals and stones that are not held by enterprises for use as inputs to processes of production.
Antiques and other art objects (AN.132)
Paintings, sculptures, etc., recognised as works of art and antiques.
Other valuables (AN.133)
Valuables not elsewhere classified, such as collections and jewellery of significant value fashioned out of precious stones and metals.
Non-produced non-financial assets (AN.2)
Non-financial assets that come into existence other than through processes of production. Non-produced assets consist of natural resources, contracts, leases and licences, and goodwill and marketing assets, as defined below.
Natural resources (AN.21)
Non-produced assets that naturally occur and over which ownership may be enforced and transferred. Environmental assets over which ownership rights have not, or cannot, be enforced, such as open seas or air, are excluded. Consists of land, mineral and energy reserves, non-cultivated biological resources, water resources and other natural resources, as defined below.
Land (AN.211)
The ground, including the soil covering and any associated surface waters, over which ownership rights are enforced. Excluded are any buildings or other structures situated on it or running through it, cultivated crops, trees and animals; subsoil assets, non-cultivated biological resources and water resources below the ground.
Mineral and energy reserves (AN.212)
Proven reserves of mineral deposits located on or below the earth's surface that are economically exploitable, given current technology and relative prices. Ownership rights to the subsoil assets are usually separable from those to the land itself. Category AN.212 consists of known reserves of coal, oil, gas or other fuels, metallic ores, and non-metallic minerals.
Non-cultivated biological resources (AN.213)
Animal, tree, crop and plant resources that yield both once-only and repeat products over which ownership rights are enforced but for which natural growth and/or regeneration is not under the direct control, responsibility and management of institutional units. Examples are virgin forests and fisheries within the territory of the country. Only those resources that are currently, or are likely soon to be, exploitable for economic purposes should be included.
Water resources (AN.214)
Aquifers and other groundwater resources to the extent that their scarcity leads to the enforcement of ownership and/or use rights, market valuation and some measure of economic control.
Other natural resources (AN.215)
This covers the electromagnetic radio spectrum (AN.2151) and other natural resources (AN.2159) not elsewhere classified.
Radio spectra (AN.2151)
The electromagnetic spectrum. The leases or licences to use the spectrum are classified elsewhere (AN.222) if they meet the definition to be an asset.
Other (AN.2159)
Other natural resources not elsewhere classified.
Contracts, leases and licences (AN.22)
Contractual agreements to undertake activities where the agreement confers economic benefits to the holder in excess of the fees payable and the holder can realise those benefits legally and practically.
The asset recorded in category AN.22 represents the realisable potential holding gain value when the market price for the use of an asset or provision of a service exceeds the price prevailing in the contract, lease or licence, or the price that would be achieved in the absence of a contract, lease or licence. Contracts, leases and licences consist of assets that may arise from marketable operating leases, permits to use natural resources, permits to undertake specific activities, and entitlements to future goods and services on an exclusive basis.
Marketable operating leases (AN.221)
Third-party property rights relating to non-financial assets other than natural resources, where the lease confers economic benefits to the holder in excess of the fees payable and the holder can realise those benefits legally and practically, through transferring them.
The asset recorded in category AN.221 is the value to the holder of transferring the rights to use the underlying asset, i.e., the excess of the transfer price realisable over the amount payable to the permit issuer.
Examples include where a tenant in a building has a fixed rental but the market rate of the rental is higher. If the tenant is able to realise the price difference through subletting, then the rights to realise the value represent a marketable operating lease asset.
Permits to use natural resources (AN.222)
Licences, permits and leases to use natural resources for a limited time that does not fully use up the economic value of the asset, where the agreement confers economic benefits to the holder in excess of the fees payable and the holder can realise those benefits legally and practically, for example through transferring them.
The natural resource continues to be recorded on the balance sheet of the owner and a separate asset, representing the value to the holder of transferring the rights to use the resource, is recognised as a permit to use natural resources. The asset recorded is the value to the holder of transferring the rights to use, i.e., the excess of the transfer price above the amount payable to the permit issuer.
Examples include where a tenant of land has a fixed rent but the market rate of the rent is higher. If the tenant is able to realise the price difference through subletting, then the rights to realise the value represents an asset.
Permits to undertake specific activities (AN.223)
Transferable permits, other than to use natural resources or use an asset belonging to the permit issuer, that restrict the number of units engaging in an activity and allow the holders to earn near-monopoly profits.
The asset recorded is the value to the holder of transferring the rights to use, i.e., the excess of the transfer price above the amount payable to the permit issuer. The permit holder must legally and in practice be able to transfer the permit rights to a third party.
Entitlement to future goods and services on an exclusive basis (AN.224)
Transferable contractual rights to the exclusive use of goods or services.
One party has a contract to purchase goods or services at a fixed price from a second party and is, legally and in practice, able to transfer the obligation of the second party to a third party.
Examples include the transferable value of a football player under contract to a football club and the transferable value of exclusive rights to publishing literary works or musical performances.
The asset recorded in AN.224 is the value to the holder of transferring the entitlement.
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets (AN.23)
The difference between the value paid for an institutional unit as a going concern and the sum of its assets, less the sum of its liabilities, for each item that has been separately identified and valued. The value of goodwill, therefore, includes anything of long-term benefit that has not been separately identified as an asset, as well as the value of the fact that the group of assets is used jointly and is not simply a collection of separable assets. Category AN.23 also includes identified marketing assets, such as brand names, mastheads, trademarks, logos and domain names, when sold individually and separately from a whole corporation.
Financial assets and liabilities (AF)
Financial assets are economic assets comprising financial claims, equity and the gold bullion component of monetary gold. Financial assets are stores of value representing benefits accruing to the economic owner by holding them over a period of time. They are means of carrying forward values from one accounting period to another. Benefits or series of benefits are exchanged by means of payment.
Means of payment consist of monetary gold, special drawing rights, currency and transferable deposits.
Financial claims, also called financial instruments, are financial assets that have corresponding liabilities.
Liabilities are established when debtors are obliged to provide payments or series of payments to creditors.
Monetary gold and SDRs (AF.1)
The financial assets classified in this category have counterpart liabilities in the system except the gold bullion component of monetary gold.
Monetary gold (AF.11)
Gold for which monetary authorities, or others who are subject to the effective control of the monetary authorities, have title and which is held as a reserve asset. It includes gold bullion (including monetary gold held in allocated gold accounts) and unallocated gold accounts with non-residents that give title to claim the delivery of gold.
Special drawing rights (SDRs) (AF.12)
International reserve assets created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and allocated to its members to supplement existing reserve assets.
Currency and deposits (AF.2)
Currency in circulation and deposits, both in national and foreign currencies.
Currency (AF.21)
Currency is notes and coins that are issued or authorised by monetary authorities.
Transferable deposits (AF.22)
Deposits exchangeable for currency on demand at par and which are directly usable for making payments by cheque, draft, giro order, direct debit/credit, or other direct payment facility, without penalty or restriction.
Inter-bank positions (AF.221)
Transferable deposits between banks.
Other transferable deposits (AF.229)
Transferable deposits other than inter-bank positions.
Other deposits (AF.29)
Other deposits are deposits other than transferable deposits. Other deposits cannot be used to make payments except on maturity or after an agreed period of notice, and they are not exchangeable for currency or for transferable deposits without some significant restriction or penalty.
Debt securities (AF.3)
Negotiable financial instruments serving as evidence of debt. Negotiability refers to the fact that its legal ownership is readily capable of being transferred from one owner to another by delivery or endorsement. To qualify as negotiable, a debt security must be designed for potential trading on an organised exchange or in the over-the-counter market, though demonstration of actual trading is not required.
Short-term debt securities (AF.31)
Debt securities, the original maturity of which is one year or less and debt securities repayable on demand of the creditor.
Long-term debt securities (AF.32)
Debt securities, the original maturity of which is more than one year or of no stated maturity.
Loans (AF.4)
Financial assets created when creditors lend funds to debtors, either directly or through brokers, which are either evidenced by non-negotiable documents or not evidenced by documents.
Short-term loans (AF.41)
Loans the original maturity of which is one year or less and loans repayable on demand of the creditor.
Long-term loans (AF.42)
Loans the original maturity of which is more than one year or no stated maturity.
Equity and investment fund shares or units (AF.5)
Financial assets that represent property rights on corporations or quasi-corporations. Such financial assets generally entitle the holders to a share in the profits of the corporations or quasi-corporations, and to a share in their net assets in the event of liquidation.
Equity (AF.51)
Financial assets that acknowledge claims on the residual value of a corporation or quasi-corporation, after the claims of all creditors have been met.
Listed shares (AF.511)
Equity securities listed on an exchange. Such an exchange may be a recognised stock exchange or any other form of a secondary market. Listed shares are also referred to as quoted shares. The existence of quoted prices of shares listed on an exchange means that current market prices are usually readily available.
Unlisted shares (AF.512)
Equity securities with prices that are not listed on a recognised stock exchange or other form of secondary market.
Other equity (AF.519)
All forms of equity other than those classified in subcategories AF.511 and AF.512.
Investment funds shares/units (AF.52)
Shares, if a corporate structure is used, or units, if a trust structure is used. They are issued by investment funds, which are collective investment undertakings through which investors pool funds for investment in financial and/or non-financial assets.
Money market fund shares/units (AF.521)
Money market fund shares or units are issued by money market funds which are investment funds that invest only or primarily in short-term debt securities such as treasury bills, certificates of deposit, and commercial paper and also in long-term debt securities with a residual short-term maturity. Money market fund shares or units may be transferable and are often regarded as close substitutes for deposits.
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units (AF. 522)
Investment fund shares or units other than money market funds or units represent a claim on a portion of the value of an investment fund other than a money market fund. Investment fund shares or units other than money market fund shares or units are issued by investment funds that invest in a range of assets including debt securities, equity, commodity-linked investments, real estate, shares in other investment funds and structured assets.
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes (AF.6)
Financial assets of policy holders or beneficiaries and liabilities of insurers, pension funds, or issuers of standardised guarantees.
Non-life insurance technical reserves (AF.61)
Financial assets representing policy holders' claims against non-life insurance companies in the form of unearned premiums paid and claims incurred.
Life insurance and annuity entitlements (AF.62)
Financial assets representing policy and annuity holders' claims against the technical reserves of corporations providing life insurance.
Pension entitlements (AF.63)
Financial assets that both existing and future pensioners hold against either their pension manager, i.e. their employer(s), a scheme designated by the employer(s) to pay pensions as part of a compensation agreement between the employer and employee or a life (or a non-life) insurer.
Claims of pension funds on pension managers (AF.64)
Financial assets representing the claims of pension funds on their pension manager for any deficit, and financial assets representing the claims of the pension manager on the pension funds for any excess, e.g. where the investment income exceeds the increase in entitlements and the difference is payable to the pension manager.
Entitlements to non-pension benefits (AF.65)
The excess of net contributions over benefits as an increase in the liability of the insurance scheme towards the beneficiaries.
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees (AF.66)
Financial assets that holders of standardised guarantees have against corporations providing standardised guarantees.
Financial derivatives and employee stock options (AF.7)
Financial assets linked to a financial asset, a non-financial asset or an index, through which specific financial risks can be traded in financial markets in their own right.
Financial derivatives (AF.71)
Financial assets such as options, forwards and credit derivatives.
Options (AF.711), both tradable and over-the-counter (OTC), are contracts which give the holder of the option the right, but not the obligation, to purchase from (a call option) or to sell to (a put option) the issuer of the option (the option writer) a financial asset or a non-financial asset (the underlying instrument) at a predetermined price (the strike price) within a given time span (American option) or on a given date (European option). Based on these basic strategies many combined strategies have been developed like bear call/put spreads, bull call/put spreads or butterfly options spreads. From these types of options exotic options have been derived with complex payment structures.
Forwards (AF.712) are unconditional financial contracts under which two counterparties agree to exchange a specified quantity of an underlying asset (financial or non-financial) at an agreed contract price (the strike price) on a specified date.
Credit derivatives take the form of forward-type and option-type contracts whose primary purpose is to trade credit risk. They are designed for trading in loan and security default risk. Like other financial derivatives they are frequently drawn up under standard master legal agreements and involve collateral and margining procedures, which allow for a means to make a market valuation. The transfer of credit risks takes place between the risk seller (security taker) and the risk buyer (security seller) based on a premium. In the event of a credit default the risk buyer pays cash to the risk seller.
Employee stock options (AF.72)
Financial assets in the form of agreements made on a given date (the ‧grant‧ date) under which an employee may purchase a given number of shares of the employer's stock at a stated price (the ‧strike‧ price) either at a stated time (the ‧vesting‧ date) or within a period of time (the ‧exercise‧ period) immediately following the vesting date.
Other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8)
Financial assets that are created as a counterpart of a financial or a non-financial transaction in cases where there is a timing difference between this transaction and the corresponding payment.
Trade credits and advances (AF.81)
Financial assets arising from the direct extension of credit by suppliers of goods and services to their customers and advances for work that is in progress or is yet to be undertaken and in the form of prepayment by customers for goods and services not yet provided.
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances (AF.89)
Financial assets which arise from timing differences between distributive transactions or financial transactions on the secondary market and the corresponding payment.
Memorandum items
The system has three memorandum items that show assets not separately identified in the central framework that are of more specialised analytic interest.
Consumer durables (AN.m)
Durable goods acquired by households for final consumption (i.e., items that are not used by households as stores of value or by unincorporated enterprises owned by households for purposes of production).
Foreign direct investment (AF.m1)
Foreign direct investment involves a long-term relationship reflecting a lasting interest by a resident institutional unit in one economy (the ‧direct investor‧) in an institutional unit resident in another economy. The direct investor's purpose is to exert a significant degree of influence on the management of the unit they have invested in.
Non-performing loans (AF.m2)
A loan is non-performing when payments of interest or principal are at least 90 days overdue, or interest payments equal to 90 days or more have been capitalised, refinanced, or delayed by agreement, or payments are less than 90 days overdue, but there are other good reasons (such as a debtor filing for bankruptcy) to doubt that payments will be made in full.
ANNEX 7.2
A MAP OF ENTRIES FROM OPENING BALANCE SHEET TO CLOSING BALANCE SHEET
Annex 7.2 presents a map from the opening balance sheet to the closing balance sheet, showing the detail for each asset category with regard to the different ways in which the balance sheet value changes: through transactions or other changes in the volume of assets and holding gains and losses.
Classification of assets, liabilities and net worth
IV.1
Opening balance sheet
III.1 and III.2
Transactions
III.3.1
Other changes in volume
III.3.2
Holding gains and losses
IV.3
Closing balance sheet
III.3.2.1
Neutral holding gains and losses
III.3.2.2
Real holding gains and losses
Non-financial assets
AN
P.5, NP
K.1, K.2, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN
Produced non-financial assets
AN.1
P.5
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.1
Fixed assets
 (
3
)
AN.11
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.11
Dwellings
AN.111
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.111
Other buildings and structures
AN.112
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.112
Machinery and equipment
AN.113
P.51g, P.51c
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.113
Weapons systems
AN.114
P.51g, P.51c
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.114
Cultivated biological resources
AN.115
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.115
Intellectual property products
AN.117
P.51g, P.51c
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.117
Inventories by type of inventory
AN.12
P.52
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.12
Valuables
AN.13
P.53
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.13
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.2
NP
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.2
Natural resources
AN.21
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.21
Land
AN.211
NP.1
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.211
Mineral and energy reserves
AN.212
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.212
Non-cultivated biological resources
AN.213
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.213
Water resources
AN.214
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.214
Other natural resources
AN.215
NP.1
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.215
Radio spectra
AN.2151
NP.1
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.2151
Other
AN.2159
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.2159
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.22
NP.2
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.22
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AN.23
NP.3
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.23
Financial assets/liabilities
 (
4
)
AF
F
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.1
F.1
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.1
Currency and deposits
AF.2
F.2
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.2
Debt securities
AF.3
F.3
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.3
Loans
AF.4
F.4
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.4
Equity and investment fund shares/units
AF.5
F.5
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.5
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantees schemes
AF.6
F.6
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.6
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.7
F.7
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.7
Other accounts receivable/payable
AF.8
F.8
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.8
Net worth
B.90
B.101
B.102
B.1031
B.1032
B.90
Balancing items
B.10
Changes in net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
B.90
Net worth
Transactions in financial assets and liabilities
F
Transactions in financial assets and liabilities
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.2
Currency and deposits
F.3
Debt securities
F.4
Loans
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantees
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
Transactions in goods and services
P.5
Gross capital formation
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital (–)
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
P.5113
Disposals of existing fixed assets
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
P.52
Changes in inventories
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
Other accumulation entries
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
K.3
Catastrophic losses
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
K.6
Changes in classification
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
K.7
Nominal holding gains and losses
K.71
Neutral holding gains and losses
K.72
Real holding gains and losses
(
1
)
  Memorandum item AN.m: consumer durables.
(
2
)
  Memorandum items AF.m1: foreign direct investment; AF.m2: non-performing loans.
(
3
)
  Memorandum item: AN.m: consumer durables.
(
4
)
  Memorandum items: AF.m1: foreign direct investment; AF.m2: non-performing loans.
CHAPTER 8
THE SEQUENCE OF ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
8.01
This Chapter sets out the details of the accounts and balance sheets in the sequence of accounts of the national accounts. It also sets out the interactions of the domestic economy with the rest of the world in the same sequence. The goods and services account is also described, reflecting the accounting identity underlying the supply and use of goods and services. Finally it presents the integrated set of economic accounts where each sector is shown in the same account with an aggregated form of account entries.
The sequence of accounts
8.02
The ESA records flows and stocks in an ordered set of accounts describing the economic cycle from production and the generation of income, through its distribution and redistribution, and its use for final consumption. Finally the ESA records the use of what is left in the form of saving to provide for the accumulation of assets, both non-financial and financial.
8.03
Each of the accounts shows resources and uses, which are brought to a balance by the introduction of a balancing item, usually on the uses' side of the account. The balancing item is taken forward to the next account as the first entry on the resources side.
The structured recording of transactions according to a logical analysis of economic life provides the aggregates required for the study of an institutional sector or subsector, or the total economy. The breakdown of the accounts is designed to reveal the most significant economic information, and the balancing item of each account is a key element in the information revealed.
8.04
The accounts are grouped in three categories:
(a)
current accounts cover production and the associated generation, distribution and redistribution of income and its use in the form of final consumption. The income not directly used for final consumption is revealed in the balancing item saving, which is taken forward to the accumulation accounts as the first entry on the resources side of the capital account;
(b)
accumulation accounts analyse changes in the assets and liabilities of the units and enable changes in net worth (the difference between assets and liabilities) to be recorded;
(c)
balance sheets show the total assets and liabilities at the beginning and the end of the accounting period, together with the net worth. The flows for each asset and liability item recorded in the accumulation accounts are seen again in the changes in balance sheets account.
8.05
The sequence of accounts applies to institutional units, institutional sectors and subsectors, and the total economy.
8.06
The balancing items are established both gross and net. They are gross if calculated before deduction of consumption of fixed capital, and net if calculated after this deduction. It is more significant to express income balancing items in net terms, as consumption of capital is a call on disposable income which must be met if the capital stock of the economy is to be maintained.
8.07
The accounts are presented in two ways:
(a)
in the form of integrated economic accounts, showing the accounts for all the institutional sectors, the total economy and the rest of the world in a single table;
(b)
in the form of a sequence of accounts, giving more detailed information. The tables showing the presentation of each account are given in the section of this Chapter entitled ‧Sequence of accounts‧.
8.08
Table 8.1 shows a synoptic presentation of the accounts, balancing items and main aggregates: The code for the main aggregates is not shown in the table, but is the same as the code for the balancing items, but with the addition of an asterisk after the number. For example for the Balance of primary incomes, the code is B.5g and the equivalent code of the main aggregate gross national income is B.5*g.
8.09
The balancing items are shown in the table in their gross form, and indicated as such by the use of ‧g‧ in the code. For each such code there is a net form, where the estimate for capital consumption has been deducted. For example, value added, gross has a code of B.1g, and the net equivalent (value added, net) where capital consumption has been deducted, is B.1n.
Table 8.1 —
   
Synoptic presentation of the accounts, balancing items and main aggregates
Accounts
Balancing items
Main aggregates
Full sequence of accounts for institutional sectors
Current accounts
I.
Production account
I.
Production account
B.1g
Value added, gross
Gross domestic product (GDP)
II.
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1
Primary distribution of income accounts
II.1.1
Generation of income account
B.2g B.3g
Operating surplus, gross Mixed income, gross
II.1.2
Allocation of primary income account
II.1.2.1
Entrepreneurial income account
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
II.1.2.2
Allocation of other primary income account
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
Gross national income (GNI)
II.2
Secondary distribution of income account
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
Gross national disposable income
II.3
Redistribution of income in kind account
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
II.4
Use of income account
II.4.1
Use of disposable income account
B.8g
Saving, gross
Gross national saving
II.4.2
Use of adjusted disposable income account
Accumulation accounts
III.
Accumulation accounts
III.1
Capital account
III.1.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
B.101
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
III.1.2
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
B.9
Net lending/net borrowing
III.2
Financial account
B.9
Net lending/net borrowing
III.3
Other changes in assets account
III.3.1
Other changes in volume of assets account
B.102
Changes in net worth, due to other changes in volume of assets
III.3.2
Revaluation accounts
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
III.3.2.1
Neutral holding gains/losses account
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
III.3.2.2
Real holding gains/losses account
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
Balance sheets
IV.
Balance sheets
IV.1
Opening balance sheet
B.90
Net worth
National worth
IV.2
Changes in balance sheet
B.10
Changes in net worth, total
Changes in national worth
IV.3
Closing balance sheet
B.90
Net worth
National worth
Table 8.1 —
   
Synoptic presentation of the accounts, balancing items and main aggregates (continued)
Accounts
Balancing items
Main aggregates
Transaction accounts
0.
Goods and services account
Rest of the world account (external transactions account)
Current account
V.
Rest of the world account
V.I
External account of goods and services
B.11
External balance of goods and services
External balance of goods and services
V.II
External account of primary income and current transfers
B.12
Current external balance
Current external balance
Accumulation accounts
V.III
External accumulation accounts
V.III.1
Capital account
V.III.1.1
Changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers account
B.101
Changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers
V.III.1.2
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
B.9
Net lending/net borrowing
V.III.2
Financial account
B.9
Net lending/net borrowing
Net lending/net borrowing
V.III.3
Other changes in assets account
V.III.3.1
Other changes in volume of assets account
B.102
Changes in net worth, due to other changes in volume of assets
V.III.3.2
Revaluation accounts
B.103
Changes in net worth, due to nominal holding gains/losses
Balance sheets
V.IV
External assets and liabilities account
V.IV.1
Opening balance sheet
B.90
Net worth
Net external financial position
V.IV.2
Changes in balance sheet
B.10
Changes in net worth
V.IV.3
Closing balance sheet
B.90
Net worth
Net external financial position
SEQUENCE OF ACCOUNTS
Current accounts
Production account (I)
8.10
The production account (I) shows the transactions relating to the production process. It is drawn up for institutional sectors and for industries. Its resources include output and its uses include intermediate consumption.
8.11
The production account reveals one of the most important balancing items in the system — value added, or the value generated by any unit engaged in a production activity — and a vital aggregate: gross domestic product. Value added is economically significant for both institutional sectors and industries.
8.12
Value added (the balancing item of the account) may be calculated before or after allowing for the consumption of fixed capital, i.e. gross or net. Given that output is valued at basic prices and intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices, value added does not include taxes less subsidies on products.
8.13
The production account at the level of the total economy includes in resources, in addition to the output of goods and services, taxes less subsidies on products. It thus enables gross domestic product (at market prices) to be obtained as a balancing item. The code for this key aggregate balancing item, value added at whole economy level adjusted to be at market prices, is B.1*g and this is GDP at market prices. Net domestic product (NDP) code is B.1*n.
8.14
Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) are allocated to users as costs. This requires part of interest payments to financial intermediaries to be reclassified as payments for services, and allocated as output of the financial intermediation producers. An equivalent value is identified as consumption of users. The value of GDP is affected by the amount of FISIM allocated to final consumption, exports and imports.
Table 8.2 —
   
Account I: production account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
3 604
3 604
P.1
Output
3 077
3 077
P.11
Market output
147
147
P.12
Output for own final use
380
380
P.13
Non-market output
1 883
1 883
17
115
222
52
1 477
P.2
Intermediate consumption
133
133
D.21-D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
1 854
1 854
15
155
126
94
1 331
B.1g/B.1*g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
222
222
3
23
27
12
157
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
1 632
1 632
12
132
99
82
1 174
B.1n/B.1*n
Value added, net/net domestic product
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
P.1
Output
2 808
146
348
270
32
3 604
3 604
P.11
Market output
2 808
146
0
123
0
3 077
3 077
P.12
Output for own final use
0
0
0
147
0
147
147
P.13
Non-market output
348
32
380
380
P.2
Intermediate consumption
1 883
1 883
D.21-D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
133
133
B.1g/B.1*g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
B.1n/B.1*n
Value added, net/net domestic product
Distribution and use of income accounts (II)
8.15
Distribution and use of income are analysed in four stages: primary distribution, secondary distribution, redistribution in kind and use of income.
The first stage concerns the generation of income resulting directly from the production process and its distribution between the production factors (labour, capital) and general government (via taxes on production and imports, and subsidies). It enables the operating surplus (or mixed income in the case of households) and primary income to be determined.
The second stage traces redistribution of income via transfers, other than social transfers in kind and capital transfers. This yields the disposable income as the balancing item.
For the third stage, individual services provided by government and NPISHs to society are treated as part of household final consumption, and a corresponding income imputed to households. This is achieved through two accounts with adjusted items. An account is introduced called the redistribution of income in kind account, which shows in the resources the imputed extra income for households, and a corresponding use for government and NPISHs as the imputed transfer from these sectors. This gives a balancing item called the adjusted disposable income, which is identical to disposal income at the whole economy level, but different for the sectors of households, government and NPISHs.
In the fourth stage, the disposable income is taken forward to the next account, the use of disposable income account and this shows how the income is consumed, leaving saving as the balancing item. When individual services are recognised as consumption by households through the redistribution of income in kind account, the use of adjusted disposable income account shows how this measure of adjusted disposable income is spent by households on the social transfers in kind received from government and NPISHs, by adding the value of the social transfers in kind to household final consumption to give a measure called actual final consumption. The consumption for government and NPISHs is reduced by an equal and opposite amount, so that when saving is calculated for the government, NPISHs and households sectors, the adjusted treatment gives the same balancing item of saving for each sector as the standard treatment.
Primary distribution of income accounts (II.1)
Generation of income account (II.1.1)
The layout of the generation of income account by institutional sector is shown in Table 8.3.
8.16
The generation of income account is also presented by industries, in the columns of the supply and use tables.
8.17
The generation of income account presents the transactions of primary income from the point of view of the source sectors, rather than the destination sectors.
8.18
It shows how value added covers compensation of employees and other taxes (less subsidies) on production. The balancing item is operating surplus, which is the surplus (or deficit) on production activities before account has been taken of the interest, rents or charges which the production unit:
(a)
must pay on financial assets or on natural resources — which it has borrowed or rented;
(b)
must receive on financial assets or on natural resources of which it is the owner.
8.19
In the case of unincorporated enterprises in the households sector, the balancing item of the generation of income account implicitly contains an element corresponding to remuneration for work carried out by the owner or members of the family. This income from self-employment has characteristics of wages and salaries, and characteristics of profit due to work carried out as an entrepreneur. This income, neither strictly wages nor profits alone, is referred to as ‧mixed income‧.
8.20
In the case of own account production of housing services by owner-occupier households, the balancing item of the generation of income account is operating surplus (and not mixed income).
Table 8.3 —
   
Account II.1.1: generation of income account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.1g/B.1*g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
B.1n/B.1*n
Value added, net/net domestic product
1 150
1 150
11
11
98
44
986
D.1
Compensation of employees
950
950
6
11
63
29
841
D.11
Wages and salaries
200
200
5
0
55
5
145
D.12
Employers' social contributions
181
181
4
0
51
4
132
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
168
168
4
0
48
4
122
D.1211
Employers' actual pension contributions
13
13
0
0
3
0
10
D.1212
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
19
19
1
0
4
1
13
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
18
18
1
0
4
1
12
D.1221
Employers' imputed pension contributions
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
D.1222
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
235
0
235
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
141
0
141
D.21
Taxes on products
121
0
121
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
17
0
17
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
0
17
D.2121
Import duties
0
0
0
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
3
0
3
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
94
0
94
1
0
1
4
88
D.29
Other taxes on production
–44
0
–44
D.3
Subsidies
–8
0
–8
D.31
Subsidies on products
0
0
0
D.311
Import subsidies
–8
0
–8
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–36
0
–36
0
–1
0
0
–35
D.39
Other subsidies on production
452
452
3
84
27
46
292
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
61
61
61
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
214
214
3
15
27
12
157
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
8
8
8
P.51c2
Consumption of fixed capital on gross mixed income
238
238
0
69
0
34
135
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
53
53
53
B.3n
Mixed income, net
Table 8.3 —
   
Account II.1.1: generation of income account (continued)
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.1g/B.1*g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
1 331
94
126
155
15
1 854
1 854
B.1n/B.1*n
Value added, net/net domestic product
1 174
82
99
132
12
1 632
1 632
D.1
Compensation of employees
D.11
Wages and salaries
D.12
Employers' social contributions
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
D.1211
Employers' actual pension contributions
D.1212
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
D.1221
Employers' imputed pension contributions
D.1222
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
0
D.21
Taxes on products
0
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
0
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
0
D.2121
Import duties
0
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
0
D.3
Subsidies
0
D.31
Subsidies on products
0
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
0
D.39
Other subsidies on production
0
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
B.3n
Mixed income, net
Allocation of primary income account (II.1.2)
8.21
Unlike the generation of income account, the allocation of primary income treats resident units and institutional sectors as recipients rather than producers of primary income.
8.22
‧Primary income‧ is the income which resident units receive by virtue of their direct participation in the production process, and the income receivable by the owner of a financial asset or a natural resource in return for providing funds to, or putting the natural resource at the disposal of, another institutional unit.
8.23
For the households sector, compensation of employees (D.1) as a resource in the allocation of primary income account is not the same as the D.1 entry as a use, in the generation of income account. In the household generation of income account, the use entry shows how much is paid to staff employed in the household business. In the households sector allocation of primary income account, the entry in the resources side shows all the compensation from employment earned by the households sector working as an employee in business, the government etc. So the entry in the allocation account for households is much bigger than the entry in the households sector generation account.
8.24
The allocation of primary income account (II.1.2) can be calculated only for the institutional sectors and subsectors because, in the case of industries, it is impossible to break down certain flows connected with financing (capital loans and borrowings) and assets.
8.25
The allocation of primary income account is broken down into an entrepreneurial income account (II.1.2.1) and an allocation of other primary income account (II.1.2.2).
Table 8.4 —
   
Account II.1.2: allocation of primary income account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
B.3n
Mixed income, net
6
6
D.1
Compensation of employees
6
6
D.11
Wages and salaries
0
0
D.12
Employers' social contributions
0
0
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
0
0
D.1211
Employers' actual pension contributions
0
0
D.1212
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
0
0
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
0
0
D.1221
Employers' imputed pension contributions
0
0
D.1222
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
0
D.21
Taxes on products
0
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
0
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
0
D.2121
Import duties
0
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
0
D.3
Subsidies
0
D.31
Subsidies on products
0
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
0
D.39
Other subsidies on production
435
44
391
6
41
42
168
134
D.4
Property income
230
13
217
6
14
35
106
56
D.41
Interest
79
17
62
0
15
47
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
67
13
54
15
39
D.421
Dividends
12
4
8
0
8
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
14
14
0
0
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
47
0
47
47
D.44
Other investment income
25
0
25
25
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
8
0
8
8
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
14
0
14
14
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
6
0
6
6
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
8
0
8
8
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
653
65
0
27
7
0
31
D.45
Rent
1 864
1 864
4
1 381
198
27
254
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
1 642
1 642
1
1 358
171
15
97
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
Table 8.4 —
   
Account II.1.2: allocation of primary income (continued)
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
292
46
27
84
3
452
452
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
61
61
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
135
34
0
69
0
238
238
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
53
53
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 154
1 154
2
1 156
D.11
Wages and salaries
954
954
2
956
D.12
Employers' social contributions
200
200
0
200
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
181
181
0
181
D.1211
Employers' actual pension contributions
168
168
0
168
D.1212
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
13
13
0
13
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
19
19
0
19
D.1221
Employers' imputed pension contributions
18
18
0
18
D.1222
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
1
1
0
1
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
235
235
235
D.21
Taxes on products
141
141
141
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
121
121
121
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
17
17
D.2121
Import duties
17
17
17
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
0
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
3
3
3
D.29
Other taxes on production
94
94
94
D.3
Subsidies
–44
–44
–44
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
–8
–8
D.311
Import subsidies
0
0
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–8
–8
–8
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–36
–36
–36
D.4
Property income
96
149
22
123
7
397
38
435
D.41
Interest
33
106
14
49
7
209
21
230
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
10
25
7
20
0
62
17
79
D.421
Dividends
10
25
5
13
0
53
14
67
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
2
7
9
3
12
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
4
7
0
3
0
14
0
14
D.44
Other investment income
8
8
1
30
0
47
0
47
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
5
0
0
20
0
25
0
25
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
8
8
0
8
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
3
8
1
2
0
14
0
14
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
1
3
0
2
0
6
0
6
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
2
5
1
0
0
8
0
8
D.45
Rent
41
3
0
21
0
65
65
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
Entrepreneurial income account (II.1.2.1)
8.26
The purpose of the entrepreneurial income account is to determine a balancing item corresponding to the concept of current profit before distribution and income tax, as normally used in business accounting.
8.27
In the case of general government and non-profit institutions serving households, this account concerns only their market activities.
8.28
Entrepreneurial income corresponds to the operating surplus or mixed income (on the resources side):
plus
property income receivable in connection with financial and other assets belonging to the enterprise (on the resources side),
minus
interest on debts payable by the enterprise, other investment income payable, and rents payable on land and other 
natural
 resources rented by the enterprise (on the uses side).
Property income payable in the form of dividends, withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations, or reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment, is not deducted from entrepreneurial income.
Allocation of other primary income account (II.1.2.2)
8.29
The purpose of the allocation of other primary income account is to return from the concept of entrepreneurial income to the concept of primary income. It therefore contains the elements of primary income not included in the entrepreneurial income account:
(a)
in the case of corporations, distributed dividends, withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations, and reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment (on the uses side);
(b)
in the case of households:
(1)
property income payable, excluding rents and interest payable in connection with the entrepreneurial activity (on the uses side);
(2)
compensation of employees (on the resources side);
(3)
property income receivable, excluding that receivable in connection with the activity of the enterprise (on the resources side);
(c)
in the case of general government:
(1)
property income payable, excluding that payable in connection with market activities (on the uses side);
(2)
taxes on production and imports less subsidies (on the resources side);
(3)
property income receivable, excluding that receivable in connection with market activities (on the resources side).
Table 8.5 —
   
Account II.1.2.1: entrepreneurial income
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
B.3n
Mixed income, net
240
240
153
87
D.4
Property income
162
162
106
56
D.41
Interest
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
D.421
Dividends
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
47
47
47
D.44
Other investment income
25
25
25
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
8
8
8
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
14
14
14
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
31
31
0
31
D.45
Rent
343
343
42
301
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
174
174
30
144
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
Table 8.5 —
   
Account II.1.2.1: entrepreneurial income (continued)
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
292
46
27
84
3
452
452
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
61
61
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
135
34
0
69
0
238
238
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
53
53
D.4
Property income
96
149
245
245
D.41
Interest
33
106
139
139
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
10
25
35
35
D.421
Dividends
10
25
35
35
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
0
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
4
7
11
11
D.44
Other investment income
8
8
16
16
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
5
5
5
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
0
0
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
3
8
11
11
D.45
Rent
41
3
44
44
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income. gross
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
Table 8.5 —
   
Account II.1.2.2: allocation of other primary income
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
6
6
D.1
Compensation of employees
6
6
D.11
Wages and salaries
D.12
Employers' social contributions
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
D.21
Taxes on products
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
D.2121
Import duties
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
D.29
Other taxes on production
D.3
Subsidies
D.31
Subsidies on products
D.311
Import subsidies
D.319
Other subsidies on products
D.39
Other subsidies on production
214
63
151
6
41
42
15
47
D.4
Property income
68
13
55
6
14
35
D.41
Interest
98
36
62
15
47
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
54
0
54
15
39
D.421
Dividends
44
36
8
8
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
14
14
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
D.44
Other investment income
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
34
34
0
27
7
D.45
Rent
1 864
1 864
4
1 381
198
27
254
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
1 642
1 642
1
1 358
171
15
97
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
Table 8.5 —
   
Account II.1.2.2: allocation of other primary income (continued)
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income. Gross
301
42
343
343
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
144
30
174
174
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 154
1 154
2
1 156
D.11
Wages and salaries
954
954
2
956
D.12
Employers' social contributions
200
200
200
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
181
181
181
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
19
19
19
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
235
235
235
D.21
Taxes on products
141
141
141
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
121
121
121
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
17
17
D.2121
Import duties
17
17
17
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
0
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
3
3
3
D.29
Other taxes on production
94
94
94
D.3
Subsidies
–44
–44
–44
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
–8
–8
D.311
Import subsidies
0
0
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–8
–8
–8
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–36
–36
–36
D.4
Property income
22
123
7
152
38
190
D.41
Interest
14
49
7
70
21
91
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
7
20
0
27
17
44
D.421
Dividends
5
13
0
18
14
32
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
2
7
0
9
3
12
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
3
0
3
0
3
D.44
Other investment income
1
30
0
31
0
31
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
0
20
0
20
0
20
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
0
8
0
8
0
8
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
1
2
0
3
0
3
D.45
Rent
0
21
0
21
21
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
Secondary distribution of income account (II.2)
8.30
The secondary distribution of income account shows how the balance of the primary income of an institutional sector is allocated by redistribution: current taxes on income, wealth etc., social contributions and benefits (excluding social transfers in kind) and other current transfers.
8.31
The balancing item of the account is disposable income, which reflects current transactions and is the amount available for final consumption or saving.
8.32
Social contributions are recorded on the uses side of the secondary distribution of income account of households and on the resources side of the secondary distribution of income account of the institutional sectors responsible for management of social insurance. When payable by employers for their employees, they are first included under compensation of employees, on the uses side of the employers' generation of income account, since they form part of wage costs; they are also recorded, as compensation of employees, on the resources side of the households' allocation of primary income account, since they correspond to benefits to households.
The social contributions shown on the uses side of the secondary distribution of income account of households are net of the service charges of the pension funds and other insurance companies, all or part of whose resources are made up of actual social contributions.
An adjustment item is shown in the table for the social insurance scheme service charges. Net social contributions (D.61) are recorded net of these charges, but, as it is difficult to apportion them across the components of D.61, those contributions are shown gross of these charges in the table. So D.61 is the sum of its components, less this adjustment item.
Redistribution of income in kind account (II.3)
8.33
The redistribution of income in kind account gives a broader picture of households' income by including the flows corresponding to the use of individual goods and services which these households receive free of charge from government and NPISHs, i.e. social transfers in kind. This facilitates comparisons over time when there are differences or changes in economic and social conditions, and supplements the analysis of the role of general government in the redistribution of income.
8.34
Social transfers in kind are recorded on the resources side of the redistribution of income in kind account in the case of households, and on the uses side in the case of general government and non-profit institutions serving households.
8.35
The balancing item in the redistribution of income in kind account is adjusted disposable income, and this is the first entry on the resources side of the use of adjusted disposable income account (II.4.2).
Table 8.6 —
   
Account II.2: Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/National income, gross
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/National income, net
1 229
17
1 212
7
582
248
277
98
Current transfers
213
1
212
0
178
0
10
24
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
204
1
203
0
176
0
7
20
D.51
Taxes on income
9
9
0
2
0
3
4
D.59
Other current taxes
333
0
333
333
D.61
Net social contributions
181
0
181
181
D.611
Employers' actual social contributions
168
0
168
168
D.6111
Employers' actual pension contributions
13
0
13
13
D.6112
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
19
0
19
19
D.612
Employers' imputed social contributions
18
0
18
18
D.6121
Employers' imputed pension contributions
1
0
1
1
D.6122
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
129
0
129
129
D.613
Households' actual social contributions
115
0
115
115
D.6131
Households' actual pension contributions
14
0
14
14
D.6132
Households' actual non-pension contributions
10
0
10
10
D.614
Households' social contribution supplements
8
0
8
8
D.6141
Households' pension contribution supplements
2
0
2
2
D.6142
Households' non-pension contribution supplements
–6
0
–6
–6
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
384
0
384
5
0
112
205
62
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
53
0
53
53
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
45
0
45
45
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
8
0
8
8
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
279
0
279
5
0
7
205
62
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
250
0
250
3
0
5
193
49
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
29
0
29
2
0
2
12
13
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
52
52
52
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
299
16
283
2
71
136
62
12
D.7
Other current transfers
58
2
56
0
31
4
13
8
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
44
1
43
0
31
4
0
8
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
14
1
13
13
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
60
12
48
48
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
45
0
45
45
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
15
12
3
3
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
96
0
96
96
D.73
Current transfers within general government
23
1
22
22
D.74
Current international cooperation
53
1
52
2
40
5
1
4
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
36
0
36
0
29
5
1
1
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
8
1
7
7
D.752
Current transfers between households
9
0
9
2
4
0
0
3
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
9
9
9
D.76
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources
1 826
1 826
37
1 219
317
25
228
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
1 604
1 604
34
1 196
290
13
71
B.6n
Disposable income, net
Table 8.6 —
   
Account II.2: secondary distribution of income account (continued)
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
254
27
198
1 381
4
1 864
1 864
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
97
15
171
1 358
1
1 642
1 642
Current transfers
72
275
367
420
40
1 174
55
1 229
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
213
213
0
213
D.51
Taxes on income
204
204
0
204
D.59
Other current taxes
9
9
9
D.61
Net social contributions
66
212
50
0
5
333
0
333
D.611
Employers' actual social contributions
31
109
38
0
3
181
0
181
D.6111
Employers' actual pension contributions
27
104
35
0
2
168
0
168
D.6112
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
4
5
3
0
1
13
0
13
D.612
Employers' imputed social contributions
12
2
4
0
1
19
0
19
D.6121
Employers' imputed pension contributions
12
1
4
0
1
18
0
18
D.6122
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
D.613
Households' actual social contributions
25
94
9
0
1
129
0
129
D.6131
Households' actual pension contributions
19
90
6
0
0
115
0
115
D.6132
Households' actual non-pension contributions
6
4
3
0
1
14
0
14
D.614
Households' social contribution supplements
10
10
0
10
D.6141
Households' pension contribution supplements
8
8
0
8
D.6142
Households' non-pension contribution supplements
2
2
0
2
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
2
3
1
6
0
6
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
384
384
0
384
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
53
53
0
53
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
45
45
0
45
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
8
8
0
8
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
279
279
0
279
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
250
250
0
250
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
29
29
0
29
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
52
52
0
52
D.7
Other current transfers
6
62
104
36
36
244
55
299
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
47
47
11
58
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
44
44
44
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
3
3
11
14
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
6
15
1
35
0
57
3
60
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
6
1
35
42
3
45
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
15
15
0
15
D.73
Current transfers within general government
96
96
0
96
D.74
Current international cooperation
1
1
22
23
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
0
0
6
1
36
43
10
53
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
36
36
36
D.752
Current transfers between households
1
1
7
8
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
6
6
3
9
D.76
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources
9
9
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
B.6n
Disposable income, net
Table 8.7 —
   
Account II.3: redistribution of income in kind account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
B.6n
Disposable income, net
215
215
31
184
D.63
Social transfers in kind
211
211
31
180
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
4
4
4
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
1 826
1 826
6
1 434
133
25
228
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
1 604
1 604
3
1 411
106
13
71
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
B.6n
Disposable income, net
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
D.63
Social transfers in kind
215
215
215
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
211
211
211
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
4
4
4
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
Use of income account (II.4)
8.36
For the institutional sectors with final consumption, the use of income account shows how disposable income (or adjusted disposable income) is divided between final consumption expenditure (or actual final consumption) and saving.
8.37
In the system, only government, NPISHs and households have final consumption. In addition, the use of income account includes, for households and for pension funds, an adjustment item (D.8 — adjustment for the change in pension entitlements) which relates to the way that transactions between households and pension funds are recorded. This is explained in the chapter on distributive transactions, paragraph 4.141.
Use of disposable income account (II.4.1)
8.38
The use of disposable income account includes the concept of final consumption expenditure financed by the various sectors concerned: households, general government, and non-profit institutions serving households.
8.39
The balancing item in the use of disposable income account is saving.
Use of adjusted disposable income account (II.4.2)
8.40
This account links with the redistribution of income in kind account (II.3). The use of adjusted disposable income account includes the concept of actual final consumption, which corresponds to the value of goods and services actually at the disposal of households for final consumption, even if their acquisition is financed by general government or non-profit institutions serving households.
Consequently, the actual final consumption of general government and NPISHs corresponds only to collective final consumption.
8.41
At the level of the total economy, final consumption expenditure and actual final consumption are equal; it is only the distribution over the institutional sectors which differs. The same is true of disposable income and adjusted disposable income.
8.42
Saving is the balancing item in both versions of the use of income account. Its value is identical for all sectors, regardless of whether it is obtained by subtracting final consumption expenditure from disposable income, or by subtracting actual final consumption from adjusted disposable income.
8.43
Saving is the (positive or negative) amount resulting from current transactions which establishes the link with accumulation. If saving is positive, non-spent income is used for the acquisition of assets or for paying off liabilities. If saving is negative, certain assets are liquidated or certain liabilities increase.
Table 8.8 —
   
Account II.4.1: use of disposable income account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
B.6n
Disposable income, net
1 399
1 399
32
1 015
352
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 230
1 230
31
1 015
184
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
169
169
1
168
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
11
0
11
0
0
11
0
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
427
427
5
215
–35
14
228
B.8g
Saving, gross
205
205
2
192
–62
2
71
B.8n
Saving, net
–13
–13
B.12
Current external balance
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
B.6n
Disposable income, net
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 399
1 399
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
1 230
1 230
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
169
169
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
11
0
11
B.8g
Saving, gross
B.8n
Saving, net
B.12
Current external balance
Table 8.9 —
   
Account II.4.2: use of adjusted disposable income account
Uses
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
1 399
1 399
1
1 230
168
P.4
Actual final consumption
1 230
1 230
1 230
P.41
Actual individual consumption
169
169
1
168
P.42
Actual collective consumption
11
0
11
0
0
11
0
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
427
427
5
215
–35
14
228
B.8g
Saving, gross
205
205
2
192
–62
2
71
B.8n
Saving, net
–13
–13
B.12
Current external balance
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
228
25
133
1 434
6
1 826
1 826
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
71
13
106
1 411
3
1 604
1 604
P.4
Actual final consumption
1 399
1 399
P.41
Actual individual consumption
1 230
1 230
P.42
Actual collective consumption
169
169
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
11
0
11
B.8g
Saving, gross
B.8n
Saving, net
B.12
Current external balance
Accumulation accounts (III)
8.44
The accumulation accounts are flow accounts. They record the various causes of changes in the assets and liabilities of units and the change in their net worth.
8.45
Changes in assets are recorded on the left-hand side of the accounts (plus or minus), changes in liabilities and net worth on the right-hand side (plus or minus).
Capital account (III.1)
8.46
The capital account records acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets by resident units and measures the change in net worth due to saving (final balancing item in the current accounts) and capital transfers.
8.47
The capital account makes it possible to determine the extent to which acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets have been financed out of saving and by capital transfers. It shows a net lending corresponding to the amount available to a unit or sector for financing, directly or indirectly, other units or sectors, or a net borrowing corresponding to the amount which a unit or sector is obliged to borrow from other units or sectors.
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account (III.1.1)
8.48
This account makes it possible to determine the change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers, which corresponds to net saving plus capital transfers receivable, minus capital transfers payable.
Acquisitions of non-financial assets account (III.1.2)
8.49
This account records acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets in order to return from the concept of change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers to net lending or borrowing.
Financial account (III.2)
8.50
The financial account records, by type of financial instrument, the changes in the financial assets and liabilities that compose net lending or borrowing. As these should match the financial surplus or deficit balancing items of the capital account, carried forward to this account as the first entry on the changes in liabilities and net worth side, there is no balancing item in this account.
8.51
The classification of assets and liabilities used in the financial account is identical to that used in the balance sheets.
Table 8.10 —
   
Account III.1.1: change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.8n
Saving, net
B.12
Current external balance
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
D.91r
Capital taxes, receivable
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
192
–29
221
20
236
–81
–16
62
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.8n
Saving, net
71
2
–62
192
2
205
205
B.12
Current external balance
–13
–13
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
33
0
6
23
0
62
4
66
D.91r
Capital taxes, receivable
2
2
2
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
23
0
0
0
0
23
4
27
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
10
4
23
37
37
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–16
–7
–34
–5
–3
–65
–1
–66
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
0
0
0
–2
0
–2
0
–2
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
–27
–27
–27
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–16
–7
–7
–3
–3
–36
–1
–37
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
88
–5
–90
210
–1
202
–10
192
Table 8.11 —
   
Account III.1.2: acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
414
414
5
55
38
8
308
P.5g
Gross capital formation
192
192
2
32
11
–4
151
P.5n
Net capital formation
376
376
5
48
35
8
280
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
359
359
5
48
35
8
263
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
358
358
5
45
38
8
262
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
9
9
1
3
0
0
5
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
–8
–8
–1
0
–3
–4
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
17
17
17
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
– 222
– 222
–3
–23
–27
–12
– 157
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
28
28
0
2
0
0
26
P.52
Changes in inventories
10
10
0
5
3
0
2
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
0
0
1
4
2
0
–7
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
0
1
3
2
0
–6
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
–1
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
0
0
0
0
0
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
–10
10
–4
174
– 103
–1
–56
B.9
Net lending (+) net borrowing (–)
Table 8.11 —
   
Account III.1.2: acquisition of non-financial assets account (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
88
–5
–90
210
–1
202
–10
192
P.5g
Gross capital formation
414
414
P.5n
Net capital formation
192
192
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
376
376
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
359
359
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
358
358
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
9
9
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
–8
–8
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
17
17
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
– 222
– 222
P.52
Changes in inventories
28
28
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
10
10
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
0
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
0
0
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
B.9
Net lending (+) net borrowing (–)
Table 8.12 —
   
Account III.2: financial account
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
483
47
436
2
189
–10
172
83
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
0
1
–1
–1
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
1
–1
–1
F.11
Monetary gold
0
0
0
0
F.12
SDRs
100
11
89
2
64
–26
10
39
F.2
Currency and deposits
36
3
33
1
10
2
15
5
F.21
Currency
28
2
26
1
27
–27
–5
30
F.22
Transferable deposits
–5
–5
–5
F.221
Inter-bank positions
33
2
31
1
27
–27
0
30
F.229
Other transferable deposits
36
6
30
0
27
–1
0
4
F.29
Other deposits
95
9
86
–1
10
4
66
7
F.3
Debt securities
29
2
27
0
3
1
13
10
F.31
Short-term
66
7
59
–1
7
3
53
–3
F.32
Long-term
82
4
78
0
3
3
53
19
F.4
Loans
25
3
22
0
3
1
4
14
F.41
Short-term
57
1
56
0
0
2
49
5
F.42
Long-term
119
12
107
0
66
3
28
10
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
103
12
91
0
53
3
25
10
F.51
Equity
87
10
77
0
48
1
23
5
F.511
Listed shares
9
2
7
0
2
1
1
3
F.512
Unlisted shares
7
0
7
0
3
1
1
2
F.519
Other equity
16
0
16
0
13
0
3
0
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
7
0
7
0
5
0
2
0
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
9
0
9
0
8
0
1
0
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
48
0
48
0
39
1
7
1
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
7
0
7
0
4
0
2
1
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
22
0
22
0
22
0
0
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
11
0
11
11
F.63
Pension entitlements
3
0
3
3
F.64
Claim of pension funds on pension managers
2
0
2
2
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
3
0
3
0
0
1
2
0
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
14
0
14
0
3
0
8
3
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
12
0
12
0
1
0
8
3
F.71
Financial derivatives
5
0
5
0
1
0
3
1
F.711
Options
7
0
7
0
0
0
5
2
F.712
Forwards
2
2
2
0
F.72
Employee stock options
25
10
15
1
4
5
1
4
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
15
8
7
3
1
3
F.81
Trade credits and advances
10
2
8
1
1
4
1
1
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
Table 8.12 —
   
Account III.2: Financial account (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–56
–1
– 103
174
–4
10
–10
0
F
Net incurrence of financial liabilities
139
173
93
15
6
426
57
483
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.11
Monetary gold
F.12
SDRs
0
0
F.2
Currency and deposits
65
37
102
–2
100
F.21
Currency
35
35
1
36
F.22
Transferable deposits
26
2
28
0
28
F.221
Inter-bank positions
–5
–5
–5
F.229
Other transferable deposits
31
2
33
33
F.29
Other deposits
39
39
–3
36
F.3
Debt securities
6
30
38
0
0
74
21
95
F.31
Short-term
2
18
4
0
0
24
5
29
F.32
Long-term
4
12
34
0
0
50
16
66
F.4
Loans
21
0
9
11
6
47
35
82
F.41
Short-term
4
0
3
2
2
11
14
25
F.42
Long-term
17
0
6
9
4
36
21
57
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
83
22
105
14
119
F.51
Equity
83
11
94
9
103
F.511
Listed shares
77
7
84
3
87
F.512
Unlisted shares
3
4
7
2
9
F.519
Other equity
3
3
4
7
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
11
11
5
16
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
5
5
2
7
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
6
6
3
9
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
48
0
48
0
48
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
7
7
0
7
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
22
22
0
22
F.63
Pension entitlements
11
11
0
11
F.64
Claim of pension funds on pension managers
3
3
0
3
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
2
2
0
2
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
3
0
3
0
3
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
8
0
0
0
11
3
14
F.71
Financial derivatives
2
7
0
0
0
9
3
12
F.711
Options
2
2
0
0
0
4
1
5
F.712
Forwards
0
5
0
0
0
5
2
7
F.72
Employee stock options
1
1
2
2
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
26
9
4
39
–14
25
F.81
Trade credits and advances
6
0
6
4
0
16
–1
15
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
20
0
3
0
0
23
–13
10
Other changes in assets account (III.3)
8.52
The other changes in assets account records changes in assets and liabilities of units, other than in connection with saving and voluntary transfers of wealth, the latter being recorded in the capital and financial accounts. It is divided into: the other changes in volume of assets account (III.3.1) and the revaluation account (III.3.2).
Other changes in volume of assets account (III.3.1)
8.53
The movements recorded in the other changes in volume of assets account affect the net worth of the balance sheets of the units, sectors and subsectors concerned. This change, called change in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets, is the balancing item in the account.
Revaluation account (III.3.2)
8.54
The revaluation account records changes in the value of assets and liabilities due to changes in their prices.
For a given asset or liability, this change is measured as either:
(a)
the difference between its value at the end of the accounting period and its value at the start of the accounting period or the date on which it was first entered in the balance sheet; or
(b)
the difference between its value at the date on which it was written out of the balance sheet and its value at the start of the accounting period or the date on which it was first entered in the balance sheet.
This difference is called ‧nominal holding gain (or loss)‧.
A nominal holding gain corresponds to the positive revaluation of an asset or the negative revaluation of a (financial) liability.
A nominal holding loss corresponds to the negative revaluation of an asset or the positive revaluation of a (financial) liability.
8.55
The flows recorded in the revaluation account change the net worth of the balance sheets of the units concerned. This change, called ‧change in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses‧, is the balancing item in the account. It is recorded on the changes in liabilities and net worth side.
8.56
The revaluation account is broken down into two subaccounts: the neutral holding gains and losses account (III.3.2.1) and the real holding gains and losses account (III.3.2.2).
Neutral holding gains and losses account (III.3.2.1)
8.57
The neutral holding gains and losses account records changes in the value of assets and liabilities in proportion to changes in the general price level. Such changes correspond to the revaluation necessary to maintain the general purchasing power of assets and liabilities. The general price index to be applied for this calculation is the price index for final national uses, excluding changes in inventories.
Real holding gains and losses account (III.3.2.2)
8.58
Real holding gains and losses measure the difference between nominal holding gains and losses and neutral holding gains and losses.
8.59
If the nominal holding gains net of the nominal holding losses on a given asset exceed the neutral holding gains net of the neutral holding losses, there is a real holding gain on the asset for the unit holding it. This gain reflects the fact that the actual price of the asset has, on average, risen faster than the general price level. Conversely, a drop in the relative price of the asset produces a real holding loss for the unit holding it.
By the same token, a rise in the relative price of a liability produces a real holding loss on liabilities, while a drop in the relative price of a liability generates a real holding gain on liabilities.
Table 8.13 —
   
Account III.3.1: other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Total
S.1 Total economy
S.15 NPISHs
S.14 Households
S.13 General government
S.12 Financial corporations
S.11 Non-financial corporations
Other flows
33
33
0
0
7
0
26
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
3
3
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
30
30
0
0
4
0
26
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
26
26
4
22
AN.21
Natural resources
4
4
4
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
–11
–11
0
0
–2
0
–9
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–8
–8
0
0
–2
0
–6
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
–8
–8
–2
–6
AN.21
Natural resources
–3
–3
0
0
0
0
–3
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
0
AN.21
Natural resources
–1
–1
–1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
–2
–2
–2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
–11
–11
0
0
–6
0
–5
K.3
Catastrophic losses
–9
–9
–4
–5
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–2
–2
–2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
0
0
0
5
0
–5
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
0
1
–1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
0
4
–4
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
0
–
AF
Financial assets
2
2
0
0
0
1
1
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
1
1
1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1
1
1
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
0
0
0
–4
–2
6
K.6
Changes in classification
2
2
0
0
–4
0
6
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
0
–3
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
0
–1
1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
2
2
2
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
–2
–2
0
0
0
–2
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
–2
–2
–2
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
0
0
0
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
0
0
0
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
13
13
0
0
0
–1
14
Total other changes in volume
–7
–7
0
0
–3
–2
–2
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–2
–2
–3
1
AN.11
Fixed assets
–3
–3
–3
AN.12
Inventories
–2
–2
–2
AN.13
Valuables
17
17
0
0
3
0
14
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
9
9
0
0
1
–2
10
AN.21
Natural resources
6
6
2
4
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
0
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
3
3
0
0
0
1
2
AF
Financial assets
0
0
0
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
0
0
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
0
0
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
0
AF.4
Loans
2
2
2
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
1
1
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
Table 8.13 —
   
Account III.3.1: other changes in volume of assets account (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
Other flows
S.11 Non-financial corporations
S.12 Financial corporations
S.13 General government
S.14 Households
S.15 NPISHs
S.1 Total economy
Total
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
AN.21
Natural resources
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
K.3
Catastrophic losses
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
K.6
Changes in classification
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
2
0
2
0
0
2
2
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total other changes in volume
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
AF.4
Loans
0
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
2
2
2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
1
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
14
–1
–2
–1
0
10
10
Table 8.14 —
   
Account III.3.2: revaluation account
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Other flows
K.7
Nominal holding gains/losses
280
280
8
80
44
4
144
AN
Non-financial assets
126
126
5
35
21
2
63
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
111
111
5
28
18
2
58
AN.11
Fixed assets
7
7
2
1
4
AN.12
Inventories
8
8
5
2
1
AN.13
Valuables
154
154
3
45
23
2
81
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
152
152
3
45
23
1
80
AN.21
Natural resources
2
2
1
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
91
7
84
2
16
1
57
8
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
12
12
1
11
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
44
4
40
1
6
30
3
AF.3
Debt securities
0
0
AF.4
Loans
35
3
32
1
10
16
5
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
0
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
Table 8.14 —
   
Account III.3.2: revaluation account (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Other flows
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
K.7
Nominal holding gains and losses
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
18
51
7
0
0
76
15
91
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
12
12
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
1
34
7
42
2
44
AF.4
Loans
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
17
17
34
1
35
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
Table 8.14 —
   
Account III.3.2.1: neutral holding gains and losses account
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Other flows and balancing items
K.71
Neutral holding gains and losses
198
198
6
56
32
3
101
AN
Non-financial assets
121
121
5
34
20
2
60
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
111
111
5
28
18
2
58
AN.11
Fixed assets
4
4
2
1
1
AN.12
Inventories
6
6
4
1
1
AN.13
Valuables
77
77
1
22
12
1
41
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
76
76
1
22
12
1
40
AN.21
Natural resources
1
1
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
148
12
136
3
36
8
71
18
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
16
16
2
14
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
32
2
30
2
17
3
8
AF.2
Currency and deposits
28
3
25
1
4
18
2
AF.3
Debt securities
29
1
28
3
24
1
AF.4
Loans
28
2
26
9
14
3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
8
1
7
5
1
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
7
3
4
1
3
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
Table 8.14 —
   
Account III.3.2.1: neutral holding gains and losses account (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Code
Other flows and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
K.71
Neutral holding gains and losses
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
37
68
13
5
3
126
22
148
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
16
16
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1
26
2
1
30
2
32
AF.3
Debt securities
1
21
4
26
2
28
AF.4
Loans
18
7
3
1
29
29
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
14
14
28
28
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
7
7
1
8
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
3
2
1
6
1
7
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
82
6
27
87
6
208
6
214
Table 8.14 —
   
Account III.3.2.2: real holding gains and losses account
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Other flows and balancing items
K.72
Real holding gains and losses
82
82
2
24
12
1
43
AN
Non-financial assets
5
5
0
1
1
0
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
0
0
0
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
AN.12
Inventories
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
AN.13
Valuables
77
77
2
23
11
1
40
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
76
76
2
23
11
0
40
AN.21
Natural resources
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
–57
–5
–52
–1
–20
–7
–14
–10
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
–4
0
–4
0
0
–1
–3
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–32
–2
–30
–2
–17
–3
0
–8
AF.2
Currency and deposits
16
1
15
0
2
0
12
1
AF.3
Debt securities
–29
–1
–28
0
0
–3
–24
–1
AF.4
Loans
7
1
6
1
1
0
2
2
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
–8
–1
–7
0
–5
0
–1
–1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
0
0
0
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
–7
–3
–4
0
–1
0
0
–3
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
Table 8.14 —
   
Account III.3.2.2: real holding gains and losses account (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Other flows and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
K.72
Real holding gains and losses
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
–19
–17
–6
–5
–3
–50
–7
–57
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
0
0
0
0
0
–4
–4
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–1
–26
–2
0
–1
–30
–2
–32
AF.3
Debt securities
0
13
3
0
0
16
0
16
AF.4
Loans
–18
0
–7
–3
–1
–29
0
–29
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
3
3
0
0
0
6
1
7
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–7
–7
–1
–8
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–3
0
0
–2
–1
–6
–1
–7
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
52
4
11
9
4
80
–2
78
Balance sheets (IV)
8.60
The aim of the balance sheets is to give a picture of the assets, liabilities and net worth of units at the start and end of the accounting period and of changes between balance sheets. The sequence is as follows:
(a)
opening balance sheet (IV.1);
(b)
changes in balance sheet (IV.2);
(c)
closing balance sheet (IV.3).
Opening balance sheet (IV.1)
8.61
The opening balance sheet records the value of assets and liabilities held by units at the start of the accounting period.
These items are categorised on the basis of the classification of assets and liabilities.
They are valued at prices current at the start of the accounting period. The difference between assets and liabilities — the balancing item in the account — is the net worth at the start of the accounting period.
Changes in balance sheet (IV.2)
8.62
The changes in balance sheet account records changes in the value of assets and liabilities in the course of the accounting period and aggregates the amounts recorded in the various accumulation accounts, i.e. change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers, change in net worth due to other volume changes in assets and change in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses.
Closing balance sheet (IV.3)
8.63
The closing balance sheet records the value of assets and liabilities held by units at the end of the accounting period. These items are categorised on the basis of the same classification used in the opening balance sheet and are valued at prices current at the end of the period.
The difference between assets and liabilities is the net worth at the end of the accounting period.
8.64
The value of an asset or liability in the closing balance sheets is equal to the sum of its value in the opening balance sheets and the amount recorded for the said item in the changes in balance sheet account.
Table 8.15 —
   
Account IV.1: balance sheets — opening balance sheet
Assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Stocks and changes in assets
4 621
4 621
159
1 429
789
93
2 151
AN
Non-financial assets
2 818
2 818
124
856
497
67
1 274
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
2 579
2 579
121
713
467
52
1 226
AN.11
Fixed assets
114
114
1
48
22
43
AN.12
Inventories
125
125
2
95
8
15
5
AN.13
Valuables
1 803
1 803
35
573
292
26
877
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1 781
1 781
35
573
286
23
864
AN.21
Natural resources
22
22
6
3
13
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
0
3
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
9 036
805
8 231
172
3 260
396
3 421
982
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
770
770
80
690
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1 587
105
1 482
110
840
150
382
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 388
125
1 263
25
198
950
90
AF.3
Debt securities
1 454
70
1 384
8
24
115
1 187
50
AF.4
Loans
2 959
345
2 614
22
1 749
12
551
280
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
496
26
470
4
391
20
30
25
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
21
0
21
0
3
0
13
5
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
361
134
227
3
55
19
150
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.90
Net worth
Table 8.15 —
   
Account IV.1: balance sheets — opening balance sheet (continued)
Liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Stocks and changes in liabilities
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
3 221
3 544
687
189
121
7 762
1 274
9 036
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
770
770
AF.2
Currency and deposits
40
1 281
102
10
38
1 471
116
1 587
AF.3
Debt securities
44
1 053
212
2
1 311
77
1 388
AF.4
Loans
897
328
169
43
1 437
17
1 454
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
1 987
765
4
2 756
203
2 959
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
12
435
19
5
471
25
496
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
4
10
14
7
21
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
237
22
8
35
302
59
361
B.90
Net worth
–88
–30
498
4 500
210
5 090
– 469
4 621
Table 8.15 —
   
Account IV.2: balance sheets — changes in balance sheet
Changes in assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Stocks and change in assets
482
482
11
115
57
–4
301
AN
Non-financial assets
294
294
7
67
29
–4
195
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
246
246
7
53
23
–2
165
AN.11
Fixed assets
32
32
0
4
1
0
27
AN.12
Inventories
16
16
0
10
5
–2
3
AN.13
Valuables
186
186
4
48
28
0
106
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
178
178
4
48
26
–1
101
AN.21
Natural resources
8
8
0
0
2
1
5
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
577
54
523
4
205
–9
230
93
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
12
1
11
0
0
1
10
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
100
11
89
2
64
–26
10
39
AF.2
Currency and deposits
139
13
126
0
16
4
96
10
AF.3
Debt securities
82
4
78
0
3
3
53
19
AF.4
Loans
156
15
141
1
76
3
44
17
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
49
0
49
0
39
1
8
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
14
0
14
0
3
0
8
3
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
25
10
15
1
4
5
1
4
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.10
Changes in net worth, due to
B.101
Saving and capital transfer
B.102
Other changes in volume of assets
B.103
Nominal holding gains/losses
B.1031
Neutral holding gains/losses
B.1032
Real holding gains/losses
Table 8.15 —
   
Account IV. 2: balance sheets — changes in balance sheet (continued)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Stocks and changes in liabilities
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
157
224
102
16
6
505
72
577
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
12
12
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
65
37
0
0
102
–2
100
AF.3
Debt securities
7
64
45
0
0
116
23
139
AF.4
Loans
21
0
9
11
6
47
35
82
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
100
39
2
0
0
141
15
156
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
48
0
1
0
49
0
49
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
8
0
0
0
11
3
14
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
26
0
9
4
0
39
–14
25
B.10
Changes in net worth, due to
237
2
–54
304
9
500
–6
494
B.101
Saving and capital transfer
88
–5
90
210
–1
202
–10
192
B.102
Other changes in volume of assets
14
–1
–2
–1
0
10
10
B.103
Nominal holding gains/losses
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
B.1031
Neutral holding gains/losses
82
6
27
87
6
208
6
214
B.1032
Real holding gains/losses
52
4
11
9
4
80
–2
78
Table 8.15 —
   
Account IV.3: balance sheets — closing balance sheet
Assets
Corresponding entries of the
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Total
Goods and Services account
Rest of the world account
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Stocks and changes in assets
5 101
5 101
170
1 544
846
89
2 452
AN
Non-financial assets
3 112
3 112
131
923
526
63
1 469
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
2 825
2 825
128
766
490
50
1 391
AN.11
Fixed assets
146
146
1
52
23
0
70
AN.12
Inventories
141
141
2
105
13
13
8
AN.13
Valuables
1 989
1 989
39
621
320
26
983
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1 959
1 959
39
621
312
22
965
AN.21
Natural resources
30
30
0
0
8
4
18
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
9 613
859
8 754
176
3 465
387
3 651
1 075
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
782
1
781
0
0
81
700
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1 687
116
1 571
112
904
124
10
421
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 527
138
1 389
25
214
4
1 046
100
AF.3
Debt securities
1 536
74
1 462
8
27
118
1 240
69
AF.4
Loans
3 115
360
2 755
23
1 825
15
595
297
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
545
26
519
4
430
21
38
26
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
35
35
0
6
0
21
8
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
386
144
242
4
59
24
1
154
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
B.90
Net worth
Table 8.15 —
   
Account IV.3: balance sheets — closing balance sheet (continued)
Liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Other flows and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the world account
Goods and services account
Total
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets
AN.12
Inventories
AN.13
Valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
3 378
3 768
789
205
127
8 267
1 346
9 613
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
782
782
AF.2
Currency and deposits
40
1 346
139
10
38
1 573
114
1 687
AF.3
Debt securities
51
1 117
257
2
0
1 427
100
1 527
AF.4
Loans
918
0
337
180
49
1 484
52
1 536
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
2 087
804
6
0
0
2 897
218
3 115
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
12
483
19
1
5
520
25
545
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
7
18
0
0
0
25
10
35
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
263
0
31
12
35
341
45
386
B.90
Net worth
149
–28
444
4 804
219
5 590
– 475
5 115
REST OF THE WORLD ACCOUNTS (V)
8.65
The rest of the world accounts record transactions between resident and non-resident units. The rest of the world does not constitute an institutional sector as such, but in the structure of the system it plays a similar role.
8.66
The sequence of rest of the world accounts follows the same general pattern as the institutional sector accounts, i.e.:
(a)
current accounts,
(b)
accumulation accounts,
(c)
balance sheets.
8.67
The accounts listed in points (a) to (c) of paragraph 8.66 are drawn up from the point of view of the rest of the world. Thus, what is a resource for the rest of the world is a use for the total economy and vice versa. By the same token, a financial asset held by the rest of the world is a liability for the total economy and vice versa). An exception is gold bullion held as reserve assets, which despite having no counterpart liability, are recorded in the financial account because of their role in international payments.
Current accounts
External account of goods and services (V.I)
8.68
Imports of goods and services are recorded on the resources side of the account and exports of goods and services on the uses side. The difference between resources and uses is the balancing item in the account, called ‧external balance of goods and services‧. If it is positive, there is a surplus for the rest of the world and a deficit for the total economy and vice versa if it is negative.
8.69
Imports and exports are both valued at the customs frontier of the exporting country. For exports, the values will be collected at prices which are ‧free on board‧ (FOB). The import values will be collected at prices including ‧carriage, insurance and freight‧ (CIF) incurred between the country of origin and the importing country i.e. on a CIF basis. In order to reduce the import value to a free on board basis reflecting the value at the frontier of the country of origin, the CIF element must be subtracted from the goods value measured at the point of entry of the importing country. This CIF element is then allocated to the appropriate service activities, either as imports in the case of non-resident units, and domestic output in the case of resident units providing these services.
When transport and insurance services included in the FOB value of imports of goods (i.e. between the factory and the border of the country of export) are provided by resident units, they must be included in the value of exports of services by the economy importing the goods. Conversely, when transport and insurance services included in the FOB value of exports of goods are provided by non-resident units they must be included in the value of imports of services by the economy exporting the goods.
External account of primary incomes and current transfers (V.II)
8.70
The purpose of the external account of primary incomes and current transfers is to determine the current external balance, which, in the structure of the system, corresponds to saving by the institutional sectors. This account is a condensed version of the sequence, for an institutional sector, extending from the allocation of primary income account to the use of income account.
8.71
On the resources side, the external account of primary incomes and current transfers shows the external balance of goods and services. It also records, on the resources or uses side, all distributive transactions which may involve the rest of the world, apart from capital transfers.
External accumulation accounts (V.III)
Capital account (V.III.1)
8.72
The rest of the world capital account records acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets by non-resident units and measures the changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers.
8.73
The balancing item of the capital account is the net lending or borrowing of the rest of the world. It is equal, but has the opposite sign, to the sum of the net lending or borrowing of the resident institutional sectors.
Financial account (V.III.2)
8.74
The layout of the rest of the world financial account is identical to that of the institutional sectors' financial account.
Other changes in assets account (V.III.3)
8.75
As for the institutional sectors, the changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets and due to nominal holding gains and losses are determined successively, holding gains and losses themselves being broken down into neutral and real holding gains and losses.
8.76
The absence of produced assets in the accumulation accounts and balance sheets of the rest of the world is due to the convention whereby a notional institutional unit is created, the rest of the world being deemed to have acquired a financial asset — and vice versa for assets held in other economies by resident units.
Balance sheets (V.IV)
8.77
The balance sheets of the rest of the world contain financial assets and liabilities. On the assets side, they also record the total acquisitions less disposals between non-resident and resident units of monetary gold and SDRs.
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account)
V.I:
external account of goods and services
Uses
Resources
P.6
Exports of goods and services
540
P.7
Imports of goods and services
499
P.61
Exports of goods
462
P.71
Imports of goods
392
P.62
Exports of services
78
P.72
Imports of services
107
B.11
External balance of goods and services
–41
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account) (continued)
V.II:
external account of primary incomes and current transfers
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
6
B.11
External balance of goods and services
–41
D.11
Wages and salaries
6
D.1
Compensation of employees
2
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
0
D.11
Wages and salaries
2
D.21
Taxes on products
0
D.12
Employers' social contributions
0
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
0
D.121
Employers' actual social contributions
0
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excl. VAT
0
D.122
Employers' imputed social contributions
0
D.2121
Import duties
0
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
D.21
Taxes on products
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
0
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
0
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
0
D.3
Subsidies
0
D.2121
Import duties
0
D.31
Subsidies on products
0
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
0
D.39
Other subsidies on production
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
0
D.4
Property income
44
D.3
Subsidies
0
D.41
Interest
13
D.31
Subsidies on products
0
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
17
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.421
Dividends
13
D.319
Other subsidies on products
0
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
4
D.39
Other subsidies on production
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
14
D.44
Other investment income
0
D.4
Property income
38
D.41
Interest
21
Current transfers
17
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
17
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
1
D.421
Dividends
14
D.51
Taxes on income
1
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
3
D.59
Other current taxes
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.61
Net social contributions
0
D.44
Other investment income
0
D.611
Employers' actual social contributions
0
D.6111
Employers' actual pension contributions
0
Current transfers
55
D.6112
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
0
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
0
D.612
Employers' imputed social contributions
0
D.51
Taxes on income
0
D.6121
Employers' imputed pension contributions
0
D.59
Other current taxes
D.6122
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.61
Net social contributions
0
D.613
Households' actual social contributions
0
D.611
Employers' actual social contributions
0
D.6131
Households' actual pension contributions
0
D.6111
Employers' actual pension contributions
0
D.6132
Households' actual non-pension contributions
0
D.6112
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
0
D.614
Households' social contribution supplements
0
D.612
Employers' imputed social contributions
0
D.6141
Households' pension contribution supplements
0
D.6121
Employers' imputed pension contributions
0
D.6142
Households' non-pension contribution supplements
0
D.6122
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
0
D.613
Households' actual social contributions
0
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
0
D.6131
Households' actual pension contributions
0
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
0
D.6132
Households' actual non-pension contributions
0
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
0
D.614
Households' social contribution supplements
0
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits cash
0
D.6141
Households' pension contribution supplements
0
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
0
D.6142
Households' non-pension contribution supplements
0
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
0
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
0
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
0
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
0
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
0
D.7
Other current transfers
16
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
0
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
2
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
0
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
1
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
0
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
1
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
0
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
12
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
0
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
0
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
0
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
12
D.7
Other current transfers
55
D.73
Current transfers within general government
0
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
11
D.74
Current international cooperation
1
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
0
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
1
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
11
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
0
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
3
D.752
Current transfers between households
1
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
3
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
0
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
0
D.73
Current transfers within general government
0
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
D.74
Current international cooperation
22
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
10
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
0
D.752
Current transfers between households
7
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
3
D.76
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources
9
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.12
Current external balance
–13
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account) (continued)
V.III:
accumulation accounts
V.III.1:
capital accounts
V.III.1.1:
change in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.12
Current external balance
–13
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
4
D.91r
Capital taxes, receivable
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
4
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–1
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–1
B.101
Changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers
–10
V.III.1.2:
acquisition of non-financial assets
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
B.101
Changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers
–10
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
0
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, Leases and licences
0
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–10
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account) (continued)
V.III.2:
financial account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
47
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
57
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.11
Monetary gold
1
F.11
Monetary gold
F.12
SDRs
0
F.12
SDRs
0
F.2
Currency and deposits
11
F.2
Currency and deposits
–2
F.21
Currency
3
F.21
Currency
1
F.22
Transferable deposits
2
F.22
Transferable deposits
0
F.221
Inter-bank positions
F.221
Inter-bank positions
F.229
Other transferable deposits
2
F.229
Other transferable deposits
F.29
Other deposits
6
F.29
Other deposits
–3
F.3
Debt securities
9
F.3
Debt securities
21
F.31
Short-term
2
F.31
Short-term
5
F.32
Long-term
7
F.32
Long-term
16
F.4
Loans
4
F.4
Loans
35
F.41
Short-term
3
F.41
Short-term
14
F.42
Long-term
1
F.42
Long-term
21
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
12
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
14
F.51
Equity
12
F.51
Equity
9
F.511
Listed shares
10
F.511
Listed shares
3
F.512
Unlisted shares
2
F.512
Unlisted shares
2
F.519
Other equity
0
F.519
Other equity
4
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
0
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
5
F.521
MMF shares/units
0
F.521
MMF shares/units
2
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
0
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
3
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
0
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
0
F.63
Pension entitlements
0
F.63
Pension entitlements
0
F.64
Claim of pension funds on pension managers
0
F.64
Claim of pension funds on pension managers
0
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
0
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
0
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
0
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
F.71
Financial derivatives
0
F.71
Financial derivatives
3
F.711
Options
0
F.711
Options
1
F.712
Forwards
0
F.712
Forwards
2
F.72
Employee stock options
F.72
Employee stock options
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
10
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–14
F.81
Trade credits and advances
8
F.81
Trade credits and advances
–1
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
2
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
–13
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account) (continued)
V.III.3:
other changes in assets accounts
V.III.3.1:
other changes in volume of assets account
Other flows
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
0
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
0
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.6
Changes in classification
0
K.6
Changes in classification
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
0
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
0
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
0
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account) (continued)
V.III.3:
other changes in assets accounts
V.III.3.2:
revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
15
AN.21
Natural resources
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
12
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.3
Debt securities
2
AF
Financial assets
7
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.3
Debt securities
4
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.8
Other accounts payable
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
3
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
4
V.III.3.2.1:
neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets
22
AN.21
Natural resources
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
16
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AF.2
Currency and deposits
2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.3
Debt securities
2
AF
Financial assets
12
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.3
Debt securities
3
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.4
Loans
1
AF.8
Other accounts payable
1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable
3
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
6
V.III.3.2.2:
real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets
–7
AN.21
Natural resources
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–4
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF
Financial assets
–5
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–1
AF.3
Debt securities
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.4
Loans
–1
AF.8
Other accounts payable
–1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable
–3
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
–2
Table 8.16 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the rest of the world (external transactions account) (continued)
V.IV:
external assets and liabilities account
V.IV.1:
opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial liabilities
1 274
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
770
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
116
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.3
Debt securities
77
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.4
Loans
17
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
203
AF
Financial assets
805
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
25
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
7
AF.2
Currency and deposits
105
AF.8
Other accounts payable
59
AF.3
Debt securities
125
AF.4
Loans
70
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
345
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
26
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable
134
B.90
Net worth
– 469
V.IV.2:
changes in balance sheet
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
AF
Financial liabilities
72
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
12
AN.21
Natural resources
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–2
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AF.3
Debt securities
23
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.4
Loans
35
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
15
AF
Financial assets
54
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
AF.2
Currency and deposits
11
AF.8
Other accounts payable
–14
AF.3
Debt securities
13
AF.4
Loans
4
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
15
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable
10
B.10
Changes in net worth Due to:
–6
B.101
Current external balance and capital transfers
–10
B.102
Other changes in volume of assets
0
B.103
Nominal holding gains/losses
4
B.1031
Neutral holding gains/losses
6
B.1032
Real holding gains/losses
–2
V.IV.3:
closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
AF
Financial liabilities
1 346
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
782
AN.21
Natural resources
AF.2
Currency and deposits
114
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AF.3
Debt securities
100
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.4
Loans
52
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
218
AF
Financial assets
859
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
25
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
10
AF.2
Currency and deposits
116
AF.8
Other accounts payable
45
AF.3
Debt securities
138
AF.4
Loans
74
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
360
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
26
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable
144
B.90
Net worth
– 475
GOODS AND SERVICES ACCOUNT (0)
8.78
The purpose of the goods and services account is to show, by product group and for the total economy, the supply of products and their uses. The account is not part of the sequence of accounts, but rather an underpinning identity between the supply and use of products in the economy. It represents at aggregate level the matching of supply and use of products in the rows of the supply and use tables.
8.79
It therefore shows, by product group and for the total economy, the resources (output and imports) and the uses of goods and services (intermediate consumption, final consumption, gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, acquisitions less disposals of valuables, and exports).
8.80
Given the way in which output is valued at basic prices and uses at purchasers' prices, taxes (less subsidies) on products must be included in the resources section.
8.81
Uses are recorded on the right-hand side of the goods and services account and resources on the left, i.e. on the opposite side from that used in the current accounts for the institutional sectors, since the product flows are the counterparts of the monetary flows.
8.82
The goods and services account is by definition in balance and, therefore, has no balancing item.
Table 8.17 —
   
Account 0: goods and services account
Resources
Uses
P.1
Output
3 604
P.2
Intermediate consumption
1 883
P.11
Market output
3 077
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 399
P.12
Output for own final use
147
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
1 230
P.13
Non-market output
380
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
169
D.21
Taxes on products
141
P.5g
Gross capital formation
414
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
359
P.7
Imports of goods and services
499
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
358
P.71
Imports of goods
392
P.5112
Acquisition of existing fixed assets
9
P.72
Imports of services
107
P.5113
Disposals of existing fixed assets
–8
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
17
P.52
Change in inventories
28
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
10
P.6
Exports of goods and services
540
P.61
Exports of goods
462
P.62
Exports of services
78
INTEGRATED ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS
8.83
The integrated economic accounts give a concise overview of the accounts of an economy, namely the current accounts, accumulation accounts and balance sheets.
They bring together in the same table the accounts of all the institutional sectors, the total economy and the rest of the world, and balance all the flows and all the assets and liabilities. They also enable the aggregates to be read off directly.
8.84
In the table of integrated economic accounts, uses, assets and changes in assets are recorded on the left-hand side, while resources, liabilities, changes in liabilities and net worth are recorded on the right-hand side.
8.85
To make the table readable while giving a picture of the whole economic process, the levels of aggregation used are the highest compatible with an understanding of the structure of the system.
8.86
The columns in the table represent the institutional sectors, namely: non-financial corporations, financial corporations, general government, non-profit institutions serving households, and households. There are also a column for the total economy, a column for the rest of the world, and a column which balances uses and resources of goods and services.
8.87
The rows in the table represent the various categories of transactions, assets and liabilities, balancing items and certain aggregates
Table 8.18 —
   
Integrated economic accounts
Current accounts
Uses
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Accounts
Total
Goods and service (res)
RoW
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
I.
Production/external account of goods and services
499
499
P.7
Imports of goods and services
540
540
P.6
Exports of goods and services
3 604
3 604
P.1
Output
1 883
1 883
17
115
222
52
1 477
P.2
Intermediate consumption
133
133
D.21-D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
1 854
1 854
15
155
126
94
1 331
B.1g/B.1*g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
222
222
3
23
27
12
157
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
1 632
1 632
12
132
99
82
1 174
B.1n/B.1*n
Value added, net/net domestic product
–41
–41
B.11
External balance of goods and services
II.1.1.
Generation of income account
1 150
1 150
11
11
98
44
986
D.1
Compensation of employees
191
0
191
D.2-D.3
Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
133
0
133
D.21-D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
58
0
58
1
–1
1
4
53
D.29-D.39
Other taxes less subsidies on production
452
452
3
84
27
46
292
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
61
61
61
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
238
238
0
69
0
34
135
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
53
53
53
B.3n
Mixed income, net
II.1.2
Allocation of primary income account
435
44
391
6
41
42
168
134
D.4
Property income
1 864
1 864
4
1 381
198
27
254
B.5g/B.5*g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
1 642
1 642
1
1 358
171
15
97
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
II.2
Secondary distribution of income account
213
1
212
0
178
0
10
24
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth etc.
333
0
333
333
D.61
Net social contributions
384
0
384
5
0
112
205
62
D.62
Social benefits other than transfers in kind
299
16
283
2
71
136
62
12
D.7
Other current transfers
1 826
1 826
37
1 219
317
25
228
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
1 604
1 604
34
1 196
290
13
71
B.6n
Disposable income, net
II.3
Redistribution of income in kind account
215
215
31
184
D.63
Social transfers in kind
1 826
1 826
6
1 434
133
25
228
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
1 604
1 604
3
1 411
106
13
71
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
II.4
Use of income account
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
B.6n
Disposable income, net
1 399
1 399
1
1 230
168
P.4
Actual final consumption
1 399
1 399
32
1 015
352
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
11
0
11
0
0
11
0
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
427
427
5
215
–35
14
228
B.8g
Saving, gross
205
205
2
192
–62
2
71
B.8n
Saving, net
–13
–13
B.12
Current external balance
Resources
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
RoW
Goods and service (uses)
Total
Accounts
P.7
Imports of goods and services
499
499
I.
Production/external account of goods and services
P.6
Exports of goods and services
540
540
P.1
Output
2 808
146
348
270
32
3 604
3 604
P.2
Intermediate consumption
1 883
1 883
D.21-D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
133
133
B.1g/B.1*g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
1 331
94
126
155
15
1 854
1 854
II.1.1.
Generation of income account
II.1.2
Allocation of primary income account
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
157
12
27
23
3
222
222
B.1n/B.1*n
Value added, net/net domestic product
1 174
82
99
132
12
1 632
1 632
B.11
External balance of goods and services
–41
–41
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 154
1 154
2
1 156
D.2-D.3
Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
191
191
0
191
D.21-D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
133
133
0
133
D.29-D.39
Other taxes less subsidies on production
58
58
0
58
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
292
46
27
84
3
452
452
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
61
61
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
135
34
0
69
0
238
238
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
53
53
D.4
Property income
96
149
22
123
7
397
38
435
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
254
27
198
1 381
4
1 864
1 864
II.2
Secondary distribution of income account
B.5n/B.5*n
Balance of primary incomes, net/national income, net
97
15
171
1 358
1
1 642
1 642
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth etc.
213
213
0
213
D.61
Net social contributions
66
213
50
0
4
333
0
333
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
384
384
0
384
D.7
Other current transfers
6
62
104
36
36
244
55
299
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
II.3
Redistribution of income in kind account
B.6n
Disposable income, net
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
D.63
Social transfers in kind
215
215
215
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
228
25
133
1 434
6
1 826
1 826
II.4
Use of income account
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
71
13
106
1 411
3
1 604
1 604
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
B.6n
Disposable income, net
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
P.4
Actual final consumption
1 399
1 399
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 399
1 399
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
11
0
11
B.8g
Saving, gross
B.8n
Saving, net
B.12
Current external balance
Table 8.18 —
   
Integrated economic accounts
Accumulation accounts
Changes in assets
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Accounts
Total
Goods and service (res)
RoW
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
III.1.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
B.8n
Saving, net
B.12
Current external balance
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable (–)
192
–29
221
20
236
–81
–16
62
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
III.1.2
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
414
414
5
55
38
8
308
P.5g
Gross capital formation
– 222
– 222
–3
–23
–27
–12
– 157
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital (–)
28
28
0
2
0
0
26
P.52
Changes in inventories
10
10
0
5
3
0
2
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
0
0
0
1
4
2
0
–7
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
–10
10
–4
174
– 103
–1
–56
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing(–)
III.2
Financial account
483
47
436
2
189
–10
172
83
F
Net acquisition of financial assets\
0
1
–1
0
–1
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
100
11
89
2
64
–26
10
39
F.2
Currency and deposits
95
9
86
–1
10
4
66
7
F.3
Debt securities
82
4
78
0
3
3
53
19
F.4
Loans
119
12
107
0
66
3
28
10
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
48
0
48
0
39
1
7
1
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
14
0
14
0
3
0
8
3
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
25
10
15
1
4
5
1
4
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
III.3.1
Other changes in volume of assets account
33
33
0
0
7
0
26
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
–11
–11
0
0
–2
–9
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–11
–11
0
0
–6
0
–5
K.3
Catastrophic losses
0
0
0
0
5
0
–5
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
2
2
0
2
0
1
1
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
0
0
0
–4
–2
6
K.6
Changes in classification
13
13
0
0
0
–1
14
Other volume changes, total
Of which
–7
–7
0
0
–3
–2
–2
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
17
17
0
0
3
0
14
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
3
3
0
0
0
1
2
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
III.3.2
Revaluation account
K.7
Nominal holding gains/losses
280
280
8
80
44
4
144
AN
Non-financial assets
126
126
5
35
21
2
63
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
154
0
154
3
45
23
2
81
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
91
7
84
2
16
1
57
8
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
RoW
Goods and service (uses)
Total
Accounts
B.8n
Saving, net
71
2
–62
192
2
205
205
II.1.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
B.12
Current external balance
–13
–13
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
33
0
6
23
0
62
4
66
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable (–)
–16
–7
–34
–5
–3
–65
–1
–66
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
88
–5
–90
210
–1
202
–10
192
II.1.2
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
P.5g
Gross capital formation
414
414
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital (–)
– 222
P.52
Changes in inventories
28
28
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
10
10
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing(–)
–56
–1
– 103
174
–4
10
–10
0
III.2
Financial account
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
139
173
93
15
6
426
57
483
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.2
Currency and deposits
65
37
102
–2
100
F.3
Debt securities
6
30
38
0
0
74
21
95
F.4
Loans
21
0
9
11
6
47
35
82
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
83
22
105
14
119
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
48
0
48
0
48
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
8
0
0
0
11
3
14
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
26
9
4
39
–14
25
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
II.3.1
Other changes in volume of assets account
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
K.3
Catastrophic losses
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
K.6
Changes in classification
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
Total other volume changes
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
Of which
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
14
–1
–2
–1
0
10
10
K.7
Nominal holding gains/losses
II.3.2
Revaluation account
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
18
51
7
0
0
76
15
91
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
Table 8.18 —
   
Integrated economic accounts
Balance sheets
Assets
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Accounts
Total
Goods and service (res.)
RoW
Total economy
NPISHs
Households
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
IV.1
Opening balance sheet
4 621
4 621
159
1 429
789
93
2 151
AN
Non-financial assets
2 818
2 818
124
856
497
67
1 274
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1 803
1 803
35
573
292
26
877
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
9 036
805
8 231
172
3 260
396
3 421
982
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
B.90
Net worth
IV.2
Changes in balance sheet
Total changes in assets
480
480
11
115
57
–4
301
AN
Non-financial assets
294
294
7
67
29
–4
195
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
186
186
4
48
28
0
106
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
577
54
523
4
205
–9
230
93
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
B.10
Changes in net worth, total
B.101
Saving and capital transfers
B.102
Other changes in volume of assets
B.103
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses(–)
IV.3
Closing balance sheet
5 101
5 101
170
1 544
846
89
2 452
AN
Non-financial assets
3 112
3 112
131
923
526
63
1 469
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1 989
1 989
39
621
320
26
983
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
9 613
859
8 754
176
3 465
387
3 651
1 075
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
B.90
Net worth
Liabilities and net worth
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Transactions and other flows stocks and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households
NPISHs
Total economy
RoW
Goods and service (uses)
Total
Accounts
AN
Non-financial assets
IV.1
Opening balance sheet
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
3 221
3 544
687
189
121
7 762
1 274
9 036
B.90
Net worth
–88
–30
498
4 500
210
5 090
– 469
4 621
Total changes in assets
IV.2
Changes in balance sheet
AN
Non-financial assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
157
224
102
16
6
505
72
577
B.10
Changes in net worth, total
237
4
–54
304
9
500
–6
494
B.101
Saving and capital transfers
88
–5
–90
210
–1
202
–10
192
B.102
Other changes in volume of assets
14
–1
–2
–1
0
10
10
B.103
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses(–)
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
AN
Non-financial assets
IV.3
Closing balance sheet
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
3 378
3 768
789
205
127
8 267
1 346
9 613
B.90
Net worth
149
–26
444
4 804
219
5 590
– 475
5 115
AGGREGATES
8.88
The aggregates are summary indicators of the result of the activity of the total economy and key magnitudes for purposes of macroeconomic analysis and comparisons over time and space.
Gross domestic product at market prices (GDP)
8.89
Gross domestic product at market prices is the final result of the production activity of resident producer units. It can be defined in three ways:
(a)
production approach: GDP is the sum of gross value added of the various institutional sectors or the various industries plus taxes and less subsidies on products (which are not allocated to sectors and industries). It is also the balancing item in the total economy production account;
(b)
expenditure approach: GDP is the sum of final uses of goods and services by resident institutional units (final consumption and gross capital formation), plus exports and minus imports of goods and services;
(c)
income approach: GDP is the sum of uses in the total economy generation of income account (compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, gross operating surplus and mixed income of the total economy).
8.90
By deducting consumption of fixed capital from GDP, we obtain net domestic product at market prices (NDP).
Operating surplus of the total economy
8.91
The gross (or net) operating surplus of the total economy is the sum of the gross (or net) operating surpluses of the various industries or the various institutional sectors.
Mixed income of the total economy
8.92
The gross (or net) mixed income of the total economy is identical to the gross (or net) mixed income of the households sector.
Entrepreneurial income of the total economy
8.93
The gross (or net) entrepreneurial income of the total economy is the sum of the gross (or net) entrepreneurial incomes of the various sectors.
National income (at market prices)
8.94
Gross (or net) national income (at market prices) represents total primary income receivable by resident institutional units: compensation of employees, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, property income (receivable less payable), (gross or net) operating surplus and (gross or net) mixed income.
Gross national income (at market prices) equals GDP minus primary income payable by resident institutional units to non-resident institutional units plus primary income receivable by resident institutional units from the rest of the world.
National income is not a production concept but an income concept, which is more significant if expressed in net terms, i.e. after deduction of the consumption of fixed capital.
National disposable income
8.95
Gross (or net) national disposable income is the sum of the gross (or net) disposable incomes of the institutional sectors. Gross (or net) national disposable income equals gross (or net) national income (at market prices) minus current transfers (current taxes on income, wealth etc., social contributions, social benefits and other current transfers) payable to non-resident units, plus current transfers receivable by resident units from the rest of the world.
Saving
8.96
This aggregate measures the portion of national disposable income that is not used for final consumption expenditure. Gross (or net) national saving is the sum of the gross (or net) savings of the various institutional sectors.
Current external balance
8.97
The balancing item in the external account of primary income and current transfers represents the surplus (if it is negative) or the deficit (if it is positive) of the total economy on its current transactions (trade in goods and services, primary incomes, current transfers) with the rest of the world
Net lending (+) or borrowing (–) of the total economy
8.98
The net lending (+) or borrowing (–) of the total economy is the sum of the net lending or borrowing of the institutional sectors. It represents the net resources that the total economy makes available to the rest of the world (if it is positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative). The net lending (+) or borrowing (–) of the total economy is equal but of opposite sign to the net borrowing (–) or lending (+) of the rest of the world.
Net worth of the total economy
8.99
The net worth of the total economy is the sum of the net worth of the institutional sectors. It represents the value of the non-financial assets of the total economy minus the balance of financial assets and liabilities of the rest of the world.
General government expenditure and revenue
General government expenditure and revenue are defined by reference to a list of the ESA categories.
8.100
Government expenditure comprises the following ESA categories, recorded under the use side of general government accounts, with the exception of D.3 which is recorded under the resource side of general government accounts:
P.2
Intermediate consumption
P.5
Gross capital formation
D.1
Compensation of employees
D.29
Other taxes on production, payable
D.3
Subsidies, payable
D.4
Property income, payable
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
D.632
Social transfers in kind - purchased market production
D.7
Other current transfers
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
Government revenue comprises the following ESA categories, recorded under the resource side of general government accounts, with the exception of D.39 which is recorded under the use side of general government accounts:
P.11
Market output
P.12
Output for own final use
P.131
Payments for non-market output
D.2
Taxes on production and imports, receivable
D.39
Other subsidies on production, receivable
D.4
Property income, receivable
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
D.61
Net social contributions
D.7
Other current transfers
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
By definition, the difference between general government revenue and general government expenditure is net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) of the general government sector.
The transactions D.41 (interest), D.73 (current transfers within general government), D.92 (investment grants) and D.99 (other capital transfers) are consolidated. The other transactions are not consolidated.
CHAPTER 9
SUPPLY AND USE TABLES AND THE INPUT-OUTPUT FRAMEWORK
INTRODUCTION
9.01
The purpose of this Chapter is to provide an overview of supply and use tables and of the input-output framework.
9.02
The core of the input-output framework is the supply and use tables in current prices and prices of the previous year. The framework is completed by the symmetric input-output tables which are derived from the supply and use tables by using assumptions or additional data.
The supply and use and symmetric input-output tables can be extended and modified for specific purposes such as productivity accounts, labour accounts, quarterly accounts, regional accounts and environmental accounts in monetary or physical terms.
9.03
Supply and use tables are matrices describing the values of transactions in products for the national economy categorised by product type and industry. These tables show:
(a)
the structure of the costs of production, and the income generated in the production process;
(b)
the flows of goods and services produced within the national economy;
(c)
the flows of goods and services between the domestic economy and the rest of the world; for analysis in a European context, a distinction is required between intra-EU flows and flows with countries outside the EU.
9.04
A supply table shows the supply of goods and services by product and by producing industry, and distinguishes supply amongst domestic industries and imports. A schematic outline of a supply table is given in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1 —
   
Schematic outline of a supply table
Supplies
Producing industries
Rest of the world
Totals
Products
Output values
Import values
Total supply by product
Totals
Total industry output
Total imports
Total supply
9.05
A use table shows the use of goods and services categorised by product and by type of use. The uses shown in the columns are as follows:
(a)
intermediate consumption by industry;
(b)
final consumption expenditure: households, government and NPISH;
(c)
gross capital formation; and
(d)
exports.
In the columns under the intermediate consumption by industry, the table shows the components of gross value-added, as follows:
(a)
compensation of employees;
(b)
other taxes less subsidies on production;
(c)
net mixed income, net operating surplus and consumption of fixed capital.
A schematic outline of a use table is given in Table 9.2 below.
Table 9.2 —
   
Schematic outline of a use table
Uses
Industries
Final consumption
Gross capital formation
Rest of the world
Total
Products
Total
Intermediate consumption
Final consumption
Gross capital formation
Exports
Total use
Components of value added
Compensation of employees
Other taxes less subsidies
Net operating surplus
Consumption of fixed capital
9.06
In the supply and use tables the following identities apply:
(a)
for each industry, output equals intermediate consumption plus gross value added;
(b)
for each product, supply equals the sum of all uses, shown in balanced rows in the supply and use framework.
This identity is valid only when supply and use are on the same valuation basis, i.e. both at purchasers' prices or both at basic prices (see paragraphs 9.30 to 9.33).
Accordingly, for each product:
supply at purchasers' prices is equal to
output of the product at basic prices
plus
imports at basic prices
plus
trade and transport margins
plus
taxes 
less
 subsidies on products
which is equal to use of the product at purchasers' prices, which is equal to
intermediate demand for the product
plus
final consumption expenditure
plus
gross capital formation
plus
exports.
At the level of the total economy, total intermediate demand is equal to total intermediate consumption, trade and transport margins sum to zero over the whole economy as they are matched by the output of the margin industries, and so this identity can be stated as:
output + imports + taxes on products less subsidies on products = Intermediate consumption + final consumption +gross capital formation + exports
therefore
output – intermediate consumption + taxes on products less subsidies on products
= final consumption + gross capital formation + exports less imports
which shows the equivalence of the production and expenditure approaches to measuring GDP;
(c)
gross value-added as the difference between output and intermediate consumption by industry. It is identical to the sum of the incomes generated. So gross value-added equals the sum of compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital, net operating surplus/mixed income, and other taxes less subsidies on production. This enables the consistency of the income approach to measuring GDP to be checked with the production approach.
9.07
Supply and use tables are the central framework for industry analyses, such as analysis of output, value added, compensation of employees, employment, operating surplus/mixed income, taxes (less subsidies) on production, gross fixed capital formation, consumption of fixed capital and capital stock.
9.08
The supply and use tables contain the flows in the following accounts:
(a)
the goods and services account;
(b)
the production account;
(c)
the generation of income account.
These accounts show the generation of income and the supply and use of goods and services by institutional sector. The supply and use tables can complement this information by showing a breakdown by industry and by showing volume and price changes. The information by institutional sector in the sector accounts and the information by industry in the supply and use tables can be linked by a cross-classification table such as that given in Table 9.3 below.
Table 9.3 —
   
Table linking supply and use tables to sector accounts
Industries (NACE)
Total
Sector
S.11
Non-financial corporations
Intermediate consumption
Gross value added
Compensation of employees
Other taxes less subsidies on production
Consumption of fixed capital
Net operating surplus/mixed income
Output
Gross fixed capital formation
Stock of fixed assets
Employment
S.12
Financial corporations
Intermediate consumption
…
Employment
S.13
General government
S.14
Households
S.142
Own-account workers
Services of owner-occupied dwellings
S.15
NPISH
Sector totals
Intermediate consumption
…
Employment
9.09
A symmetric input-output table is shown in Table 9.4, and is a matrix showing how supply matches uses using a product-by-product or industry-by-industry categorisation of output and the detailed transactions of intermediate consumption and final uses. There is one major conceptual difference between a symmetric input-output table and a use table: in the use table, the entries show how products are used by industries in intermediate consumption, whereas in a symmetric input-output table there are two alternative presentations:
(a)
the entries show how products are used as intermediate consumption to make products; or
(b)
the entries show how the outputs of industry are used in the intermediate consumption of other industries to create the industrial output.
Accordingly, in a symmetric input-output table either a product or an industry classification is employed for both rows and columns.
Table 9.4 —
   
Schematic outline of a symmetric input-output table, for products
Products produced
Final consumption
Gross capital formation
Rest of the world
Total
Products used
Intermediate consumption
Final consumption of households, NPISHs and government
Gross capital formation
Exports
Totals
Components of gross value added
Rest of the world
Total
9.10
Most statistical information that can be obtained from producer units indicates what type of products they have produced and sold and, usually in less detail, what type of products they have bought and used. The format of the supply and use tables is designed to fit in with this type of statistical information (i.e. products used by industry).
9.11
By contrast, information of a product-by-product or industry-by-industry nature as required by the symmetric input-output table is not often available. For example, surveys of industries usually provide information about the type of products used in production, and about the products produced and sold. Information on inputs used in making specific products is usually not available.
9.12
Information arranged in the form of supply and use tables is the starting point for constructing the more analytical form of symmetric input-output tables. The industry by product information in the supply and use tables can be converted into symmetric tables, by adding extra information on the input structures, or by assuming identical input structures or market shares by product or by industry.
9.13
Supply and use tables and the input-output framework combine three different roles:
—
description,
—
statistical tool,
—
tool for analysis.
DESCRIPTION
9.14
Supply and use tables give a systematic description of the generation of income and supply of product, and use by industry. Developments of the inputs and outputs of production processes of individual industries are shown in the context of the national economy, i.e. related to the production processes of other domestic industries and the rest of the world and final consumption expenditure.
A major role of supply and use tables is to show changes in the structure of the economy, e.g. changes in the importance of various industries, changes in the inputs used and outputs produced and changes in the composition of final consumption expenditure, gross capital formation, imports and exports. Such changes may reflect developments such as globalisation, outsourcing, innovation and changes in labour costs, taxes, oil prices and exchange rates.
Supply and use tables in prices of the previous year are used to compile GDP volume growth statistics, for describing changes in economic structure in nominal or volume terms. They also provide a framework in which to present national price changes and changes in labour costs.
STATISTICAL TOOL
9.15
Using information on production, expenditure and income in the construction of supply and use tables, and reconciling inconsistent estimates, generates a reliable and balanced set of national accounts, including the estimates of key aggregates such as GDP in current prices and prices of the previous year.
9.16
In measuring GDP at market prices, three basic approaches can be adopted: the production approach, the expenditure approach and the income approach. These three different approaches are used in the compilation of the supply and use tables as follows:
(a)
according to the production approach, GDP at market prices is equal to output at basic prices minus intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices, plus taxes (less subsidies) on products;
(b)
according to the expenditure approach, GDP at market prices is equal to the sum of final use categories minus imports: final consumption expenditure + gross capital formation + exports – imports;
(c)
according to the income approach, GDP at market prices is equal to the sum of compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital, other taxes less subsidies on production and net operating surplus/mixed income, plus taxes less subsidies on products.
A single estimate of GDP at market prices is derived when the supply and use tables are balanced.
9.17
The supply and use tables are, in particular, useful for estimating GDP at market prices according to the production approach and expenditure approach. Major data sources for this are business surveys and administrative data such as VAT records and excise duties. Supply and use tables are used to combine information from the production and expenditure approaches by calculating and balancing supply and use at the product level. In this method, supply of a specific product is calculated and allocated to various uses, such as final consumption expenditure of households, intermediate consumption and exports. The income method does not provide the same robust balancing exercise, as operating surplus and mixed income are usually estimated as a residual on the basis of information from the other two approaches. However, the income method improves the balancing when the structure of the factor income components can be estimated. The consistency of supply and use tables with the sector accounts can be checked through linkage tables as shown in Table 9.3. This confrontation can help in the estimation of GDP at market prices, by comparing information from the profit-and-loss accounts of companies with the equivalent industry estimates.
9.18
The supply and use tables serve a variety of statistical purposes:
(a)
identifying gaps and inconsistencies in data sources;
(b)
making estimates by residual, for example estimating the final consumption of specific products as a residual after other uses of the products have been allocated;
(c)
making estimates by extrapolating figures from a base period to later periods for which less reliable information is available. For example, annual figures may be estimated on the basis of the detailed supply and use figures for a benchmark year, and later quarterly figures can be estimated by extrapolating from the reference period;
(d)
checking and improving the consistency, plausibility and completeness of figures in the supply and use tables and derived figures such as those in the production accounts. To this end, the balancing process is not limited to supply and use tables at current prices:
(1)
with the aid of the tables such as Table 9.3 showing the linkage with the sector accounts, a direct comparison can be made between production, expenditure and income estimates from the supply and use system, and those from independent sources used in the sector accounts. Reconciliation at this stage guarantees that, following the supply and use balancing process, consistency is obtained between the supply and use tables and the sector accounts;
(2)
deriving symmetric input-output tables from the supply and use tables can give feedback revealing inconsistencies and weaknesses in the supply and use tables.
(3)
by compiling supply and use tables at current prices and in volume terms for two or more years, estimates of changes in volumes, values and prices can be balanced simultaneously: compared to compiling and balancing supply and use tables for a single year in isolation at current prices only, this is a major extension of the effectiveness of the supply and use framework;
(e)
weighting and calculation of index numbers and price and volume measures, e.g. of GDP by deflating final uses by product or of GDP by applying the double-deflation method by industry. Deflation is carried out at the lowest possible level of aggregation of transactions, consistent with reliable estimates of price movements, for the following reasons:
(1)
generally speaking, price and volume indicators will be more representative at a low level of aggregation;
(2)
quality change can be measured better at a lower level of aggregation, e.g. changes in the composition of the supply or use of a product group can be taken into account;
(3)
available price indices from price statistics are often of the Laspeyres type. The objection that they are applied in place of the theoretically more appropriate Paasche type is less severe if they are used at a low level of aggregation.
Balancing of supply and use of a product is easier when the number of products distinguished is higher and the source data is available at this level of detail. The quality of the balanced results will be higher; this is in particular true when there are data gaps.
TOOL FOR ANALYSIS
9.19
A major analytic strength of input-output tables is that they enable the measurement of not only first order effects when there are, for example, changes in energy prices or labour costs, but also second order and more indirect effects. For example, a significant increase in energy prices will affect not only those industries that use energy intensively, but also those industries that use the outputs of energy-intensive producers. Such indirect effects can be highly relevant, as they are sometimes more significant than the direct effects.
SUPPLY AND USE TABLES IN MORE DETAIL
Classifications
9.20
The classification used for industries in supply, use and input-output tables is the NACE and the classification employed for products is the CPA; these classifications are fully aligned to each other: at each level of aggregation, the CPA shows the principal products of the industries according to the NACE.
9.21
In the supply and use tables, the classification for products is at least as detailed as the classification for industries, e.g. the three-digit level of the CPA and the two digit-level of the NACE.
9.22
Industry and product classifications can be based on three different types of criteria: supply-criteria, demand-criteria and size. For productivity analysis, products and their producers are in principle classified by type of production process. For analysis of demand, products are classified by similarity of purpose, for example luxury goods are grouped together, or similarity of marketing relationship such as the sales outlet type. For input-output analysis, the same classification of products or industries is used for supply and demand. The classification is defined in such a way that the size of each class is not too small or too large a part of the national economy. For international classifications, this implies that the quantitative importance of most of the classes is substantial in many countries.
9.23
The industry and product classifications in the national accounts are necessarily based on a mixture of such criteria and also the legacy of history. They are mainly defined from a producers' point of view, and so less well suited to analysing supply and demand. Compilers and users of national accounts data on industries and products should have a good notion of what is actually included and excluded in each of the groups and their implications. For example, the industry real estate activities include the services of owner-occupied dwellings and the industry insurance excludes social security funds.
9.24
Local KAUs within one industry can have different production processes. This may reflect substantial differences in vertical integration, with ancillary activities such as cleaning, transport, administration and canteen services contracted out, machinery rented, labour contracted in via temporary agencies, and marketing. It may also reflect differences between legal and illegal producers or between producers in different regions.
9.25
Due to the changing economic importance of different industries and products, changes in production processes and the appearance of new products, the industry and product classifications are updated regularly. However, a balance has to be struck between keeping abreast of changes in the economy, and the need for comparability of data over time combined with the costs involved of such major changes for the producers and users of the data.
9.26
The product classification in the supply and use tables is generally more detailed than the industry classification. There are four major reasons for this:
(a)
available data on products are often much more detailed than those on industries;
(b)
the characteristic output of one industry may be subject to substantially different tax regimes and prices, for example when there is price discrimination. Compilation and analysis benefit from different products being distinguished;
(c)
to enable high quality deflation and the estimation of measures in volume terms, the product groups are homogeneous and well linked to the available price deflators;
(d)
to ensure a transparent compilation process, separate products are needed to reveal major specific national accounts conventions, such as the services of owner-occupied dwellings, insurance and the market and non-market output by government units.
9.27
The distinction between market output, output for own final use and non-market output is only to be used for the total output by industry; the distinction is not required for each product group.
9.28
The distinction between market producers, producers for own final use and non-market producers is used for industry when such different types of producers are present. In general, this distinction will therefore only be used for sub-classifying a very limited number of industries such as health care and education.
9.29
For analysing the economy of Member States from a European perspective or for deriving supply and use tables for the whole EU, imports and exports are subdivided into:
(a)
intra-EU flows, distinguishing between within the European Monetary Union and with other Member States;
(b)
imports and exports with non-EU countries.
Valuation principles
9.30
In the supply table, flows of goods and services are valued at basic prices. In the use table, the flows of goods and services are valued at purchasers' prices. In order to have a consistent valuation for the supply and use tables, Table 9.5 shows the transition of supply at basic prices to supply at purchasers' prices. As supply equals use for products, two identities now hold:
(a)
supply at purchasers' prices is equal to use at purchasers' prices;
(b)
supply at basic prices is equal to use at basic prices.
9.31
Gross value added is recorded at basic prices. It is output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued at purchasers' prices.
9.32
Gross value added at factor cost is not a concept used in the ESA. It can be derived from value added at basic prices by subtracting other taxes (less subsidies) on production.
9.33
The transition from supply at basic prices to purchasers' prices involves:
(a)
reallocating trade margins;
(b)
reallocating transport margins;
(c)
adding taxes on products (except deductible VAT);
(d)
deducting subsidies on products.
A similar transition applies to transforming use at purchasers' prices into use at basic prices; however, this will amount to deducting taxes on products and adding subsidies on products. Tables 9.8 and 9.9 show the transition in more detail. These tables also serve analytical purposes, such as analysis of prices and analysis of the consequences of changes in the rates of taxes on products.
9.34
Thus, the following tables result from the balancing process:
(a)
supply and use Tables 9.5 and 9.6 showing the final results of balancing totals of supply and use by products at purchasers' prices;
(b)
the tables on trade and transport margins (Table 9.7) and on taxes (less subsidies) on products (Table 9.8).
Table 9.5 —
   
Supply table at basic prices, and the transformation into purchasers' prices
Supplies
Industries (NACE)
Rest of the world
Total supply at basic prices
Trade and transport margins
Taxes less subsidies on products
Total supply at purchasers' prices
Products (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Output by product and industry
Imports by product
(CIF)
Total supply by product
Total
Total output by industry
0
Market output
0
Output for own final use
0
0
Non-market output
0
Table 9.6 —
   
Use table at purchasers' prices
Uses
Industries (NACE)
Final consumption
Gross capital formation
Rest of the world
Total
Products (CPA)
1
2
3
4
…
Intermediate consumption of products by industry
Final consumption expenditure by product and by
(a)
households
(b)
NPISH
(c)
government
Gross capital formation by product and by
(a)
gross fixed capital formation
(b)
changes in valuables
(c)
changes in inventories
Exports by product (FOB)
Total use by product
Total
Total intermediate consumption by industry
Total final consumption
Total gross capital formation
Total exports
Total use of products
Compensation of employees
Other taxes less subsidies on production
Consumption of fixed capital
Net operating surplus
Mixed income
Gross value added components by industry
Total
Total inputs by industry
Supplementary information
Gross fixed capital formation
Fixed capital stock
Employment
Trade and transport margins
Table 9.7 —
   
Trade and transport margins — supply
Trade and transport margins on the supply of products
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Transport
Trade and transport margins
Products (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Trade and transport margins on total supply by product
Total
Total wholesale trade
Total retail trade
Total transport
Total margins on supply by product
Table 9.7 —
   
Trade and transport margins — use (continued)
Trade and transport margins on the use of products
Industries (NACE)
Final consumption
Gross capital formation
Exports
Trade and transport margins
Products (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Trade and transport margins on intermediate consumption by product and by industry
Trade and transport margins on final consumption expenditure by product and by
(a)
households
(b)
NPISH
(c)
government
Trade and transport margins on gross capital formation by product and by
(a)
gross fixed capital formation
(b)
changes in valuables
(c)
changes in inventories
Trade and transport margins on exports
Trade and transport margins on total use by product
Total
Trade and transport margins on intermediate consumption, total by industry
Total trade and transport margins on final consumption
Total trade and transport margins on gross capital formation
Total trade and transport margins on exports
Total margins on use by product
9.35
Part of the transition of supply tables from basic prices to purchasers' prices, and the transition of use tables at purchasers' prices into basic prices, is the reallocation of trade margins. Valuation at basic prices implies that the trade margins are recorded as part of the product trade, while valuation at purchasers' prices implies that the trade margins are allocated to the products to which they apply. The same situation holds for transport margins.
9.36
The total of trade margins by product is equal to the total of trade margins by the trade industries plus the trade margins by other industries. The same identity holds for transport margins.
9.37
Transport margins include transportation costs paid separately by the purchaser and included in the use of products at purchasers' prices but not in the basic prices of a manufacturers' output or in the trade margins of wholesale or retail traders. Such transport margins include in particular:
(a)
transport of goods from where they are manufactured to where the purchaser takes delivery of them, in the event that the manufacturer pays a third party for the transport and provided that this amount is invoiced separately to the purchaser;
(b)
transport of goods arranged by the manufacturer or by the wholesale or retail trader in such a way that the purchaser has to pay separately for the transport costs even when the transport is carried out by the manufacturer or the wholesale or retail trader themselves.
9.38
All other costs of transporting goods are not recorded as transport margins, e.g.:
(a)
if the manufacturer transports the goods himself, such transportation costs are included in the basic prices of the manufacturer's output; this transport represents an ancillary activity and the individual costs of transport are not identifiable as transportation costs;
(b)
if the manufacturer arranges for the goods to be transported without a separate invoice for the transport services, such transportation costs are included in the basic prices of the manufacturer's output; such transportation costs are identifiable as such and are recorded as part of the manufacturer's intermediate consumption;
(c)
if wholesale and retail traders arrange for goods to be moved from where they take delivery of them to where another purchaser takes delivery, the costs involved are included in the trade margin if no separate charge is made for transportation to the purchaser. Again, as with manufacturers, such costs represent an ancillary activity of wholesale and retail traders or the purchase of an intermediate service, thus entering trade margins but not transport margins;
(d)
if a household buys goods for final consumption purposes and arranges for transport by a third party, the transport costs involved are recorded as final consumption expenditure on transport services and not included in trade or transport margins.
9.39
Table 9.7 shows a somewhat simplified picture of a trade and transport margins matrix, for the following reasons.
(a)
In transforming the uses, a distinction needs to be made between wholesale trade and retail trade in order to take account of the differences in their prices. In drawing up the tables, it should be borne in mind that wholesale traders sell directly to households as well as industries, for example furniture, and that retail traders sell to industries such as cafes and restaurants, as well as households.
(b)
In calculating and analysing trade margins on products for final consumption expenditure by households, for each product group the most important distribution channels may also be distinguished in order to take account of the differences in their prices; the distinction between wholesale trade and retail trade is not detailed enough. For example, goods and services can be bought by households in a supermarket, a grocery, flower shop, department store, abroad or obtained as income in kind. For some products, secondary sales are important, as in the case of cigarette sales by cafes, restaurants and petrol stations. Sales by retailers are adjusted to obtain the value of sales to households, for example sales to businesses, government and tourists should be deducted. Of course, such distinctions can only be introduced if the available data sources provide sufficient information for estimates of the importance of each of the distribution channels. Even for one trader or transporter, different products generally have different margins. Data on margins by type of product are the most appropriate and used when available.
(c)
In calculating transport margins, a distinction by type of transport such as rail, air, sea and inland waterway, and road, is useful.
Taxes less subsidies on production and imports
9.40
Taxes on production and imports consist of:
(a)
taxes on products (D.21):
(1)
value added type taxes (VAT) (D.211);
(2)
taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT (D.212);
(3)
taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes (D.214);
(b)
other taxes on production (D.29).
Similar categories are distinguished for subsidies.
9.41
Supply at basic prices includes other taxes less subsidies on production. In order to make the transition from basic prices to purchasers' prices, the various taxes on products are added and the subsidies on products deducted.
Table 9.8 —
   
Taxes less subsidies on products
Taxes less subsidies on supply
Taxes less subsidies on product supplies
Total taxes less subsidies on products
VAT
Taxes on imports
Other taxes on products
Subsidies on imports
Other subsidies on products
Products (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Taxes less subsidies on total supply by product and by use
Totals
Table 9.8 —
   
Taxes less subsidies on products (continued)
Taxes less subsidies on uses
Total taxes less subsidies on products
Taxes less subsidies on product uses
Industries (NACE)
Products (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Taxes less subsidies on products for final uses:
Final consumption
(a)
households
(b)
NPISH
(c)
government
Gross capital formation:
(d)
gross fixed capital formation
(e)
changes in valuables
(f)
changes in inventories
Exports
Taxes less subsidies on intermediate consumption of products by industry
9.42
Table 9.8 on taxes less subsidies on products is simplified, in the following ways:
(a)
for the use of products, the different types of taxes on products are not distinguished and subsidies are not shown separately; for the supply of products, only three types of taxes on products and two types of subsidies are distinguished. In general, it is useful to show each major type of tax or subsidies on products separately, and then allocate the total to the various product groups;
(b)
different tax rates and subsidies can apply to different distribution channels; the latter should therefore also be distinguished when relevant and sufficient information exists.
9.43
Taxes and subsidies on products are the amounts due for payment only when evidenced by tax assessments, declarations, etc. or the amounts actually paid. In compiling supply and use tables, taxes and subsidies on products are usually estimated by product by applying the official tax or subsidy rates to the various demand flows. Afterwards an assessment should be made of the differences with the tax assessments or the amounts actually paid.
(a)
Some of these differences indicate that the initial estimate of taxes on products in the supply and use tables does not comply with the ESA definitions:
(1)
in case of exemption the initial estimate of taxes on products is therefore lowered;
(2)
in case of hidden economic activities or evasion of the payment of taxes on products, such as when the payment of taxes is compulsory but there is no tax assessment, the estimate of taxes on products is therefore lowered.
(b)
In some instances, the differences may indicate that the initial estimate for taxes and subsidies on products erroneous, for example because the output of some product is underestimated. Modifications of the estimates of the flows of goods and services can then be made.
9.44
VAT may be deductible, non-deductible or not applicable:
(a)
deductible VAT applies to most of intermediate consumption, most of gross fixed capital formation and part of changes in inventories;
(b)
non-deductible VAT often applies to final consumption expenditure by households, part of gross fixed capital formation such as new owner-occupied dwellings, part of changes in inventories and part of intermediate consumption, for example intermediate consumption of government units and financial corporations;
(c)
VAT is in general not applicable to:
(1)
exports to countries outside the EU;
(2)
the sale of any goods or services subject to a zero rate of VAT regardless of their use; however, a zero rate of VAT implies that the VAT paid on purchases can still be reclaimed; intermediate consumption and gross capital formation of these producers is therefore corrected by the amount of the VAT reclaimed;
(3)
any producers exempted from VAT registration, such as small businesses and religious organisations; in this situation, the right to claim back the VAT on purchases is generally restricted.
9.45
VAT is recorded net: all supplies are valued at basic prices, i.e. excluding invoiced VAT; intermediate and final uses are recorded at purchasers' prices, i.e. excluding deductible VAT.
Other basic concepts
9.46
In the supply and use tables, two adjustment items are used in reconciling the valuation of imports in the supply and use tables and the valuation found in the institutional sector accounts.
In the supply table, in order to achieve a comparable valuation with domestic production in the same product group, imports of goods are valued at CIF values. The CIF value includes the transport and insurance services provided by residents, such as own-account transport or transport by specialised resident carriers. In order to achieve a consistent valuation between imports and exports, exports of services should include this value.
In the institutional sector accounts, imports of goods are valued at FOB values, i.e. in line with the valuation for exports of goods. However, in the case of FOB valuation the value of transport and insurance services provided by residents, which is included in the export of services, will be smaller, since it only covers those services provided inside the exporting country. The result of employing different valuation principles is thus that net total imports are the same, but that both total imports and total exports are larger for CIF valuation.
The two valuation principles can be reconciled in the supply and use tables by introducing adjustment items for imports as well as exports. The adjustment items should be equal to the value of the transport and insurance services by residents incorporated in the CIF value but not in the FOB value, i.e. referring to the transport and insurance from the border of the exporting country to the border of the importing country. Such adjustment items, once incorporated in the supply and use tables, need no special treatment in the input-output calculations.
9.47
The transfer of existing goods is recorded in the use table as a negative expenditure for the seller and a positive expenditure for the purchaser. For the product group involved, the transfer of an existing good amounts to a reclassification among uses. Only the transaction costs are not treated as a reclassification: they are recorded as a use of services, for example business or professional services. For the purposes of description and analysis, it can be useful to show for some product groups the relative size of the transfer of existing goods separately, for example the importance of second-hand cars in the market for both new and second-hand cars, or the role of recycled paper in the supply of paper products.
9.48
For a good understanding of supply and use tables, it is helpful to recall some of the accounting conventions employed in the ESA:
(a)
industries constitute of a group of kind-of-activity units (KAUs) engaged in the same or similar kind-of-activity. An important feature of supply and use tables is that they record secondary activities separately. This implies that KAUs need not to be homogeneous in their production activities. The concept of KAUs is explained in more detail in Chapter 2. A completely homogeneous unit of production is used in a symmetric product by product input-output table;
(b)
if an establishment undertaking purely ancillary activities is statistically observable, in that separate accounts for the production it undertakes are readily available, or if it is in a geographically different location from the establishments it serves, it is recorded as a separate unit and allocated to the industrial classification corresponding to its principal activity, in both national and regional accounts. In the absence of suitable basic data being available, the output of the ancillary activity may be estimated by summing costs.
If neither of these two conditions is met, all inputs consumed by an ancillary activity such as materials, labour, and consumption of fixed capital, are treated as inputs to the principal or secondary activity which they support;
(c)
goods or services produced and consumed within the same accounting period and within the same local KAU are not separately identified. They are therefore not recorded as part of the output or intermediate consumption of that local KAU;
(d)
minor processing, maintenance, servicing or repair on behalf of other local KAUs is to be recorded net, i.e. excluding the value of the goods involved;
(e)
imports and exports occur when there is a change of ownership between residents and non-residents. Physical movement of goods across national borders does not by itself imply an import or export of these goods. Goods sent abroad for processing are not recorded as exports and imports. In contrast, buying and reselling goods with non-residents without the goods entering the merchant's economy are recorded as exports and imports in the accounts of the producer and final purchaser, and a net export of goods under merchanting is shown in the accounts of the merchant economy;
(f)
durable goods can be rented or be subject to operating leasing. In such instances, they are recorded as fixed capital formation and fixed capital stock in their owner's industry; in the industry of the user intermediate consumption by amount of the rental paid is recorded;
(g)
persons working via temporary agencies are recorded as being employed in the industry of those agencies and not in the industries in which they actually work. As a consequence, in the latter industries, the fees paid to the agency for the supply of labour are recorded as intermediate consumption and not as compensation of employees. Labour contracted out is treated as services provided;
(h)
employment and compensation of employees are broad concepts:
(1)
employment for social reasons is also counted as employment; this applies, for example, to work placements for disabled people, employment projects for people who have been unemployed for a long time and employment programmes for young people seeking jobs. As a consequence, the people involved are employees and receive employee compensation and not social transfers, though their productivity may be lower than that of other employees;
(2)
employment includes cases where the persons involved are not expected to work at all, e.g. persons dismissed but receiving, for a given period, payments from their former employer. However, employment in terms of hours worked is not distorted by this convention, as no hours are actually worked.
Supplementary information
9.49
The use Table 9.6 contains supplementary information: gross fixed capital formation, stocks of fixed assets and employment by industry. A breakdown into employees and own-account workers is valuable additional information. The information on gross fixed capital formation and stocks of fixed assets by industry is needed to derive consumption of fixed capital by industry and for recording non-deductible VAT on gross fixed capital formation. Showing employment by industry is important for compilation purposes:
—
employment figures are often used for grossing up values of output, compensation of employees, intermediate consumption and mixed income,
—
key-ratios such as output, compensation of employees and mixed income per unit of labour such as hours worked, can be compared over time and by industry to check the plausibility of the estimates,
—
it helps to ensure consistency between the values by industry and employment data by industry. For example, without an explicit link to employment data, the balancing process may result in changes in the values by industry without corresponding changes in the employment figures.
Adding information on employment by industry is also helpful for the analysis of employment and productivity.
DATA SOURCES AND BALANCING
9.50
For compiling output by industry and product, the major data sources are usually enterprise economic surveys, production surveys and annual reports or business accounts from major companies. The surveys are generally exhaustive for large companies while a sample survey is carried out for small size companies. For some specific activities, different data sources may be relevant, for example for supervisory bodies, accounts of local and central government or social security funds.
9.51
Such data are used to prepare a first incomplete set of supply and use tables. These are balanced in various steps. Balancing manually at a low level of aggregation provides important checks on the errors in data sources, system errors, and at the same time modifications of the basic data can be made, to correct for conceptual differences and missing units. If the reconciliation takes place at a higher level of aggregation, using an automatic balancing process or a very strict sequential balancing process, most of those checks are absent as errors cancel out and the causes of error cannot be traced.
TOOL FOR ANALYSIS AND EXTENSIONS
9.52
For analysis, three types of tables can be used:
—
supply and use tables,
—
symmetric input-output table industry by industry,
—
symmetric input-output table product by product.
Symmetric input-output tables can be derived from the supply and use tables, in current prices, and also in previous years' prices.
9.53
Use Table 9.6 does not show to what extent the goods and services used have been produced domestically or imported. This information is necessary for analyses in which the link between supply and use of goods and services within the national economy plays a role. An example is the analysis of the impact of changes in exports or final consumption expenditure on imports, domestic production and related variables such as employment. The input-output framework, therefore, would benefit from separate use tables for imported products and domestically produced goods and services.
9.54
The use table for imported products is compiled by exploiting all information available on the uses of imports, for example for some products the major importing enterprises may be known and for some producers information on the amount of imports may exist. However, in general, direct statistical information on the use of imports is scarce. This information has therefore usually to be supplemented by assumptions over the allocation of product group to use.
9.55
The use table for goods and services produced domestically can then be obtained by deducting the use table for imported products from the use table for the whole economy.
9.56
In theory, four basic models exist for the transformation of a supply and use table to a symmetric input-output table. Those models are based on either technology or fixed sales structure assumptions. Most often used is the product technology assumption: each product is produced in its own specific way, irrespective of the industry where it is produced. This assumption is often used to derive a product-by-product input-output table. The second common model uses the fixed product sales structure assumption (market share assumption): each product has its own specific sales structure, irrespective of the industry which produces it; this approach is often used to derive an industry-by-industry input-output table. Hybrid models which mix these assumptions are possible. Models based on either industry technology or fixed industry sales structure assumptions are of less practical relevance due to their low probability of occurrence in practice. A discussion of the alternative models and transformation processes is given in Chapter 11 of 
Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-output Tables (2008 edition)
 
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9.57
The choice of the best assumption to apply in each case is not an easy one. It depends on the structure of national industries, e.g. the degree of specialisation, and on the homogeneity of the national technologies used to produce products within the same product group and not the least on the level of detail of the basic data.
Simple application of the product technology assumption gives results that are unacceptable, insofar as the input-output coefficients sometimes generated are improbable or even impossible, in the form of negative coefficients. Improbable coefficients may be due to errors in measurement and to heterogeneity of product-mix in the industry of which the transferred product is the principal product. This can be tackled by making adjustments based on supplementary information or exploiting informed judgement to the fullest extent possible. Another solution is to apply the alternative assumption of fixed product sales structure. In practice, employing mixed technology assumptions combined with supplementary information has proven to be a useful approach for compiling symmetric input-output tables.
9.58
The symmetric input-output table can be broken down into two tables:
(a)
a matrix showing the use of imports; the format of this table is the same as that of the import table supporting the supply and use tables, except that a symmetric structure with the same classification on both axes is used;
(b)
a symmetric input-output table for domestic output.
The latter table should be used in calculating the cumulated coefficients, i.e. the Leontief inverse. The Leontief inverse is the inverse of the difference between the identity matrix I and the matrix of technical input coefficients obtained from the matrix of domestic output used as intermediate consumption. The Leontief inverse can also be derived for imports. It should then be assumed that the imports have been produced in the same way as the competing domestic products.
9.59
Supply and use tables and symmetric input-output tables can be used as tools of economic analysis. Both types of tables have different merits. Symmetric input-output tables are readily available for calculating not only direct but also indirect and cumulative effects. They can also be of good quality when expert knowledge and various types of statistical information have been used in deriving the tables from the supply and use tables.
9.60
Industry-by-industry tables are well suited for analyses related to industries, e.g. tax reform, impact analysis, fiscal policy and monetary policy; they are also closer to the various statistical data sources. Product-by-product tables are well suited for analyses related to homogeneous production units, e.g. productivity, comparison of cost structures, employment effects, energy policy and environmental policy.
9.61
However, the analytical properties of product-by-product tables and industry-by-industry tables do not differ significantly. The differences between product-by-product tables and industry-by-industry tables are caused by the existence of a generally limited amount of secondary production. In practice, analytical uses of input-output tables implicitly assume an industry technology, no matter how the tables have originally been compiled. Furthermore, in practice, any product-by-product table is a manipulated industry-by-industry table, as it still contains all the institutional KAU and enterprise characteristics of the supply and use tables.
9.62
In general, many specific types of analysis are served by supply and use tables and symmetric input-output tables, for example:
(a)
analysis of production, cost structures and productivity;
(b)
analysis of prices;
(c)
analysis of employment;
(d)
analysis of the structure of capital formation, final consumption, exports, etc.;
(e)
analysis of economic growth by using the cumulated costs shares to allocate imports to the various final uses;
(f)
analysis of the contribution to economic growth and employment of exports to other (blocks) of countries;
(g)
analysis of imports of energy required;
(h)
analysis of the impact of new technologies;
(i)
analysis of the effects of changes in tax rates (e.g. VAT) or the introduction of a national minimum wage;
(j)
analysis of the relationship between domestic production and the environment, e.g. focusing on the use of specific products like fuel, paper and glass or the emission of pollutants.
A macro model may also only include the cumulated costs-shares calculated from the input-output tables. In this way, information from the input-output table on direct and indirect effects, e.g. the importance of labour costs or imports of energy for private consumption or exports, is incorporated in the macro model and can be used for analysis and forecasting.
9.63
In order to serve more specific purposes, the supply and use tables and symmetric input-output tables can be modified by introducing alternative and supplementary classifications. The most important examples are as follows:
(a)
more detailed product and industry classifications based on national classifications or to take account of specific purposes, e.g. for the analysis of the role of research and development in the national economy;
(b)
more detailed geographical breakdown of imports and exports, e.g. intra-EU trade sub classified by country and extra-EU trade sub classified by economic regions and some specific countries such as China, India, Japan and the United States;
(c)
classification of imports into:
(1)
imports of products that are also domestically produced (‧competitive imports‧);
(2)
imports of products that are not domestically produced (‧complementary imports‧).
Both types of imports can be expected to have a different relationship with and importance for the national economy. Competitive imports can be the subject of analysis and economic policy as they may be a substitute for domestic output; they could therefore be incorporated as a separate category of potential final use in the use tables. For complementary imports, for example in the case of a sudden rise in energy prices, analyses will mainly focus on the impact of changes in their prices and the national economy;
(d)
classification of compensation of employees by criteria such as level of education, part-time/full-time, age and gender. This classification could then also be applied to the supplementary information on employment. In this way, the supply and use tables can also be used for analyses of the labour market;
(e)
breakdown of compensation of employees into:
(1)
wages and salaries, including social contributions by employees
(2)
employers' social contributions.
This breakdown permits analysis of the role of social contributions for the price of labour inputs and the shifting of this burden towards gross operating surplus;
(f)
classification of final consumption by purpose, which for households is Coicop, for NPISH it is COPNI and for government it is COFOG. The functional classification of this expenditure enables the impact of each function of the rest of the economy to be assessed. For example, the importance of public and private expenditure on health care, transport and education can then be assessed.
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Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables (2008 edition)
, 2008, (available on: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu).
CHAPTER 10
PRICE AND VOLUME MEASURES
10.01
In a system of economic accounts, all the flows and stocks are expressed in monetary units. The monetary unit is the only common denominator which can be used to value the extremely diverse transactions recorded in the accounts and to derive meaningful balancing items.
The problem when using the monetary unit as a measuring unit is that this unit is neither a stable nor an international standard. A major concern in economic analysis is to measure economic growth in volume terms between different periods. It is then necessary to distinguish, in the value changes for certain economic aggregates, the changes arising solely from price changes from the remainder which is called the change in ‧volume‧.
Economic analysis is also concerned with comparisons in space, i.e. between different national economies. These focus on international comparisons in volume terms of the level of production and income, but the level of prices is also of interest. It is therefore necessary to factor the differences in value of economic aggregates between pairs or groups of countries into components, which reflect the differences in volume and the differences in price.
10.02
When time comparisons of flows and stocks are concerned, equal importance is to be attached to the accurate measurement of changes in prices and in volumes. In the short term, observation of price changes is of no less interest than the measurement of the volume of supply and demand. On a longer-term basis, the study of economic growth has to take account of movements in the relative prices of the different types of goods and services.
The primary objective is not simply to provide comprehensive measures of changes in prices and volumes for the main aggregates of the system but to assemble a set of interdependent measures which make it possible to carry out systematic and detailed analyses of inflation and economic growth and fluctuations.
10.03
The general rule for comparisons in space is that accurate measures must be made for both the volume and the price components of the economic aggregates. As the spread between the Laspeyres and Paasche formulae often is significant in spatial comparisons, the Fisher index formula is the only acceptable one for this purpose.
10.04
Economic accounts have the advantage of providing a suitable framework for constructing a system of volume and price indices as well as ensuring the consistency of the statistical data. The advantages of an accounting approach can be summarised as follows.
(a)
On a conceptual level, the use of an accounting framework covering the entire economic system requires the prices and physical units for the different products and flows in the system to be specified consistently. In a framework of this type, the price and volume concepts for a given group of products are defined identically in both resources and uses.
(b)
On a statistical level, the use of the economic accounts framework imposes accounting constraints which must be respected at both current prices and in volume terms and will normally require some adjustments to be made to ensure consistency of the price and volume data.
(c)
Furthermore, the creation of an integrated system of price and volume indices in the context of a system of economic accounts provides the national accountant with extra checks. Assuming the existence of a balanced system of supply and use tables at current prices, the construction of such balanced tables in volume terms means that a system of implicit price indices can be automatically derived. Examination of the plausibility of these derived indices can lead to revision and correction of the data in volume terms and even, in some cases, of the values at current prices.
(d)
The accounting approach permits the measurement of price and volume changes for certain balancing items in the accounts, the latter being derived by definition from the other elements in the accounts.
10.05
Despite the advantages of an integrated system based on the balance, both overall and by industry, of transactions in goods and services, it has to be acknowledged that the price and volume indices thus obtained do not meet all needs or answer all possible questions on the subject of change in prices or volume. Accounting constraints and the choice of price and volume index formulae, although essential for the construction of a coherent system, can sometimes be a hindrance. There is also a need for information for shorter periods such as months or quarters. In such cases, other forms of price and volume indices may prove useful.
SCOPE OF PRICE AND VOLUME INDICES IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
10.06
Amongst the flows, which appear in economic accounts at current prices, there are some, mainly concerning products, where the distinction between changes in price and volume is similar to that made at microeconomic level. For many other flows in the system, the distinction is far less obvious.
Where the flows in the accounts cover a group of elementary transactions in goods and services, the value of each being equivalent to the product of a number of physical units and their respective unit price, it is sufficient to know the breakdown of the flow into its components in order to determine changes in price and volume over time.
Where a flow comprises a number of transactions relating to distribution and financial intermediation as well as to balancing items such as value added, it is difficult or even impossible to separate directly current values into price and volume components, and special solutions have to be adopted.
There is also a need to measure the real purchasing power of a number of aggregates, such as compensation of employees, disposable income of households or national income. This can be done, for example, by deflating them by means of an index of the prices of the goods and services which can be bought with them.
10.07
The objective and the procedure followed when measuring the real purchasing power of income estimates are different from those followed when deflating goods and services and balancing items. For flows of goods and services an integrated system of price and volume indices can be established, which provides a consistent framework for measuring economic growth. The valuation in real terms of flows of income uses price indices which are not strictly linked to the income flow. So the choice of price for income growth can differ according to the objectives of the analysis: there is no unique price identified in the integrated system of price and volume indices.
The integrated system of price and volume indices
10.08
The systematic division of changes in current values into the components ‧changes in price‧ and ‧changes in volume‧ is restricted to flows representing transactions, recorded in the goods and services accounts and in the supporting supply and use framework. It is carried out both for the data relating to individual industries and products, and for those relating to the total economy. Flows which are balancing items, such as value added, cannot be directly factored into price and volume components; this can only be done indirectly using the relevant flows of transactions.
The use of the accounting framework imposes a double constraint on the calculation of the data:
(a)
the balance of the goods and services account must for any sequence of two years be obtained at both current prices and in volume terms;
(b)
each flow at the level of the total economy must be equal to the sum of the corresponding flows for the various industries.
A third constraint, not inherent in the use of an accounting framework but resulting from a deliberate choice, is that every change in the value of transactions must be attributed either to a change in price or to a change in volume, or to a combination of the two.
If those three requirements are fulfilled, valuation of the goods and services accounts and production accounts in volume terms means that an integrated set of price and volume indices can be obtained.
10.09
The items to be considered when constructing such an integrated set are as follows:
Transactions in products
Output
P.1
Market output
P.11
Output for own final use
P.12
Non-market output
P.13
Intermediate consumption
P.2
Final consumption expenditure
P.3
Individual final consumption expenditure
P.31
Collective final consumption expenditure
P.32
Actual final consumption
P.4
Actual final individual consumption
P.41
Actual final collective consumption
P.42
Gross capital formation
P.5
Gross fixed capital formation
P.51
Changes in inventories
P.52
Acquisition less disposals of valuables
P.53
Exports of goods and services
P.6
Exports of goods
P.61
Exports of services
P.62
Imports of goods and services
P.7
Imports of goods
P.71
Imports of services
P.72
Taxes and subsidies on products
Taxes on products, excluding VAT
D.212 and D.214
Subsidies on products
D.31
VAT on products
D.211
Balancing items
Value added
B.1
Gross domestic product
B.l*g
Other price and volume indices
10.10
In addition to the price and volume measures considered above, the following aggregates can also be subdivided into their own price and volume components. The objectives for these measures vary.
Inventories at the beginning and at the end respectively of each period may have to be calculated in volume terms in order to have the balance sheet aggregates. The stock of produced fixed assets has to be calculated in volume terms to estimate capital output ratios, as well as to obtain a basis for estimating consumption of fixed capital in volume terms. Compensation of employees can be calculated in volume terms for purposes of measuring productivity and in some instances also when outputs have been estimated by using data in volume terms on inputs. Consumption of fixed capital, other taxes on production and other subsidies on production must also be estimated in volume terms when calculating costs in volume terms.
10.11
Compensation of employees is an element of income. For the purpose of measuring purchasing power, it can be valued in real terms by deflating with an index reflecting the prices of products purchased by employees. Other income elements too, such as disposable income of households and national income, can be measured in real terms in the same general way.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MEASURING PRICE AND VOLUME INDICES
Definition of prices and volumes of market products
10.12
Volume and price indices can only be derived for variables that have price and quantity elements. The notions of price and quantity are closely linked to that of homogeneous products, i.e. products for which it is possible to define units which are all considered equivalent and which can thus be exchanged for the same monetary value. It is thus possible to define the price of a homogeneous product as the amount of money for which each product unit can be exchanged.
For each homogeneous product flow, e.g. output, it is thus possible to define a price (p), a quantity (q) corresponding to the number of units and a value (v) defined by the equation:
Quality, price and homogeneous products
10.13
Another way of defining a homogeneous product is to say that it consists of units of the same quality.
Homogeneous products play an essential role in national accounts. Indeed, output is valued at basic price determined by the market at the time when it takes place, i.e. very often before sale. The units produced have therefore to be valued, not at the price at which they will actually be sold, but at the price at which equivalent units are sold at the time of production of the units concerned. This is possible in a rigorous way only for homogeneous products.
10.14
In practice, however, two units of a product with identical physical characteristics may be sold at different prices for two types of reasons.
(a)
Two units with identical physical characteristics can be considered as not being equivalent if they are sold in different places, at different periods or according to different conditions. In this case, the units have to be regarded as corresponding to different homogeneous products.
(b)
Two units with identical physical characteristics can be sold at different prices, either due to lack of information, or to restrictions brought to purchase freedom, or to the existence of parallel markets. In this case, the units have to be regarded as belonging to the same homogeneous product.
A homogeneous product can thus also be defined as a product of which all units would be sold at the same price in perfect competition. In the absence of perfect competition, the homogeneous product price is defined by the average price of its units. Therefore, in national accounts, for each homogeneous product there is one price and only one price, so that it is possible to apply general rules of valuation of products.
10.15
Lack of information means that purchasers may not always be properly informed about existing price differences and may therefore inadvertently buy at higher prices. This, or the opposite, may occur also in situations where individual buyers and sellers negotiate or bargain over the price. On the other hand, the difference between the average price of a good purchased in a market or a bazaar, where such bargaining often occurs, and the price of the same good sold in a different type of retail outlet, such as a department store, should normally be treated as reflecting differences in quality due to different sales conditions.
10.16
Price discrimination implies that sellers may be in a position to charge different prices to different categories of purchasers for identical goods and services sold under exactly the same circumstances. In such cases, there is no or limited freedom of choice on the part of a purchaser belonging to a special category. The principle adopted is that variations in price are to be regarded as price discrimination when different prices are charged for identical units sold under exactly the same circumstances in a clearly separable market, i.e. when different prices are charged for the same homogeneous product. Price variations due to such discrimination do not constitute differences in volume.
The possibility of the retrading of goods in a given market implies that price discrimination for those types of products in most cases can be assumed to be insignificant. The price differences that may exist for goods can normally be interpreted as due to lack of information or to the existence of parallel markets.
In service industries, e.g. in transportation, producers may charge lower prices to groups of individuals with typically lower incomes, such as pensioners or students. If such individuals are free to travel at whatever time they choose, this must be treated as price discrimination. However, if they are charged lower fares on condition that they travel only at certain times, typically off-peak times, they are being offered lower-quality transportation since transportation with conditions and transportation without conditions can be considered as different homogeneous products.
10.17
Parallel markets may exist for several reasons. Buyers may be unable to buy as much as they would like at a lower price because there is insufficient supply available at that price, and a secondary, parallel market, where higher prices are quoted, may exist. There is also the possibility that a parallel market exists, where sellers can charge lower prices because they can avoid certain taxes.
10.18
Thus, if quality is defined by all the characteristics common to all units of a homogeneous product, differences in quality are reflected by the following factors:
(a)
physical characteristics;
(b)
deliveries in different locations;
(c)
deliveries at different times of the day or at different periods of the year;
(d)
differences in conditions of sale or the circumstances or environment in which goods or services are supplied.
Prices and volume
10.19
The introduction of the notion of volume in national accounts rests on the desire to eliminate the effect of price variation in the pattern of values expressed in monetary units, and it thus appears as an extended use of the notion of quantity for groups of products. In fact, for a given homogeneous product the equation
allows the change of a value over time to be broken down into change of price and change of quantity. In practice, however, there are too many homogeneous products to be dealt with individually, with the result that national accountants have to work at a more aggregated level. At this aggregated level, however, the equation
is no longer useful since, while it is possible to aggregate values, it is not meaningful to aggregate quantities in order to derive prices.
10.20
There is however a simple way of breaking down the change in the value of a set of homogeneous products between two periods, one of which is considered the base period and the other the current period. The effect of change in price can be offset by calculating what the value of the set of products would have been if there had been no change in prices, i.e. by applying the prices of the base period to the quantities of the current period. This value at prices of the base period defines the notion of volume.
In this way, the value of a set of products in the current period may be written as:
Where exponent 1 refers to the current period and index i to a specific homogeneous product. The volume of the set of products for the current period is thus defined in relation to the base period by the formula:
Where exponent 0 refers to the base period. By comparing the volume of the set of products for the current period and their overall value for the base period it is possible to measure a change which is not affected by any price variation. A volume index can thus be calculated by the formula:
The volume index which is thus defined is a Laspeyres index of quantities in which each basic index is weighted by the proportion of the basic product in the overall value of the base period.
Once the notion of volume has been defined, it is possible to define by analogy with the equation
not a price but a price index. The price index is thus defined by the ratio between the value for the current period and the volume, i.e. by the formula:
This index is a Paasche price index in which each base price index is weighted by the proportion of the base product in the overall value for the current period.
The volume and price indices defined in this way prove the equation:
Value index = price index × volume index
This equation is a more general version of the equation
and it allows any change in the value of a set of products to be broken down into a change in volume and a change in price.
In the calculation of the volume, quantities are weighted up by prices of the base period, so that the result depends on the price structure. Changes in price structure are likely to be less important for short periods than for long periods. Therefore, the calculation of the volume is made only for two successive years, i.e. the volume is calculated at the prices of the previous year.
For comparisons over longer periods of time, the Laspeyres volume indices and the Paasche price indices are calculated first in relation to the previous year and then the chain indices are determined.
10.21
The main advantages of using Paasche price indices and Laspeyres volume indices are the interpretation and calculation simplicity and the additivity property in the supply and use balances.
10.22
Chained indices present the drawback that they lead to volumes having no additivity so that they cannot be used in the balancing procedures of products based on supply and use tables.
10.23
The non-additive volume data calculated with chain indices are to be published without any adjustment. This method is transparent and indicates to users the extent of the problem. This does not preclude the possibility that there may be circumstances in which compilers may judge it preferable to eliminate the discrepancies in order to improve the overall consistency of the data. When reference year values are extrapolated by chain volume indices, an explanation has to be provided to users concerning the absence of additivity in the tables.
10.24
In practice, since it is impossible to measure prices and quantities for all the homogeneous products of an economy, volume or price indices are calculated using samples of representative homogeneous products, the underlying idea being that the volumes or prices of products not included in the sample change in the same way as the sample average. It is therefore necessary to use a product classification which is as detailed as practicable so that each product identified has maximum homogeneity, regardless of the level of detail used in the presentation of results.
10.25
In view of the equation linking the value, price and volume indices, only two indices need to be calculated. Usually, the value index is obtained directly by simply comparing the overall values for the current and base periods. It is then a matter of choosing between a price index and a volume index to be calculated. In most cases the assumption of parallel change which underlies the method is proven more by prices than by volumes because the prices of different products are often significantly influenced by certain common factors such as the cost of raw materials and wages. In this case, the price index is to be calculated using a sample of products of constant quality over time, with quality being determined not only by the physical characteristics of the product but also by the conditions of sale, as explained above. In this way all the variations in the overall value caused by structural changes among the various products will appear as variations in volume and not in price.
In some cases, however, it will be easier to calculate a volume index and to use it to derive a price index. Occasionally it may even be preferable to calculate the value index on the basis of a price index and a volume index.
New products
10.26
The method of calculating price and volume indices outlined above assumes that the products exist in both successive years. In actual fact, however, many products appear and disappear from one year to the next and the price and volume indices need to reflect this. Where volume is defined using the prices of the previous year, there is no particular difficulty in the case of products which existed in the previous year but which no longer exist in the current year, since they are simply linked to a zero quantity for the current year. The problem is more complicated in the case of new products, since for the previous year it is not possible to measure the price of a product which does not exist.
There are two types of approaches in such a case for estimating the price for the previous year: the first supposes that the price of the new product changes like the price of similar products, while the second attempts to calculate directly what the price of the new product would have been if it had existed in the base period. The first approach amounts simply to using a price index calculated on the basis of a sample of homogeneous products existing in both successive years, and in practice this is the method used for most new products since new products are generally too numerous to be explicitly specified, especially when the definition of homogeneous products is strictly applied. With the second approach, the methods which are most commonly used are the hedonic method which consists of determining the price of a product on the basis of its main characteristics and the input method which uses the cost of a product to calculate its price.
The matter of new products has particular importance in certain fields. Many capital goods are produced only as a single item and thus appear as new products. This is also the case of many services which are never provided in exactly the same way, e.g. research and development services.
10.27
For transactions in services it is frequently more difficult to specify the characteristics which determine the physical units, and differences of opinion may arise concerning the criteria to be used. This difficulty may concern important industries such as financial intermediation services, wholesale and retail trade, services to enterprises, education, research and development, health or recreation. The choice of physical units for such activities is presented in 
Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts
 
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Principles for non-market services
10.28
The establishment of a comprehensive system of price and volume indices covering all supply and uses of goods and services involves a particular difficulty when measuring the output of non-market services. Such services differ from market services in that they are not sold at a market price and their value at current prices is calculated as the sum of the costs incurred. Those costs are: intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, other taxes less subsidies on production and consumption of fixed capital.
10.29
In the absence of a unit market price, the unit cost of a non-market service can be considered as the equivalent to the price. In fact, the price of a market product corresponds to the expenditure which the purchaser must incur in order to take possession of it, while the unit cost of a non-market service corresponds to the expenditure which society must incur in order to make use of it. Thus, where it is possible to define units of quantity for non-market services, it is also possible to apply the general principles for calculating volume and price indices which are outlined above.
It is generally possible to define units of quantity for non-market services which are consumed on an individual basis, such as education and health services, which means that the general principles must be routinely applied in the case of such services.
The method consisting of calculating volume by applying unit costs of the previous year to the quantities of the current year is called the output method.
10.30
It is difficult, however, to define units of quantity for collective non-market services, such as services in connection with general government, justice or defence. In this case, therefore, other methods need to be used by analogy with the general method. This method defines volume on the basis of prices of the previous year, i.e. it defines volume as the expenditure which purchasers would have incurred if prices had not changed. This latter definition may be used when it is not possible to define a unit of quantity provided that it is applied, not to a unit of product, but to the expenditure as a whole. Since the value of a non-market service is determined by the costs involved, it is thus possible to calculate the volume by the value of the costs at base period prices, i.e. by the value at base period prices of intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, other taxes net of production subsidies and consumption of fixed capital. This method is known as the input method. The calculation in volume terms of the compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital, taxes and subsidies on production is covered in the paragraphs which follow.
Even in the most favourable case of non-market services consumed on an individual basis, such as those of education and health, it is not always easy to distinguish homogeneous products. Indeed, the characteristics of such services are seldom defined in a sufficiently precise way for it to be possible to determine with certainty whether two different service units can be considered as being equivalent, i.e. if they have to be regarded as correspondent with one same homogeneous product or with two separate products. Two equivalence criteria can be retained by the national accountants.
(a)
The unit cost criterion: two units of non-market services being considered equivalent if they have the same unit cost. This criterion is based on the idea that, collectively, those who benefit from public services are also those who decide and pay for them. For example, citizens decide on public services via their representatives and pay for them by their taxes. Under such conditions, citizens cannot be expected to pay different prices for service units that they consider equivalent. Thus, according to this criterion, two service units of different cost have to be regarded as corresponding to different products, and a non-market homogeneous product is characterised by the unicity of its unit cost.
(b)
The outcome criterion: two units of non-market services being considered equivalent if they give the same outcome. This criterion is based on the idea that two service units considered by citizens to be equivalent can however be produced at different costs because citizens do not check completely the production process of the services. The unit cost criterion is no longer then relevant and has to be replaced by a criterion corresponding to the usefulness of the non-market services for society.
As the outcome criterion often seems more relevant, a large amount of work has been completed to develop methods based on this criterion and research to improve them continues. In practice, such methods often result in the introduction to the volume calculation of correction coefficients applied to quantities; they take then the name of methods with explicit correction for quality.
The principal difficulty of implementation of such methods is related to the definition and the measurement of outcome. Indeed, measuring outcome presupposes having defined objectives, which is not so simple in the field of non-market services. For example, what are the objectives of the public health service: improving the state of public health or extending lifetime? Certainly the two, but then how are various objectives weighed up when they are not equivalent? For example, what is the best treatment, that which makes it possible to live an additional year in good health or that which makes it possible to live two additional years in bad health? In addition, outcome estimates are often controversial, hence, in numerous countries, the controversies on improvement or deterioration of pupils' school performance are recurrent.
In the European Union, given the conceptual difficulties and the absence of consensus on output methods adjusted for quality (based on outcome), such methods are excluded from the central framework in order to preserve the comparability of the results. Such methods are reserved on an optional basis for supplementary tables, while continuing research. Thus, in the field of non-market health and education, the estimates of production and of consumption in volume terms have to be calculated on the basis of direct output measures — not adjusted for quality — by weighing up the quantities produced by the previous year unit costs of those services, without applying any correction to them in order to take account of quality. Such methods have to be applied to a sufficient level of detail, the minimum level being defined by Eurostat's 
Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts
.
Although the use of input-based methods is generally to be avoided, it is possible, in the field of health, to apply the input method when the variety of the services is such that it is practically impossible to determine homogeneous products. In addition, explanatory information has to accompany the national accounts estimates that draw users' attention to the methods of measurement.
Principles for value added and GDP
10.31
Value added, the balancing item in the production account, is the only balancing item to form part of the integrated system of price and volume indices. The very special characteristics of this item must, however, be emphasised, as must the significance of its related volume and price indices.
Unlike the various flows of goods and services, value added does not represent any single category of transactions. It cannot, therefore, be directly broken down into a price component and a volume component.
10.32
Definition
: value added in volume terms is defined as the difference between output in volume terms and intermediate consumption in volume terms.
where P and Q are prices and quantities for output and p and q are prices and quantities for intermediate consumption. The theoretically correct method to calculate value added in volume terms is by double deflation, i.e. deflating separately the two flows of the production account (output and intermediate consumption) and calculating the balance of those two revalued flows.
10.33
In some cases, where the statistical data remain incomplete or insufficiently reliable, it may be necessary to use a single indicator. If there are good data on value added at current prices, one alternative to double deflation is to deflate current value added directly by a price index for output. This implies the assumption that prices for intermediate consumption change at the same rate as for output. Another possible procedure is to extrapolate value added in the base year by a volume index for output. This volume index can be calculated either directly from quantity data or by deflating the current value of output by an appropriate price index. This method in fact assumes that the volume changes are the same for outputs and for intermediate consumption.
For certain market and non-market service industries, such as finance, business services or defence, it may not be possible to obtain satisfactory estimates of price or volume changes for output. In such cases the movements of value added in volume terms can be estimated by means of changes in compensation of employees at wage rates of the previous year and consumption of fixed capital in volume terms. Compilers of data may be forced to adopt such expedients, even when there is no good reason to assume that labour productivity remains unchanged in the short or long term.
10.34
By their very nature, therefore, the indices of volume and price for value added are different from the corresponding indices for the flows of goods and services.
The same applies to price and volume indices of aggregate balancing items such as gross domestic product. The value of the latter is equivalent to the sum of all the values added of all industries, i.e. to an addition of balancing items, plus taxes less subsidies on products and from another point of view can be seen to represent the balancing item between total final uses and imports.
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
10.35
Although essentially limited to transactions involving goods and services, the integrated system of price and volume indices does not exclude the possibility of calculating measures of changes in price and volume for certain other transactions.
Taxes and subsidies on products and imports
10.36
The possibility mentioned above exists, in particular, in the case of taxes and subsidies directly linked to the quantity or value of the goods and services which are the subject of certain transactions. In the supply and use tables, the values of those taxes and subsidies are shown explicitly. By applying the rules described below, it is possible to obtain price and volume measures for the categories of taxes and subsidies which are recorded in the goods and services accounts, namely:
(a)
taxes on products, excluding VAT (D.212 and D.214);
(b)
subsidies on products (D.31);
(c)
VAT on products (D.211).
10.37
The simplest case is that of taxes which represent a fixed amount per unit of quantity of the product which is the subject of the transaction. The value of the revenue from such a tax depends upon:
(a)
the quantity of products involved in the transaction;
(b)
the amount levied per unit, i.e. the taxation price.
The breakdown of the value change into its two components presents virtually no difficulties. The variation in volume is determined by the change in the quantities of products taxed; the price variation corresponds to the change in the amount levied per unit, i.e. to the change in the taxation price.
10.38
A more frequent case is that in which the tax represents a certain percentage of the value of the transaction. The value of the revenue from such a tax then depends upon:
(a)
the quantity of products involved in the transaction;
(b)
the price of the products involved in the transaction;
(c)
the tax rate (as a percentage).
The taxation price is then obtained by applying the rate to the price of the product. The change in value of the revenue from a tax of this type can also be divided into a volume change, determined by the change in the quantities of products taxed, and a price change corresponding to the change in the taxation price (b × c).
10.39
The amount of taxes on products, excluding VAT (D.212 and D.214) is measured in terms of volume by applying to the quantities of products produced or imported the taxation prices of the base year or by applying to the value of output or imports, revalued at the prices of the base year, the tax rates of the base year. Attention has to be paid to the fact that taxation prices may differ among different uses. This is taken into account in the supply and use tables.
10.40
Similarly, the amount of subsidies on products (D.31) is measured in terms of volume by applying to the quantities of products produced or imported the subsidy prices of the base-year or by applying to the value of output or imports, revalued at the prices of the base-year, the rates of subsidy of the base-year, taking into account different subsidy prices for different uses.
10.41
VAT on products (D.211) is, both for the whole economy and for individual industries and other users, calculated on a net basis and refers only to non-deductible VAT. This is defined as the difference between VAT invoiced on the products and VAT deductible by the users of these products. Alternatively, it is also possible to define VAT on products as the sum of all non-deductible amounts which have to be paid by users.
Non-deductible VAT in volume terms can be calculated by applying the VAT rates in force in the previous year to the flows expressed in the prices of the previous year. Any change in the rate of VAT for the current year will therefore be reflected in the price index and not in the volume index of non-deductible VAT.
The fraction of deductible VAT in invoiced VAT and hence non-deductible VAT may change:
(a)
either because of a change in the right to deduct VAT, resulting from a change in tax laws or regulations, taking effect with or without a time lag;
(b)
or because of changes in the pattern of uses of the product (e.g. increase in the proportion of uses on which VAT may be deducted).
A change in the amount of deductible VAT resulting from a change in the right to deduct VAT will, by the method described, be treated as a change in the taxation price, as will a change in the rate of invoiced VAT.
On the other hand, a change in the amount of deductible VAT resulting from a change in the pattern of uses of the product constitutes a change in the volume of deductible VAT to be reflected in the index of the volume of VAT on products.
Other taxes and subsidies on production
10.42
The treatment of other taxes (D.29) and subsidies (D.39) on production raises a particular difficulty, to the extent that, by definition, it is not possible to assign them directly to units which are produced. In the case of non-market services, this difficulty is compounded by the fact that they are used only when it is not possible to define units of quantity. However, it is generally possible to get around this difficulty by defining other taxes and subsidies on production in volume terms, by the amount to which they would have risen if there had been no change in the tax rules and prices as a whole in relation to the previous year. For example, taxes on property or the use of an asset can be evaluated in volume terms by applying to the current period the rules and the price of assets of the previous year.
Consumption of fixed capital
10.43
The calculation of volume measures of the consumption of fixed capital poses few problems when good data on the composition of the stock of fixed capital goods are available. The perpetual inventory method, used by most countries, already implies, for the estimation of the consumption of fixed capital at current prices, the need to firstly carry out a calculation of the stock of fixed capital goods in volume terms. To go from a valuation at historic cost to one at replacement cost, it is necessary firstly to value capital goods acquired over a number of different periods on a homogeneous basis, i.e. base-year prices. The price and volume indices derived in the process can therefore be used to calculate the value of the consumption of fixed capital in volume terms and the associated price index.
Where there is no perpetual inventory of the stock of fixed capital goods, the change in the consumption of fixed capital in volume terms can be obtained by deflating the current price data by price indices derived from data on gross fixed capital formation by product. Account has then to be taken of the age structure of the capital goods acquired.
Compensation of employees
10.44
For the purpose of measuring the volume of input from employee labour, the quantity unit for compensation of employees may be considered to be an hour's work of a given type and level of skill. As with goods and services, different qualities of work must be recognised and quantity relatives calculated for each separate type of work. The price associated with each type of work is the compensation paid per hour, which may vary, of course, between different types of work. A volume measure of work done may be calculated as a weighted average of the quantity relatives for different kinds of work, weighted by the values of compensation of employees in the previous year or fixed base year. Alternatively, a wage rate index may be calculated for work by calculating a weighted average of the proportionate changes in hourly rates of compensation for different types of work, again using compensation of employees as weights. If a Laspeyres type of volume index is calculated indirectly by deflating the changes in compensation of employees at current values by an index of the average change in hourly compensation, the latter should be a Paasche-type index.
Stocks of produced fixed assets and inventories
10.45
Volumes at the prices of the previous year are needed both for stocks of produced fixed assets and for inventories. For the former, such data as are necessary for the calculation of capital output ratios are available if use is made of the perpetual inventory method. In other cases information on the values of stocks of assets may be collected from producers and deflation made by the price indices used for fixed capital formation, taking into account the age structure of stocks.
Changes in inventories are measured by the value of entries to inventories less the value of withdrawals from inventories, and the value of any recurrent losses of goods held in inventories during a given period. Volumes at the prices of the previous year can be derived by the deflation of these components. In practice, however, it is rare for entries and withdrawals of stocks to be actually known, and often the only available information is the value of the stocks at the start and at the end of the period. In such cases, it will often be necessary to assume regular entries and withdrawals during the current period, so that the average price for the period can be considered relevant for both entries and withdrawals. In such circumstances, calculating the variation in stocks by the difference between the values of the entries and withdrawals amounts to the same as calculating the difference between the values of the initial and final stocks. The variation in stocks in volume terms can then be calculated by deflating the initial and final stocks to bring them in line with the average price of the base period. When the variations in stocks are known in quantity terms, it is possible, again assuming regular entries and withdrawals, to calculate the volume of the variation in stocks by applying the average price of the base period to the variation in stocks in quantity terms.
MEASURES OF REAL INCOME FOR THE TOTAL ECONOMY
10.46
It is generally not possible to divide income flows into a price and a quantity component and for this reason price and volume measures cannot be defined in the same way as for the flows and stocks of products. Income flows can be measured in real terms only if one chooses some selected basket of goods and services on which the income is typically spent and uses the price index for this basket as a deflator of current incomes. The choice is always arbitrary in the sense that income is seldom spent specifically for purchases during the period in question. Some of it may be saved for purchases in later periods or, alternatively, the purchases during the period may be partly financed from savings made earlier.
10.47
Gross domestic product at previous year prices measures the total production (less the intermediate consumption) in volume terms for the total economy. The total real income of residents is influenced not only by this volume of production but also by the rate at which exports can be traded against imports from the rest of the world. If the terms of trade improve, fewer exports are needed to pay for a given volume of imports, so that at a given level of domestic production goods and services can be reallocated from exports to consumption or capital formation.
Real gross domestic income can be derived by adding the so-called trading gain to volume figures on gross domestic product. The trading gain or, as the case may be, loss is defined as:
i.e. the current balance of exports less imports, deflated by a price index P, less the difference between the deflated value of exports and the deflated value of imports. The choice of an appropriate deflator P for the current trade balances should be left to the statistical authorities in a country, taking account of the particular circumstances of that country. In circumstances in which there is uncertainty about the choice of deflator an average of the import and the export price indices is likely to provide a suitable deflator.
Various real income aggregates are identified and defined in the way shown as follows:
gross domestic product in volume terms
plus
the trading gain or loss from changes in terms of trade
equals
real gross domestic income
plus
real primary incomes receivable from abroad
minus
real primary incomes payable to abroad
equals
real gross national income
plus
real current transfers receivable from abroad
minus
real current transfers payable to abroad
equals
real gross national disposable income
minus
consumption of fixed capital in volume terms
equals
real net national disposable income.
To be able to express the various national income aggregates in real terms, it is recommended that receivables and payables of primary incomes and transfers to and from abroad should be deflated with an index of gross domestic final expenditure. Real national disposable income is to be expressed on a net basis by deducting from its gross value the consumption of fixed capital in volume terms.
INTERSPATIAL PRICE AND VOLUME INDICES
10.48
The fact that countries have different price levels and currencies poses a challenge to interspatial comparisons of prices and volumes. Nominal exchange rates are not suitable conversion factors in such comparisons, because they do not adequately reflect price level differences, and because they are not sufficiently stable over time.
10.49
Instead, purchasing power parities (PPPs) are applied. A PPP is defined as the number of units of country B's currency that is needed in country B in order to purchase the same quantity of goods and services that one unit of country A's currency will purchase in country A. PPPs can thus be interpreted as the exchange rate of an artificial currency commonly referred to as the purchasing power standard (PPS). If the expenditures of countries A and B expressed in national currencies are converted into PPS, the resulting figures are expressed in the same price level and the same currency, allowing a meaningful comparison of volumes.
10.50
PPPs for market goods and services are based on international price surveys. Such price surveys are carried out simultaneously in all participating countries, based on a common product sample. The sample items are clearly specified in terms of their technical characteristics, as well as other variables that are assumed to influence the price, like installation costs and the terms of sale. While priority is given to the comparability of the sample items, this must nevertheless be weighted against their representativity in national markets. The product sample should ideally be equally representative in all participating countries.
10.51
For non-market services, interspatial comparisons face the same problem as intertemporal ones, since no market prices exist in either dimension. Traditionally, an input approach (or an input cost approach) has been applied, under the assumption that output equals the sum of inputs. This approach, which implies direct or indirect volume comparisons of inputs, fails to take differences in productivity into account. For this reason, as for intertemporal comparisons, methods are preferred which focus either on the direct measurement of output or on output prices which are subsequently used to deflate expenditure, at least for individual services such as education and health.
10.52
In the calculation of PPPs, the same index number formulae are applied as in the calculation of temporal indices. In a bilateral context involving two countries, A and B, either country can be used to give the weights. Viewed from the angle of country A, a Laspeyres-type index with weights from country A can be calculated as well as a Paasche-type index using weights from country B. However, if the two economies are structurally different, the spread between these two indices may be quite large, and the end result would be heavily influenced by the choice of index. In binary comparisons, it is thus preferable to apply the average of the two, that is, a Fisher index.
10.53
Explicit numerical weights are usually not available at the level of individual sample items. Therefore, a form of implicit weighting is applied, based on whether countries regard a particular item as representative of the domestic consumption pattern or not. The lowest level of aggregation for which numerical weights are available, is referred to as the basic heading (BH) level.
10.54
Transitivity implies that the direct PPP between countries A and C is equal to the indirect PPP derived by multiplying the direct PPP between countries A and B (or any other third country) and the direct PPP between countries B and C. The Fisher PPPs at BH level are not transitive, but it is possible to derive from them a set of transitive PPPs that resemble the original Fisher indices, using the criterion of least squares for this purpose. Applying the so-called Éltetö-Köves-Szulc (EKS) formula minimises the deviations between the original Fisher indices and produces a complete set of transitive PPPs at BH level.
10.55
The resulting set of transitive PPPs for all countries and all BHs are aggregated up to the level of total GDP using expenditures from national accounts as weights. The aggregate PPPs at the level of GDP or any other category can be applied in, for instance, the calculation of real expenditures and spatial volume indices. A PPP divided by the nominal exchange rate between two countries produces a price level index (PLI), that can be used in analyses of countries' comparative price levels.
10.56
The European Commission (Eurostat) is responsible for calculating PPPs for the Member States in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1445/2007 
(
2
)
. In practice, these PPP calculations are embedded in a wider PPP program coordinated jointly by Eurostat and OECD. The detailed methods used in the program are described in the 
Eurostat-OECD Methodological manual on purchasing power parities
 
(
3
)
.
(
1
)
  Eurostat, 
Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts
, 2001 (available on: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu).
(
2
)
  Regulation (EC) No 1445/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2007 establishing common rules for the provision of basic information on Purchasing Power Parities and for their calculation and dissemination (
OJ L 336, 20.12.2007, p. 1
).
(
3
)
  Eurostat-OECD, 
Eurostat-OECD Methodological manual on purchasing power parities
, 2006 (available on: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu).
CHAPTER 11
POPULATION AND LABOUR INPUTS
11.01
Comparisons between countries, or between industries or sectors within the same economy, are more useful for some purposes when aggregates in the national accounts (for example, gross domestic product, the final consumption of households, the value added of an industry, compensation of employees) are considered in relation to the number of inhabitants and labour input variables. For such cases, definitions of population and labour inputs must be consistent with the concepts used in national accounts, and reflect the production boundary of national accounts.
11.02
The aim of this Chapter is to describe the frameworks and measures of population and employment statistics, and to provide guidance to the extent those frameworks correspond to the system of national accounts.
11.03
Labour inputs are classified on the basis of the same statistical units as used for the analysis of production, namely the local kind-of-activity unit and the institutional unit.
11.04
The aggregates to which the figures for population and labour inputs are related are often annual totals. In such cases, average population and labour inputs during the year have to be used. When surveys are conducted several times during the course of the year, the figure taken is the average of the results obtained on those various dates. When a survey is carried out over a period within the year, the period used must be representative; the latest available information on variations throughout the year must be used in estimating data for the year as a whole. For example, when estimating average employment, allowance must be made for the fact that certain people do not work throughout the whole year, for example casual workers and seasonal workers.
TOTAL POPULATION
11.05
Definition:
 on a given date, the total population of a country consists of all persons, national or foreign, who are permanently settled in the economic territory of the country, even if they are temporarily absent from it. An annual average of head counts will provide an appropriate basis for estimating national accounts variables or for use as a denominator in comparisons.
11.06
Total population is defined for national accounts according to the concept of residence as described in Chapter 2. A person who is staying, or intends to stay, on the economic territory of the country for a period of one year or more is regarded as permanently settled there. A person is regarded as being temporarily absent if he or she is permanently settled in the country but is staying, or intends to stay, in the rest of the world for a period of less than one year. All individuals who belong to the same household are resident where the household has a centre of predominant economic interest: this is where the household maintains a dwelling, or succession of dwellings, which members of the household treat, and use, as their principal residence. A member of a resident household continues to be a resident even if that individual makes frequent journeys outside the economic territory because their centre of economic interest remains in the economy in which the household is resident.
11.07
The total population of a country includes:
(a)
nationals settled in the country;
(b)
national civilians who are staying abroad for a period of less than one year. Examples are frontier workers, seasonal workers, and tourists;
(c)
foreign civilians settled in the country for a period of one year or more, including the personnel and accompanying members of their households, of the institutions of the European Union and of international civilian organisations located within the geographic territory of the country;
(d)
foreign military personnel working with international military organisations located within the geographic territory of the country;
(e)
foreign technical assistance personnel on long-term assignments who work in the country for over a year, and are deemed to be employed by their host government on behalf of the government, or international organisation, which is financing their work.
The total population also includes the following, irrespective of the length of their stay outside the country:
(a)
national students however long they study abroad;
(b)
members of the country's armed forces stationed in the rest of the world;
(c)
nationals who are on the staff of national scientific bases established outside the geographic territory of the country;
(d)
nationals who are on the staff of diplomatic missions abroad;
(e)
nationals who are members of the crews of fishing boats, other ships, aircraft and floating platforms operating outside the economic territory;
(f)
patients taking medical treatment abroad.
11.08
Conversely, the total population of a country does not include:
(a)
foreign civilians staying on the territory for less than a year, such as frontier workers, seasonal workers, tourists, and patients;
(b)
national civilians staying abroad for a period of one year or more;
(c)
national military personnel working with international organisations located in the rest of the world;
(d)
national technical assistance personnel on long-term assignments who work abroad and are deemed to be employed by their host government on behalf of the government, or international organisation, which is financing their work;
(e)
foreign students however long they study in the country;
(f)
members of the armed forces of a foreign country who are stationed in the country;
(g)
the foreign personnel of foreign scientific bases located on the geographic territory of the country;
(h)
members of foreign diplomatic missions stationed in the country.
11.09
The definition of population given above differs from the present, or de facto, population, which consists of persons actually present on the geographic territory of a country at a given date. It also differs from the registered population.
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION
11.10
Definition:
 the economically active population comprises all persons, who provide, or are available to provide, the supply of labour for productive activities falling in the production boundary of national accounts. It includes all persons who fulfil the requirements for inclusion in employment or in unemployment as subsequently defined.
The relevant standards on labour force statistics are maintained by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The ILO standards are contained in ‧Resolutions‧, which are adopted by sessions of the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). The one most relevant to collecting and compiling labour force data is the Resolution concerning statistics of the economically active population, employment, unemployment and underemployment 
(
1
)
. This resolution was adopted by the 13th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in October 1982, and amended by resolution of the Eighteenth ICLS in December 2008. In that resolution the labour force is defined in terms of individuals engaged in an activity included within the national accounts production boundary.
EMPLOYMENT
11.11
Definition:
 employment covers all persons engaged in productive activity that falls within the production boundary of the national accounts.
Persons in employment are employees or self-employed persons. Persons holding more than one job are classified as employees or self-employed according to their main job.
Employees
11.12
Definition:
 employees are defined as persons who, by agreement, work for a resident institutional unit and receive a remuneration recorded as compensation of employees.
‧Employees‧ correspond to the ILO definition of ‧paid employment‧. The relationship of employer to employee exists when there is a contract, which may be formal or informal, between an enterprise and a person, entered into voluntarily by both parties, whereby the person works for the enterprise in return for remuneration in cash or in kind.
Persons having both a job as an employee and a job as a self-employed person are classified as an employee if the employee job constitutes their principal activity by income. If income is not available, then hours worked is to be used as a proxy.
11.13
The following categories of employees are included:
(a)
persons engaged by an employer under a contract of employment. Examples are manual and non-manual workers, management personnel, domestic staff, and people carrying out remunerated productive activity under employment programs;
(b)
civil servants and other government employees whose terms and conditions of employment are laid down by public law;
(c)
the armed forces, consisting of those who have voluntarily enlisted for both long and short engagements, and conscripts including conscripts working for civil purposes;
(d)
ministers of religion, if they are paid directly by general government or a non-profit institution;
(e)
owners of corporations and quasi-corporations if they work in those enterprises;
(f)
students who have a formal commitment whereby they contribute some of their own labour as an input to an enterprise's process of production in return for remuneration in cash or in kind as education services;
(g)
outworkers if there is an explicit agreement that the outworker is remunerated on the basis of the work done: that is, the amount of labour which is contributed as an input into some process of production; an outworker is an employee if their contract with the employer is essentially to provide labour;
(h)
persons employed by temporary employment agencies, who are to be included in the industry of the agency which employs them, and not in the industry of the enterprise for which they actually work.
11.14
Persons temporarily not at work are also considered as employees provided they have a formal job attachment. This formal attachment shall be determined according to one or more of the following criteria:
(a)
the continued receipt of a wage or salary;
(b)
an assurance of a return to work following the end of the contingency, or an agreement as to the date of return.
This covers persons temporarily not at work because of illness or injury, holiday or vacation, strike or lockout, educational or training leave, maternity or parental leave, reduction in economic activity, temporary disorganisation or suspension of work due to reasons such as: bad weather, mechanical or electrical breakdown, or shortage of raw materials or fuels. It also covers other temporary absences with or without leave.
Self-employed persons
11.15
Definition:
 self-employed persons are defined as persons who are the sole owners, or joint owners, of the unincorporated enterprises in which they work, excluding those unincorporated enterprises that are classified as quasi-corporations. Persons having both an employee job and a job as a self-employed person are classified here if the self-employed job constitutes their principle activity by income.
If income is not readily available, then hours worked may be used as a proxy.
Self-employed persons may be temporarily not at work during the reference period. The compensation for self-employment is mixed income.
11.16
Self-employed persons include the following categories:
(a)
unpaid family workers, including those working in unincorporated enterprises engaged in market production;
(b)
outworkers whose income is a function of the value of the outputs from some process of production for which they are responsible. The contract of those outworkers is to provide goods or services to the commissioning party;
(c)
workers engaged in production undertaken entirely for their own final consumption or own capital formation, either individually or collectively. Such production must be a significant part of their final use for it to be recorded.
Unpaid voluntary workers are included with self-employed persons if their volunteer activities result in goods; for example the construction of a dwelling, church or other building. But if their volunteer activities result in services, for example caretaking or cleaning without payment, they are not included under employment, because those volunteer services are excluded from production.
Although the services householders provide to themselves as owners of their dwellings are included within the national accounts production boundary, there is no labour input in the production of such services; owner-occupiers of dwellings are not considered as self-employed persons.
Employment and residence
11.17
The results of the activity of producer units are consistent in coverage with employment if the latter includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for resident producer units.
Employment, therefore, also includes the following categories:
(a)
non-resident border workers, i.e. persons who cross the border each day to work in the economic territory;
(b)
non-resident seasonal workers, i.e. persons who move into the economic territory and stay there for less than one year in order to work in industries which periodically require additional labour;
(c)
members of the country's armed forces stationed in the rest of the world;
(d)
nationals who are on the staff of national scientific bases established outside the geographic territory of the country;
(e)
nationals who are on the staff of diplomatic missions abroad;
(f)
members of the crews of fishing boats, other ships, aircraft and floating platforms operated by resident units;
(g)
local employees of general government bodies situated outside the economic territory.
11.18
The following categories are excluded from employment:
(a)
residents who are border workers or seasonal workers, i.e. who work in another economic territory;
(b)
nationals who are members of the crews of fishing boats, other ships, aircraft and floating platforms operated by non-resident units;
(c)
local employees of foreign government agencies located on the geographic territory of the country;
(d)
the personnel of the institutions of the European Union and international civilian organisations located within the geographic territory of the country (including local employees directly recruited);
(e)
members of armed forces working with international military organisations located on the geographic territory of the country;
(f)
nationals working in foreign scientific bases established in the economic territory.
11.19
In order to be able to make the transition to the concepts generally used in labour force statistics (employment on a national basis), the ESA specially provides for the following items to be shown separately:
(a)
the conscripted forces (not included in the labour force statistics, but included in the ESA under general government services);
(b)
residents working for non-resident producer units (included in labour force statistics but not included in employment as defined in the ESA);
(c)
non-residents working with resident producer units (not included in labour force statistics but included in employment as defined in the ESA);
(d)
resident workers living permanently in an institution;
(e)
resident workers under the age taken into account in labour force statistics.
UNEMPLOYMENT
11.20
Definition:
 in accordance with the guidelines established by the International Labour Organization (13th International Conference of Labour Statisticians), further specified in the European Union context by Commission Regulation (EC) 1897/2000 
(
2
)
, the concept of unemployment comprises all persons above a specified age who during the reference period were:
(a)
‧without work‧, i.e. not in paid employment or self-employment;
(b)
‧currently available for work‧, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period; and
(c)
‧seeking work‧, i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment.
11.21
The specific steps may include: registration at a public or private employment exchange; application to employers; checking at worksites, farms, factory gates, markets or other assembly places; placing or answering newspaper advertisements; seeking assistance of friends or relatives; looking for land, building, machinery or equipment to establish own enterprise; applying for permits and licences or financial resources, etc.
JOBS
11.22
Definition:
 a job is defined as an explicit or implicit contract between a person and a resident institutional unit to perform work in return for compensation for a defined period or until further notice.
This definition covers the following terms:
(a)
the explicit or implicit contract relates to the provision of labour input, not to supplying output of a good or service;
(b)
work means any activity which contributes to the production of goods and services within the production boundary. The legality of the work and the age of the worker are irrelevant;
(c)
compensation is to be interpreted here in a wide sense, including mixed income of self-employed persons.
In this definition of a job, both employee and self-employment jobs are covered; that is, an employee job if the person belongs to another institutional unit than the employer and a self-employment job if the person belongs to the same institutional unit as the employer.
11.23
The concept of jobs differs from the concept of employment as defined above.
(a)
Jobs include second, third, etc. jobs of the same person. Those second, third, etc. jobs of a person may either successively follow one another within the reference period (usually, a week) or, as when someone has an evening job as well as a daytime job, run in parallel.
(b)
On the other hand, jobs exclude persons temporarily not at work but who have a ‧formal attachment to their job‧ in the form, for instance, of ‧an assurance of return to work or an agreement as to the date of return‧. Such an understanding between an employer and a person on lay-off or away on training is not counted as a job in the system.
Jobs and residence
11.24
A job in the economic territory of the country is an explicit or implicit contract between a person (who may be resident in another economic territory) and an institutional unit resident in the country.
For measuring labour input to domestic economic activity, only the residence of the producer institutional unit is relevant, because resident producers alone contribute to gross domestic product.
11.25
Moreover:
(a)
jobs are included in the count of jobs in the economic territory when the employees of a resident producer are working temporarily in another economic territory and when the nature and duration of the activity do not warrant its treatment as a notional resident unit of that other territory;
(b)
jobs are excluded from the count of jobs in the economic territory when performed for non-resident institutional units, that is, for units with a centre of interest in another country which have no intention of being active on the domestic territory for a year or more;
(c)
the jobs of the staff of international organisations and those of locally recruited staff engaged by foreign embassies are excluded from the count, since the employing units are not resident.
THE NON-OBSERVED ECONOMY
11.26
Value of production activities that are not directly observed are, in principle, included within the national accounts production boundary. The following three types of activity are therefore included:
(a)
illegal activities where the parties are willing partners in an economic transaction;
(b)
hidden and underground activities where the transactions themselves are not against the law, but are unreported to avoid official scrutiny;
(c)
activities described as ‧informal‧, typically where no records are kept.
In principle, the remuneration of these workers is included in compensation of employees or mixed income. This adjustment is to be taken into account in the data on employment and self-employment when calculating ratios and other statistics.
Illegal activities where either of the parties are not willing participants (e.g. theft) are not economic transactions and so are not included in the production boundary.
TOTAL HOURS WORKED
11.27
Definition:
 total hours worked represents the aggregate number of hours actually worked as an employee or self-employed person during the accounting period, when their output is within the production boundary.
Given the broad definition of employees which covers persons temporarily not at work but with a formal attachment, and part-time workers, the appropriate measure for productivity calculation is not a head count but total hours worked.
Total hours worked is the most appropriate measure of labour inputs for the national accounts.
Specifying hours actually worked
11.28
Total hours actually worked represents those hours of labour that have contributed to production and can be defined with reference to the production boundary of national accounts. The ILO standard contained in the Resolution concerning the measurement of working time, adopted by the 18th ICLS in December 2008 
(
3
)
, defines hours actually worked as the time persons spend in the performance of activities that contribute to the production of goods and services during a specified reference period. The resolution defines hours worked as follows:
(1)
hours actually worked occur in all types of jobs under varying work and compensation arrangements paid or unpaid, that can be performed at all types of location;
(2)
hours actually worked are not linked to administrative or legal concepts and therefore apply to all working persons and may occur within normal or contractual hours or as overtime;
(3)
statistics for hours actually worked shall include:
(a)
hours actually worked during normal periods of work and directly contributing to production;
(b)
paid time spent on training;
(c)
time worked in addition to hours worked during normal periods of work, known as overtime. Note that overtime hours worked shall be included even if they are unpaid;
(d)
time spent working on tasks such as the preparation of the workplace, repairs and maintenance, preparation and cleaning of tools, and the preparation of receipts, time sheets and reports;
(e)
time spent waiting or standing-by during short-term disruptions during the workday for such reasons as lack of supply of work, breakdown of machinery, or accidents, or time spent at the place of work during which no work is done but for which payment is made under a guaranteed employment contract;
(f)
time corresponding to short periods of rest during the workday, including tea and coffee breaks;
(g)
on-call work arrangements. Where this occurs away from the work-place, for example at home, the time is included in hours actually worked according to the degree to which the person's non-work activities and movements are restricted;
(h)
hours worked by defence force personnel, including conscripts, shall be included even if they are outside the scope of a country's labour force survey;
(4)
statistics for hours actually worked shall exclude:
(a)
hours paid for but not worked, such as paid annual leave, paid public holidays, paid sick leave, parental leave, strikes, ‧short leave‧ for medical visits etc., bad weather shutdowns;
(b)
meal breaks;
(c)
time spent on travel between home and work, although any work undertaken while commuting shall be included;
(d)
education other than training.
More exhaustive definitions of these criteria can be found in the ICLS Resolution concerning the measurement of working time of December 2008 
(
4
)
.
11.29
Total hours worked is the aggregate number of hours actually worked during the accounting period in employee and self-employment jobs within the economic territory:
(a)
including work outside the economic territory for resident employer institutional units who have no centre of economic interest there;
(b)
excluding work for foreign employer institutional units who have no centre of economic interest within the economic territory.
11.30
Many surveys of enterprises record hours paid not hours worked. In those cases, hours worked have to be estimated for each job group, using whatever information is available about paid leave etc.
11.31
For business cycle analysis, it may be useful to adjust total hours worked by adopting a standard number of working days per year.
FULL-TIME EQUIVALENCE
11.32
Definition:
 full-time equivalent employment, which equals the number of full-time equivalent jobs, is defined as total hours worked divided by the average annual number of hours worked in full-time jobs within the economic territory.
11.33
This definition does not necessarily describe how the concept is estimated: since the length of a full-time job has changed through time and differs between industries, methods which establish the average proportion and average hours of less than full-time jobs in each job group are used. A normal full time week must first be estimated in each job group. A job group can be defined, inside an industry, according to gender and kind of work. Hours contractually agreed upon constitute, for employee jobs, the appropriate criteria for determining those figures. The full-time equivalent is calculated separately in each job group, then summed up.
11.34
Total hours worked are the best measure of labour inputs, but where this information is lacking, full-time equivalence may be the best available proxy; it can be estimated more easily and enables international comparisons with countries which can only estimate full-time equivalent employment.
EMPLOYEE LABOUR INPUT AT CONSTANT COMPENSATION
11.35
Definition:
 for labour inputs of similar type and qualifications in the base period, employee labour input at constant compensation measures current labour inputs valued at the levels of compensation of employee jobs ruling during a selected base period.
11.36
Compensation of employees at current prices divided by employee labour input at constant compensation yields an implicit compensation price index comparable with the implicit price index of final uses.
11.37
The purpose of the concept of employee labour input at constant compensation is to describe the changes in the composition of the work force, for example from lower paid to higher paid workers. To be effective, the analysis is to be undertaken on an industry basis.
PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES
11.38
Definition:
 productivity is a measure of output from a production process, per unit of input. For example, labour productivity is typically measured as a ratio of output per labour-hour (an input). It is therefore essential that labour measures used in studies where the output is based on national accounts measures are consistent in concept and coverage with the national accounts.
(
1
)
  http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_087481/lang–en/index.htm
(
2
)
  Commission Regulation (EC) 1897/2000 of 7 September 2000 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 577/98 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey in the Community concerning the operational definition of unemployment (
OJ L 228, 8.9.2000, p. 18
).
(
3
)
  http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_112455/lang–en/index.htm
(
4
)
  http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_112455/lang–en/index.htm
CHAPTER 12
QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
12.01
This Chapter sets out the major principles and characteristics of quarterly national accounts.
12.02
Quarterly national accounts are national accounts whose reference period is a quarter. They are a system of integrated quarterly indicators. Quarterly national accounts provide a comprehensive accounting framework within which economic data can be compiled and presented in a format that is designed for purposes of economic analysis, decision-taking and policymaking, on a quarterly basis.
12.03
Quarterly national accounts adopt the same principles, definitions, and structure as annual national accounts. Quarterly national accounts use the concepts of annual national accounts unless indicated otherwise in this Chapter.
12.04
Quarterly national accounts cover the entire sequence of accounts and balance sheets. In practice, the constraints of data availability, time, and resources mean that quarterly national accounts are less complete than annual national accounts.
In comparison to annual national accounts, quarterly national accounts are more limited in scope. They focus on measuring GDP, on measuring the supply and use of goods and services, and on the generation of income. There is limited detail on industry activity and specific transactions. This reflects a trade-off between timeliness and scope, detail and reliability.
12.05
Compared to annual national accounts, quarterly national accounts are compiled and released more frequently. They provide an early overview of economic developments and can be used for early estimates of annual national accounts.
12.06
The time series of quarterly national accounts statistics, due to their quarterly frequency, present a seasonal pattern and are affected by calendar events. The seasonal pattern is smoothed out through seasonal and calendar adjustment procedures.
12.07
Quarterly national accounts rely on more limited data sources than annual national accounts and their compilation requires more use of statistical and econometric techniques. There are two approaches to the compilation of quarterly national accounts: the direct approach and the indirect approach.
12.08
The direct approach is based on the availability, at quarterly intervals, of similar data sources as those used to compile annual accounts; under this approach, similar methods of compilation are applied. The indirect approach uses statistical and econometric estimation techniques that use information from the annual accounts and short-term indicators to interpolate and extrapolate from the annual estimates. The choice between those approaches depends on the information used in the production of annual accounts being readily available in the same form at quarterly level.
12.09
The purpose of quarterly national accounts is different from that of annual national accounts. Quarterly national accounts focus on the short-term movements of the economy and provide a coherent measure of such movements within the national accounts framework. Emphasis is placed on growth rates and their characteristics over time such as acceleration, deceleration or change in sign. The annual national accounts' emphasis is on levels and the structure of the economy, as well as growth rates.
Annual national accounts are less suitable than quarterly national accounts for business cycle analyses, because annual data mask short-term economic developments.
12.10
Quarterly national accounts may be used in the compilation of annual national accounts. They improve the reliability and timeliness of annual national accounts and, in some countries, annual national accounts are directly derived from the aggregation over the year of quarterly national accounts. Those different roles reflect differences in data availability and in compilation processes.
12.11
A range of data feeds into the compilation of quarterly national accounts, such as short term statistics on production, prices, employment and external trade, confidence indicators of business and consumers and administrative data like VAT revenues. In comparison to such indicators, quarterly national accounts offer:
(a)
a broader scope;
(b)
exhaustiveness;
(c)
a coherent national accounts framework;
(d)
consistency with the concepts and data in national accounts;
(e)
international comparability based on an international methodological framework, the 2008 SNA.
12.12
The coverage of quarterly national accounts corresponds to the coverage of annual accounts, encompassing the entire sequence of accounts and the corresponding aggregates as well as the supply and use framework. However, the reduced availability of information and the quarterly frequency of compilation usually result in reduced coverage and scope for quarterly national accounts.
The quarterly accounts framework includes the following:
(a)
main aggregates, including employment and population;
(b)
financial and non-financial accounts by institutional sector;
(c)
limited detail breakdowns of key aggregates such as gross value added, final consumption expenditure, gross fixed capital formation, imports and exports of goods and services, and employment; and
(d)
a simplified sequence of accounts.
Such elements are usefully complemented, for compilation purposes, by a simplified supply and use framework.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF QUARTERLY NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
12.13
Compilation issues which are especially important for quarterly national accounts are:
(a)
time of recording;
(b)
flash estimates;
(c)
balancing and benchmarking;
(d)
chain-linked volume measures; and
(e)
seasonal and calendar adjustments.
Time of recording
12.14
The rules on the time of recording that apply to quarterly national accounts are the same as those that apply for annual national accounts. However, specific measurement problems with respect to the time of recording arise due to the shorter period of recording. This affects, in particular, measuring of:
(a)
work-in-progress;
(b)
activities in specific periods within a year; and
(c)
low-frequency payments.
12.15
For quarterly national accounts, recording of activities and flows concentrated in specific periods within a year is important. The size of such activities by quarter, such as the output of agriculture, construction and tourism, depends on external factors such as the weather and official holidays. The payment of wages, taxes, social benefits and dividends can be subject to temporary quarterly effects such as annual bonuses being paid in one month. Errors in measuring the timing and size of such events lead to errors in the measurement of quarterly growth.
Work-in-progress
12.16
Work-in-progress is incomplete output that is not yet ready for delivery. It occurs when production lasts more than one period. Long production cycles occur in activities such as agriculture, construction, manufacturing of machinery, cars and ships, and services like the development of software, architectural services, the making of a film or large sport events. Such long production processes are often accompanied by progress payments, occurring especially in activities such as shipbuilding, aircraft construction, wine production and advertising contracts.
Measurement of such production requires that a single process is split into separate periods. This is more difficult for quarterly national accounts than for annual national accounts. However, the same principles apply for measuring work-in-progress on a quarterly and on an annual basis.
Activities concentrated in specific periods within a year
12.17
Allocation of output on the basis of costs incurred over time is the normal means of allocating eventual output to periods on an accruals basis, but does not always apply in full. No output should be allocated to periods in which there is no ongoing production process, even if there are ongoing costs. This applies to the cost of using capital, for example rental payments for the use of machinery. This situation can apply to agriculture, where there may be no production in some periods. Periods with no output can also arise in food processing industries that are dependent on products from harvests.
Low-frequency payments
12.18
For an activity occurring throughout the year, low-frequency payments are payments made once a year, or infrequent instalments over the year. Examples of such payments are dividends, interest, taxes, subsidies and employee bonuses, such as end-of-year bonuses and vacation bonuses. All such distributive transactions are recorded on an accrual basis, when the claim arose rather than when it was paid. This issue of timing of recording also occurs in annual national accounts, when payments may partly relate to another accounting year.
12.19
In order to deal with such timing issues, two categories of payments are distinguished.
(a)
Payments that have a purely ad hoc character are to be recorded in the period in which they are actually made. Dividends, for example, are usually determined only after the books are closed on a fiscal year and may not relate to the company's profits over that year.
(b)
Payments that have a fixed relation to a particular period (e.g. accrued in a previous period or accrued over a number of accounting periods) are to be allocated to the periods in which they accrued. Examples are taxes on income and products, that may be collected in a subsequent period.
12.20
The application of accrual principles to quarterly data in such cases may be extremely difficult, and alternative methods are necessary, such as a cash adjusted basis, or allocating accrual payments to periods so that there is minimal distortion of the characteristics of time series.
Flash estimates
12.21
Quarterly national accounts provide an overview of the state of the economy with a short delay after the end of the reference quarter. The timely availability of such information helps to identify and interpret economic trends. For this reason, flash estimates of key macroeconomic aggregates including GDP growth and quarterly national accounts indicators are compiled more frequently by statistical authorities.
12.22
A flash estimate is an early estimate of an economic variable for the most recent reference period. The flash estimate is normally calculated on incomplete data, but using the same statistical or econometric model as for regular estimates. The compilation of flash estimates incorporates as much data as possible. The differences between flash estimates and traditional estimates are as follows:
(a)
timeliness: flash estimates are available earlier than the traditional estimates;
(b)
accuracy: there is a trade off between timeliness and accuracy. Flash estimates are in general more prone to revision than the traditional ones;
(c)
coverage: the number of variables covered by flash estimates is more limited than traditional estimates;
(d)
information: flash estimates are based on less information. Often the information for traditional estimates is not fully available;
(e)
estimation method: due to the lack of data, flash estimates rely more on econometric methods and assumptions.
Balancing and benchmarking of quarterly national accounts
12.23
Quarterly national accounts are a coherent set of accounts compiled on a quarterly basis. They are an integral part of the national accounts framework and are consistent with annual accounts.
12.24
The internal consistency of quarterly accounts is achieved by reconciling estimates of supply and use for the accounts on a quarterly basis. The consistency with annual accounts is ensured either by benchmarking quarterly accounts to annual accounts or by deriving annual accounts from quarterly accounts.
Balancing
12.25
The balancing or reconciliation process is an integral part of the compilation process of national accounts. It makes optimum use of the diverse sources of information underpinning different measures in the accounts. In broad terms, balancing seeks to fit the statistical basic data underlying the different approaches to the compilation of GDP and the other parts of the accounts into a supply and use framework, and so use all the available information in an effective manner.
12.26
The principles and procedures of the balancing process applied to annual accounts apply to quarterly accounts, with additional procedures reflecting the quarterly frequency of compilation. Such additional procedures reflect the following features of quarterly accounts:
(a)
maintaining consistency between seasonally adjusted and unadjusted data;
(b)
ensuring consistency between current price and volume measures;
(c)
reconciling measures from the different approaches to the compilation of GDP.
A simplified quarterly supply and use framework will help in balancing quarterly national accounts. When annual supply and use tables are regularly compiled, information in the quarterly supply and use tables can be explicitly linked to them as part of the balancing and benchmarking process.
Consistency between quarterly and annual accounts — benchmarking
12.27
The process of alignment of quarterly accounts to annual ones can be approached in two ways:
(a)
aligning quarterly accounts to annual accounts, also known as benchmarking;
(b)
deriving annual accounts from quarterly accounts.
12.28
Discrepancies between quarterly and annual accounts are mainly due to differences in sources, and availability of information from shared sources.
12.29
Many different methods can be used for reconciling quarterly and corresponding annual aggregates.
The ideal method is to identify the causes of the differences and to derive new, reconciled quarterly and annual aggregates using all available information.
Benchmarking techniques ensure consistency between the two sets of aggregates by taking one as the standard and adapting the other to be consistent with it, through a variety of methods from simple mathematical adjustments to complex statistical and econometric procedures. Benchmarking techniques aim to ensure the accounting coherence of the two sets of aggregates in terms of preservation of movements or other well-defined criteria.
Benchmarking is an integral part of the compilation process and should, in principle, be conducted at the most detailed compilation level. In practice, this may imply benchmarking different series in stages over time, where data for some series, which have already been benchmarked, are used to estimate other series, followed by a second or third round of benchmarking.
12.30
When quarterly aggregates are taken as the benchmark, annual aggregates are derived by adding the appropriate quarterly figures. In this way, consistency is ensured.
12.31
Very often, the reconciliation between quarterly and annual aggregates results from a mix of benchmarking approaches: for example, preliminary annual estimates can be derived by aggregating quarterly figures, and, once annual information becomes available and the annual aggregate is revised, the annual benchmark is applied to revise the corresponding quarterly figures.
Chain-linked measures of price and volume changes
12.32
For annual national accounts, the measure of price and volume changes is in principle through an annual chain index. For the sake of coherence, the quarterly measures of price and volume changes are constrained to the annual chain-linked measures.
12.33
Consistency between quarterly and annual accounts price and volume measures requires either that the annual measures are derived from quarterly measures or that the quarterly data is constrained to the annual using benchmarking techniques. This is true even if the basic requirement is met that the quarterly and annual measures are based on the same methods of compilation and presentation, for example using the same index formula, base year and reference period. Strict consistency is not possible because quarterly indices will not normally reflect exactly the same growth as the corresponding annual indices, due to the index mathematical form.
12.34
Whilst quarterly chain-linked volume measures could be based on quarterly frequency of chain linking, chain linking is in principle to be carried out annually. Quarterly volume measures are annually chain linked.
12.35
Quarterly national accounts chain-linked volume series are quarterly volume changes using the annual averages of prices of the previous year. Three approaches for annually chain linking quarterly volume indexes may be used:
(a)
annual overlap;
(b)
one-quarter overlap;
(c)
over-the-year approach.
Creating a time series by applying one of the three chain-linking techniques normally induces structural breaks in the resulting chain-linked series, the impact of which is determined by the chosen linking approach and by the change of the price structure over time.
12.36
The annual overlap approach uses the annual average values of the respective previous year in prices of that year. It results in annual aggregates of quarterly volume measures identical to the independently derived chain-linked annual national accounts series. Moreover, the quarter-on-quarter rates of change within the same calendar year between Q1 and Q 4 are not affected by breaks. However, the volume series is affected by breaks occurring from the fourth quarter of a year to the first quarter of the following year, which also appear in the respective quarter-on-quarter rate of change.
12.37
By contrast, the one-quarter overlap approach generally leads to undistorted quarter-on-quarter rates of change for all quarters of the year, since the chain links refer to the quantities of the fourth quarter of the respective previous year valued at average prices of that year. However, unlike the annual overlap approach, the one-quarter overlap approach leads to quarterly chain-linked series which are not consistent with the independently derived chain-linked annual national accounts series.
12.38
The over-the-year approach of chain linking leads to undistorted year-on-year growth rates for all quarters, since the chain links refer to the volumes of the same quarter in the respective previous year, valued at average prices of that year. However, this approach leads to results that are affected by structural breaks in every quarter, so that each quarter-on-quarter rate of change is affected by a break. Hence, the over-the-year approach impacts most on the intra-annual profile of a series.
12.39
Provided the substitution effects (changes in volumes due to shifts in price structure) within a year are small, the three approaches for quarterly chain linking of volumes lead to very similar results.
Based on practical considerations such as quarterly growth consistency with annual chain-linked growth and simplicity and transparency of computation, the annual overlap method is the recommended method.
Seasonal and calendar adjustments
12.40
Seasonality is any pattern that recurs on a regular basis within the same period of each year.
An example is the sale of ice cream in the summer. Regularly recurring events are smoothed over the year by adjusting for seasonality, whereas the impact of irregular events remains unaffected. Adjusting for seasonality includes allowing for the different lengths of months and quarters. The seasonally adjusted results reflect ‧normal‧ and recurring events over the whole year in which they occur. Seasonally adjusted series reveal more clearly than unseasonally adjusted series the following features for example:
(a)
changes in trend; and
(b)
turning points in the business cycle.
12.41
The calendar effect is the impact on a time series of the following:
(a)
the number and composition of working and trading days;
(b)
the occurrence of fixed and moving holidays;
(c)
leap years and other calendar phenomena such as bridging days.
12.42
The presence of seasonal and calendar effects in quarterly national accounts time series obscures the trend in growth of quarterly national accounts aggregates. So, adjustments for seasonal effects and calendar effects assist in the drawing of inferences on trends from quarterly national accounts; furthermore, seasonal adjustment reveals the impact of major irregular effects or events to help in understanding economic developments through the quarterly national accounts statistics.
12.43
Seasonal variations are commonly the effect of variations in energy use, tourism activity, weather conditions that affect outdoor activity such as construction, salary bonuses and fixed holidays effects, as well as all kinds of institutional or administrative practices. Seasonal variations in quarterly national accounts depend also on the data sources and compilation methods used.
12.44
For a reliable estimation of seasonal factors, the time series may need to be pre-treated. This prevents outliers such as impulse outliers, transitory changes and level shifts, calendar effects and national holidays from affecting the quality of the seasonal estimates. However, outliers should remain visible in the seasonally adjusted data unless they are the result of errors, because they may reflect specific events such as strikes, natural disasters, etc. Therefore the outliers should be reintroduced into the times series after the seasonal components have been estimated.
Sequence of compilation of seasonally adjusted chain-linked volume measures
12.45
The compilation of seasonal and calendar adjusted quarterly national accounts chain-linked volume measures is the result of a sequence of operations including seasonal and calendar adjustment, chain linking, benchmarking and balancing, applied to the available basic or aggregated information.
12.46
The sequence of application of the different steps of the compilation process of seasonally adjusted chain-linked quarterly national accounts volume measures depends on the specificities of the production process and on the level of aggregation at which it is applied.
Ideally, seasonally adjusted chain-linked volume series are obtained by seasonally adjusting the chain-linked series, followed by a benchmarking of the adjusted chain-linked series.
12.47
There are quarterly national accounts compilation systems in which seasonally adjusted data are produced at a very detailed level, and even at a level at which no chain linking is applied, e.g. when producing quarterly national accounts from quarterly supply and use tables. The order in this case is seasonal adjustment, followed by balancing, chain linking and benchmarking. At a disaggregated level, the estimates of the seasonal component may not be as reliable as at higher quarterly national accounts levels. Particular care is then needed for revisions of the seasonal component. Furthermore, balancing and chain linking seasonally adjusted data must not result in a seasonal pattern being introduced into the series.
12.48
Quarterly national accounts volume measures in average prices of the previous year can be chain linked by using the one-quarter-overlap, the annual overlap or the over-the-year technique. From the perspective of seasonal adjustment of quarterly national accounts volume measures, the one-quarter-overlap and the annual overlap technique are preferred. The over-the-year-technique is not recommended as it can introduce breaks in every single quarter-on-quarter movement of the series.
12.49
Seasonally adjusted chain-linked quarterly volume measures are constrained to the respective non-seasonally adjusted chain-linked annual data by using benchmarking or constraining techniques that minimise the impact on the quarter-on-quarter changes of the series. The benchmarking is required for purely practical reasons, e.g. the consistency of annual average growth rates. Benchmarking shall not result in introducing a seasonal pattern in the series. The reference should be the independently derived chain-linked annual series in unadjusted form for only seasonally adjusted quarterly national accounts. Exceptions from the desired consistency over time are acceptable if the seasonality is changing rapidly.
12.50
The calendar effect can be divided into a seasonal and a non-seasonal component. The former corresponds to the average calendar situation that recurs each year at the same season; the latter corresponds to the deviation of the calendar variables, such as numbers of trading/working days, moving holidays and leap year days, from the month- or quarter-specific average.
12.51
Calendar adjustment removes those non-seasonal calendar components from the series, for which there is statistical evidence and an economic explanation. Calendar effects, for which a series are adjusted for, should be identifiable and sufficiently stable over time or, alternatively, it should be possible to model their changing impact over time appropriately.
CHAPTER 13
REGIONAL ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
13.01
This Chapter describes regional accounts in general and clarifies the purposes and major conceptual principles and compilation issues typical for regional accounts.
13.02
Definition
: regional accounts are a regional specification of the corresponding accounts of the national economy. Regional accounts provide a regional breakdown for major aggregates such as gross value added by industry and household income.
13.03
National accounts concepts shall be used for regional accounts unless indicated otherwise in this Chapter.
National totals hide differences in regional economic conditions and performances. Population and economic activities are generally unevenly distributed among regions. Urban regions are generally specialised in services, while agriculture, mining activities and manufacturing tend to be located in non-urban regions. Major issues such as globalisation, innovation, ageing, taxation, poverty, unemployment and the environment often have a regional economic dimension. Regional accounts are, therefore, an important complement to national accounts.
13.04
Regional accounts comprise the same set of accounts as national accounts, in that they make regional economic structures, developments and differences visible. Conceptual and measurement problems result in a set of accounts for regions which are more limited in scope and detail than national accounts.
The tables on regional production activities by industry show:
(a)
the size and the dynamic of production and employment by region;
(b)
the contribution of regions to national aggregates;
(c)
the specialisation of each region;
(d)
the role of the various regions for each industry.
Regional household income accounts show primary and disposable household income by region, as well as the sources and distribution of income amongst regions.
13.05
In several Member States, regions at various levels have a substantial autonomy of decision-making. Regional accounts corresponding to such regions are, therefore, important for national and regional policy.
13.06
Regional accounts also serve important specific administrative purposes, e.g.:
(a)
to allocate the revenues of a specific national tax to regional governments;
(b)
to allocate funds as part of European cohesion policy.
13.07
Regional accounts can be used flexibly at various levels of aggregation. This does not only correspond to geographic regions. Geographic regions can also be grouped by economic structure, location and economic relationships with other (neighbouring) regions. This is in particular useful for analysing national and European economic structures and development.
13.08
Regional accounts shall be compiled on the basis of regional data collected directly, and national data with regional breakdowns based on assumptions. The more complete the data collected directly, the less the role of assumptions. The lack of sufficiently complete, timely and reliable regional information requires assumptions in compiling regional accounts. This implies that some differences between regions are not necessarily reflected in regional accounts.
REGIONAL TERRITORY
13.09
A regional economy of a country is part of the total economy of that country. The total economy is defined in terms of institutional units and sectors. It consists of all the institutional units which have a centre of predominant economic interest in the economic territory of a country (see paragraph 2.04). The economic territory does not coincide exactly with the geographic territory (see paragraph 2.05). The economic territory of a country is divided into regional territories and the extra-regio territory.
13.10
The regional territory consists of that part of the economic territory of a country that is directly assigned to a region, including any free zones, bonded warehouses and factories.
13.11
The extra-regio territory is made up of parts of the economic territory of a country which cannot be assigned to a single region. It consists of:
(a)
the national air-space, territorial waters and the continental shelf lying in international waters over which the country enjoys exclusive rights;
(b)
territorial exclaves (i.e. geographic territories situated in the rest of the world and used, under international treaties or agreements between states, by general government agencies of the country — embassies, consulates, military bases, scientific bases etc.);
(c)
deposits of oil, natural gas etc. in international waters, outside the continental shelf of the country, worked by resident units.
13.12
The NUTS classification provides a single, uniform breakdown of the economic territory of the European Union. For national purposes, regional accounts may also be compiled at a more detailed regional level.
UNITS AND REGIONAL ACCOUNTS
13.13
Two types of units are distinguished for the national economy. First, records for the institutional unit reflect flows affecting income, capital and financial transactions, other flows and balance sheets. Second, records for the local kind of activity unit (local KAU) show flows occurring in the process of production and in the use of goods and services.
Institutional units
13.14
For regional accounts, depending on the regional level, two types of institutional units can be distinguished:
(a)
Uniregional units, where the centre of predominant economic interest is in one region. Examples of uniregional units are households, corporations the local KAUs of which are all located in the same region, most local and regional governments, part of social security and NPISHs.
(b)
Multiregional units, where the centre of predominant economic interest is in more than one region. Corporations and NPISHs are examples of units which span regions. Other examples are institutional units whose activities span the whole country, such as central government and a small number of corporations exercising monopolies or near-monopolies.
13.15
All transactions of uniregional institutional units are allocated to the region in which such units have their centre of predominant economic interest. For households, the centre of predominant economic interest lies in the region where they are resident, not the region where they work. Other uniregional units have their centre of predominant economic interest in the region where they are located.
13.16
Some of the transactions of multiregional units cannot be allocated to regions. This is the case for most distributive and financial transactions. Consequently, balancing items of multiregional units such as saving and net lending are not recorded at the regional level for multiregional units.
Local kind-of-activity units and regional production activities by industry
13.17
Enterprises can engage in production activities at more than one location, and for regional accounts it is necessary to allocate the activities to location. Where enterprises are partitioned by location, the partitioned parts are called local units.
13.18
Institutional units can be classified on the basis of economic activities to describe the economy's production activities by industry. This results in heterogeneous industries, as many enterprises have substantial secondary activities that are different from their principal activity. It also results in some industries having the principal product of the industry as a small proportion of total output. In order to obtain groups of producers whose activities are more homogeneous in terms of output, cost structure and technology of production, enterprises are partitioned into smaller and more homogeneous units. These are called kind-of-activity units.
13.19
The local kind-of-activity unit (local KAU) is the part of a kind-of -activity unit (KAU) which corresponds to a local unit. When a KAU is engaged in production activities in several regions, the information on the KAU is split in order to obtain regional accounts. For this splitting, information is required on compensation of employees, or employment if this is not available, and gross fixed capital formation. For enterprises situated in a single location and in which the principal activity accounts for most of the value added, the local KAU is the same as the enterprise.
13.20
An industry for a region consists of a group of local KAUs engaged in the same, or similar, kind-of-activity.
13.21
When defining a local KAU there are three distinct cases.
(a)
A production activity with significant labour input at a fixed location. Significant labour input, in this context, at a minimum is the yearly equivalent of one person regularly working half a day.
(b)
A production activity without significant labour input at a fixed location is generally not to be considered as a separate local KAU and the production should be attributed to the local unit that is responsible for managing this production. However, there are exceptions to this rule, examples being windmills, the extraction of oil and gas, internet hubs and fully automatic petrol stations. Such production activities may be located in one region and fully managed in a different region. The output of such activities is not recorded in the region where they are managed, as production takes place in the other region. Gross fixed capital formation should be recorded in the same region as the associated output and value added.
(c)
For a production activity without a fixed location the concept of residence (see paragraph 2.04) at the national level is applied. For example, major construction projects undertaken by contractors from other regions are registered as a separate local KAU. Examples of major construction projects are building bridges, dams and power stations, that take a year or more to complete and are managed through a local site office. For construction projects of less than a year, the residence of the parent construction company is used to allocate the production by region.
13.22
Production transactions between local KAUs, which belong to the same institutional unit and are located in different regions, are recorded. However, no delivery of ancillary output between local KAUs is recorded, unless it is observable (see paragraph 1.31). This implies that only deliveries of principal or secondary output between local KAUs are recorded, as far as this is practised in national accounts.
13.23
If an establishment undertaking only ancillary activities is statistically observable, in that separate accounts for the production it undertakes are readily available, or if it is in a geographically different location from the establishments it serves, it is recorded as a separate unit and allocated to the industrial classification corresponding to its principal activity, in both national and regional accounts. In the absence of suitable basic data being available, the output of the ancillary activity is estimated by summing costs.
METHODS OF REGIONALISATION
13.24
Regional accounts are based on the transactions of units that are resident in a regional territory. In general, regional accounts are compiled by using the following:
(a)
bottom-up methods;
(b)
top-down methods; or
(c)
a mixture of bottom-up and top-down methods.
13.25
The bottom-up or ascending method of estimating a regional aggregate consists of collecting data directly for resident units, and compiling regional estimates by aggregation.
A pseudo-bottom-up approach is acceptable when data for local KAUs is not available. Data for local KAUs can be estimated from enterprise, KAU or local unit data using distribution models. The estimates are aggregated to obtain regional totals as in the bottom-up approach.
In the second stage of the compilation process, bottom-up estimates are reconciled with the totals from the national accounts.
13.26
When information is only available at the level of units which contain several local KAUs engaged in different activities and regions, indicators such as compensation of employees, and employment by region, are used to compile regional breakdowns by industry.
13.27
The top-down method is distributing a national total across the regions, without attempting to distinguish resident units by region. The national figure is distributed using an indicator that is distributed across regions in the same way as the variable to be estimated.
The notion of a resident unit by region is needed in order to achieve regional coverage of the indicator used to produce the regional allocation of the variable required.
13.28
Bottom-up methods are rarely encountered in their pure form. Mixed methods are also acceptable. For example, regional estimates of a variable or an aggregate of variables may only be possible with the help of the bottom-up method at macro-regional level. For estimates at a more detailed regional level, a top-down method is then applied.
13.29
Direct measures of regional values are preferred to indirect measures. If complete and reliable micro-data is available at the level of local KAUs, regional values that correspond in concept with the national values are estimated by the bottom-up method. To obtain consistency with the national accounts totals, those regional accounts estimates are then made consistent with national accounts aggregates.
13.30
Indirect measurement on the basis of national aggregates and an indicator that is correlated with the variable to be measured is subject to measurement errors. For example, national figures on gross value added by industry can be allocated to regions using regional employment statistics, under the assumption that, for each industry, gross value added per employee is the same for all regions. Compiling at a detailed breakdown level of industry improves top-down calculations.
13.31
Aggregates of production are allocated to the region where the unit carrying out the relevant transactions is resident. The residence of the local KAU is an essential criterion for the allocation of such aggregates to a particular region. The residence principle is preferred to a territorial approach in which production activities are allocated on the basis of their location.
13.32
For specific industries, like construction, energy production and energy distribution, communication networks, transport and financial intermediation, and for some transactions in the household accounts such as property income, specific problems in the allocation to regions exist. For international comparability of regional accounts, the same compilation methods, or methods yielding similar results, are employed.
13.33
Gross fixed capital formation is allocated to regions by ownership. Fixed assets owned by a multiregional unit are allocated to the local KAUs where they are used. Fixed assets used under an operating lease are recorded in the region of the owner of the assets, and those used under a financial lease are recorded in the region of the user.
AGGREGATES FOR PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
Gross value added and gross domestic product by region
13.34
Three approaches can be used for estimating regional gross domestic product: the production, income and expenditure approaches.
13.35
The production approach measures regional gross domestic product at market prices as the sum of gross value added at basic prices, plus taxes minus subsidies on products. Gross value added at basic prices is measured as the difference between output at basic prices and intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices.
13.36
The income approach measures regional gross domestic product at market prices by measuring and aggregating the various uses in the regional part of the total economy generation of income account: compensation of employees, gross operating surplus and taxes less subsidies on production. Information by industry on compensation of employees and employment is often available at regional level. This information is used in estimating gross value added by industry directly or via the production approach. The income approach for regional gross domestic product overlaps with the production approach.
13.37
Information on gross operating surplus is generally not available by industry and by region. Information on gross operating surplus of market producers can be derived from the business accounts of enterprises. A breakdown by institutional sector and by region is often not available. This is a barrier to using the income approach to the estimation of regional gross domestic product.
13.38
Taxes (less subsidies) on production consist of taxes (less subsidies) on products and other taxes (less subsidies) on production. The allocation of taxes (less subsidies) on products is discussed in paragraph 13.43. For the other taxes (less subsidies) on production, information may be available by industry, e.g. in business surveys or by inferring from the specific type of tax or subsidy of the industry involved. This can then be an indicator for allocation of gross value added by region.
13.39
For measuring regional gross domestic product, the expenditure approach is not used due to lack of information. Examples where there is a lack of data are direct information on inter-regional sales and purchases, and a breakdown of exports and imports between regions.
The allocation of FISIM to user industries
13.40
Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) are treated in regional accounts in the same way as in national accounts. The allocation of intermediate consumption of FISIM by user industries to regions poses a problem, because estimates of stocks of loans and deposits are usually not available by region. Where this is the case, the allocation of FISIM to user industry is made with a second-best method: regional gross output or gross value added by industry are used as distribution indicators.
Employment
13.41
Regional production measures are consistent with employment estimates in a region when employment includes both the residents and the non-residents who work for regional producer units. Regional employment is defined consistently with the principles governing employment and residence for the national economy (see paragraph 11.17).
Compensation of employees
13.42
For producers, compensation of employees is allocated to the local KAUs where the people are employed. Where this data is not available, compensation of employees is allocated, as a second-best method, based on the hours worked. If neither compensation of employees nor hours worked are available, the number of employees by local KAU is used. Compensation of employees in the household accounts is allocated to regions according to residence.
Transition from regional GVA to regional GDP
13.43
In order to calculate GDP at market prices for regions, taxes and subsidies on products are allocated to the regions. By convention, these supra-regional taxes and subsidies are allocated on the basis of the relative size of gross value added of all industries in the region valued at basic prices. Alternative methods of allocation can be applied on a case-by-case basis for territories with specific fiscal systems, resulting in significantly different rates of taxes and subsidies on products within a country.
13.44
Per inhabitant figures can be calculated for the GDP of all regions. These figures are not calculated for extra-regio measures.
13.45
Regional gross domestic product per inhabitant can be significantly influenced by commuter flows between regions. Net commuter inflows into regions increase production beyond that possible by the resident active population. GDP per inhabitant appears relatively high in regions with net commuter inflows and relatively low in regions with net commuter outflows.
Volume growth rates of regional GVA
13.46
In measuring price and volume changes, the principles applied for the national economy shall apply also to regions. However, there are problems with regional data which make applying these principles to regions difficult. Examples of the difficulties are the following:
(a)
information on regional price changes is often not available;
(b)
if regional value added in current prices is directly estimated and not by deducting intermediate consumption from output, then double deflation of regional value added is not possible;
(c)
in the absence of regional supply and use tables, price and volume changes cannot be measured and assessed in such a framework.
13.47
A commonly used approach is therefore to deflate regional value added by industry on the basis of national price changes by industry. This is carried out at the most detailed level at which gross value added at current prices is available. Differences between national and regional price changes due to differences in economic structure by industry are taken into account. However, this solution is still vulnerable to major differences between national and regional price changes. Examples of such differences are:
(a)
differences in cost structure and composition of outputs within one industry between producers in different regions. There can be large variations in price changes amongst regions for a single industry;
(b)
regional differences in the price changes of major inputs, e.g. changes in the price of labour, land and renting office space. The existence of national wage agreements with no regional differentiation implies that regional differences in changes in wage rates are small.
13.48
Regional value added is deflated by using:
(a)
regional deflators when available and of sufficient quality, using price changes of outputs rather than inputs. In some cases regional deflators can be obtained indirectly by combining information on value changes and volume changes. When regional prices are used (possibly in combination with national deflators by industry), the regional growth rates are calculated to be consistent with national growth rates;
(b)
double deflation when possible. This is in particular appropriate where the price change of intermediate consumption deviates from that of output and where intermediate consumption is substantial.
REGIONAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ACCOUNTS
13.49
Distribution and redistribution of income result in balancing items, namely primary income and disposable income. In regional accounts these income measures are limited to households.
13.50
Regional accounts of households are a regional specification of the corresponding accounts at the national level. For measurement reasons the accounts are limited to:
(a)
allocation of primary income account;
(b)
secondary distribution of income account.
These accounts record primary income and disposable income of households which are resident in a region (see Table 13.1).
Table 13.1 —
   
Regional household income accounts
Region
Correction for regional flows without any national counterpart
National total
a
b
Extra-regio
Allocation of primary income
Resources
B.2/B.3
Net operating surplus/mixed income
D.1
Compensation of employees
D.4
Property income receivable
Minus intraregional property income related to B2/B3
Uses
D.4
Property income payable
Minus intraregional property income related to B2/B3
B.5
Primary income (balancing item)
Secondary distribution of income account for households
Resources
B.5
Primary income
D.62
Social benefits other than social benefits in kind
D.7
Other current transfers receivable
Uses
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
D.61
Social contributions
D.7
Other current transfers payable
B.6
Disposable income (balancing item)
Supplementary information
Population (number of inhabitants)
Primary income per capita
Disposable income per capita
13.51
The regional household accounts are based on the households that are resident in a regional territory. The number of persons that are members of the resident households adds up to the total resident population of the region.
13.52
The rules for determining the residence of households at the national level shall also apply to the regional accounts of households. By way of exception, when the host region is in the same country as the region of residence, students and long-term patients are treated as resident of the host region if they stay there more than one year.
13.53
The household accounts can be extended by the use of income accounts. This requires the allocation by region of national accounts statistics on final consumption expenditure by households and the adjustment for the change in net equity of households in pension fund reserves. Regional saving by households is the balancing item.
13.54
Allocation by region of final consumption expenditure by households requires reliable regional information from for example an extended household budget survey. However, such a regional breakdown is often absent and in the national accounts final consumption expenditure by households is often estimated using other information. In these circumstances, constructing a regional breakdown is more difficult.
13.55
Governments can play an important role in providing education, health care and social services to households, through social transfers in kind. The role of such social transfers in kind differs substantially between different countries and can show major fluctuations over time. Allocating such social transfers in kind to regions implies that regional actual final consumption by households and adjusted disposable income by households can be obtained. Considering the important role of social transfers in kind in some Member States, comparing actual final consumption and actual disposable income by households across Member States can give a different picture from a comparison based on final consumption expenditure and disposable income by households.
CHAPTER 14
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION SERVICES INDIRECTLY MEASURED (FISIM)
THE CONCEPT OF FISIM AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR USER ALLOCATION ON MAIN AGGREGATES
14.01
One traditional way in which financial services are provided is by means of financial intermediation. This is the process whereby a financial institution such as a bank accepts deposits from units wishing to receive interest on funds, and lends them to units whose own funds are insufficient to meet their needs. The bank thus provides a mechanism to allow the first unit to lend to the second. The unit lending funds accepts a rate of interest lower than that paid by the borrower. A ‧reference rate‧ of interest is the rate at which both lender and borrower would be happy to strike a deal. The difference between the reference rate and the rate actually paid to depositors and charged to borrowers is a financial intermediation service charge indirectly measured (FISIM). The total FISIM is the sum of the two implicit fees paid by the borrower and the lender.
14.02
However, it is seldom the case that the amount of funds lent by a financial institution exactly matches the amount deposited with them. Some money may have been deposited but not yet loaned; some loans may be financed by the bank's own funds and not from borrowed funds. However, the depositor of funds receives the same amount of interest and intermediation service whether or not his funds are lent, and the borrower pays the same rate of interest and receives the same intermediation service whether his funds are provided by intermediated funds or the bank's own funds. For this reason FISIM are estimated for all loans and deposits offered by a financial institution irrespective of the source of the funds. The amounts of interest recorded are calculated as the reference rate times the level of loan or deposit in question. The difference between those amounts and the amounts actually received by or paid to the financial institution are recorded as the indirect service charges paid by the borrower or depositor to the financial institution. The amounts recorded in the system as interest are described as ‧ESA interest‧ and the total amounts actually paid to or by the financial institution are described as ‧bank interest‧. The total implicit service charge is the sum of the bank interest on loans less the ESA interest on the same loans plus the ESA interest on deposits less the bank interest on the same deposits.
14.03
FISIM apply only to loans and deposits provided by, or deposited with, financial institutions. The financial institutions in question need not be resident; nor need the clients of the financial institution be resident. Imports and exports of FISIM occur. The financial institution need not offer deposit-taking facilities as well as making loans. The financial subsidiaries of retailers are examples of financial institutions that make loans without accepting deposits. A money lender who has sufficiently detailed accounts to be treated as a corporation or a quasi-corporation can receive FISIM.
14.04
To consider the impact of the allocation of FISIM on GDP and national income, as compared with the situation where FISIM would not be allocated, five cases have to be considered:
(a)
loans are provided and deposits are taken by resident financial intermediaries (FIs) for intermediate consumption of market producers (including households as owners of unincorporated enterprises and of dwellings):
the FISIM output of FIs is counterbalanced by the intermediate consumption of market producers. Therefore, there is no impact on GDP and national income;
(b)
loans are provided and deposits are taken by resident FIs for intermediate consumption of non-market producers and for final consumption of households:
when FISIM is consumed by non-market producers, as intermediate consumption, the output of such producers is increased by the same amount since intermediate consumption is a part of the sum of their costs and the counterpart flow is an increase of final consumption expenditure. Therefore, GDP and national income increase by the amount of allocated FISIM.
Also, when FISIM is consumed by households as final consumers, GDP and national income increase by the amount of allocated FISIM;
(c)
loans are provided and deposits are taken by resident FIs to non-resident non-FIs (exports of FISIM):
exports of FISIM are recorded, increasing GDP. But in the transition from GDP to national income, this increase is counterbalanced by a decrease of interest receivable less interest payable towards the rest of the world (as FISIM is deducted from interest receivable on loans and added to interest payable on deposits). Therefore, exports of FISIM do not impact national income;
(d)
loans are provided and deposits are taken by non-resident FIs for intermediate consumption of market producers, including households as owners of unincorporated enterprises and of dwellings (imports of FISIM):
GDP decreases by the amount of this category of imports of FISIM, as their counterpart is intermediate consumption. But in the transition from GDP to national income, this decrease is counterbalanced by an increase of interest receivable less payable towards the rest of the world (as FISIM are added to interest receivable on deposits and deducted from interest payable on loans). Therefore, this category of imports does not impact national income;
(e)
loans are provided and deposits are taken by non-resident FIs for intermediate consumption of non-market producers and for final consumption of households (imports of FISIM):
imports of FISIM by non-market producers correspond to intermediate consumption. The output of such producers is increased by the same amount since intermediate consumption is a part of the sum of their costs and the counterpart flow is an increase of final consumption expenditure. When measuring GDP from the production approach, the increase in intermediate consumption is matched by the rise of output, leaving value added unchanged. When measuring GDP from the expenditure side, the increase in final consumption expenditure is neutralised by the increase of imports of services. But in the transition from GDP to national income, there is an increase of interest receivable less payable towards the rest of the world (as FISIM is added to interest receivable on deposits and deducted from interest payable on loans). Therefore, national income increases by the amount of this category of imports of FISIM.
Also, when FISIM is imported by households as final consumers, there is no impact on GDP and national income increases as there is an increase of interest receivable less payable towards the rest of the world.
By convention, FISIM are not calculated for interbank loans and deposits between resident FIs, nor between resident FIs and non-resident FIs. But interbank loans and deposits are used to calculate reference rates.
14.05
From the five cases presented in paragraph 14.04, the impact of allocating FISIM on GDP and national income can be summarised in the following way:
(a)
GDP increases by the amount of FISIM produced by resident FIs and allocated to sectors S.13 (general government), S.14 (for households as consumers), S.15 (NPISHs) and S.2 (rest of the world);
(b)
GDP decreases by the amount of imported FISIM allocated to S.11 (non-financial corporations), S.12 (financial corporations) excluding S.121 (central bank), S.122 (deposit-taking corporations except the central bank) and S.125 (other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds), and S.14 (for households as owners of dwellings and unincorporated enterprises);
(c)
national income increases by the amount of FISIM (produced by resident FIs or imported) allocated to sectors S.13 (general government), S.14 (for households as consumers) and S.15 (NPISHs).
CALCULATION OF FISIM OUTPUT BY SECTORS S.122 AND S.125
14.06
FISIM are produced by FIs: the central bank (S.121); deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122); and other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds (S.125).
FISIM calculations concentrate on subsectors S.122 and S.125; by convention, FISIM are not calculated for the central bank (see part VI).
Statistical data required
14.07
For each of the subsectors S.122 and S.125, data is needed in the form of a table of stocks of loans and deposits categorised by user sectors, and averaged over a four quarter period, and the corresponding accrued interest. The interest is calculated after reallocation of interest rate subsidies to the recipients.
Reference rates
14.08
In the balance sheets of financial intermediaries included in subsectors S.122 and S. 125, loans and deposits with resident units have to be broken down to differentiate between loans and deposits:
—
which are interbank (i.e. within the institutional units providing FISIM included in subsectors S.122 and S.125),
—
which are undertaken with the user institutional sectors (S.11 — other S.12 subsectors — S.13 — S.14 — S.15) (except with the central banks).
In addition, loans and deposits with the rest of the world (S.2) are broken down into loans and deposits with non-resident financial intermediaries and loans and deposits with other non-residents.
Internal reference rate
14.09
To obtain the FISIM output of the resident FIs by resident user institutional sector, the internal reference rate is calculated as the ratio of interest receivable on loans within and between subsectors S.122 and S.125 to stocks of loans within and between subsectors S.122 and S.125 as follows:
In theory, the internal reference rate is the same when using deposits data rather than loans data. Due to data inconsistencies, the estimate from the deposits data will be different from the estimate from the loans data.
When the deposits data is more reliable, the internal reference rate should be calculated on interbank deposits as the ratio of:
If the loans and deposits data are equally reliable, the internal reference rate should be calculated on interbank loans and deposits as the ratio between interest receivable on loans incurred plus interest payable on deposits held between FIs, and the stock of loans plus the stock of deposits held by FIs on behalf of other FIs.
In cases where resident FIs, for their resident customers, provide loans and take deposits expressed in foreign currencies, several ‧internal‧ reference rates by currencies or groups of currencies are to be calculated if this improves the estimates significantly. This would require splitting by currency or groups of currencies both the calculation of the ‧internal‧ reference rates and the loans and deposits from resident FIs towards each resident user sector.
External reference rates
14.10
To determine FISIM imports and exports, the reference rate used is the average interbank rate weighted by the levels of stocks in the headings ‧loans between resident FIs on the one hand, and non-resident FIs on the other hand‧ and ‧deposits between resident FIs on the one hand, and non-resident FIs on the other hand‧, which are included in the balance sheet of the FIs. So the external reference rate is calculated as the ratio of interest on loans plus interest on deposits between resident FIs and non-resident FIs, to the stock of loans plus the stock of deposits between resident FIs and non-resident FIs.
Several external reference rates are to be calculated for different currencies or groups of currencies, if the data is available for each currency or group of currencies for the following categories, and if this improves the estimates significantly:
(a)
loans and deposits from non-resident FIs towards each user sector;
(b)
loans and deposits from resident FIs towards non-resident users.
Detailed breakdown of FISIM by institutional sector
14.11
By convention, no interbank FISIM have to be calculated between resident FIs, nor between resident FIs and non-resident FIs. FISIM are calculated in respect of non-bank user institutional sectors only.
For each institutional non-FI sector, it is necessary to have data according to the following table of loans and deposits granted by the resident FIs:
Stocks
Interest receivable by resident FIs
Stocks
Interest payable by resident FIs
Loans granted by resident FIs (S.122 and S.125)
Deposits with resident FIs (S.122 and S.125)
The total FISIM by institutional sector is obtained as the sum of FISIM on loans granted to the institutional sector and of FISIM on deposits of the institutional sector.
FISIM on the loans granted to the institutional sector is estimated as interest receivable on loans less (loan stocks multiplied by the internal reference rate).
FISIM on the deposits of the institutional sector is estimated as (deposit stocks multiplied by the internal reference rate) less interest payable on deposits.
Part of the output is exported; on the basis of the balance sheet of the FIs we observe:
Stocks
Interest receivable by resident FIs
Stocks
Interest payable by resident FIs
Loans to non-resident non-banks
Deposits with non-resident non-banks
Exports of FISIM are estimated using the external interbank reference rate, for loans granted to non-residents (excluding FIs), as interest receivable less (loan stock multiplied by the external reference rate).
Exports of FISIM on deposits of non-residents (excluding FIs) are estimated as (deposit stocks multiplied by the external reference rate) less interest payable.
Where several reference rates are used for different currencies or groups of currencies, the loans and deposits are split both by institutional user sectors and by the currencies (or groups of currencies) in which they are denominated.
Breakdown into intermediate and final consumption of FISIM allocated to households
14.12
FISIM attributable to households are broken down into the following categories:
(a)
intermediate consumption of households in their capacity as owners of dwellings;
(b)
intermediate consumption of households in their capacity as owners of unincorporated enterprises; and
(c)
final consumption of households.
The estimation method requires a breakdown of loans to households (stocks and interest) into the following corresponding categories:
(i)
dwelling loans;
(ii)
loans to households as owners of unincorporated enterprises; and
(iii)
other loans to households.
Loans to households as owners of unincorporated enterprises and dwelling loans are generally shown separately in the various breakdowns of lending in financial and monetary statistics. Other loans to households are obtained as a residual item by subtracting the two previously mentioned categories of loans from the total. FISIM for loans to households should be distributed amongst the three categories on the basis of information on stocks and interest for each of the three groups. Dwelling loans are not identical to mortgage loans, as mortgage loans can have other purposes.
Household deposits are broken down into:
(1)
deposits of households as owners of unincorporated enterprises; and
(2)
deposits of households as consumers.
In the absence of statistics on deposits of households as owners of unincorporated enterprises, stocks of deposits are calculated by one of the following methods:
Method 1
Stocks of deposits are calculated by assuming that the ratio of stocks of deposits to value added observed for the smallest size corporations applies for unincorporated enterprises.
Method 2
Stocks of deposits are calculated by assuming that the ratio of stocks of deposits to turnover observed for the smallest size corporations applies for unincorporated enterprises.
FISIM on the deposits of households must be distributed between FISIM on the deposits of households as owners of unincorporated enterprises and FISIM on the deposits of households as consumers on the basis of the average stocks of those two categories, for which, in the event of lack of further information, the same interest rate may be used.
As an alternative, where detailed information on loans and deposits of households is absent, FISIM to households are allocated to intermediate consumption and final consumption assuming that all loans are attributable to households as producer or as owners of dwellings and that all deposits are attributable to households as consumers.
CALCULATION OF IMPORTS OF FISIM
14.13
Non-resident FIs grant loans to residents and receive deposits from residents. Data according to the following table is needed for each institutional sector.
Stocks
Interest receivable by non-resident FIs and payable by resident users
Stocks
Interest payable by non-resident FIs and receivable resident users
Loans granted by non-resident FIs
Deposits with non-resident FIs
Imports of FISIM for each institutional sector are calculated as follows:
Imports of FISIM for loans are estimated as the interest receivable by non-resident FIs 
less
 (loan stocks 
multiplied by
 the external reference rate).
Imports of FISIM for deposits are estimated as (deposit stocks 
multiplied by
 the external reference rate) 
less
 the interest payable by non-resident FIs.
It is recommended that several external reference rates are used by currency or groups of currencies (see paragraph 14.10).
FISIM IN VOLUME TERMS
14.14
Volume estimates of FISIM are calculated using stocks of loans and deposits deflated to base period prices using a general price index such as the implicit price deflator for domestic final demand.
The price of FISIM has two components: the first is the difference between the bank rate of interest and the reference rate (or the reverse in the case of deposits) which represents the margin earned by the financial intermediary; the second is the price index used to deflate the stocks of loans and deposits to base period prices.
FISIM in volume terms are calculated as follows:
Base period margin on loans is 
equal
 to the effective interest rate on loans 
less
 the reference rate.
Base period margin on deposits is 
equal
 to the reference rate 
less
 the effective interest rate on deposits.
In nominal terms, the effective margin is equal to the ratio of FISIM to stocks, so replacing the effective margin by this expression in the two above formulas gives the following:
CALCULATION OF FISIM BY INDUSTRY
14.15
The allocation of FISIM among user industries is based on the stocks of loans and deposits of each industry and, if this information is not reliable, on the output of each industry.
THE OUTPUT OF THE CENTRAL BANK
14.16
The output of the central bank is, by convention, to be measured as the sum of costs, i.e. its intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital and other taxes less subsidies on production. FISIM do not have to be calculated for the central bank.
Commissions and fees for directly measured services invoiced by the central bank both in respect of resident and non-resident units should be allocated to these units.
Only the part of the total central bank output (sum of costs less commissions and fees) which is not sold has to be, by convention, allocated to the intermediate consumption of other FIs — subsectors S.122 (deposit-taking corporations except the central bank) and S.125 (other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds) — in proportion to the respective value added of each of these subsectors.
To equilibrate the accounts of subsectors S.122 and S.125, the amount of their respective intermediate consumption of the service provided by the central bank is to be counterbalanced by a current transfer (classified under D.759 ‧other miscellaneous current transfers‧) received from the central bank, for the same amount.
CHAPTER 15
CONTRACTS, LEASES AND LICENCES
INTRODUCTION
15.01
Contracts are agreements on the terms under which goods, services and assets are provided to the customer. Contracts representing straightforward sales of goods, services or assets determine the value, and time of recording, of the transaction, which in the case of goods is the change of ownership. The difference between the time of payment and time of recording is reflected in entries recorded as other accounts receivable or payable in the financial account.
15.02
Leases, licences and permits are contracts which determine the classification of payments and the economic ownership of assets; some of the contracts are a separate type of non-financial asset.
15.03
In this Chapter, the recording of various groups of complex contracts and their underlying flows and stocks are discussed in seven sections:
(a)
the distinction between operating leases, resource leases and financial leases;
(b)
permits to use a natural resource;
(c)
permits to undertake specific activities;
(d)
public-private partnerships;
(e)
service concession contracts;
(f)
marketable operating leases;
(g)
entitlements to future goods and services on an exclusive basis.
THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN OPERATING LEASES, RESOURCE LEASES AND FINANCIAL LEASES
15.04
Three types of leases of non-financial assets are distinguished (see Table 15.1):
(a)
operating lease;
(b)
resource lease;
(c)
financial lease.
Each of these leases relates to the use of a non-financial asset:
—
in the case of operating leases and resource leases, there is no change of economic ownership and the legal owner continues to be the economic owner. Resource leases are used for natural resources, such as land and radio spectra. Operating leases are used for all other non-financial assets,
—
in the case of financial leases, there is a change of economic ownership of the asset, and the legal owner of the asset is not considered to be the economic owner. Financial leases can apply to all non-financial assets, including in some situations natural resources.
15.05
Every entity such as a good and service, a natural resource, a financial asset or liability has both a legal owner and an economic owner. In many cases the economic and legal owners are the same. Where they are not, the legal owner has handed responsibility for the risk involved in using the entity in an economic activity to the economic owner along with the associated benefits. In return the legal owner accepts from the economic owner payments for another package of risks and benefits.
Table 15.1 —
   
The recording of three different types of lease
Type of lease
Method of recording for the user
Operating lease (not for natural resources)
The user is not the economic owner of the non-financial asset
The rentals are recorded as payments for a service, intermediate consumption or final consumption expenditure by general government, households and NPISHs
Resource lease (only for natural resources)
The user is not the economic owner of the natural resource. Payments are rents (property income)
Financial lease
The user is the economic owner of a non-financial asset, financed by a loan from the lessor. The payments are for the most part re-payment of principal and payments of interest on the loan.
Part of the interest payments may be recorded as FISIM when the lender is a financial intermediary. This payment is classified as intermediate consumption or final consumption expenditure by general government, households and NPISHs
Table 15.2 —
   
The recording of three different types of lease, by type of transaction
Type of transaction
Type of use, and asset involved
Intermediate consumption
Operating lease of produced assets, for example machines and intellectual property rights
FISIM services on a financial lease
Consumption of fixed capital
Only for produced assets, and only for the economic owner
Final consumption expenditure
Operating lease of consumer durables
Purchase of consumer durables (including when financed by a financial lease or hire purchase)
FISIM services on a financial lease to final consumers
Purchase of non-financial assets
Fixed capital formation
Purchase of produced assets (including when financed by a financial lease)
Acquisition of natural resources
Purchase of natural resources, including the right to use to extinction
Acquisition of other non-produced assets
Purchase of the right to use a natural resource for an extended period, for example a fishing quota
Property income payments
Rent
Resource lease, i.e. payment for the use of a natural resource
Interest
Financial lease, i.e. purchase of a non-financial asset financed simultaneously by a loan
Financial transaction: loan
Financial lease, i.e. purchase of a non-financial asset financed simultaneously by a loan
15.06
Definition
: the economic owner of entities such as a good and service, a natural resource, a financial asset or liability is the institutional unit entitled to claim the benefits associated with the use of the entity in the course of an economic activity by virtue of accepting the associated risks.
15.07
Definition
: the legal owner of entities such as a good and service, a natural resource, a financial asset or liability is the institutional unit entitled in law and sustainable under the law to claim the benefits associated with the entities.
Operating leases
15.08
Definition
: an operating lease is a lease whereby the legal owner is also the economic owner and accepts the operating risks and receives the economic benefits from the asset by charging for the use of it, in a productive activity.
15.09
One indicator of an operating lease is that it is the responsibility of the legal owner to provide for repair and maintenance of the asset.
15.10
Under an operating lease the asset remains on the balance sheet of the lessor.
15.11
The payments made for produced assets under an operating lease are referred to as rentals and are recorded as payments for a service (see Table 15.2). The character of an operating lease is best described in relation to equipment since operating leases are often for vehicles, cranes, drills, etc. However, any sort of non-financial asset may be subject to an operating lease. The service provided by the lessor goes beyond the mere provision of the asset. It includes other elements such as convenience and security. In the case of equipment, the lessor, or owner of the equipment, normally maintains a stock of equipment in good working order that can be hired on demand or at short notice. The lessor must normally be a specialist in the operation of the equipment. This is important in the case of highly complicated equipment, such as computers, where the lessee may not have the necessary expertise or facilities to service the equipment properly. The lessor may also undertake to replace the equipment in the event of a serious or prolonged breakdown. In the case of a building, the lessor is responsible for the structural integrity of the building and for replacement in the case of damage due to a natural disaster, for example, and is usually responsible for ensuring that elevators, heating and ventilation systems function adequately.
15.12
Operating leasing developed originally to meet the needs of users who require certain types of equipment only at regular intervals. Many operating leases are for short periods though the lessee may renew the lease when the period expires and the same user may use the same piece of equipment on several occasions. However, with the evolution of increasingly complicated types of machinery, especially in the electronics field, the servicing and back-up facilities provided by a lessor are important factors that may influence a user to lease rather than purchase. Other factors that may persuade users to lease over long periods rather than purchase are the consequences for the enterprise's balance sheet, cash flow or tax liability.
Financial leases
15.13
Definition
: a financial lease is one where the lessor is the legal owner of an asset but the lessee is the economic owner as the latter bears the operating risks and receives the economic benefits from using the asset in a productive activity. In return, the lessor accepts another package of risks and rewards from the lessee, in the form of repayments associated with a loan. It is frequently the case that the lessor, though the legal owner of the asset, never takes physical delivery of the asset but consents to its delivery directly to the lessee. One indicator of a financial lease is that it is the responsibility of the economic owner to provide any necessary repair and maintenance of the asset.
15.14
Under a financial lease, the legal owner is shown as issuing a loan to the lessee, which the lessee uses to acquire the asset. Thereafter the asset is shown on the balance sheet of the lessee and not the lessor; the corresponding loan is shown as an asset of the lessor and a liability of the lessee. Payments under a financial lease are treated not as rentals but as the payment of interest and repayment of principal on the imputed loan. If the lessor is a financial intermediary, part of the payment is also treated as a service charge (FISIM).
15.15
Very often the nature of the asset subject to a financial lease may be quite distinct from the assets used by the lessor in his productive activity, for example a commercial airliner legally owned by a bank but leased to an airline. It makes no economic sense to record either the aircraft or its consumption of fixed capital in the accounts of the bank or to omit them from the accounts of the airline. The device of a financial lease avoids this undesirable form of recording the ownership of the aircraft and the decline in its value while keeping the net worth of both parties correct throughout the length of the lease.
15.16
It is common for a financial lease period to be for the whole of the economic life of the asset. When this occurs, the value of the imputed loan corresponds to the present value of the payments to be made under the lease agreement. This value will cover the cost of the asset and usually also include a fee charged by the lessor, which is accrued over the period of the lease. Payments made regularly to the lessor can be recorded as four components: interest payments, repayments of principal on the imputed loan, the lessor fee, and FISIM (if the lessor is a financial intermediary). If the terms of the agreement do not specify how the first three elements are identified, the repayment of principal must correspond to the decline in the value of the asset (the consumption of fixed capital), the interest payable must correspond to the return to capital on the asset and the service charge to the difference between the total amount payable and those two elements.
15.17
A financial lease may also exist when the lease period is less than the economic life of the asset. In this case, the value of the imputed loan again covers the cost of the asset and the fee charged by the lessor plus the value of the service charges to be made under the terms of the lease. Payments made regularly to the lessor shall be recorded as interest payments and repayments of principal on the imputed loan, the lessor fee, and for FISIM (if the lessor is a financial intermediary). It may also include pre-payments funding the repurchase of the asset at the end of the lease period. At the end of the lease, the asset may transfer to the balance sheet of the lessee, depending upon the contractual arrangements. The value of the residual amounts outstanding on the loan will be equal to the expected market value of the asset at the end of the lease period as determined at the start of the lease. At this point, the asset could be returned to the lessor, an option invoked for the lessee to legally acquire the asset, or a new lease arrangement set up.
A financial lease requires the lessee to bear the risks and rewards associated with using the asset. Therefore, any holding gains and losses on the expected value of the asset at the end of the lease period shall be borne by the lessee. In this case, where the asset is legally acquired by the lessee at the end of the lease period, then the cash payments are recorded as the repayment of the loan since the asset is already on the balance sheet of the lessee.
If the asset reverts to the lessor, then a transaction representing the purchase of the asset is recorded at the current market value of the asset. The proceeds are used to repay the amount outstanding on the loan and any difference between those amounts is recorded as a capital transfer. The payments over the lease period will often include pre-payments of the acquisition of the asset so that the transaction occurs for no cash consideration, since the loan is fully repaid at this time.
If a further lease period is negotiated, then the new contract needs to be analysed to see whether it is a continuation of a financial lease or an operating lease.
15.18
Although a financial lease will typically be for several years, the duration of the lease does not determine whether the lease is to be regarded as an operating or financial lease. In some cases the asset may be leased for a short period, perhaps only one year at a time, but the contract includes the condition that the lessee takes all responsibility for the asset, including all maintenance and cover for exceptional damage. Even though the lease period is short, and even though the lessor may not be a financial institution, if the lessee accepts the majority of the risks associated with the use of the asset in production as well as the rewards, the lease is recorded as a financial and not an operating lease. However, in practice, it is difficult to deviate from the recording in the business accounts, which follows international business accounting standards, where financial leases are limited to leases covering the major part of the economic life time of the asset.
15.19
Any corporation that specialises in financial leasing, even if called a property company or aircraft leasing company, shall be classified as a financial intermediary offering loans to the units leasing assets from them. If the lessor is not a financial intermediary, the payments associated with the imputed loan are split into repayments of principal and interest only; if the lessor is a financial corporation, a further component representing the service charge (FISIM) is included.
15.20
Hire purchase is a type of financial leasing.
Definition
: a hire purchase arrangement exists when a durable good is sold to a purchaser in return for agreed future payments. The buyer takes possession of the good immediately, though legally it remains the property of the lessor as collateral/guarantee until all agreed payments have been made by the lessee.
15.21
Hire purchase is usually restricted to consumer durables, and most purchasers are in the households sector. Financiers of hire purchase contracts typically are separate institutional units operating in close cooperation with sellers of durable goods
15.22
In the case of hire purchase, the durable good is recorded as if acquired by the purchaser on the day they take possession of the asset at the market price that would have been realised in an equivalent transaction. The purchaser receives an imputed loan of equivalent value. The payments from purchaser to financier are recorded as repayments of principal and interest payments, using the same method as the one applied for financial leasing. The productive activity carried out by financiers of hire purchase contracts is financial intermediation. As they do not usually charge directly for their services, their entire output are FISIM, calculated as property income receivable less interest payable. As in the case of conventional financial leasing, the amount of interest payable may be difficult to observe and must therefore be estimated.
Resource leases
15.23
Definition
: a resource lease is one where the owner of a natural resource makes it available to a lessee in return for a payment recorded as rent.
15.24
In a resource lease, the resource asset remains on the balance sheet of the lessor even though it is used by the lessee. Any decline in value of a natural resource is recorded as an economic disappearance of non-produced assets (under K.21, ‧depletion of natural resources‧). It is not recorded as a transaction similar to consumption of fixed capital, as there is no fixed capital to consume. Payables due under a resource lease, and only such payables, are recorded as rent.
15.25
The classic case of an asset subject to a resource lease is land. However, the use of other natural resources is similarly recorded in this way, e.g. timber, fish, water, mineral resources and radio spectra.
Permits to use a natural resource
15.26
Permits to use a natural resource can be issued by government, but can also be issued by private owners, like farmers and businesses.
15.27
When permits are issued for using a natural resource, three recording options can be distinguished (see Table 15.3):
(a)
the owner can extend or withhold permission to continued use of the asset from one lease period to the next;
(b)
the owner may allow the resource asset to be used for an extended period of time in such a way that in effect the user controls the use of the resource during this time with little, if any, intervention from the owner;
(c)
the owner permits the resource asset to be used to extinction.
The first option is recorded as a resource lease; this should be recorded as rent.
The second option may not only lead to a recording of rent but also to the creation of an asset for the user, distinct from the resource itself but where the value of the resource asset and the asset allowing use of it are linked.
This asset (category AN.222) is only recognised if its value, the benefits to the holder in excess of the value accruing to the issues, is realisable through transferring the asset. Such permits are first observed through economic appearance of assets (category K.1, see point (g) of paragraph 6.06). If the value of the asset is not realised it will tend towards zero as the lease period ends.
The third option results in the sale (or possibly an expropriation) of the natural resource itself.
Table 15.3 —
   
The recording of three different types of permits for the use of natural resources
Type of use
Method of recording
Permission for temporary use, possibly for a long time
Resource lease: rent (property income)
Control by user during an extended period, risks and rewards borne by the user, transferability of permit at a realisable value
Rent and creation of new asset for the right to use the natural resource
Use to extinction; permanent use (all risks and rewards borne by the user)
Sale of natural resource
15.28
In order to distinguish between rent, creation of a new asset and sale of the natural resource, the major criterion is the transfer of risks and rewards. The natural resource is sold if all the risks and rewards have been transferred. A new asset is created if the transfer of risks and rewards results in a separate and transferable permit with a realisable value. Using other criteria, like pre-agreement on payments, up-front payment, length of the permit and treatment in the business accounts, can be misleading as they do not necessarily reflect the transfer of risks and rewards.
15.29
Natural resources, like land and mineral resources, may be acquired by non-residents. However, sale of natural resources is not to be recorded as being sold to a non-resident unit. In such cases a notional resident unit is created that holds the title to the natural resource; the non-resident unit then owns the equity of the notional resident unit. A similar recording applies in the case of the acquisition by residents of natural resources in the rest of world.
15.30
The revenues of the government from a specific type of natural resources (e.g. revenues from oil and natural gas) can consist of a wide range of transactions. Examples are:
(a)
rent in case of resource leases;
(b)
disposition of non-produced assets, e.g. sales of natural resources or sales of licences for exploiting during an extended period of time;
(c)
dividend from a public corporation exploiting natural resources;
(d)
corporation tax paid by corporations exploiting natural resources.
Permits to undertake specific activities
15.31
In addition to licences and leases to use an asset, permission may be granted to engage in a particular activity, quite independently of any assets involved in the activity. The permits are not dependent on qualifying criteria (such as passing an examination to qualify for permission to drive a car) but are designed to limit the number of individual units entitled to engage in the activity. Such permits may be issued by government or by private institutional units and different treatments apply to the two cases.
Table 15.4 —
   
The recording of the use and purchase of non-financial assets, by type of transaction and flow
Type of transaction
Type of use/purchase and type of asset and type of payment
Intermediate consumption
Operating lease of produced assets, e.g. machines and intellectual property rights
Regular payments by corporations for the delivery of water
FISIM services related to the provision of a financial lease
Consumption of fixed capital
Only for produced assets, and for the economic owner
Final consumption expenditure
Operating lease of consumer durables
Purchase of consumer durables, including when financed by a financial lease, or through a hire purchase agreement
Purchase of non-financial assets
Fixed capital formation
Purchase of produced assets (including when financed via a financial lease)
Acquisition of natural resources
Purchase of a natural resource including the right to use to extinction
Purchase of the right to use a natural resource for an extended period e.g. a fishing quota
Acquisition of other non-produced assets
Transferable time-share arrangements
Purchase of a contract transferable to a third party
Contracts for future production, for example contracts with footballers and writers
Payment as property income
Resource lease, i.e. payment for short-term use of natural resource
Rent
Regular payments for the right to extract water
Financial lease, i.e. purchase of a non-financial asset financed simultaneously by a loan
Income transfer
Permits issued by government to undertake a specific activity not dependent on qualifying criteria, or with a disproportionate charge compared to the costs of administering the permit scheme
Emission permits issued by the government to control total emissions
Other taxes on production
Financial transaction: loan
Financial lease, i.e. purchase of a non-financial asset financed simultaneously by a loan
Other change in volume of assets
Exhaustion of natural resources by the owner
Illegal logging, fishing or hunting (uncompensated seizure of cultivated assets or natural resources)
Change in the price of assets
Expiry of contracts, licences and permits recorded as assets
15.32
When governments restrict the number of cars entitled to operate as taxis or limit the number of casinos by issuing permits, for example, they are in effect creating monopoly profits for the approved operators and recovering some of the profits as the fee. Such fees are recorded as other taxes. This principle applies to all cases where government issues permits to limit the number of units operating in a particular field where the limit is fixed arbitrarily and is not dependent only on qualifying criteria.
15.33
In principle, if the permit is valid for several years, the payment shall be recorded on an accrual basis with another account receivable or payable entry for the amount of the permit fee covering future years.
15.34
The incentive to acquire such a permit is that the permit holder believes that he will thereby acquire the right to make monopoly profits through the future income being greater than the payments to acquire the rights to them. The benefit to the holder in excess of the value accruing to the issuer is treated as an asset if the permit holder can realise this by transferring the asset. The type of asset is described as a permit to undertake specific activities (AN.223).
15.35
The permit to undertake specific activities as an asset first appears in the other changes in the volume of assets account. Changes in value, both up and down, are recorded in the revaluation account.
15.36
The value of the permit as an asset is determined by the value at which it can be sold or, if no such figure is available, is estimated as the present value of the future stream of monopoly profits. If the permit is on-sold, the new owner assumes the right to receive a refund from the government if the permit is cancelled as well as the right to earn the monopoly profits.
15.37
A permit issued by government to undertake a specific activity is treated as an asset only when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(a)
the activity concerned does not utilise an asset belonging to government; if it does, the permission to use the asset is treated as an operating lease, a financial lease, a resource lease or possibly the acquisition of an asset representing permission to use the asset at the discretion of the licensee over an extended period;
(b)
the permit is not issued subject to a qualifying criterion; such permits are treated as either taxes or payments for services;
(c)
the number of permits is limited and so allows the holder to make monopoly profits when undertaking the activity concerned;
(d)
the permit holder must be able to sell the permit to a third party.
If any of the conditions is not satisfied, the payments are treated as taxes or as payments for services.
15.38
For units other than government, it is much less common to be able to limit the participation in a given activity. One instance is when it is either compulsory or desirable to belong to a professional association and there is a strict limit on numbers participating. An example is where an owner of property limits the number of units operating on his property, e.g. a hotel with a policy of only allowing one taxi firm to pick up guests. In these sorts of cases, the permits are treated as payments for services. In principle the payment shall be recorded on an accrual basis throughout the period for which the permit is valid. There is no reason in principle why such permits could not be treated as assets if they were marketable though this may not be a common situation.
15.39
A permit issued by a unit other than government to undertake a specific activity is treated as an asset only when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(a)
the activity concerned does not utilise an asset belonging to the permit issuer; if it does, the permission to use the asset is treated as an operating lease, a financial lease or a resource lease;
(b)
the number of permits is limited and so allows the holder to make monopoly profits when undertaking the activity concerned;
(c)
the permit holder must be legally and practically able to sell the permit to a third party.
If any of the conditions are not satisfied, the payments are recorded as payments for a service.
15.40
Governments issue emission permits to control total emissions. Such permits do not involve the use of a natural asset, as no value is placed on the atmosphere, so it is not an economic asset and the permit fees are therefore classified as taxes. The permits are tradable and there will be an active market in them. The permits therefore constitute assets and shall be valued at the market price for which they can be sold.
Public-private partnerships (PPPS)
15.41
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are long-term contracts between two units, whereby one unit acquires or builds an asset or set of assets, operates it for a period and then hands the asset over to a second unit. Such arrangements are usually between a private enterprise and government but other combinations are possible, with a public corporation as either party or a private NPI as the second party.
Governments engage in PPPs for a variety of reasons, such as the hope that private managements will lead to more efficient production and that access to a broader range of financial sources can be obtained and the wish to reduce government debt.
In the contract period the PPP contractor has the legal ownership. Once the contract period is over, the government has both economic and legal ownership.
More details about the treatment of PPPs are provided in Chapter 20 (government accounts).
Service concession contracts
15.42
Service concession contracts provide a company the exclusive right to provide certain services. For example, in case of a public service concession, a private company enters into an agreement with the government to have the exclusive right to operate, maintain and carry out investment in a public utility (such as a water supply system or a toll highway) for a given number of years. Service concession contracts shall not be recorded as assets where they are not transferable or no value can be realised through transferring them.
Marketable operating leases (AN.221)
15.43
Marketable operating leases are third-party property rights relating to non-financial assets other than natural resources. The lease should confer economic benefits to the holder in excess of the fees payable and the holder should be able to realise those benefits through transferring them. The value of the lease is the benefit to the holder in excess of the value accruing to the issuer. Marketing operating leases can include all kinds of rental and operating lease contracts. For example, a tenant can sublet an apartment to a third party.
Entitlements to future goods and services on an exclusive basis (AN.224)
15.44
Contracts for future production may also give rise to third-party property rights assets. The value of such contracts is the benefit to the holder in excess of the value accruing to the issuer. Examples are:
(a)
exclusive rights to have a person work for them (e.g. football players) or to publish literary works or musical performances. The value of such rights is the profit that can be made on transferring the rights above the costs of cancelling the existing contract;
(b)
time share arrangements. Only part of the time share arrangements has to be regarded as the acquisition of an asset:
(1)
if the owner has a nominated space, available in perpetuity, is eligible to act as part of the management committee for the scheme, or can sell or bequeath the allocation at will, then the arrangement is most likely to be an asset of the same type as a house;
(2)
if the owner has a fixed agreement to have some form of accommodation available at a given period for a fixed length of time, it is likely that this represents a pre-paid lease, i.e. pre-paid final consumption expenditure by households;
(3)
this pre-paid lease could be sublet occasionally or sold for the rest of the period of the lease as a transferable operating lease;
(4)
a participant in a points-based scheme may have an account that is receivable only by way of an asset.
CHAPTER 16
INSURANCE
INTRODUCTION
16.01
Insurance is an activity whereby institutional units or groups of units protect themselves against the negative financial consequences of specific uncertain events. Two types of insurance can be distinguished: social insurance and other insurance.
16.02
Social insurance is a scheme that covers social risks and needs. It is often organised collectively for a group; participation in the scheme is generally obligatory or encouraged by a third party. Social insurance comprises: social security schemes imposed, controlled and financed by the government; and employment-related schemes provided or operated by employers on behalf of their employees. Social insurance is described in Chapter 17.
16.03
Insurance other than social insurance covers against events such as death, survival in life, fire, natural disasters, flooding, car accidents, etc. Insuring against death and survival in life is known as life insurance, and insuring against all other events is known as non-life insurance.
16.04
This Chapter is concerned with life and non-life insurance. It describes how insurance activities are recorded in the accounts.
16.05
The rights and obligations of insurance are defined by an insurance policy. The policy is an agreement between an insurer and another institutional unit, called the policyholder. Under the agreement, the policyholder makes a payment called a premium to the insurer and when a specified event occurs, the insurer makes a payment called a claim to the policyholder or a nominated person. In this way, the policyholder protects against certain forms of risk; by pooling the risks the insurer aims to receive more from the receipt of premiums than it has to pay out as claims.
16.06
The insurance policy defines the roles of the parties involved, which are as follows:
(a)
the insurer providing cover;
(b)
the policyholder responsible for paying premiums;
(c)
the beneficiary who receives compensation;
(d)
the insured person or object that is subject to the risk.
In practice, the policyholder, the beneficiary and the insured can be the same person. The policy lists those roles and specifies the person corresponding to each role.
16.07
The most common form of insurance is called direct insurance, where institutional units insure themselves with an insurer against the financial consequences of specific risks. But direct insurers may in turn insure themselves, by insuring part of the directly insured risks with other insurers. This is called reinsurance, and the providers of this are called reinsurers.
Direct insurance
16.08
There are two types of direct insurance: life insurance and non-life insurance.
16.09
Definition
: life insurance is an activity whereby a policyholder makes regular payments to an insurer in return for which the insurer guarantees to provide the beneficiary with an agreed sum, or an annuity, at a given date or earlier if the insured person dies beforehand. A life policy can grant benefits arising from a series of risks. For example, an old-age life insurance policy can grant a benefit when the insured becomes 65 years of age and, after the death of the insured, can grant a benefit to the surviving spouse until his death.
16.10
Life insurance also covers supplementary insurance against personal injury including incapacity for employment, insurance against death resulting from an accident and insurance against disability resulting from an accident or sickness.
16.11
Some classes of life insurance provide compensation in case the insured event occurs, e.g. insurance that is linked to a mortgage loan and only pays a benefit to redeem the mortgage if the income earner dies before maturity of the corresponding loan. Most of such classes contain a significant savings element combined with an element of risk coverage. Given the large savings element, life insurance is seen as a form of saving, and the corresponding transactions are recorded in the financial account.
16.12
Definition
: non-life insurance is an activity whereby a policyholder makes regular payments to an insurer in return for which the insurer guarantees to provide the beneficiary with an agreed sum on the occurrence of an event other than the death of a person. Examples of such events are: accidents, sickness, fire, etc. Accident insurance that covers life related risks is classified as non-life insurance in most European countries.
16.13
A life policy that provides a benefit in the case of death within a given period but in no other circumstances, usually called term insurance, is regarded in the national accounts as non-life insurance because a claim is payable only if a specified contingency occurs and not otherwise. In practice, because of the way in which insurance units keep their accounts, it may not always be possible to separate term insurance from life insurance. In such circumstances, term insurance can be treated in the same way as life insurance.
16.14
Life and non-life insurance both involve spreading risk. Insurers usually receive small regular payments of premiums from policyholders and pay larger sums to claimants when the events covered by the policy occur. For non-life insurance, the risks are spread over the whole population that takes out the insurance policies. An insurer determines the premiums charged for providing an insurance service in a year according to the amount of claims it expects to pay in the same year. Typically, the number of claimants is much smaller than the number of policyholders. For an individual non-life policyholder there is no relationship between the premiums paid and the claims received, even in the long run, but the insurer establishes such a relationship for every class of non-life insurance on a yearly basis. For life insurance, a relationship between premiums and claims over time is important both to the policyholders and to the insurer. For someone taking out a life policy, the benefits to be received are expected to be at least as great as the premiums paid up until the benefit is due and is a form of saving. The insurer must combine this aspect of a policy with the actuarial calculations about the insured population concerning life expectancy, including the risk of fatal accidents, when determining the relationship between the levels of premiums and benefits. Further, in the interval between the receipt of premiums and the payment of benefits, the insurer earns income from investing a part of the premiums received. This income also affects the levels of premiums and benefits set by the insurers.
16.15
There are significant differences between life and non-life insurance that lead to different types of entries in the accounts. Non-life insurance consists of redistribution in the current period between all policyholders and a few claimants. Life insurance mainly redistributes premiums paid over a period of time as benefits paid later to the same policyholder.
Reinsurance
16.16
Definition
: an insurer may protect against an unexpectedly large number of claims, or exceptionally heavy claims, by taking out a reinsurance policy with a reinsurer. Reinsurance corporations are concentrated in a limited number of financial centres, and so many of the reinsurance flows are transactions with the rest of the world. It is common for reinsurers to take out reinsurance policies with other reinsurers to spread their risks further. This extended reinsurance is called retrocession.
16.17
Limitation of risks can also be achieved when a group of insurers called underwriters jointly accept the risks associated with a single policy. Each individual insurer is only responsible for its own share of the policy, receives the corresponding share of the premium and pays the same share in the case of a claim or benefit paid. Management of the policy is either by the lead-manager or by the insurance broker. Lloyds of London is an example of an insurance market where direct and indirect risks are spread over a large number of underwriters.
16.18
Various options exist with the direct insurer to organise indirect coverage against the risks the insurer has accepted. The following classes of reinsurance are distinguished:
(a)
proportionate reinsurance where the policyholder cedes to a reinsurer an agreed percentage of all risks, or of all risks of a specified portfolio of direct insurance policies. This means that the direct insurer transfers the corresponding percentage of the premiums to the reinsurer who then meets the same proportion of the claims when it incurs. In such cases, any reinsurance commission paid by the reinsurer to the policyholder is treated as a reduction in reinsurance premiums written;
(b)
non-proportionate reinsurance known as excess of loss reinsurance, where the reinsurer is only at risk if the amount of the direct claim exceeds an agreed threshold. If there are no or few direct claims above the threshold, the reinsurer may pass a share of its profits to the direct insurer. Profit sharing is treated in the accounts as current transfer from the reinsurer to the direct insurer, in a similar way to the payment of claims.
The units involved
16.19
The institutional units involved in direct insurance and reinsurance are pre-eminently insurers. It is possible for another type of enterprise to carry out insurance as a non-principal activity, but usually the legal regulations surrounding the conduct of insurance mean that a separate set of accounts covering all aspects of the insurance activity must be kept, and so a separate institutional unit, classified to the insurance corporations (S.128) and pension funds (S.129) subsectors, is identifiable. Government may conduct other insurance activities, but again it is likely that a separate unit can be identified. Having noted that other sectors may be involved, in what follows it is assumed that insurers, either resident or non-resident, carry out all insurance.
16.20
Units that are primarily engaged in activities closely related to insurance, but do not themselves incur risks, are insurance auxiliaries. Such units are classified within the financial auxiliaries subsector (S.126) and include for example the following:
(a)
insurance brokers;
(b)
private non-profit institutions serving insurance enterprises and pension funds;
(c)
units whose main activity is to act as supervisory authorities of insurance enterprises, pension funds and of insurance markets.
OUTPUT OF DIRECT INSURANCE
16.21
The insurance company accepts a premium from a client and holds it until a claim is made or the period of the insurance expires. In the meantime, the insurance company invests the premium and the investment income is an extra source of funds from which to meet any claim due. The insurance company sets the level of the premiums to be such that the sum of the premiums plus the investment income earned on them less the expected claim will leave a margin that the insurance company can retain; this margin represents the output of the insurance company. The output of the insurance industry is measured reflecting the premium setting policies of the insurers. To that end, four separate items need to be defined. These are
(a)
premiums earned;
(b)
premium supplements;
(c)
claims incurred, or benefits due;
(d)
insurance technical reserves.
Each of these is discussed in turn before discussing the measurement of output for direct non-life insurance, direct life insurance and reinsurance respectively.
Premiums earned
16.22
Definition
: premiums earned are the proportion of premiums written that have been earned during the accounting period. Premiums written cover the period contracted in the insurance policy. The difference between premiums written and premiums earned are amounts set aside, and included in the reserves for unearned premium. Such amounts are treated as assets of the policyholders. The concept of premium earned in insurance accounting is consistent with the accruals recording principle of national accounts.
16.23
The insurance premium is either a regular premium payable monthly or yearly, or a single premium paid usually at the start of the insured period. Single premiums are usual for the insurance of risks associated with large events, such as the construction of large buildings or equipments and the road, train, sea- or air transport of goods.
16.24
The premiums earned in the year in question take the following form:
premiums written
plus
the reserves for unearned premiums at the beginning of the accounting year
less
the reserves for unearned premiums at the end of the accounting year.
Or presented differently, it takes the form of:
premiums written
less
the change (less increase or plus decrease) in the reserves for premiums unearned.
16.25
The reserves for unearned premiums and other reserves are included within non-life insurance technical reserves (AF.61) and life insurance technical reserves (AF.62). A description of insurance technical reserves is given in paragraphs 16.43 to 16.45.
16.26
Policyholders often have to pay a dedicated tax on payment of the insurance premium. Life insurance premiums are excluded from this insurance tax in many countries. As the insurers have to transfer this tax to government, the relevant amounts do not enter the annual accounts of insurers. Only a relatively small amount — the residual amount concerning the year that still has to be transferred to government — could enter the insurers' balance sheet under trade credit. The tax payments are not recorded as such in the accounts of insurers. Such a tax is treated as a tax on products in national accounts. Policyholders are assumed to pay such amounts directly into the tax authorities' accounts.
Premium supplements
16.27
Definition
: premiums supplements are the income earned from the investment of the insurance technical reserves of the insurers, which represent liabilities towards the policyholders.
16.28
For life insurance in particular, but also to a lesser extent for non-life insurance, the total amount of benefits due or claims incurred in a given period often exceeds the premiums earned. Premiums are usually paid regularly, often at the start of an insurance period, whereas claims are incurred later, and in the case of life insurance benefits are often due many years later. In the time between the premium being paid and the claim being payable, the sum involved is at the disposal of the insurer to invest and earn income from it. Such amounts are called insurance technical reserves. The income earned on the reserves allows the insurers to charge lower premiums than would be the case otherwise. The measure of the service provided takes account of the size of this income as well as the relative size of premiums and claims.
16.29
For non-life insurance, even though a premium may be payable at the start of a period of cover, the premiums are only earned on a continuous basis as the period passes. At any point before the end of the cover, the insurer holds an amount due to the policyholder relating to services and possible claims to be provided in the future. This is a form of credit extended by the policyholder to the insurer described as unearned premiums. Similarly, although claims become due for payment by the insurer when the contingency specified in the policy happens, they may not be paid until some time later, often because of negotiation about the amounts due. This is another similar form of credit, described as reserves against claims outstanding.
16.30
Similar reserves exist for life insurance but in addition there are two other elements of insurance reserves, actuarial reserves for life insurance and reserves for with-profit insurance. They represent amounts set aside for payments of benefits in future. The reserves are generally invested in financial assets and the income is in the form of investment income. They may be used to fund economic activity such as real estate, to generate a net operating surplus either in a separate establishment or as a secondary activity.
16.31
All investment income attributed to policyholders is shown as payable to the policyholders in the primary distribution of income account. For non-life insurance, the same amount is then repaid to the insurer as premium supplements in the secondary distribution of income account. For life insurance, the premiums and premium supplements are shown in the financial account.
Adjusted claims incurred and benefits due
16.32
Definition
: claims incurred and benefits due are the financial obligations of the insurers with respect to the beneficiary concerning the risks that the event realises in the period in question as defined by the policy.
16.33
The concept of claims incurred in non-life insurance and benefits due in life insurance is consistent with the accruals basis of measurement in national accounts.
Non-life insurance adjusted claims incurred
16.34
Claims can be distinguished between claims paid and claims incurred. Claims incurred refer to the amounts due from insured risks that have been realised in the year. Whether the policyholder has reported the corresponding event is irrelevant. Part of the claims will be paid in the next year or even later. On the other hand claims that are the effect of events that have occurred in previous years are paid in the current year. The unpaid part of the claims incurred is added to the reserve for claims outstanding.
16.35
Non-life insurance claims incurred in the calendar year take the following form:
claims paid
less
the reserve for claims outstanding at the beginning of the accounting year
plus
the reserve for claims outstanding at the end of the accounting year.
Or presented differently, they take the form of:
claims paid
plus
the change (plus increase or less decrease) in the reserves for claims outstanding.
16.36
Any claims-related costs undertaken by the insurer, either external or internal, are not included in claims incurred. Such costs may consist of: costs of acquisition, policy management, investment management, and claims handling. Some costs might not be separately identifiable in the accounting source data. The external costs include expenditure for works that the insurer commissioned to another unit, thus recorded in the accounts as intermediate consumption. The internal costs include expenditure for works performed by the insurers' own employees, thus recorded in the accounts as labour costs.
16.37
In the event of catastrophes, the losses incurred shall not affect the value of claims. The catastrophic losses shall be recorded as a capital transfer from the insurer to the policyholder. The advantage of such recording is that the disposable income of the policyholder does not increase counter-intuitively as would be the case if the claims were recorded otherwise (see paragraphs 16.92 and 16.93).
16.38
The production of insurance services is a continuous process, not just when the risk occurs. However, the level of claims incurred by policyholders of non-life insurance varies from year to year and there may be events that cause a particularly high level of claims. Neither the volume nor the price of insurance services is directly affected by the volatility of claims. Insurers set the level of premiums on the basis of their own estimation of the likelihood of claims incurring. For this reason, the formula used for the calculation of output uses adjusted claims incurred, which is an estimate corrected for volatility in claims.
16.39
The estimate for adjusted claims incurred may be derived statistically in an expectations approach based on previous experience of the level of claims. In considering the past history of claims payable, however, allowance must be made for the share of such claims that is met under the terms of the direct insurer's reinsurance policy. For example, when the direct insurer has an excess of loss reinsurance, known as non-proportionate reinsurance, it sets the level of premiums to cover losses up to the maximum loss covered by its reinsurance policy plus the reinsurance premium it must pay. Under a proportionate reinsurance policy, it sets its premiums to cover the proportion of claims it has to pay plus the reinsurance premium.
16.40
An alternative method of adjusting claims incurred for volatility is to use accounting data on change in own funds and in equalisation reserves. The equalisation reserves are amounts that insurers set aside in compliance with legal or administrative requirements to cover irregular or unforeseeable large claims in the future. Such amounts are included within non-life insurance technical reserves (AF.61).
Life insurance benefits due
16.41
Life insurance benefits due are the amounts payable under the policy in the accounting period in question. No adjustment for unexpected volatility is necessary in the case of life insurance.
16.42
Any benefits-related costs shall not be included within the benefits due, but recorded as intermediate consumption and labour costs.
Insurance technical reserves
16.43
Definition
: insurance technical reserves are the amounts that insurers set aside. The reserves are assets to the policyholders and liabilities to the insurers. The technical reserves can be distinguished between non-life and life insurance and annuities.
16.44
In accordance with Council Directive 91/674/EEC 
(
1
)
, seven types of technical reserves are distinguished. In each case the amount gross of reinsurance, the amount ceded to reinsurers and the net amount are shown in the balance sheet. The seven categories are as follows:
(a)
reserve for unearned premiums — the difference between written premiums and earned premiums. This reserve can, depending on the national legislation, include a separate element relating to unexpired risks;
(b)
reserves for life insurance — such reserves reflect the present value of the expected future benefits (including but not confined to declared bonuses) less the present value of future premiums. Supervisory authorities may set a ceiling to the discount rate used in the calculation of present value;
(c)
reserve for claims outstanding — the difference between incurred and paid claims. It equals the total estimated ultimate cost to an insurance undertaking of settling all claims arising from events which have occurred up to the end of the financial year, whether reported or not, less amounts already paid in respect of such claims;
(d)
reserve for bonuses and rebates (unless shown within the category referred to in point (b) — comprising the amounts intended for policyholders or contract beneficiaries by way of bonuses and rebates, to the extent that such amounts have not already been credited to policyholders or contract beneficiaries;
(e)
equalisation reserve comprises amounts set aside in compliance with legal or administrative requirements to equalise fluctuations in loss ratios in future years or to provide for special risks. National authorities may not permit this reserve;
(f)
other technical reserves comprise, inter alia, the reserve for unexpired risks if not included within the category referred to in point (a). This item might also include ageing reserves taking into account the effect of ageing on the amount of claims, e.g. with health insurance;
(g)
technical reserves for life insurance policies where the investment risk is borne by the policyholders. This item shall comprise technical reserves constituted to cover liabilities to policyholders in the context of life insurance policies where the value of the return is determined by reference to investments for which the policyholder bears the risk, or by reference to an index, as is the case with index-linked life insurance. This item shall also comprise the technical reserves concerning tontines.
16.45
When deriving the changes in the insurance technical reserves (F.61 and F.62) used in the calculations of output, realised and unrealised holding gains and losses are not included.
Defining insurance output
16.46
Insurers provide an insurance service for their clients, but do not charge explicitly for their service.
16.47
The insurer collects premiums and pays claims or benefits on the occurrence of an insured event. The claims or benefits compensate the beneficiary for the financial consequences of the insured event.
16.48
The insurance technical reserves are funds that insurers use to invest and to earn income. Such funds and the corresponding investment income (premium supplements) are a liability towards the beneficiaries.
16.49
This section describes the information needed to calculate the output for direct insurance and reinsurance services.
Non-life insurance
16.50
The output of the insurer is the service provided to the beneficiaries.
16.51
If an expectations approach is being used, the formula to calculate output is:
premiums earned
plus
premium supplements
minus
adjusted claims incurred;
where adjusted claims incurred is corrected for the volatility in claims using historical data or accounting data on changes in the equalisation reserves and own funds. Premium supplements are less volatile than claims, and no adjustment for volatility is necessary. In estimating adjusted claims, information is broken down by product, for example motor insurance, buildings insurance, etc.
If the necessary accounting data are not available and the historical statistical data are not sufficient to allow reasonable average estimates of output to be made, the output of non-life insurance may be estimated as the sum of costs (including intermediate costs, labour and capital costs) plus an allowance for ‧normal profit‧.
Life insurance
16.52
The output of direct life insurance is calculated separately as:
premiums earned
plus
premium supplements
minus
benefits due
minus
increases (plus decreases) in technical reserves and with-profits insurance.
16.53
If adequate data are not available for the calculation of life insurance according to this formula, an approach based on the sum of costs, similar to that described for non-life insurance, is to be used. As for non-life insurance, an allowance for normal profits is included.
16.54
In the calculation of output, holding gains and losses must not be included.
Reinsurance
16.55
The formula to calculate the output of reinsurance services is analogous to that for direct insurance. However, because the primary motivation of reinsurance is to limit the direct insurer's exposure to risk, a reinsurer deals with exceptionally large claims as a matter of normal business. For this reason, and because the market for reinsurance is concentrated in relatively few large firms worldwide, it is less likely that the reinsurer will experience an unexpectedly large loss than a direct insurer does, especially in the case of excess of loss reinsurance.
16.56
The output of reinsurance is measured in the same way as the output of direct non-life insurance. However, there are some payments peculiar to reinsurance. Such payments are commissions payable to the direct insurer under proportionate reinsurance and profit sharing in excess of loss reinsurance. Once these are taken into account the output of reinsurance is calculated as:
premiums earned 
less
 commissions payable
plus
premium supplements
minus
both adjusted claims incurred and profit sharing.
TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-LIFE INSURANCE
16.57
This section describes the set of entries recording the implications of a non-life insurance policy. Policies may be taken out by businesses, households as individuals and units in the rest of the world. However, when a policy taken out by a member of a household qualifies as social insurance, the entries required are as described in Chapter 17.
Allocation of insurance output among users
16.58
The output of non-life insurers is described in paragraph 16.51. The value of the output of insurers is recorded as a use as follows:
(a)
intermediate consumption of businesses, including the following sectors: non-financial corporations (S.11), financial corporations (S.12), general government (S.13), households as employers (S.141) and own-account workers (S.142), or non-profit institutions serving households (S.15);
(b)
final consumption expenditure of households as individuals (S.143 and S.144); or
(c)
exports to non-resident policyholders (S.2).
16.59
The value of output is allocated to users according to the type of insurance.
16.60
Alternatively, the value of output is allocated as uses to policyholders in proportion to their actual premiums payable.
16.61
The allocation of output to intermediate consumption is broken down by industry.
Insurance services provided to and from the rest of the world
16.62
Resident insurers may provide insurance cover to households and businesses in the rest of the world, and resident households and businesses may purchase cover from insurers in the rest of the world. The investment income attributed by resident insurers to policyholders includes an allocation to policyholders in the rest of the world. Such non-resident policyholders then also pay premium supplements to the resident insurer.
16.63
Similar considerations also apply to the treatment of resident businesses and households taking out policies with non-resident insurers. Resident policy holders receive imputed investment income from abroad and pay premiums and supplements to abroad. Estimation of the size of such flows is difficult, especially when there is no resident insurer against which to make comparisons. Counterpart data may be used to make estimates for the national economy. The level of transactions by residents has to be known and the ratio of premium supplements to actual premiums in the economy providing the services can be used to estimate the investment income receivable and premium supplements payable.
The accounting entries
16.64
Altogether six pairs of transactions are recorded in respect of non-life insurance that is not part of social insurance; two pairs relating to the measurement of the production and consumption of the insurance service, three pairs relating to distribution and one in the financial account. Under exceptional circumstances, a seventh transaction relating to distribution may be recorded in the capital account. The value of the output of the activity, the investment income to be attributed to the policyholders and the value of the service charge are calculated specifically for non-life insurance in the manner described below.
16.65
The production and consumption transactions are as follows:
(a)
since all such activity by resident institutional units is undertaken by insurers, the output (P.1) is recorded in the production account of insurers;
(b)
the service may be consumed by any of the sectors of the economy or by the rest of the world; the value of the service is payable to insurers. Payments by business constitute intermediate consumption (P.2), recorded in their production account. Insurance payments by households as individuals are final consumption expenditure (P.3), recorded in the use of income account. Payments by the rest of the world are recorded as exports of services (P.62) in the external account of goods and services.
16.66
The distributive transactions are investment income attributed to policyholders in respect of non-life insurance, net non-life insurance premiums, and insurance claims:
(a)
investment income from investing non-life insurance technical reserves is attributed to policyholders (D.441). Thus it is recorded as payable by insurers and as receivable by all sectors and the rest of the world. The investment income shall be allocated among policyholders in proportion of their non-life technical reserves, or alternatively in proportion to the actual premium written (payable). Both payables and receivables are recorded in the allocation of primary income account;
(b)
net non-life direct insurance premiums (D.711) are the amounts of premiums and investment income used to finance expenditures of the insurers. Such premiums are calculated as premiums earned plus premium supplements less the output value of the insurers. Those net premiums are recorded as payable by all sectors of the economy or the rest of the world and as receivable by insurers. The allocation of net premiums between sectors is carried out according to the allocation of the output;
(c)
non-life direct insurance claims (D.721) are amounts in respect of which insurers become liable to the policyholder when an event occurs. The insurance claims are recorded as receivable by all sectors of the economy and the rest of the world and as payable by the insurers. Both net premiums and claims are recorded in the secondary distribution of income account. Some claims arise because of damage or injuries that the policyholder causes to the property or persons of third parties. In such cases, valid claims are recorded as directly payable by the insurer to the injured parties and not indirectly via the policyholder;
(d)
claims arising from catastrophic losses are other capital transfers (D.99) rather than current transfers, and they are recorded in the capital account as payable to policyholders by insurers;
(e)
the financial balance sheet records the non-life insurance technical reserves (AF.61). Such reserves are recorded as liabilities of insurers and assets of all sectors and the rest of the world. The reserves consist of prepayments of premiums and payments of claims. A breakdown of this category is not required, although both components are needed in the calculation of premiums earned and claims incurred.
16.67
An example of the accounting records for such flows is shown in Table 16.1.
Table 16.1 —
   
Non-life insurance
UsesResources
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Corresponding entries of the
Total
Goods and services account
Rest of the word account
Total economy
NPISHs
House- holds
General government
Financial corporations
Non-financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
House- holds
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the word account
Goods and services account
Total
External account
0
0
P.62
Exports in services
0
0
0
0
P.72
Imports in services
0
0
Production account
6
6
P.1
Out put
6
6
6
4
0
4
0
3
0
0
1
P.2
Intermediate consumption
4
4
Distribution of primary income account
6
6
6
D.441
Property income attributable to insurance
5
0
0
1
0
6
0
6
policy holders
Secondary distribution of income account
44
1
43
0
31
4
0
8
D.711
Net non-life insurance premiums
44
44
44
45
0
45
45
D.721
Non-life insurance claims
6
0
1
35
0
42
3
45
Use of disposable income account
2
2
2
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
2
2
Financial balance sheet (opening)
74
0
74
0
40
0
9
25
AF.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
74
74
74
Financial balance sheet (closeing)
81
0
81
0
44
0
11
25
AF.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
81
81
81
Financial transation
7
0
7
0
4
0
2
1
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
7
7
7
Revaluation account
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AF.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
0
0
0
TRANSACTIONS OF LIFE INSURANCE
16.68
This section describes how records for life insurance differ from non-life insurance records. For a life insurance policy the benefits from the policy are treated as changes in wealth, recorded in the financial account. For a policy qualifying as social insurance, the benefits in the form of pensions are recorded as income in the secondary distribution of income account. The reason for the different treatment is that a policy other than social insurance is entered into entirely on the initiative of the policyholder. Policies that qualify as social insurance reflect the intervention of a third party, usually the government or the employer, to encourage or oblige the policyholder to make reserve for income in retirement. Social insurance is described in Chapter 17.
16.69
The holder of a life insurance policy is an individual classified within the households sector (S.143 or S.144). If a company takes out an insurance policy on the life of an employee, this is term insurance and not life insurance. Life insurance transactions therefore take place only between insurers (classified within the insurance corporations subsector — S.128) and resident households as individuals (S.143 and S.144), unless exported to non-resident households (classified within the rest of the world sector — S.2). The output value of life insurance is matched by the value of the households' final consumption expenditures and exports in services, following the same approach as for non-life insurance. The investment income attributed to insurance policyholders is treated as premium supplements. However, premiums and claims are not shown separately in the case of life insurance and are not treated as current transfers. Rather they constitute components of a net transaction recorded in the financial account, the financial asset involved being life insurance and annuities entitlements.
16.70
Four pairs of transactions are recorded in the accounts; two pairs relate to production and consumption of the insurance service, one pair shows the attribution of investment income to the policy holders and one pair shows the change in life insurance and annuities entitlements:
(a)
the output (P.1) of the life insurance is recorded in the production account for the insurers;
(b)
the value of the services consumed is recorded as final consumption expenditure (P.3) by households in the use of disposable income account or as payable by the rest of the world, treated as exports of services (P.62) to non-resident households. Payments by households to non-resident insurers are imports of services (P.72);
(c)
investment income earned from investing life insurance technical reserves attributed to policyholders (D.441) is recorded in the allocation of primary income account. Bonuses declared in connection with life policies are treated as being distributed to policyholders even if they exceed the investment income earned by the institution declaring the bonus. The investment income is recorded as payable by insurers and receivable by resident households or non-resident households in the rest of the world. The investment income shall be allocated among policyholders in proportion to their life technical reserves, or, if that information is not available, in proportion to the premiums written;
(d)
the financial balance sheet holds entries for life insurance technical reserves and annuity entitlements (AF.62). Such reserves are recorded as liabilities of insurers and assets of households and the rest of the world. These amounts reflect the savings character of life insurance policies. This includes the prepayment of premiums and the payment of benefits. A breakdown of this category is not required, although both components are needed in the calculation of premiums earned and benefits due.
16.71
Life insurance technical reserves and annuities entitlements reflect policies that yield a lump sum at a given date. The lump sum may be used to purchase an annuity that itself converts a lump sum into a stream of payments. The conditional entitlements of the individual policyholders — the amount receivable at or after maturity as a lump sum payment or an annuity — do not aggregate to the value of the insurer's obligations. The difference is derived from the conditionality and the present value calculation. The amount to be reported under life insurance and annuity entitlements' is defined according to the insurers' accounting principles.
16.72
An example of such flows is shown in Table 16.2.
Table 16.2 —
   
Life insurance
Uses or assets
Resources or liabilities
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Corresponding entries of the
Corresponding entries of the
Total
Goods and services account
Rest of the word account
Total economy
NPISHs
House-holds
General government
Financial corporations
Non- financial corporations
Transactions and balancing items
Non- financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
House-holds
NPISHs
Total economy
Rest of the word account
Goods and services account
Total
External account
0
0
P.62
Exports in services
0
0
0
0
P.72
Imports in services
0
0
Production account
4
4
P.1
Out put
4
4
4
Distribution of primary income account
7
7
7
D.441
Property income attributable to insurance policy holders
7
7
0
7
Use of disposable income account
4
0
4
4
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
4
4
Financial balance sheet (opening)
221
0
221
221
AF.62
Life insurance technical reserves
221
221
221
Financial balance sheet (closeing)
243
0
243
243
AF.62
Life insurance technical reserves
243
243
243
Financial transation
22
0
22
22
F.62
Life insurance technical reserves
22
22
22
Revaluation account
0
0
0
0
AF.62
Life insurance technical reserves
0
0
0
TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH REINSURANCE
16.73
Accounts of reinsurers are largely the same as the accounts of direct insurers. The only difference is that direct insurance transactions with policyholders who are not themselves providers of insurance are replaced by insurance transactions between reinsurers and direct insurers.
16.74
Insurance transactions are recorded gross of reinsurance. Premiums are first payable to the direct insurer who may then pay a proportion of the premium to the reinsurer (cession), who might then pay a smaller amount to another reinsurer, and so on (retrocession). Analogously, the same applies to claims or benefits. The gross treatment is in line with the original policyholder's point of view. This policyholder normally is not aware of any amount ceded by the direct insurer to a reinsurer and, should the reinsurer go bankrupt, the direct insurer remains liable to pay the full amount of the claims on ceded risks.
16.75
The output of direct insurance is calculated gross of reinsurance. The alternative calculation net of reinsurance would be to show part of the direct policyholders' premiums being paid to the direct insurer and part to the reinsurer, but this way of recording, called ‧net recording‧, is not allowed.
Chart 1 below illustrates this process.
Chart 1 —
   
Flows between policyholders, direct and indirect insurers
1a. Gross premium
2a. Gross claim
3a. Gross property income
Policyholder
Direct insurer
1b. Reins. premium
2b. Reins. claim
3b. Property income
Property income
Reinsurer
16.76
Chart 1 summarises the following flows:
1
the policyholder makes the payment of the premium gross of reinsurance to the direct insurer (1a), of which the reinsurance part of the gross premium is ceded to the reinsurer (1b);
2
similarly, the payment of claim is recorded, but in the opposite direction. The claim is paid by the reinsurer to the direct insurer (2b). The direct insurer adds to this amount its own claim paid further to the policyholder (2a);
3
both the direct insurer and the reinsurer earned property income from investing their technical reserves. Property income is transferred by the reinsurer to the direct insurer (3b) who then adds this amount to its own property income earned and further distributes to the policyholder (3a).
16.77
All gross flows between the policyholder and the direct insurer include the corresponding amounts of the flows between the direct insurer and the reinsurer; for this reason these arrows are shown as being thicker in the chart.
16.78
As with direct insurance, for example following a catastrophic disaster, part of reinsurance claims are recorded as capital transfers rather than as current transfers.
16.79
The whole of the output of the reinsurer is intermediate consumption of the direct insurer holding the reinsurance policy. As noted above, many reinsurance policies are between insurers resident in different economies. Thus, the value of the output in such cases represents imports by the insurer taking out the reinsurance policy and exports by the reinsurer.
16.80
The recording of flows associated with reinsurance resembles the recording for non-life insurance except that the policyholder of a reinsurance policy is always another insurer.
16.81
The production and consumption transactions are as follows:
(a)
the output (P.1) is recorded in the production account of reinsurers. Reinsurance services are often provided by non-resident reinsurers and in such cases are recorded as imports of services (P.72);
(b)
the service of the reinsurer can only be consumed by a direct insurer or another reinsurer. If the policyholder is resident, the use of the reinsurance service is recorded as intermediate consumption (P.2) of the policyholder unit. Where the policyholder is non-resident, the use is recorded as exports of services (P.62).
16.82
The distributive transactions cover investment income attributed to policyholders in respect of reinsurance, net reinsurance premiums and reinsurance claims:
(a)
investment income (D.441) earned by reinsurers from investing reinsurance technical reserves is payable to policyholders who can be direct insurers or reinsurers. Both reinsurance and direct insurers may be resident or non-resident;
(b)
net non-life reinsurance premiums (D.712) are payable by policyholders and receivable by reinsurers. Either of the units due to make the payment or to receive it may be non-resident;
(c)
non-life reinsurance claims (D.722) are payable by reinsurers and receivable by policyholders, either resident or non-resident. Both net premiums and claims are recorded in the secondary distribution of income account;
(d)
the financial balance sheet holds records reflecting the reinsurance technical reserves (under AF.61, ‧non-life insurance technical reserves‧). Such reserves are recorded as liabilities of reinsurers and assets of policyholders. Such policyholders can be direct insurers or reinsurers.
16.83
Commissions payable by reinsurers to the insurer as the reinsurance policyholder are treated as reductions in the premiums payable to the reinsurers. Profit sharing payable by the reinsurer to the direct insurer is recorded as a current transfer. Although they are recorded differently, both commissions payable and profit sharing reduce the output of the reinsurer.
16.84
If direct insurance claims are treated as capital and not current transfers, the reinsurance claims for the same event are also treated as other capital transfers (D.99).
TRANSACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INSURANCE AUXILIARIES
16.85
The output of auxiliary insurance services is valued on the basis of the fees or commissions charged. In the case of non-profit institutions operating as business associations for insurance enterprises and pension funds, their output is valued by the amounts of subscriptions paid by the members of the associations. This output is used as intermediate consumption by the members of the associations.
ANNUITIES
16.86
The simplest case of a life insurance policy is one where a stream of payments is made by the policyholder to the insurer over time in return for a single payment received as a claim at some point in the future. With the simplest form of annuity, the equivalent to the policyholder, called the annuitant, pays a single lump sum to the insurer and in return receives a stream of payments either for a nominated period or for the rest of the annuitant's life, or for the rest of the life of both the annuitant and a nominated other person.
16.87
Annuities are organised by insurers and are a means of risk management. The annuitant avoids risk by agreeing to accept a known payment stream, known either in absolute terms or subject to a formula, such as being index-linked, in return for a single payment. The insurer takes the risk of making more from investing the single payment than is paid to the annuitant as a payment stream. Life expectancy is taken into account in determining the stream of payments.
16.88
When an annuity is initiated, there is a transfer of funds from the household to the insurer. In many cases, however, this may simply be a ‧rollover‧ from a lump sum payable by that or another insurer from the maturing of a normal life insurance policy immediately into an annuity. In such a case there is no need to record the payment of the lump sum and the acquisition of the annuity; there will simply be a change from life insurance reserves to annuity reserves in the insurer and pension fund subsector. If an annuity is purchased independently of the maturing of a life insurance policy, this is recorded as a pair of financial transactions between the household and the insurer. The household makes a payment to the insurer and receives in return an asset arising from the terms of the annuity. The insurer receives a financial asset from the household and incurs a liability towards it.
16.89
Annuities are terminated by death, at which point any remaining reserves for that annuitant are transferred to the insurer. However, assuming the insurer has predicted life expectancy accurately, for the group of annuitants as a whole, the average funds remaining at death will be zero. If life expectancies change, revisions to the reserves must be made. For annuities in operation, an extension of life expectancies will reduce the amount available to the insurer as a service charge, possibly making this negative. In such a case, the insurer will have to draw on its own funds and hope to build them up again in future by associating higher service charges with new annuities.
RECORDING NON-LIFE INSURANCE CLAIMS
Treatment of adjusted claims
16.90
The time of recording claims incurred is generally when the related event occurs. This principle is applied even when, in the case of disputed claims, the settlement may take place years after the event concerned. An exception is made in cases where the possibility of making a claim is recognised only long after the event has happened. For example, an important series of claims were recognised only when exposure to asbestos was established as a cause of serious illness and was judged to give rise to claims under an insurance policy valid at the time of the exposure. In such cases the claim is recorded at the time that the insurance company accepts the liability. This may not be the same time as when the size of the claim is agreed on or when the claim is paid.
16.91
Given that the formula for output uses adjusted claims and not actual claims, only when the actual claims happen to be the same values as expected claims will net premiums and claims be equal in a given period. They should however be approximately equal over a period of years excluding a year in which a disaster is recorded.
Treatment of catastrophic losses
16.92
Claims are recorded as current transfers payable by the insurer to the policyholder. There is one case where claims are recorded as other capital transfers (D.99) rather than current transfers and that is in the wake of a major catastrophe. The criteria for when the effects of a disaster should be treated like this must be determined according to national circumstances, but these may involve the number of policyholders affected and the amount of the damage done. The rationale for recording the claims as capital transfers in this case comes from the fact that many of the claims will relate to destruction or serious damage to assets such as dwellings, buildings and structures.
16.93
Following a catastrophe, the total value of the claims in excess of the premiums is recorded as a capital transfer from the insurer to the policyholder. Information on the level of claims to be met under insurance policies is obtained from the insurance industry. If the insurance industry cannot provide this information, one approach to estimating the level of the catastrophe-related claims is to take the difference between the adjusted claims and the actual claims in the period of the catastrophe.
(
1
)
  Council Directive 91/674/EEC of 19 December 1991 on the annual accounts and consolidated accounts of insurance undertakings (
OJ L 374, 31.12.1991, p. 7
).
CHAPTER 17
SOCIAL INSURANCE INCLUDING PENSIONS
INTRODUCTION
17.01
Definition
: social insurance schemes are schemes in which participants are obliged, or encouraged, by a third party to take out insurance against certain social risks or circumstances that may adversely affect their welfare or that of their dependants. In such schemes, social contributions are paid by employees or others, or by employers on behalf of their employees, in order to secure entitlement to social insurance benefits, in the current or subsequent periods, for the employees or other contributors, their dependents or survivors. Contributions to social insurance schemes can also be paid by, or on behalf of, self-employed or non-employed persons.
17.02
There are two types of social insurance schemes:
(a)
the first consists of social security schemes covering the entire community, or large sections of the community, that are imposed, controlled and financed by government units. Pensions payable under such schemes may or may not be related to levels of salary of the beneficiary or history of employment. Non-pension benefits are less frequently linked to salary levels;
(b)
the second type consists of other employment related schemes. Such schemes derive from an employer-employee relationship in the provision of pension, and possibly other, entitlements that are part of the conditions of employment and where responsibility for the provision of benefits does not devolve to general government under social security provisions.
17.03
The scope of social insurance schemes varies from country to country, and from scheme to scheme within the same country. Examples of such schemes are the following:
(a)
general government obliges all employees to participate in a social security scheme;
(b)
employers make it a condition of employment that employees participate in an insurance scheme specified by the employer;
(c)
an employer encourages employees to join a scheme by making contributions on behalf of the employee;
(d)
a trade union arranges advantageous insurance cover available only to the members of the trade union; or
(e)
the schemes other than social security may be arranged with an insurance corporation as a group policy or series of policies, or they may be managed by an insurance corporation in return for a fee. Alternatively, the schemes may be managed by an employer directly on his own behalf or by employers on behalf of their employees and their dependants or by others on behalf of a specified group.
Table 17.1 —
   
Social insurance schemes
Type of insurance
Characteristics
Form of organisation
Sector/subsector
Social security
The participants are obliged by general government to insure against certain social risks
Organised by general government via social security funds
Social security funds (S.1314)
Employment-related social insurance schemes other than social security
Employers can make it a condition of employment that employees insure against certain social risks
Organised by employers on behalf of their employees and their dependents or by others on behalf of a specified group
Sector or subsector of employer, insurance corporations and pension funds or non-profit institutions serving households
Social insurance schemes, social assistance and individual insurance policies
17.04
Social assistance is not part of social insurance. Social assistance benefits are payable independently of participation in a social insurance scheme, i.e. without qualifying contributions having been made to a social insurance scheme.
17.05
Social assistance is distinguished from social security, by the eligibility to receive social assistance benefits from general government, and is not dependent on having elected to participate as demonstrated by the payment of contributions. Usually all members of resident households are entitled to apply for social assistance but the conditions under which it is granted are often restrictive. Frequently there is an assessment of available income including social insurance benefits, in relation to the perceived needs of a household. Only those households falling below a given threshold may be entitled to this type of social assistance.
17.06
Individual insurance policies qualify as social insurance schemes if they cover social risks and needs such as sickness and old age. In order for an individual policy to be treated as part of a social insurance scheme, the eventualities or circumstances against which the participants are insured shall correspond to the risks or needs listed in paragraph 4.84; in addition, one or more of the following conditions shall be satisfied:
(a)
participation in the scheme is obligatory either by law or under the terms and conditions of employment of an employee, or group of employees;
(b)
the scheme is collective and is operated for the benefit of a designated group of workers, whether employees, self-employed or non-employed, participation being restricted to members of that group;
(c)
an employer makes a contribution (actual or imputed) to the scheme on behalf of an employee, whether or not the employee also makes a contribution.
17.07
Insurance claims on policies taken out with the sole purpose of obtaining a discount, even if those policies follow from a collective agreement, are excluded from social insurance. Such individual insurance policies are recorded as life and non-life insurance. Insurance claims based on policies taken out solely on the own initiative of the insured, independently of his employer or government, are also excluded from social insurance.
Social benefits
17.08
Social benefits become payable when certain events occur, or certain conditions exist that may adversely affect the welfare of the households concerned either by imposing additional demands on their resources or reducing their incomes. Social benefits are provided in cash or in kind. There are a number of circumstances in which social benefits are payable:
(a)
the beneficiaries, or their dependants, require medical, dental or other treatment, or hospital, convalescent or long-term care, as a result of sickness, injuries, maternity, chronic invalidity, old age, etc. The social benefits may be provided in kind in the form of treatments or care provided free or at prices that are not economically significant, or by reimbursing expenditures made by households. Social benefits in cash may also be payable to beneficiaries needing health care;
(b)
the beneficiaries have to support dependants of various kinds: spouses, children, elderly relatives, invalids, etc. The social benefits are usually paid in cash in the form of regular dependants' or family allowances;
(c)
the beneficiaries suffer a reduction in income as a result of not being able to work full-time or work at all. The social benefits are usually paid regularly, in cash, and for the duration of the condition. In some instances a lump sum may be provided additionally or instead of the regular payment. Examples of why people may be prevented from working are as follows:
(1)
voluntary or compulsory retirement;
(2)
involuntary unemployment, including temporary lay-offs and short-time working;
(3)
sickness, accidental injury, the birth of a child, etc., that prevents a person from working, or working full time;
(d)
the beneficiaries receive payments to compensate for suffering a reduction in income because of the death of the main income earner;
(e)
the beneficiaries are provided with housing either for free or at prices that are not economically significant or by reimbursing expenditure made by households. Such items are social benefits in kind;
(f)
the beneficiaries are provided with allowances to cover education expenses incurred on behalf of themselves or their dependants. Education services may be provided as social benefits in kind.
Social benefits provided by general government
17.09
General government provides social benefits as payments under social security, social assistance or social transfers in kind.
17.10
Social security refers to social insurance schemes operated by general government.
17.11
The definition of social benefits includes the provision of health and education services. Typically general government makes such services available to all members of the community without requiring participation in a scheme or qualifying requirements. The services are treated as social transfers in kind and not as part of social security or social assistance. In addition to health and education services provided by general government, such services may also be provided to individuals by non-profit institutions serving households. Such services are also treated as social transfers in kind and not as part of social insurance schemes.
Social benefits provided by other institutional units
17.12
Social benefits can be provided by employers to their employees and their dependents or provided by other units such as trade unions. All social benefits provided by units other than general government are made under a social insurance scheme.
Pensions and other forms of benefit
17.13
Social insurance benefits and the corresponding contributions are divided between those relating to pensions and those relating to all other forms of benefit. The most important pension benefit covered by social insurance schemes is income in retirement, but there are other examples. For instance, pensions may be payable to widows and widowers or to people who suffer an industrial injury and are no longer able to work. The main income earner is no longer able, through death or incapacity, to provide an income, and so payments are made and recorded as pensions.
17.14
All other benefits are grouped together as non-pension benefits. The distinction between pension and non-pension benefits is important because liabilities are recorded for pensions whether there are actually assets set aside to meet the entitlements or not, but reserves are recorded for non-pension benefits only when the reserves actually exist.
SOCIAL INSURANCE BENEFITS OTHER THAN PENSIONS
17.15
Definition
: other social insurance benefits, or non-pension benefits, are benefits which beneficiaries receive, directly or indirectly, depending on specific events and usually under predetermined legal or contractual terms.
Excluding income in retirement, a number of other contingencies may be covered such as health insurance, unemployment insurance and long-term care insurance benefits.
17.16
Other social insurance benefits are provided to beneficiaries under social security and under employment-related schemes other than social security.
Social security schemes other than pension schemes
17.17
Definition
: social security schemes other than pension schemes are contractual insurance schemes where the beneficiaries as participants of a social insurance scheme are obliged by general government to insure against risks other than old age and other age-related risks. Social security benefits other than pension benefits, known as non-pension benefits, are provided to beneficiaries by general government.
17.18
Beneficiaries usually make compulsory contributions towards a social security scheme other than a social security pension scheme which is frequently financed on a pay-as-you-go basis. Pay-as-you-go contributions in a period are used to finance the benefits in the same period. There is no saving element involved, either for general government or the employer operating the scheme or for the beneficiaries participating in it. So there is generally no question of a surplus arising and, if there is a shortfall in resources, government may have powers to change the commitments not just relating to future employment but also for past employment. However, in some countries social security schemes other than pension schemes may accumulate reserves, known as buffer funds.
17.19
Social security entitlements other than pension entitlements, as outstanding amounts for a social security scheme, are not recognised in the core national accounts of the ESA. Estimates of the outstanding amounts of entitlements under social security schemes other than pensions, as well as of any other employment-related non-pension schemes provided by general government, are not included in the core accounts and not recorded in Table 17.5.
Other employment-related social insurance schemes
17.20
Definition
: other employment-related social insurance schemes are contractual insurance schemes, either compulsory by law or encouraged by a third party. In other employment-related social insurance schemes employers can make it a condition of employment that employees, the beneficiaries, participate in a social insurance scheme specified by the employer to insure against risk other than old age and age-related. Such employment-related schemes are provided to beneficiaries either by the employer or by other units on behalf of the employer.
17.21
Other employment-related social insurance schemes are seen, like related pension schemes, as part of the compensation package, and negotiations between employees and employers may focus on current conditions of service and pay scales. Often social insurance benefits other than pensions are provided by private employers from schemes that the employers control or contract to a third party such as an insurance corporation providing social benefits like private medical coverage.
Recording of stocks and flows by type of non-pension social insurance scheme
Social security schemes
17.22
In recognition of the fact that social security is normally financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, entitlements accruing under social security such as social benefits including pensions are not shown in the core national accounts.
17.23
Pension entitlements arising from social security schemes are included in the supplementary table for accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance, but this is not the case for entitlements arising from social security schemes, other than pension schemes.
17.24
The recording of the flows for social security schemes other than pensions refers to contributions made by the employer and by the employees and to social security benefits.
17.25
Any contribution made by the employer is treated as part of compensation of employees. It is recorded as a distributive transaction payable by the employer and receivable by the employee. The employee then pays an amount equal to what he receives from the employer together with any contribution of his own to the social security fund. This amount is recorded as a use for households and a resource for government.
17.26
Any contributions made by self-employed or non-employed persons are also included with the contributions by households to government.
17.27
Social security benefits are recorded as distributive transactions, from general government to households.
17.28
Table 17.2 shows the transactions related to a social security pension scheme. They are identical to the transactions related to social security schemes excluding pensions.
Other employment-related non-pension social insurance schemes
17.29
For other employment-related non-pension social insurance schemes, entitlements of the participants are usually recorded as they build up. Investment income earned on existing entitlements is recorded as being distributed to the beneficiaries and reinvested by them in the scheme.
17.30
The social contribution made by an employer to an insurance scheme on behalf of an employee is treated as part of the compensation of employees.
17.31
The investment income on accumulated entitlements is recorded as being distributed to households by the scheme. The investment income includes interest and dividends plus, if the institutional unit holds shares in them, the distributed income of collective investment schemes. It is possible that the scheme may own property and so generate a net operating surplus, and this is included with the investment income distributed to the beneficiaries. In that case, the term investment income is to be interpreted as including that source of income. Holding gains and losses generated by the investment of the cumulated entitlements are not included in investment income but are recorded as other changes due to revaluations.
17.32
Part of the income distributed to households is used to meet the costs of operating the scheme. This cost is shown as output of the scheme and household final consumption expenditure. The remaining part of the distributed income is treated as contribution supplements paid back by households to the scheme.
17.33
Social contributions are shown as paid by households to the scheme. The total amount of the social contributions is made up of the actual contributions from the employers as part of compensation of employees, actual contributions by employees and by individuals formerly participating in a scheme, self-employed and non-employed persons as well as retirees, and the contribution supplements specified in paragraph 17.32.
17.34
Those who contribute to a social insurance scheme, who are not employees, may be self-employed or non-employed persons, who participate by virtue of their profession or former employment status.
17.35
The social benefits paid to households by the scheme administrator are shown as distributive transactions under other social insurance benefits.
17.36
The payment of the service provided by the scheme administrator, equal to the value of the scheme's output, is recorded as final consumption expenditure of households.
17.37
An increase in entitlements caused by an excess of contributions over benefits is shown as paid by the social insurance scheme to households. The rationale for this is that, since this increase in entitlements directly affects the net worth of households, it should be included in the saving of the households sector.
17.38
The adjustment for the change in the entitlements paid by the scheme to households is recorded as a claim from households to the scheme.
17.39
Table 17.3 shows the transactions for an employment-related pension scheme. They are identical to the transactions related to social insurance schemes other than pension schemes.
PENSIONS
17.40
Definition
: social insurance pensions are benefits which beneficiaries receive upon retirement, usually under predetermined legal or contractual terms and typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity.
The most important pension benefit of social insurance schemes is income in retirement, but a number of other cases may also occur. For example, pensions may be payable to widows and widowers or to people who suffer an industrial injury and are no longer able to work. All events that give rise to payments because the income earner is no longer able, through death or incapacity, to provide an income for himself or herself and dependants are treated as pensions.
Types of pension schemes
17.41
Pensions provided to beneficiaries can take the following forms:
(a)
social insurance pension schemes;
(b)
social assistance; and
(c)
individual insurance policies related to pensions.
They are usually provided by social security funds, other government entities, insurance corporations and pension funds, or institutional units as employers. However, other institutions could be involved, depending on national circumstances. The use of the term social security funds does not mean that there is always an actual fund of assets created within the scheme. Social security funds and social security schemes are synonymous terms.
17.42
Social insurance pensions are provided to beneficiaries as participants in social insurance schemes. The part provided by general government is called social security pensions, including social security funds, and the part provided by other units is called other employment-related pensions. The division between which pensions are provided by social security and which by other employment-related schemes varies considerably from country to country with the consequence that the coverage, and therefore national perceptions, of the term ‧social security‧ vary considerably.
Social security pension schemes
17.43
Definition
: social security pension schemes are contractual insurance schemes where the beneficiaries as participants of a social insurance scheme are obliged by general government to insure against old age and other age-related risks such as disability, health etc. Social security pensions are provided to beneficiaries by general government.
17.44
When general government takes over the responsibility for providing pensions to large sections of the community, the social security function is in effect filling the role of a multi-employer scheme.
17.45
Beneficiaries usually make compulsory contributions towards a social security pension scheme which is frequently financed on a pay-as-you-go basis. The contributions in a period are used to finance the benefits in the same period. There is no saving element involved, either for general government or the employer operating the scheme or for the beneficiaries participating in it. So a surplus on the scheme will not exist, and, if there is a shortfall in resources, government may have powers to change the commitments not just relating to future employment but also for the past. In some countries however social security pension schemes may accumulate reserves, known as buffer funds.
17.46
The narrowest form of social security pension is very basic. The level may be fixed independently of the size of contributions, though not of the fact that contributions have been made for a given period of time or under other specific conditions. An employee's right to a pension under social security is often transferable from one employer to another.
17.47
By contrast, in some countries most or all pension provision may be made via social security. In this case, government acts as an intermediary for employers so that once the government has received the contributions to the scheme paid by the employer and the households; the government then takes on the risk of making the eventual payment. Government relieves the employer of the risk that the cost of pensions may be too great for his enterprise to meet and assures the population that pensions will be paid, though it may do so with the qualification that it may alter the amount of pensions due, even retrospectively.
17.48
Pension entitlements as outstanding amounts for a social security pension scheme are not recognised in the core national accounts of the ESA. Estimates of the outstanding amounts of entitlements under social security pension schemes as well as of any other employment-related defined benefit pension scheme provided by general government are not included in the core national accounts but are recorded in the supplementary table for accrued-to-date pension entitlements shown in Table 17.5.
Other employment-related pension schemes
17.49
Definition
: other employment-related pension schemes are contractual insurance schemes, either compulsory by law or encouraged by government, or where employers make it a condition of employment that employees (the beneficiaries) participate in a social insurance scheme specified by the employer to insure against old age and other age-related risks. These employment-related pensions are provided to beneficiaries either by the employer or by other units on behalf of the employer.
17.50
Unless employers and beneficiaries agree to change the amounts payable, pension schemes run by private employers are usually not subject to retrospective adjustments. However there is a risk that the employer may be unable to pay because he has gone out of business. Protection for the pension entitlements of individuals is becoming more common. The pension built up with one employer may not be transferable to a new employer. Employer schemes are increasingly likely to have reserves set aside. Even if there are no reserves, accounting conventions may require them to recognise pension entitlements of present and past employees in their accounts.
17.51
Other employment-related pensions are seen as part of the compensation package, and negotiations between employees and employers may focus on current conditions of service and pay scales and pension entitlements. Often pensions are provided by private employers from schemes that the employers control or contract to a third party such as an insurance corporation. It is sometimes possible for a specialised unit to agree to assume responsibility for providing pensions for a number of employers in return for assuming the risk of ensuring adequate funding is available to make the promised pensions. Such an arrangement is called a multi-employer pension scheme.
17.52
Both current employees and former employees, who are the beneficiaries, may make contributions to the scheme and are assumed to receive property income from it. This property income is then treated as contribution supplements payable by them.
17.53
Pension schemes are categorised according to their nature into defined contribution schemes and defined benefit schemes.
Defined contribution schemes
17.54
Definition
: a defined contribution scheme is a pension scheme where the benefits are defined exclusively in terms of the level of the fund built up from the contributions made over the employee's working life and the increases in value that result from the investment of such funds by the manager of the pension scheme.
17.55
The entire risk of a defined contribution scheme to provide an adequate income in retirement is borne by the employee.
17.56
Providing detail on defined contribution schemes is relatively straightforward since full accounts must be available and no actuarial estimation is involved. Most of those schemes are in the corporations sectors (column A of Table 17.5) but it is possible that in some cases government acts as a scheme manager. The pension entitlements of all defined contribution pension schemes are included in the core national accounts.
Defined benefit schemes
17.57
Definition
: a defined benefit scheme is a pension scheme where the benefits payable to the employee on retirement are determined by the use of a formula, either alone or in combination with a guaranteed minimum amount payable.
17.58
The risk of a defined benefit scheme to provide an adequate income in retirement is borne by the employer or a unit acting on his behalf.
Notional defined contribution schemes and hybrid schemes
17.59
Notional defined contribution schemes and hybrid schemes are grouped as defined benefit schemes.
17.60
Definition
: a notional defined contribution scheme is similar to a defined contribution scheme but with a guaranteed minimum amount payable.
17.61
In a notional defined contribution scheme, contributions (both from employee and employer) are credited to, and accumulated on, individual accounts. Those individual accounts are notional, in the sense that the contributions to the schemes are used to pay pension benefits to current pensioners. At retirement, the accumulated balance is converted into an annuity through a formula, based, among other factors, on a measure of life expectancy, and is revised annually to catch up with a measure of the standard of living.
17.62
Hybrid schemes are those schemes which have both a defined benefit and a defined contribution element. A scheme is classified as ‧hybrid‧ either because both defined benefit and defined contribution provisions are present or because it embodies a notional defined contribution scheme and, at the same time, a defined benefit or defined contribution provision. The provision might be combined for a single beneficiary, or differentiated according to groups of beneficiaries by type of contract, pension provided, etc.
17.63
The risk to provide an adequate income in retirement is shared between the employer and the employee under a notional contribution scheme and under a hybrid scheme.
17.64
In certain cases, the employer's risk may be borne by the multi-employer scheme that operates the defined benefit pension scheme on behalf of the employer.
Defined benefit schemes as compared to defined contribution schemes
17.65
The fundamental difference in accounting for a defined benefit pension scheme as compared to a defined contribution pension scheme is that, for the defined benefit pension scheme, the benefit to the employee in the current period is determined in terms of the undertakings made by the employer about the level of pension, whereas for the defined contribution pension scheme the benefit to the employee in the current period is determined by the contributions made to the scheme, and the investment income and holding gains and losses earned on those and previous contributions. Thus while there is in principle complete information available on the benefits for the participant in the defined contribution pension scheme, the benefits for the participants in a defined benefit pension scheme are estimated actuarially.
17.66
There are four sources of change in pension entitlements in a defined benefit pension scheme. The first of these, the current service increase, is the increase in entitlement associated with the wages and salaries earned in the current period. The second source, the past service increase, is the increase in the value of the entitlement due to the fact that for all participants in the scheme, retirement (and death) are one year nearer. The third change in the level of entitlement is a decrease due to the payment of benefits to retirees of the scheme. The fourth source of change comes from other factors, factors that are reflected in the other changes in assets account.
17.67
As with a defined contribution pension scheme, the employer and/or employee may make actual contributions to the scheme in the current period. However, such payments may not be sufficient to meet the increase in the benefits accruing from the current year's employment. An additional contribution from the employer is, therefore, imputed to bring equality between contributions (actual and imputed) and the increase in current service entitlements. Such imputed contributions are usually positive but it is possible for them to be negative if the sum of the contributions received exceeds the increase in current service entitlements.
17.68
At the end of an accounting period, the level of the pension entitlements due to past and present employees can be calculated by estimating the present value of the amounts due to be paid in retirement using actuarial calculations. One element in the increase of this amount year by year is the fact that the present value of the entitlements existing at the beginning of the year, and still due at the end of the year, has increased because the future is one year nearer and so a discount factor less must be used to calculate the present value. It is this unwinding of the discount that accounts for the past service increase in entitlements.
17.69
A further basic difference between a defined benefit pension scheme and a defined contribution pension scheme concerns the payment for the cost of operating the pension scheme. Under a defined contribution pension scheme all of the risk is borne by the beneficiaries. The pension scheme is operated on their behalf and they pay for the cost of it. Since a unit other than the employer may operate the scheme, it is appropriate to treat the operating cost as part of the investment income that is retained by the scheme to meet its costs and generate a profit. In keeping with accounting for insurance, the investment income is treated as being attributed in full to the beneficiaries, part being used to meet the cost and the remainder being reinvested with the scheme.
17.70
For a defined benefit pension scheme, the situation is different. The risk that the fund may be insufficient to meet pension entitlements is borne in part or in whole by the employer, or a unit acting on his behalf, and not by the beneficiaries alone. The scheme may be directly controlled by the employer and be part of the same institutional unit or may be purely notional. Even in this case, there are costs associated with operating the scheme. Although such costs are initially borne by the employer, it is appropriate to regard this as a form of income in kind provided to the employees and for convenience it may be included with the employers' contributions. This assumes all the costs are borne by current employees and none by retirees. It also assumes that the attribution that must be made in the case of notional schemes can be applied in other circumstances.
17.71
For a defined benefit scheme, it is unlikely that self-employed and non-employed persons currently contribute, though it is possible if they were previously in employment giving rise to a defined benefit pension and have the right to continue to participate. Those persons previously in employment, whether currently in receipt of a pension or not, receive property income and pay contribution supplements.
Pension administrator, pension manager, pension fund and multi-employer pension scheme
17.72
Social insurance schemes may be organised by employers or by government, they may be organised by insurance corporations on behalf of employees or separate institutional units may be established to hold and manage the assets to be used to meet pensions and to distribute pensions. The pension fund subsector consists of only those social insurance pension funds that are institutional units separate from the units that create them.
17.73
An employer may contract with another unit to manage the pension scheme and arrange disbursements to the beneficiaries. There are different ways in which this may happen.
17.74
First, the operator of the pension scheme, the pension administrator, simply acts as the employer's agent, undertaking the day-to-day administration of the pension scheme, and the responsibility for any shortfall in the scheme, or the benefit of any excess, remains with the employer.
17.75
Second, the pension manager is responsible also for determining the terms of another employment-related pension scheme and bears the ultimate responsibility for pension entitlements. The pension manager also retains a significant degree of responsibility over the long-term policy of investment in assets, including the selection of investment options and the structure of administrative providers. Although the same unit may frequently carry out both the functions of a pension manager and of a pension administrator, in some cases they are the responsibilities of different units.
17.76
Third, it is not uncommon for a single unit to contract with several employers to manage their pension schemes as a multi-employer pension scheme. The arrangements are such that the multi-employer pension scheme accepts the responsibility for any shortfall in the funds to meet the entitlements in return for the right to keep any excess funds. By pooling the risks over a number of employers the multi-employer scheme expects to balance under- and over-funding so as to emerge with an excess over all the schemes taken as whole in a similar way that an insurance corporation pools risk for many clients. In this case, the multi-employer pension scheme is the pension manager.
17.77
When government takes responsibility for providing benefits to large sections of the community, the social security function fills the role of a multi-employer scheme. Like the insurance corporation, the government then takes on the responsibility for any shortfall in funds to meet the pension liabilities or may be entitled to retain any surplus generated. It is often the case, though, that social security is funded on a pay-as-you-go basis so there is no question of a surplus arising and, if there is a shortfall in resources, government may have powers to change the entitlements not just relating to future employment but also for the past.
17.78
The pension manager's responsibility for any underfunding, or the benefit of any over-funding, of a pension scheme is recorded as a liability/asset relationship with the pension administrator. The change in the liability between the pension manager and the pension administrator is recorded period by period. It is not the pension entitlements of the scheme that are recorded as liabilities of the pension manager, but rather the difference between the pension entitlements and the assets held by the scheme. Where assets held by the scheme are greater than the pension entitlements, a situation described as over-funding, a liability/asset relationship with the pension manager will be recorded where it is certain that any over-funding would become the property of the pension manager in case of liquidation of the scheme.
17.79
Any holding gains and losses on the assets managed by the pension administrator are attributed to the pension manager so that the net worth of the pension fund remains exactly zero at all times.
Recording of stocks and flows by type of pension scheme in social insurance
Transactions for social security pension schemes
17.80
In recognition of the fact that social security is normally financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, pension entitlements accruing under social security are not shown in the core national accounts. If all countries had similar benefits provided under social security and under social insurance schemes, international comparisons would be straightforward. However, this is not the case and national perceptions of what is covered by social security vary considerably.
17.81
Pension entitlements arising from social security schemes are not included in the core national accounts. The diversity of such schemes and employer schemes varies across Member States. Pension entitlements arising from social security schemes are included in the supplementary table for accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance (Table 17.5) to allow comparison of country data.
17.82
The recording of the flows for social security pension schemes refers to contributions made by the employer and by the employees and to social security benefits.
17.83
Any contribution made by the employer is treated as part of compensation of employees. It is recorded as a distributive transaction from the employer to the employee. The employee then pays what he receives from the employer together with any contribution he makes on his own behalf to the social security fund. This amount is recorded as paid by households to government.
17.84
Any contributions made by self-employed or non-employed persons are also included with the contributions made by households to government.
17.85
Social security benefits are recorded as distributive transactions from general government to households.
17.86
Table 17.2 shows the transactions of a social security pension scheme.
Table 17.2 —
   
Accounts for social contributions and pension benefits paid through social security
Uses
Type of account and transaction
Resources
Employer
Social security fund
Households
Other sectors
Total economy
Employer
Social security fund
Households
Other sectors
Total economy
Generation of income account
139,0
139,0
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211)
Allocation of primary income account
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211)
139,0
139,0
Secondary distribution of income account
226,0
226,0
Social security contributions (pensions)
226,0
226,0
139,0
139,0
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.6111)
139,0
139,0
87,0
87,0
Households' actual pension contributions (D.6131)
87,0
87,0
210,0
210,0
Social security pension benefits in cash (D.6211)
210,0
210,0
Transactions for other employment-related pension schemes
17.87
For other employment-related schemes, pension entitlements of the participants are usually recorded as they build up. Investment income earned on existing pension entitlements is recorded as being distributed to the beneficiaries and reinvested by them in the pension scheme.
17.88
The recording of transactions for a defined contribution scheme is less complicated than the recording of transactions for a defined benefit scheme.
17.89
For both types of schemes, a pension fund is assumed to exist. For a defined contribution pension scheme, a real fund must exist. For a defined benefit pension scheme a fund may exist in reality or it may be a notional fund. If it exists, it may be part of the same institutional unit as the employer, it may be a separate institutional unit with an autonomous pension scheme, or it may be part of another financial institution, either an insurance corporation or a multi-employer pension scheme.
Transactions for defined contribution pension schemes
17.90
The contribution made by an employer to a defined contribution pension scheme on behalf of an employee is treated as compensation of employees.
17.91
The investment income on accumulated pension entitlements is also recorded as being distributed to households from the pension fund. The investment income includes interest and dividends plus the distributed income of collective investment schemes if the pension fund holds shares in them. It is possible that the pension fund may own property and generate net operating surplus, which is included with the investment income as being distributed to the pension beneficiaries. In this case, the term investment income includes this source of income, if it exists. Holding gains and losses generated by the investment of the cumulated pension entitlements are not included in investment income but are recorded as other changes due to revaluations.
17.92
Part of the income distributed to households is used to meet the costs of operating the pension fund. This cost is recorded as output of the pension fund and as household final consumption expenditure. The remaining part of the distributed income is treated as pension contribution supplements paid back by households to the pension fund.
17.93
Social contributions are recorded as paid by households to the pension fund. The total amount of social contributions is made up of the actual contributions by the employers as part of compensation of employees, actual contributions by employees and possibly by other individuals, such as individuals formerly participating in a scheme, self-employed and non-employed persons as well as retirees, and the contribution supplements specified in paragraph 17.92. For clarity, and to enhance the comparison with defined benefit schemes, the supplements are shown at full value. The total contributions made by households to the pensions fund are net in the same way that insurance premiums are net, that is to say they are the total of all contributions made, less the service charge.
17.94
Contributors other than employees who contribute to a defined contribution pension scheme may include self-employed persons participating in a defined contribution pension scheme or may be non-employed persons who participate in a defined contribution pension scheme by virtue of their profession or former employment status.
17.95
Pension benefits to households from the pension fund are recorded as distributive transactions under other social insurance pension benefits (D.6221).
17.96
There is also a transaction for the service provided by the pension fund (equal to the value of the pension fund's output), recorded as final consumption expenditure by households.
17.97
The increase in pension entitlements caused by an excess of contributions over benefits is recorded as paid by the pension fund to households. Similarly, a decrease in pension entitlements caused by a deficit of contributions compared to benefits is recorded as a payment from households to the pension fund. The change in pension entitlements directly affects the net worth of households, and so the saving of the households sector. Given that much of the increase in the pension entitlement of participants in a defined contribution pension scheme, and thus ultimately the funding for the benefits, comes from holding gains that are not included in the contribution supplements of participants in defined contribution pension schemes, the adjustment for the change in pension entitlements for such individuals will frequently be negative.
17.98
The adjustment for the change in pension entitlements paid by the pension fund to households is recorded as a claim from households to the pension fund.
17.99
Table 17.3 illustrates the entries necessary to record the transactions related to a defined contribution scheme. It is simpler than the corresponding table for a defined benefit scheme, because of the absence of any imputed transactions.
Table 17.3 —
   
Accounts for pension benefits payable under a defined contribution scheme
Uses
Type of account and transactions
Resources
Employer
Pension fund
Households
Other sectors
Total economy
Employer
Pension fund
Households
Other sectors
Total economy
Production account
Output (P.1)
1,4
1,4
Generation of income account
11,0
11,0
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211)
Distribution of primary income
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211)
11,0
11,0
3,0
3,0
Property income (D.4)
3,0
3,0
16,2
16,2
Investment income payable on pension entitlements (D.442)
16,2
16,2
Secondary distribution of income account
37,3
37,3
Household total pension contributions
37,3
37,3
11,0
11,0
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.6111)
11,0
11,0
11,5
11,5
Households' actual pension contributions (D.6131)
11,5
11,5
16,2
16,2
Households' pension contribution supplements (D.6141)
16,2
16,2
–1,4
–1,4
Social insurance scheme service charges (D.61SC)
–1,4
–1,4
26,0
26,0
Other social insurance pension benefits (D.6221)
26,0
26,0
Use of income account
1,4
1,4
Final consumption expenditure (P.3)
11,3
11,3
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements (D.8)
11,3
11,3
–11,0
–11,8
25,8
–3,0
0
Saving
Changes in assets
Financial account
Changes in liabilities
Net borrowing/lending (B.9)
–11,0
–11,8
25,8
–3,0
0,0
11,3
11,3
Pension entitlements (F.63)
11,3
11,3
–11,0
–0,5
14,5
–3,0
0,0
Other financial assets
Other flows related to defined contribution pension schemes
17.100
The other factors affecting the change in the balance sheet entry for the change in pension entitlements are shown in the other changes in assets accounts. In particular, the entitlements of the scheme's beneficiaries show holding gains or losses in the revaluation account corresponding exactly to those on the assets held by the pension fund to meet such obligations.
17.101
The investment of the entitlements of defined contribution pension schemes leads to holding gains or losses. Such gains or losses come about through value changes of the assets held by the pension fund, and an amount exactly equal to the holding gains and losses is attributed as an increase in the pension entitlements of the beneficiaries. This is recorded in the revaluation account.
Transactions for defined benefit pension schemes
17.102
For defined benefit pension schemes, the employer retains responsibility for meeting the pension payments. Alternatives involving the use of a multi-employer scheme or where government assumes responsibility on behalf of the employer follow the definitions given in paragraphs 17.76 and 17.77.
17.103
The total contribution made by an employer to a defined benefit pension scheme on behalf of his employee must be sufficient, so that, together with any actual contribution by the employee and excluding the cost of operating the scheme, it matches the current service increase in the employee's pension entitlements. The contribution by the employer is divided into an actual and an imputed part, the latter being calculated so as to be an exact match between all contributions to the fund adding to the entitlements of the employee and the current service cost of these entitlements.
17.104
The contribution by the employer is calculated in relation to the pension entitlement earned in the period regardless of any investment income earned by the scheme in the same period or any over-funding of the scheme. The current period entitlement is part of compensation of employees, and not including the full value of the employer's contribution will result in an understatement of compensation of employees, and an overstatement of the employer's operating surplus. It is important that contributions continue to be recorded even in the event of a contributions holiday, when the employer does not make an actual contribution, the benefit to the employer being regarded as a change in liabilities between the pension fund and the employer. This leaves the net worth of both the same as when contributions are not recorded under a contributions holiday, without reducing compensation of employees artificially.
17.105
In defined benefit schemes, a qualifying period before an employee becomes eligible to receive a pension in retirement is possible. Despite this qualifying period, both contributions and entitlements are to be recorded from the start of employment, adjusted by a factor reflecting the probability that the employee will in fact satisfy the qualifying period.
17.106
The sum of employers' actual and imputed pension contributions is treated as compensation of employees. It is recorded as a use of the employer in the generation of income account, and a resource of the employee in the allocation of primary income account.
17.107
The increase in the present value of the entitlements of continuing employees and those who no longer contribute but remain eligible for pensions in future represents the investment income distributed to the employees. No deduction is made for any amount that may be funded from holding gains or that is not actually matched by existing funds. The investment income distributed to employees matches the amount that is unequivocally due to the employee under the prevailing agreements; the means by which the employer may ultimately match this obligation is not relevant for the recording of this as investment income any more than the means by which interest or dividends are actually financed affect their recording as investment income. The investment income is recorded as a use for the pension fund and a resource for households. It is immediately reinvested by the households in the fund and included in pension contribution supplements.
17.108
In the secondary distribution of income account, social contributions are shown as a use of households and a resource for the pension fund. The total amount of the social contributions payable is made up of the actual and imputed contributions of the employers as part of compensation of employees, excluding the amount of the costs of running the pension scheme, plus actual contributions by employees plus the contribution supplements specified in paragraph 17.107. As explained in paragraphs 17.54 to 17.56 with regard to defined contribution schemes, the accounts show the full value of the contributions and contribution supplements with an offsetting item representing the service charge payable. The amount actually paid is a net contributions figure.
17.109
The pension benefits to households from the pension scheme are recorded in the secondary distribution of income account. When the benefits are taken in terms of an annuity, the annuity payments are shown here, not the lump sums payable at the time of retirement.
17.110
In the use of income account, there is an entry for the payment of the service provided by the pension fund, equal to the value of the pension fund's output plus the output of the enterprises operating annuities bought with pension entitlements. It is shown as a use for households and a resource for the pension fund.
17.111
Also in the use of income account, there is an entry showing the increase in pension entitlements caused by the granting of further pension entitlements by the employer, on the one hand, less the decrease from the benefits receivable, on the other. This amount is shown as a resource for households and a use for the pension fund. The rationale for this is that since this change in pension entitlements directly affects the net worth of households, it should be included in the saving of the households sector.
17.112
The amount in the use of income account as paid by the pension fund to households is shown in the financial account as a change in assets of households vis-à-vis the pension fund.
17.113
Other organisations, such as a trade union, may operate a defined benefit pension scheme, for their members, that is in all respects parallel to an employer's defined benefit pension scheme. Exactly the same recording is followed except that references to the employer should be understood to refer to the pension manager and references to the employee should be understood to refer to the participant in the scheme.
17.114
To illustrate the recording of transactions connected with a defined benefit pension scheme, Table 17.4 shows a numerical example. Figures that are imputed are shown in bold; those that result from re-routing are shown in italics.
Table 17.4 —
   
Accounts for pension benefits payable under a defined benefit scheme
Uses
Type of account and transactions
Resources
Employer
Pension fund
Households
Other sectors
Total economy
Employer
Pension fund
Households
Other sectors
Total economy
Production account
Output (P.1)
0,6
0,6
Generation of income account
10,0
10,0
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211)
4,1
4,1
Employers' imputed pension contributions (D.1221)
Allocation of primary income account
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.1211)
10,0
10,0
Employers' imputed pension contributions (D.1221)
4,1
4,1
2,2
2,2
Property income (D.4)
2,2
2,2
4,0
4,0
Investment income payable on pension entitlements (D.442)
4,0
4,0
Secondary distribution of income account
19,0
19,0
Household total pension contributions
19,0
19,0
10,0
10,0
Employers' actual pension contributions (D.6111)
10,0
10,0
4,1
4,1
Employers' imputed pension contributions (D.6121)
4,1
4,1
1,5
1,5
Households' actual pension contributions (D.6131)
1,5
1,5
4,0
4,0
Households' pension contribution supplements (D.6141)
4,0
4,0
–0,6
–0,6
Social insurance scheme service charges (D.61SC)
–0,6
–0,6
16,0
16,0
Other social insurance pension benefits (D.6221)
16,0
16,0
Use of income account
0,6
0,6
Final consumption expenditure (P.3)
3
3
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements (D.8)
3
3
–14,1
–1,2
17,5
–2,2
0
Saving
Changes in assets
Financial account
Changes in liabilities
Net borrowing/lending (B.9)
–14,1
–1,2
17,5
–2,2
0
3
3
Pension entitlements (F.63)
3
3
4,1
4,1
Claims of pension funds on pension managers (F.64)
4,1
4,1
–10,0
–2,3
14,5
–2,2
0
Other financial assets
17.115
Actuarial calculations show that the increase in pension entitlements coming from current service, that is the net amount of the further pension entitlements ‧earned‧ in the year in question, is 15. Households (the policyholders/employees) contribute 1,5. The employer, therefore, is obliged to provide 13,5. In addition, the cost of operating the scheme is estimated at 0,6. In total, therefore, the employer must provide 14,1. He actually contributes 10 so the remaining 4,1 is an imputed contribution. The output of 0,6 is shown in the production account; the consumption of this service is reported in the ‧use of income account‧. The contributions by the employer are shown as a use for the employer in the generation of income account and a resource for the households in the allocation of primary income account.
17.116
In the allocation of primary income accounts, property income is shown. The increase in pension entitlement coming from past service, due to the unwinding of the discount factor because retirement is one year nearer, is 4. This is shown as an imputed flow of property income from the pension fund to households. At the same time, the pension fund actually earns 2,2 from investment income of the funds they manage. At this point, therefore, there is a shortfall of 1,8 in the pension fund resources but it is not shown in the current accounts.
17.117
In the secondary distribution of income accounts, the payments from households to the pension fund are shown. This can be viewed in one of two ways. The sum of the contributions paid by households should be equal to the increase in entitlements coming from current service (15) plus that coming from income on past entitlements (4) or 19 in total. The amounts actually paid are 10 received as the employers' actual contributions, 4,1 as the imputed contributions, 1,5 of the households own contributions, contribution supplements of 4 less the service charge of 0,6; again 19 in total.
17.118
In the use of income account, as well as the purchase of the service charge as part of household final consumption expenditure, the change in pension entitlement is shown as a use for the pension fund and a resource for households. In this example, the amount of household contributions of 19 is set against pension benefits of 16. Thus, there is an increase in pension entitlements of 3 owing to households.
17.119
Households have saving of 17,5 of which 3 is the increase in their pension entitlements. This means that they have acquired other financial assets (or reduced liabilities) by 14,5. This figure is the difference between the benefits received (16) and households' actual contributions of 1,5.
17.120
In the financial account of the pension fund, the figure of 4,1, which was the imputed contribution, is shown as the claim of the pension administrator on the employer. There is a claim by households on the pension fund of the change in pension entitlements of 3. In addition, the pension fund either runs down financial assets, or increases liabilities, by 2,3, the figure corresponding to disposable income excluding the imputed contribution element from the employer.
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE FOR ACCRUED-TO-DATE PENSION ENTITLEMENTS IN SOCIAL INSURANCE
Design of the supplementary table
17.121
The supplementary table (Table 17.5) on accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance provides a framework for compiling and presenting comparable balance sheets and transactions and other flow data of all types of pension entitlements from a debtor's (pension manager) and also from a creditor's (household) point of view. The table also covers stock and flow data not fully recorded in the core national accounts for specific pension schemes such as government-unfunded defined benefit schemes with government as the pension manager, and social security pension schemes.
17.122
The supplementary table covers the pension part of social insurance regarding old age pensions only, including those pensions paid before normal retirement age. Social assistance, health and long-term care insurance, separate sick leave and disablement insurance are not covered in this table. Neither are individual insurance policies included. However, in practice, it may not be feasible, or sufficiently important, to completely separate the non-pension social insurance elements. Elements of social assistance within pension schemes generally organised as social insurance may not be separable, and so occur in the supplementary table.
17.123
Entitlements for survivors (e.g. dependent spouses, children, and orphans) as well as disability- and invalidity-type benefits are included in the supplementary table when they are an integral part of the pension scheme.
17.124
All elements of the supplementary table are recorded with no deductions made for taxation, further social contributions or the service charge associated with the pension scheme.
Table 17.5 —
   
Supplementary table on accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance
Relations
Row No
Recording
Core national accounts
Not in the core national accounts
Total pension schemes
Counterparts: pension entitlements of non-resident households
 (
4
)
Pension manager
Non-general government
General government
Defined contribution schemes
Defined benefit schemes and other
 (
1
)
 non-defined contribution schemes
Total
Defined contribution schemes
Defined benefit schemes for general government employees
 (
2
)
Social security pension schemes
Classified in financial corporations
Classified in general government
 (
3
)
Classified in general government
Column number
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Opening balance sheet
1
Pension entitlements
Changes in pension entitlements due to transactions
Σ 2.1 to 2.4 – 2.5
2
Increase in pension entitlements due to social contributions
2.1
Employer actual social contributions
2.2
Employer imputed social contributions
2.3
Household actual social contributions
2.4
Household social contribution supplements
 (
5
)
2.5
Less: pension scheme service charges
3
Other (actuarial) change of pension entitlements in social security pension schemes
4
Reduction in pension entitlements due to payment of pension benefits
2 + 3 – 4
5
Changes in pension entitlements due to social contributions and pension benefits
6
Transfers of pension entitlements between schemes
7
Change in entitlements due to negotiated changes in scheme structure
Changes in pension entitlements due to other flows
8
Changes in entitlements due to revaluations
 (
6
)
9
Changes in entitlements due to other changes in volume
 (
6
)
Closing balance sheet
1 + Σ 5 to 9
10
Pension entitlements
Related indicators
11
Output
The columns of the table
17.125
The columns of the table refer to the three groupings of pension schemes, as follows:
(1)
by type of recording into pension schemes completely recorded in the core national accounts (columns A to F) and those whose entitlements are only recorded in the supplementary table (columns G and H);
(2)
by type of pension manager into non-general government (columns A to C) and general government pension schemes (columns D to H); pension schemes including social security classified in general government are shown in columns D, F, G and H; and
(3)
by type of pension scheme into defined contribution schemes (columns A and D) and defined benefit schemes (columns B and E to G).
17.126
For the most part, the beneficiaries of pension schemes are resident households. In some countries, the number of non-resident households receiving pension benefits may be significant. In this case, column J is added to show the total for non-resident households.
17.127
The decision to record the pension entitlements of an unfunded employment-related defined benefit pension scheme where government is the pension manager within the standard national accounts or only in the supplementary table depends on the nature of the defined benefit scheme. The guiding principle for inclusion in the national accounts is the closeness of the scheme to the national social security pension scheme.
17.128
There is a wide diversity of schemes in the EU, and including all schemes would lead to inconsistencies in recording. So entitlements of unfunded employment-related defined benefit schemes where government is the pension manager are recorded only in the supplementary table. This affects the calculation method in the core national accounts of the imputed employer social contributions for these schemes.
17.129
Pension schemes are classified further according to the pension manager, as government and non-government pension managers. The definition of a pension manager is provided in paragraph 17.75.
17.130
Some employer pension schemes have a mixed membership, for example including both government employees and employees of public corporations, and many pension schemes have frozen the membership of participants who have moved to other employers. A scheme having a small proportion of non-government employees does not prevent the scheme being described as having a government pension manager.
17.131
General government-funded defined benefit schemes for its own employees are shown in columns E and F. Column E shows schemes managed by a pension fund or an insurance corporation and column F those schemes managed by general government itself. Government schemes for its own employees where the pension entitlements do not appear in the core national accounts are shown in column G. The sum of columns E, F and G therefore shows the total responsibility of government for pension entitlements for its own employees.
17.132
Pension schemes are classified by type of scheme as defined contribution pension schemes (columns A and D) and defined benefit pension schemes (columns B, E, F and G). Column H relates to social security pension schemes.
The rows of the table
17.133
The rows of the table relate to balance sheet positions, transactions and other flows associated with pension entitlements of the schemes included in the supplementary table and they are shown separately in Table 17.6. There is reconciliation between the opening stock of pension entitlements of such schemes at the beginning of a period and the closing stock of pension entitlements at the end of a period, taking account of all transactions and other flows during the period. For schemes recorded in columns G and H, the stocks of pension entitlements are not recorded in the core national accounts, but many of the transactions are recorded in the core national accounts.
Table 17.6 —
   
Rows of the supplementary table on accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance
Row No
Opening balance sheet
1
Pension entitlements
Changes in pension entitlements due to transactions
2
Increase in pension entitlements due to social contributions
2.1
Employer actual social contributions
2.2
Employer imputed social contributions
2.3
Household actual social contributions
2.4
Household social contribution supplements
 (
7
)
2.5
Less: pension scheme service charges
3
Other (actuarial) increase of pension entitlements in social security pension schemes
4
Reduction in pension entitlements due to payment of pension benefits
5
Changes in pension entitlements due to social contributions and pension benefits
6
Transfers of pension entitlements between schemes
7
Change in entitlements due to negotiated changes in scheme structure
Changes in pension entitlements due to other economic flows
8
Changes in entitlements due to revaluations
 (
8
)
9
Changes in entitlements due to other changes in volume
 (
8
)
Closing balance sheet
10
Pension entitlements
Related indicators
11
Output
Opening and closing balance sheets
17.134
Row 1 shows the opening stock of pension entitlements, which is exactly equivalent to the closing stock of the previous accounting period. Row 10 shows the corresponding closing stock of pension entitlements at the end of the accounting period.
Changes in pension entitlements due to transactions
17.135
Employer and employee actual social contributions are recorded in rows 2.1 and 2.3, as in the core national accounts. In the case of some pension schemes, notably social security pension schemes, it is necessary to distinguish actual social contributions relating to pensions from social contributions relating to other social risks such as unemployment.
17.136
For defined benefit pension schemes, employer imputed social contributions are generally measured as the balancing item — any changes in entitlements over the year not included in other rows of the table are captured in row 2.2. This row covers ‧experience effects‧ where the observed outcome of pension modelling assumptions (wage growth rate, inflation rate and discount rate) differs from the levels assumed. Zeros are shown in this row for defined contribution schemes.
17.137
Row 2.4 shows the property income earned or imputed in the schemes, which is routed via the households sector or the rest of the world sector. It should be noted that for all defined benefit schemes including social security, whether funded or unfunded, this property income is equivalent to the unwinding of the discount rate. In other words, the value is equal to the discount rate times the pension entitlements at the beginning of the accounting period.
17.138
Some of the entries in the rows of columns G and H, specifically the actual contributions made by both employers and employees, appear in the core national accounts, even though the entitlements and change in entitlements do not. Other entries in the columns for G and H shown only in the supplementary table are shaded in the table and explained below.
17.139
The imputed contribution by employers for those government schemes for which entitlements appear in column G but not in the core national accounts requires special consideration. Within the core national accounts the imputed contributions are to be estimated on the basis of actuarial calculations. In cases where the actuarial calculations cannot obtain a sufficient level of reliability and in such cases only, two other approaches are possible to estimate government employers' imputed pension contributions as follows:
(1)
on the basis of a reasonable percentage of wages and salaries paid to current employees; or
(2)
as equal to the difference between current benefits payable and actual contributions payable (by both employees and government as employer).
Items for household social contribution supplements and the other changes in entitlements are shown on the same basis as for private schemes.
17.140
An item calculated on the same actuarial basis in respect of social security is shown in row 3 as ‧other (actuarial) accumulation of pension entitlements in social security funds‧. It is, thus, distinguished from employers' imputed social contributions.
17.141
Given that the supplementary table provides a complete breakdown of the changes in pension entitlements over the accounting period, it is necessary to introduce a specific row to deal with the case whereby actual social contributions to the social security pension scheme are not actuarially based, and, therefore, there is an imputed contribution, which is not the responsibility of any employer. Such imputed transactions of social security pension schemes are shown in row 3 as other actuarial increase of pension entitlements in social security pension schemes. The entries in this row can be positive or negative — the negative cases occur in a social security pension scheme where the discount rate is higher than the scheme's internal rate of return. The internal rate of return of a pension scheme is the discount rate that equalises the present value of the actual contributions paid and the discounted value of pension entitlements accrued through those contributions. Negative entries occur for example when contributions have been raised above the actuarial required level in order to finance a short-run cash shortfall.
17.142
Row 3 does not represent cash transfers from tax revenues, and would be recorded in the standard accounts as current transfers between government units if they have no impact on pension entitlements. In some Member States, governments make transfers to pension schemes which do increase pension entitlements (for example where transfers are made for specific social groups which are unable to contribute directly), which would indicate that the amounts should be implicitly included in this row figure calculated by difference.
17.143
Differences in the accounting period encountered between assumed and actual wage growth (that is the wage growth part of the ‧experience effects‧ or ‧actuarial effects‧ when modelling) need to be reflected in transactions (employer's imputed social contributions), along with all other experience effects.
17.144
Row 3 captures any ‧experience effects‧ observed for social security pension schemes where the observed outcome of pension modelling assumptions (wage growth rate, inflation rate and discount rate) in any one year differs from the levels assumed.
17.145
Row 4 shows pension benefits that are paid during the accounting period. Payment of pension benefits has the effect of ‧settling‧ some of the pension entitlements included in the opening stock in row 1.
17.146
Row 5 presents the changes in pension entitlements due to contributions and benefits. It is row 2 plus row 3 less row 4. This balancing item measured from the non-financial accounts is equivalent to that measured from the financial accounts.
17.147
One characteristic of the changing environment of pensions is the increasing possibility of having ‧portable pensions‧, where a person moving jobs can transfer the pension entitlement with the former employer to one with the new employer. When this happens, the pension entitlement of the household concerned is unaffected but there is a transaction between the two pension schemes as the new one assumes the liability of the former. In addition, there will be a counterpart transaction in some assets to match these liabilities.
17.148
If government assumes the responsibility for pension provision for the employees of a non-government unit through an explicit transaction, any payment by the non-government unit needs to be recorded as pre-paid social contributions (F.89). There is further discussion of this type of arrangement in paragraphs 20.272 to 20.275.
17.149
When one unit takes over the responsibility for pension entitlements from another unit, two transactions are recorded in row 6. First, there is a transfer of pension entitlements from the original pension scheme to the new pension scheme. Second, there may be a transfer in cash or other financial assets to compensate the new pension scheme. It is possible that the value of the transfer of financial assets is not exactly equal to the value of the pension entitlements transferred. In that case a third entry is needed in transactions of capital transfers to correctly reflect the changes in net worth of the two units concerned.
17.150
Employers are increasingly reforming the pension schemes they manage in response to demographic and other factors. Reforms may take the form of a change to the benefit formula, a change in the retirement age, or a change in other scheme provisions.
17.151
Only enacted pension reforms lead to recording in the national accounts, in the estimates of pension entitlements in the year in which enactment takes place and subsequently in observed flows. An announcement by an employer of its intention to undertake a pension reform is not a sufficient basis to introduce the effects of the reform into national accounts data.
17.152
In some cases of reform, the employer chooses to leave the vested rights of existing members untouched and only applies the reformed arrangements for future acquisition of additional entitlements. There would be no immediate impact on current pension benefits. The impact would be seen in future measures of pension benefits, in line with the accrued-to-date approach.
17.153
However, in some cases the employer decides to make reforms which affect the accrued-to-date entitlements for existing members; for example, a general increase in retirement age for all members. Such types of reforms change the stock of pension entitlements during the year in which they are enacted. This effect must be accounted for as a flow. It may be very large since it affects current and future pension entitlements.
17.154
Changes in pension entitlements are recorded as transactions as follows:
(a)
if the entitlements of a pension scheme are included in the core national accounts, and the employer agrees to a change in the terms of pension entitlements via negotiation with the affected employee, this change is recorded as a transaction in the core national accounts (under imputed employer social contributions);
(b)
if the entitlements of a pension scheme are not recorded in the core national accounts, and the employer agrees a change in the terms of pension entitlements via negotiation with the affected employees, this change is recorded as a transaction in the supplementary table;
(c)
in the case of social security, if changes in pension entitlements are agreed by the parliamentary authorities, this is recorded in the supplementary table as if it were negotiated.
17.155
Changes in pension entitlements that are imposed without negotiation are recorded as other changes in the volume of assets.
17.156
Changes in accrued-to-date entitlements arising from past service are recorded as capital transfers.
17.157
Row 7 shows the impact of reforms of pension scheme structures on entitlements relating to past service.
Changes to pension entitlements due to other economic flows
17.158
Rows 8 and 9 account for the other flows as revaluations and other changes in volume associated with pension schemes in social insurance. Table 17.7 illustrates the other flows, divided into revaluations and other changes in volume.
17.159
Revaluations are due to changes of key model assumptions in the actuarial calculations. These assumptions are the discount rate, the wage rate and the inflation rate. Experience effects are not included here unless it is not possible to identify them separately. Other changes in actuarial estimates are more likely to be recorded as other changes in volume of assets. The effects of price changes due to the investment of the entitlements are recorded as revaluations appearing in the revaluation account.
17.160
When the demographic assumptions used in the actuarial calculations are changed, they are recorded as other changes in the volume of assets.
Table 17.7 —
   
Other flows as revaluations and other changes in the volume of assets
Revaluations
Changes in assumed discount rate
Changes in assumed wage developments
Changes in assumed price developments
Other changes in the volume of assets
Changes in demographic assumptions
Other changes
Related indicators
17.161
Financial services produced by all pension schemes are recorded as being paid by scheme members, and so the costs of pension schemes are not recorded as intermediate consumption of the employer operating the scheme. Accordingly, Chart 17.1 shows financial services separate from social contributions. Presenting financial services in this way means the figures shown as contributions received by employees from their employers are exactly the same as that part of the contributions paid by the employees to the pension scheme. Furthermore, it is not necessary to show which element of social contributions covers the service fee. It is the household contribution supplement that covers the service fee for a defined contribution scheme and it is either the employers' or the household contribution that does so for a defined benefit scheme.
As output is recorded for all employer pension schemes, which the scheme's members consume, row 11 shows the output by type of scheme.
Chart 17.1 —
   
Pension entitlements and their changes
Contributions
(actual, imputed
of which: property income)
(rows 2 and 3)
Pension benefits (row 4)
Financial services
Other flows
(revaluations,
other changes in volume)
(rows 8 and 9)
Changes in
pension entitlements
(due to transactions and other
economic flows)
Pension entitlements
at the beginning
of the period (row 1)
Pension entitlements
at the end
of the period (row 10)
Stock at t
0
Transactions and other flows between t
0
 and t
1
Stock at t
1
This chart is purely illustrative and no specific meaning should be attributed to the size of the different boxes.
Actuarial assumptions
Accrued-to-date entitlements
17.162
Pension entitlements in national accounts are measured on a gross basis. No assets or accumulated social contributions are taken into account to compile any type of net entitlements. Only pension entitlements due to actual and future pension benefits are covered.
17.163
The accrued-to-date liability concept is appropriate for national accounts purposes. It includes the present value of pension entitlements arising from already accrued pension rights. For example, it covers the pension entitlements accrued by current employees, including deferred pension entitlements, and the remaining pension entitlements of existing pensioners.
17.164
As for all national accounts data, the data are measured 
ex post
, as they include only the current values of the entitlements that arise from the accrued pension rights at the balance sheet date. The method is based on observable past events and transactions, such as membership of the pension scheme and paid contributions. However, such 
ex post
 measures also rely on a number of assumptions in the modelling process. Estimates are made for the probability of current contributors dying or becoming disabled before reaching the pensionable age. The measures also reflect future changes of the payment stream due to any legislation enacted prior to the year for which pension entitlements are being calculated. Finally, the method requires some important assumptions on future developments, notably regarding the discount rate for future pension disbursements.
Discount rate
17.165
The discount rate applied to estimates of future pension benefits in the case of accrued-to-date entitlements is one of the single most important assumptions to be made in the modelling of pension schemes, since its accumulated impact over many decades can be very large. The discount rate from a chosen approach may change over time, which would lead to revaluations in the accounts.
17.166
The discount rate can be seen as equivalent to the expected risk-free rate of return on assets held by a pension scheme. In the case of pension entitlements to be paid in the future, the discount rate can also be seen as the cost of capital in a sense that the future payments have to be financed by government, via the usual sources:
(a)
net acquisitions of liabilities, such as loans and debt securities;
(b)
net sales of assets; and
(c)
government revenue.
A discount rate can be derived from this cost of financing.
17.167
The discount rate should be a risk-free rate. Some criteria for identifying suitable rates are given in the following sentences. The discount rate on high quality government and corporate bonds, e.g. of ‧AAA‧-rating provides an appropriate reference. Yields for high quality corporate bonds are only used where the markets are broad. The bonds are to be of a residual maturity of the same order as the pension entitlements. The use of a discount rate based on a long-term maturity, where long-term is taken to be 10 years or longer, is recommended. The average of several years of the discount rate, linked to the length of the economic cycle, can be applied to smooth the time series of the discount rate. The assumption on the discount rate and the future development of wages should be consistent. Member States are required to provide the elements demonstrating the validity of the discount rate used for pension entitlements in the light of the various criteria mentioned above.
17.168
The same discount rate has to be used for all pension schemes where government is the pension manager (including social security pension schemes) at whatever level of government since the desired result should approximate risk-free yields.
Wage growth
17.169
Defined benefit pension schemes often apply a formula to the member's salary — whether it be the final salary, an average of a period of years, or lifetime earnings — to determine the level of pension. The final pensions paid are affected by the average growth of members' salaries, notably through promotions and career progression.
17.170
It is, therefore, appropriate to consider what assumptions are made for the future development of wages. The assumed long-term development of wages should correspond with the observed discount rate. Both variables are, in the long-term, interdependent.
17.171
The accounting profession uses two actuarial methods to measure the impact of wage increases. The accrued benefit obligation (ABO) records only the benefits actually accrued to date. It represents the amount an employee could walk away with if he left the firm tomorrow, and may be the basis for assessing a person's net worth in the case of a divorce settlement, for example.
17.172
A projected benefit obligation (PBO) is a more prudent measure of what the eventual level of entitlement is likely to be. For an individual, the PBO makes assumptions about how many future promotions the person is likely to receive and calculates his final salary accordingly. Then, if that individual has in fact only worked 20 out of an expected 40 years, it halves the final salary and calculates pension entitlement for the individual as if this were his current salary. Where an individual's ABO increases in steps as he is promoted, the PBO increases steadily over time. For the individual, PBO is always higher than ABO until the moment of retirement when the ABO catches up with the PBO.
17.173
The impact of wage increases needs to be reflected in transactions, because awarding a wage increase is a conscious economic decision taken by the employer. Moreover, in concept the ABO and PBO approaches lead, in the long run, to the same transactions being recorded, even if the timing of those transactions differs depending on the demographics of the scheme.
17.174
Changes to assumptions of future wage changes, which are generally made every few years in response to a general review of pension modelling assumptions or due to a major restructuring of the workforce, are recorded as other flows (revaluations).
17.175
A number of possible variants in the application of the ABO and PBO methods are observed in practice depending on how price and wage effects are treated.
17.176
One important factor is the treatment of indexation arrangements on pensions, where the pension to be paid will increase in line with nominal wage growth after retirement.
17.177
Given the importance of wage effects, it is recommended that the choice of an ABO or PBO approach be based on the underlying benefit formula in the pension scheme. Where this formula includes implicitly or explicitly a factor for wage increases (before or after retirement) then a PBO approach is followed. Where such a factor is not present, an ABO approach is used.
Demographic assumptions
17.178
Future pension payments are subject to demographic effects, in terms of the age/ gender balance of members and their longevity. Demographic tables are well established for the modelling of pension and life insurance schemes.
17.179
In the case of employment-related pension schemes, the membership of the scheme is well defined and, therefore, the data should be available. In the case of social security schemes, recourse is made to general population data if no specific data are available on social security membership.
17.180
In the use of longevity tables, also known as mortality tables, tables which are specified with regard to gender and groups of employees are preferred. The group of members receiving a disability pension should be modelled with different longevity assumptions, if possible.
17.181
Longevity assumptions should include the increase of longevity over time.
17.182
The modelling of pension schemes may involve the use of demographic assumptions other than longevity, for example future fertility rates, labour participation rates or migration rates in the case where the pension benefit or indexation formula is based on a ‧dependency ratio‧ or similar type of approach.
17.183
Where early retirement within a scheme is actuarially neutral, modelling is unaffected. Non-actuarially neutral early retirements have an effect, and they frequently arise given the way in which different interest rates are usually applied at early retirement. Therefore, the appropriate modelling of early retirement behaviour is important, particularly where a reform raises the future pensionable age.
(
1
)
  
            
Such other non-defined contribution schemes, often described as hybrid schemes, have both a defined benefit and a defined contribution element.
(
2
)
  
            
Schemes organised by general government for its current and former employees.
(
3
)
  
            
These are non-autonomous defined benefit schemes whose pension entitlements are recorded in the core national accounts.
(
4
)
  
            
Counterpart data for non-resident households will only be shown separately when pension relationships with the rest of the world are significant.
(
5
)
  
            
These supplements represent the return on members' claims on pension schemes, both through investment income on defined contribution schemes' assets and for defined benefit schemes through the unwinding of the discount rate applied.
(
6
)
  
            
A more detailed split of these positions must be provided for columns G and H based on the model calculations carried out for these schemes. The cells shown as █ are not applicable; the cells in ▒ will contain different data from the core national accounts.
(
7
)
  
            
Such supplements represent the return on members' claims on pension schemes, both through investment income on defined contribution schemes' assets and for defined benefit schemes through the unwinding of the discount factor applied.
(
8
)
  
            
A more detailed split of such positions has to be provided for columns G and H based on the model calculations carried out for those schemes (see paragraphs 17.158-17.160).
CHAPTER 18
REST OF THE WORLD ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
18.01
The accounts of resident institutional sectors show economic activity: production; generation, distribution and redistribution of income; consumption; and accumulation of assets and liabilities. These accounts capture transactions amongst resident units, and transactions of resident with non-resident units that make up the rest of the world.
18.02
The ESA is a closed system in that both sides to every transaction are recorded in the accounts as a use and a resource. For resident units, this enables a coherent articulated set of accounts to be drawn up, and all the economic activities of each institutional unit are included in the sequence of accounts. This is not true for non-resident units. Non-resident units can only be observed through their interaction with resident units of the economy being measured, and so only their transactions with resident units can be recorded. This is done through the creation of a sector called ‧the rest of the world‧ sector, and the compilation of a special set of accounts with limited entries which show, for non-resident units, only the transactions with resident units.
18.03
The sequence of accounts for the rest of the world sector is as follows:
(a)
the external account of goods and services (V.I), covering imports and exports of goods and services;
(b)
the external account of primary and secondary incomes (V.II), covering compensation of employees, property and investment income, and current transfers such as personal transfers (including workers' remittances) and international aid;
(c)
the external accumulation accounts (V.III), consisting of:
(1)
the capital account (V.III.1), showing capital transfers and acquisitions less disposals of non-produced non-financial assets;
(2)
the financial account (V.III.2), showing transactions in financial assets and liabilities;
(3)
other changes in volume of assets account (V.III.3.1), showing uncompensated seizures etc.;
(4)
revaluation account (V.III.3.2), showing nominal holding gains and losses;
(d)
the external assets and liabilities account (V.IV) presents the opening and closing balance sheets, and the changes in the value of those assets and liabilities between opening and closing balance sheets.
The full sequence is shown in Chapter 8, and the account numbers in brackets above refer to the account numbers in that Chapter.
18.04
As the accounts are drawn up from the point of view of the rest of the world sector, imports to the domestic economy are shown as a resource, and exports from the domestic economy as a use of the external account of goods and services. A similar reversal occurs throughout the rest of the world accounts. If a balance is positive, it signifies a surplus for the rest of the world, and a deficit for the total domestic economy. Similarly, a negative balance shows a deficit for the rest of the world, and a surplus for the domestic economy. A financial asset held by the rest of the world is a liability for the domestic economy, and a liability held by the rest of the world is an asset for the domestic economy.
18.05
The standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world is set out in the 
Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual 2008 (Sixth edition) (BPM6)
 
(
1
)
. That manual is harmonised with the System of National Accounts 2008, but sets out the interactions between the domestic economy and the rest of the world in a set of accounts and balance sheets which present the information in a different way. This Chapter sets out the rest of the world sector accounts of the ESA 2010, and how they relate to the international accounts of the BPM6.
ECONOMIC TERRITORY
18.06
The most commonly used concept of economic territory is the area under the effective economic control of a single government. However, currency or economic unions, regions, or the world as a whole may be used, as they may also be a focus for macroeconomic policy or analysis. The full definition is given in Chapter 2 (paragraphs 2.04-2.06)
18.07
In order to determine whether an entity is a resident in a given economic territory, one must establish:
(1)
whether the entity qualifies as an institutional unit; and, if so,
(2)
whether the entity also meets the criteria set out in Chapter 2 concerning determination of residency.
Residence
18.08
The residence of each institutional unit is the economic territory with which it has the strongest connection, expressed as its centre of predominant economic interest. The concepts are identical in the ESA, the 2008 SNA and the BPM6. The introduction of the terminology ‧centre of predominant economic interest‧ does not mean that entities with substantial operations in two or more territories no longer need to be split (see paragraph 18.12) or that institutional units without any significant physical presence can be disregarded (see paragraphs 18.10 and 18.15). The concept of residence in general, and for households, enterprises and other entities in particular, is described fully in Chapter 2.
INSTITUTIONAL UNITS
18.09
The concept of ‧institutional unit‧ is the same in the ESA, the 2008 SNA and the BPM6. The general definition is given in Chapter 2, paragraphs 2.12-2.16. Given the focus on the national economy, there are special treatments of units in cross-border situations. In some cases, legal entities are combined into a single institutional unit if they are resident in the same economy, but are not combined if they are resident in different economies. Similarly, a single legal entity may be split when it has substantial operations in two or more economies. As a result of those treatments, the residence of the units concerned becomes more clear-cut and the concept of economic territory is strengthened.
18.10
Corporations' and governments' use of Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) is normally to raise finance. Where the SPE is resident in the same economy as the parent, then the treatment is straightforward. The SPE will normally have none of the attributes that would make it a separate entity from the parent, and assets and liabilities incurred by the SPE will be shown in the accounts of the parent corporation. Where the SPE is non-resident, the residence criteria for the rest of the world sector demand that a separate entity is recognised. In this case, any assets and liabilities incurred by the SPE are shown in the rest of the world sector, and not in a sector of the domestic economy. The treatment of non-resident SPEs belonging to the general government is defined in paragraph 2.14.
18.11
Members of a household must all be resident in the same economy. If a person resides in a different economy from the other members of a household, that person is not regarded as a member of that household, even though they may share income and expenses, or hold assets together.
BRANCHES AS A TERM USED IN THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
18.12
A branch is an unincorporated enterprise that belongs to a non-resident unit, known as the parent. It is treated as a resident and a quasi-corporation in the territory where it is situated. The identification of branches as separate institutional units requires indications of substantial operations that can be separated from the rest of the entity. A branch is recognised in the following cases:
(a)
either a complete set of accounts, including a balance sheet, exists for the branch; or
(b)
it is possible and meaningful, from both an economic and legal viewpoint, to compile those accounts if required. The availability of separate records indicates that an actual unit exists and makes it practical to prepare statistics.
In addition, one or more of the following factors tend to be present:
(a)
the branch undertakes or intends to undertake production on a significant scale and that production is based in a territory other than that of its head office, for one year or more:
(1)
if the production process involves physical presence, then the operations should be physically located in that territory;
(2)
if the production does not involve physical presence, such as some cases of banking, insurance, other financial services, ownership of patents, trademarks or copyrights, merchanting and ‧virtual manufacturing,‧ then the operations should be recognised as being in the territory by virtue of the registration or legal domicile of those operations in that territory;
(b)
even if it has tax-exempt status, the branch is recognised as being subject to the income tax system, if any, of the economy in which it is located.
18.13
The identification of branches has implications for the statistical reporting of both the parent and the branch. The operations of the branch are excluded from the institutional unit of its head office and the delineation of parent and branch has to be made consistently in both of the affected economies. A branch may be identified for construction projects or mobile operations such as transport, fishing or consulting. However, if the operations are not substantial enough to identify a branch, they are treated as an export of goods or services from the head office.
18.14
In some cases, preliminary operations related to a future direct investment project prior to incorporation are sufficient evidence of establishing residence with the result that a quasi-corporation is established. For example, licenses and legal expenses for a project are shown as being incurred by a quasi-corporation, and are part of direct investment flows into that unit rather than sales of licenses to non-residents, or exports of services, respectively, to the head office.
NOTIONAL RESIDENT UNITS
18.15
When land located in a territory is owned by a non-resident entity, a notional unit that is treated as resident is identified for statistical purposes as being the owner of the land. This notional resident unit is a quasi-corporation. This manner of treating a notional unit as resident is also applied to associated buildings, structures and other improvements on that land, leases of land for long periods, and ownership of natural resources other than land. As a result of such treatment, the non-resident is owner of the notional resident unit, rather than owning the land directly, so there is an equity liability to the non-resident, but the land and other natural resources are always assets of the economy in which they are located. The notional resident unit usually supplies services to its owner, for example, accommodation in the case of vacation homes.
18.16
In general, if a non-resident unit has a long-term lease on an immovable asset such as a building, this is associated with it undertaking production in the economy where it is located. If, for any reason, there is no associated production activity, a notional resident unit is also created to cover such a lease. The non-resident unit is treated, therefore, as owning the notional resident unit and not the building, which is the property of the economy where it is located.
MULTI-TERRITORY ENTERPRISES
18.17
Some enterprises operate as a seamless operation over more than one economic territory, typically for cross-border activities such as airlines, shipping lines, hydroelectric schemes on border rivers, pipelines, bridges, tunnels and undersea cables. Separate branches need to be identified unless the entity is run as a single operation with no separate accounts or decision-making for each territory that it operates in. In such cases, because of the central focus on data for each national economy, it is necessary to split the operations between economies. The operations are then pro-rated according to an appropriate enterprise-specific indicator of the proportions of operations in each territory. The pro-rating treatment may also be adopted for enterprises in zones subject to joint administration by two or more governments.
GEOGRAPHICAL BREAKDOWN
18.18
For the purpose of compiling the accounts of the European Union, the rest of the world sector (S.2) is subdivided into:
(a)
Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union (S.21):
(1)
Member States of the European Union (S.211);
(i)
Member States of the euro area (S.2111);
(ii)
Member States outside the euro area (S.2112);
(2)
institutions and bodies of the European Union (S.212):
(i)
the European Central Bank (ECB) (S.2121);
(ii)
European institutions and bodies, except the ECB (S.2122);
(b)
non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union (S.22).
18.19
For the purpose of compiling the accounts of the euro area, the above subsectors may be grouped as follows:
the Member States of the euro area and the European Central Bank
(S.2I = S.2111 + S.2121);
countries and international organisations that are non-resident in the euro area
(S.2X = S.2112 + S.2122 + S.22).
A description of the European accounts is provided in Chapter 19.
THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
18.20
The national accounts are different from the international accounts shown in the BPM6. The international accounts show the transactions between a domestic economy and foreign economies from the point of view of the domestic economy. Accordingly, imports are shown as a use (a debit) and exports as a resource (a credit).
A summarised form of the international accounts as presented in the BPM6 is given in Table 18.1.
18.21
A second major difference between the international accounts of the balance of payments, and the rest of the world sector accounts in the ESA, is the use of functional categories in the international accounts rather than instruments in the classifications of financial transactions in the ESA. This issue is further discussed in paragraphs 18.57 and 18.58.
BALANCING ITEMS IN THE CURRENT ACCOUNTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS
18.22
The structure of the balancing items in the balance of payments is somewhat different from that in the national accounts, in that each account in the international accounts has its own balancing item and another that carries down to the next account. To illustrate this, the primary income account has its own balancing item (balance on primary income) and a cumulative balance (balance on goods, services and primary income). The external balance on primary income corresponds to the balance of primary incomes and is the item feeding into GNI. The current external balance corresponds to saving by the rest of the world relative to the domestic economy. The balancing items in the BPM6 structure of accounts are shown in Table 18.1.
Table 18.1 —
   
The international flow accounts of the balance of payments
Balance of payments
Current accounts
Credits
Debits
Balance
Goods and services account
Goods
462
392
70
Services
78
107
–29
Goods and services
540
499
41
Primary income account
Compensation of employees
6
2
Interest
13
21
Distributed income of corporations
36
17
Reinvested earnings
14
0
Primary income
69
40
29
Goods, services and primary income
609
539
70
Secondary income account
Credits
Debits
Balance
Taxes on income, wealth
1
0
Net non-life insurance premiums
2
11
Non-life insurance claims
12
3
Current international transfers
1
31
Miscellaneous current transfers
1
10
Secondary income
17
55
–38
Current account balance
32
Capital account
Acquisitions/disposals of non-produced assets
0
Capital transfers
1
–4
Capital account balance
–3
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–)
29
Financial account (by functional category)
Change in assets
Change in liabilities
Balance
Direct investment
–4
8
Portfolio investment
17
7
Financial derivatives etc.
3
0
Other investment
42
22
Reserve assets
8
—
Total change in assets/liabilities
66
37
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) (financial)
29
Net errors and omissions
0
THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE REST OF THE WORLD SECTOR AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
The external account of goods and services
18.23
The goods and services account consists only of imports and exports of goods and services because they are the only transactions in goods and services with a cross-border dimension. Goods and services are recorded when there is a change of economic ownership from a unit in one economy to a unit in another country. Although there is usually a physical movement of goods when there is a change of ownership, this is not necessarily the case. In the case of merchanting, goods may change ownership and not change location until they are resold to a third party.
Tables 18.2 and 18.3 show how primary and secondary income is recorded in the ESA and the BPM6.
Table 18.2 —
   
External account of goods and services (ESA V.1)
Uses
Resources
P.6
Exports of goods and services
540
P.7
Imports of goods and services
499
P.61
Exports of goods
462
P.71
Imports of goods
392
P.62
Exports of services
78
P.72
Imports of services
107
B.11
External balance of goods and services
–41
Table 18.3 —
   
Goods and services account of the BPM6
Current accounts
Credits
Debits
Balance
Goods and services account
Goods
462
392
70
Services
78
107
–29
Goods and services
540
499
41
18.24
Goods that change locations from one economy to another but do not change economic ownership do not appear in imports and exports. Thus, goods sent abroad for processing, or returned after processing, do not appear as imports and exports of goods; only the fee agreed for processing appears as a service.
18.25
The balance of payments gives emphasis to the distinction between goods and services. That distinction reflects policy interests, in that there are separate international treaties covering goods and services. It also reflects data issues, in that data on goods are usually obtained from customs sources, while data on services are usually obtained from payment records or surveys.
18.26
International merchandise trade statistics are the main source of data for goods. International standards are given in 
International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions
 
(
2
)
 Rev. 2 (IMTS) of the UN. The BPM6 identifies some possible sources of difference between the value of goods recorded in merchandise trade statistics and in the balance of payments. It also recommends a standard reconciliation table to assist users in understanding such differences. One major source of difference is that the standards for IMTS use a CIF-type (cost, insurance and freight) valuation for imports, while the balance of payments use a uniform FOB (the value at the customs frontier of the exporting economy, that is, free on board) valuation for both exports and imports. It is, therefore, necessary to exclude freight and insurance costs incurred between the customs frontier of the exporter and the customs frontier of the importer. Given variations between the FOB-type valuation and actual contractual arrangements, some freight and insurance costs need to be rerouted.
The valuation principles are the same in the ESA and the balance of payments. FOB valuation is, therefore, to be followed for recording exports and imports of goods (see paragraph 18.32).
18.27
The change of ownership basis used for the balance of payments means that goods entries will have a time of reporting consistent with the corresponding financial flows. In the BPM6, there are no longer exceptions to the change of ownership principle. In contrast, IMTS follow the timing of customs processing. While this timing is often an acceptable approximation, adjustments may be needed in some cases, such as goods sent on consignment. In the case of goods sent abroad for processing with no change of ownership, the values of goods movements are included in IMTS, but changes in ownership are the primary presentation in the balance of payments, and, therefore, the balance of payments will only show the fees related to ‧manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others‧; however, the values of goods movements are recommended as supplementary items to understand the nature of such processing arrangements. Further details of the recording of processing arrangements are given later in this chapter. Other adjustments to IMTS may be needed to bring estimates into line with the change of economic ownership of goods, either generally or because of the particular coverage of each country. Possible examples include merchanting, non-monetary gold, goods entering or leaving the territory illegally, and goods procured in ports by carriers.
18.28
Re-exports are foreign goods (goods produced in other economies and previously imported with a change of economic ownership) that are exported with no substantial transformation from the state in which they were previously imported. Given that re-exported goods are not produced in the economy concerned, they have less connection to the economy than other exports. Economies that are major trans-shipment points and locations of wholesalers often have large values of re-exports. Re-exports increase the figures for both imports and exports and when re-exporting is significant, the proportions of imports and exports to economic aggregates are increased also. It is, therefore, useful to show re-exports separately. Goods that have been imported and are waiting to be re-exported are recorded in inventories of the resident economic owner.
Transit trade is where goods cross a country on their way to their final destination, and, for the country crossed, are generally excluded from foreign trade statistics, balance of payments statistics and the national accounts.
Quasi transit trade are goods imported into a country, cleared through Customs for free circulation within the EU, and then dispatched to a third country in the EU. The entity used for Customs clearance is usually not an institutional unit as defined in Chapter 2, and so does not acquire ownership of the goods. In this case, the import is shown in the national accounts as a direct import to the final destination, as in the case of simple transit trade. The appropriate value is that recorded as the goods enter the final destination country.
18.29
Goods are presented at an aggregate level in the balance of payments. More detailed commodity breakdowns can be obtained from IMTS data.
18.30
In the balance of payments, detail is produced for the following 12 standard components of services:
(a)
manufacturing services in relation to physical inputs owned by others;
(b)
maintenance and repair services n.i.e.;
(c)
transport;
(d)
travel;
(e)
construction;
(f)
insurance and pension services;
g)
financial services;
(h)
charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.;
(i)
telecommunications, computer and information services;
(j)
other business services;
(k)
personal, cultural and recreational services; and
(l)
government goods and services n.i.e.
18.31
Three of the balance of payments' standard components above are transactor-based items, that is, they relate to the acquirer or provider, rather than the product itself. The items fall into the categories of travel, construction and government goods and services n.i.e.
(a)
Travel covers all goods or services, acquired by non-residents during visits, whether for own use or to give away. Travel includes goods, local transport, accommodation, meals and other services.
(b)
Construction covers the total value of the product delivered by the contractor, including any materials sourced locally and, therefore, not recorded in imports and exports of goods.
(c)
Government goods and services n.i.e. cover a range of items that cannot be allocated to more specific headings.
Besides those three transactor-based items, the remaining components are product-based, built from the more detailed classes of CPA Rev. 2. Additional standards for services trade are shown in the 
Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services
(
3
)
 (MSITS), which is harmonised with the international accounts.
Valuation
18.32
Valuation principles are the same in the ESA and the international accounts. In both cases, market values are used, with nominal values used for some positions in instruments where market prices are not observable. In the international accounts, the valuation of exports and imports of goods is a special case where a uniform valuation point is used, namely the value at the customs frontier of the exporting economy, that is, the FOB-type valuation (free on board). This treatment brings about consistent valuation between exporter and importer and provides for a consistent basis for measurement in circumstances where the parties may have a wide range of different contractual arrangements, from ‧ex-works‧ at one extreme (where the importer is responsible for arranging all transport and insurance) to ‧delivered duty paid‧ at the other (where the exporter is responsible for arranging all transport, insurance and any import duties).
Goods for processing
18.33
Between the ESA 95 and the ESA 2010, there has been a fundamental change in the treatment of goods sent abroad for processing without change of ownership. In the ESA 95, such goods were shown as exports on being sent abroad, and then recorded as imports on return from abroad, at a higher value as a result of the processing. This was known as the gross recording method, and effectively imputes a change of ownership so that international trade figures represent an estimate of the value of the goods being traded. The 2008 SNA, the BPM6 and the ESA 2010 do not impute a change of ownership, but rather show only one entry — an import of the processing service. This would be an export of the service for the country in which the processing takes place. This recording is more consistent with the institutional records and associated financial transactions. It does, however, cause an inconsistency with the international merchandise trade statistics (IMTS). The IMTS continue to show the gross value of the exports for process and returning imported processed goods.
18.34
In order to avoid such an inconsistency in the national accounts, the value of the exported goods can be recorded alongside that of the imported goods as supplementary items, the values being those recorded in the IMTS. This will enable the net processing service to be derived as the value of the processed goods exported less the value of the unprocessed goods which are imported. It is this service which is recorded in the national accounts. So for the country having the goods processed abroad, the exports will be scored alongside the imported processed goods, as supplementary items in the external goods and services account. This will reconcile the IMTS entries with the net import services figure reflecting the processing costs.
18.35
An example related to the treatment of goods for processing in the supply and use tables will demonstrate the change. Consider the case where a food manufacturing firm harvests and processes vegetables, then outsources the actual canning of the vegetables to a wholly owned subsidiary abroad, and then takes them back canned and sells the canned food on.
18.36
In Table 18.4 for the ESA 95, the imports and exports figures should match the entries in the international merchandise trade statistics (IMTS). The exports of goods to the canning subsidiary abroad are 50, and then the canned vegetables are returned as imports of 90.
Table 18.4 —
   
The ESA 95 treatment of goods for processing as international trade
Purchases
Final demand
Total
Sales
Food manufacturing
Household expenditure
Exports
Food
90
50
140
Canned food imports
90
90
Value added
50
GDP (E) =
50
Total output
140
Table 18.5 —
   
The ESA 2010 treatment of goods for processing as international trade
Purchases
Final demand
Total
Sales
Food manufacturing
Household expenditure
Exports
Food
90
0
90
Canning services imports
40
40
Value added
50
GDP (E) =
50
Total output
90
18.37
Table 18.5 shows the ESA 2010 treatment of goods for processing on a net basis: only the trade in services is shown and there will be no match with the movement in goods recorded in the IMTS. The net position, of exports less imports, will be shown in the balance of payments international accounts and the corresponding rest of the world sector accounts. The BPM6 recommends that where it is known that imports and exports in the IMTS reflect a situation where there is no change in ownership, then the two are recorded side by side in the balance of payments figures, so that the services element can be immediately calculated. So, for the food manufacturing industry, the vegetables sent abroad for canning would be shown as an export of 50, and the reimported canned vegetables would be shown as an import of 90. Those figures can be set beside each other in the international accounts statistics as supplementary items, with the exports recorded as negative imports, so enabling a net import of canning services of 40 to be derived.
The recording of this example in the BPM6 is shown in Table 18.6.
Table 18.6 —
   
Recording of processing in the BPM6
Current accounts
Credits
Debits
Balance
Goods and services account
–40
Services (standard components)
‧Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others‧
40
–40
Supplementary items
Goods for processing abroad
50
90
–40
Merchanting
Goods under merchanting
18.38
Merchanting is defined as the purchase of goods by a resident (of the compiling economy) from a non-resident combined with the subsequent resale of the same goods to another non-resident without the goods being present in the compiling economy. Merchanting occurs for transactions involving goods where physical possession of the goods by the owner is unnecessary for the process to occur. These and the following clarifications related to merchanting follow the corresponding paragraphs in the BPM6 (paragraphs 10.41-10.48).
18.39
Merchanting arrangements are used for wholesaling and retailing. They may also be used in commodity dealing and for the management and financing of global manufacturing processes. For example, an enterprise may contract the assembly of a good among one or more contractors, such that the goods are acquired by this enterprise and resold without passing through the territory of the owner. If the physical form of the goods is changed during the period the goods are owned, as a result of manufacturing services performed by other entities, then the goods transactions are recorded under general merchandise rather than merchanting. In other cases where the form of the goods does not change, the goods are included under merchanting, with the selling price reflecting minor processing costs as well as wholesale margins. In cases where the merchant is the organiser of a global manufacturing process, the selling price may also cover elements such as providing planning, management, patents and other know-how, marketing, and financing. Particularly for high-technology goods, these non-physical contributions may be large in relation to the value of materials and assembly.
18.40
Goods under merchanting are recorded in the accounts of the owner in the same way as any other goods it owns. However, the goods are detailed specifically in the international accounts statistics of the economy of the merchant because they are of interest in their own right and because they are not covered by the customs system of that economy.
The treatment of merchanting is that:
(a)
the acquisition of goods by merchants is shown under goods as a negative export of the economy of the merchant;
(b)
the sale of goods is shown under goods sold under merchanting as a positive export of the economy of the merchant;
(c)
the difference between sales over purchases of goods for merchanting is shown as the item ‧net exports of goods under merchanting‧. This item includes merchants' margins, holding gains and losses, and changes in inventories of goods under merchanting. As a result of losses or increases in inventories, net exports of goods under merchanting may be negative in some cases; and
(d)
Merchanting entries are valued at transaction prices as agreed by the parties, not FOB.
18.41
Merchanting items appear only as exports in the accounts of the economy of the territory of the merchant. In the counterpart exporting and importing economies, export sales to merchants and import purchases from merchants are included under general merchandise.
18.42
Wholesaling, retailing, commodity dealing, and management of manufacturing may also be carried out under arrangements where the goods are present in the economy of the owner, in which case they are recorded as general merchandise, rather than as merchanting. In cases where the goods do not pass through the economy of the owner, but the physical form of the goods changes, because they are processed in another economy, international transactions are recorded under general merchandise, rather than merchanting (the processing fee is recorded as a manufacturing service paid for by the owner).
18.43
When a merchant resells goods to a resident of the same economy as the merchant, this does not meet the definition of merchanting. Accordingly, the purchase of goods is shown as imports of general merchandise to the economy in that case. If the entity that purchased from a merchant in the same economy subsequently resells the goods to a resident of another economy, whether or not the goods enter the economy of the merchant, the sales of goods are recorded in exports of general merchandise from the economy of the merchant. While such a case is very similar to merchanting, it does not meet the definition given in paragraph 18.38. In addition, it is impractical for the first merchant to record the purchases as merchanting because that merchant may not know whether or not the second merchant will bring the goods into the economy.
Imports and exports of FISIM
18.44
Actual interest on loans paid and received includes an income element and a charge for a service. Credit institutions operate by offering rates of interest to their depositors that are lower than the rates that they charge to their borrowers. The resulting interest margins are used by the financial corporations to defray their expenses and to provide an operating surplus. Interest margins are an alternative to charging customers explicitly for financial services. The ESA prescribes the imputation of a service charge for FISIM. The concept of FISIM and the guidelines for estimating the values of FISIM are given in Chapter 14.
18.45
The financial institutions that implicitly charge FISIM are not necessarily resident, nor need the clients of such institutions be resident. Imports and exports, therefore, of this type of financial service are possible. Guidelines for compiling FISIM imports and exports are in paragraph 14.10.
The external account of primary and secondary income
Tables 18.7 and 18.8 show an example of recording of primary and secondary income in the ESA and the BPM6.
Table 18.7 —
   
External account of primary and secondary incomes (ESA V.II)
Uses
Resources
B.11
External balance of goods and services
–41
D.1
Compensation of employees
6
D.1
Compensation of employees
2
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
0
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
0
D.3
Subsidies
0
D.3
Subsidies
0
D.4
Property income
63
D.4
Property income
38
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth
1
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth
0
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
0
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
0
D.7
Other current transfers
16
D.7
Other current transfers
55
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.12
Current external balance
–32
Table 18.8 —
   
The primary income account and secondary income account of the BPM6
ESA code
Credits
Debits
Balance
From goods and services
41
Primary income account
Compensation of employees
D.1
6
2
Interest
D.4
13
21
Distributed income of corporations
36
17
Reinvested earnings
14
0
Taxes on production and imports
D.2
0
0
Subsidies
D.3
0
0
Primary income
69
40
29
Goods, services and primary income
609
539
70
Secondary income account
Taxes on income, wealth
D.5
1
0
Net non-life insurance premiums
D.6, D.7, D.8
2
11
Non-life insurance claims
12
3
Current international transfers
1
31
Miscellaneous current transfers
1
10
Secondary income
17
55
–38
Current account balance
32
The primary income account
18.46
In the balance of payments, the entries in the primary income account include compensation of employees and property income, exactly as in the allocation of primary income account in the ESA. Payments of taxes on production by residents and receipts of subsidies by residents from the domestic government are recorded in the generation of income account, an account that does not form part of the balance of payments. Any payments of taxes on production payable by a resident to another government as well as any subsidy receivable by a resident from another government are recorded in the primary income account of the balance of payments. The matching entries for the domestic government are shown in the allocation of primary income account and for foreign governments in the rest of the world column of that account and in the primary income account of the balance of payments.
18.47
Rent may arise in cross-border situations, but rarely, since all land is deemed to be owned by residents, including if necessary, by creating a notional resident unit. If such notional resident units are owned by non-residents then any income earned by those units is classified as direct investment income and not as rent. An example where rent is recorded in the international accounts is short-term fishing rights in territorial waters provided to foreign fishing fleets. It is common in the international accounts to use the term investment income meaning property income excluding rent. Investment income reflects income arising from the ownership of financial assets, and the disaggregation of investment income matches that of financial assets and liabilities so that rates of return can be calculated.
Direct investment income
18.48
The role of direct investment is particularly important and reflected in both the flows and positions in the international accounts. In the case of a direct investment, it is assumed that a proportion of the enterprise's retained earnings is distributed to the direct investor as a form of investment income. The proportion corresponds to the direct investor's holding in the enterprise.
18.49
Retained earnings are equal to the net operating surplus of the enterprise plus all property income earned less all property income payable (before calculating reinvested earnings) plus current transfers receivable less current transfers payable and less the item for the adjustment for the change in pension entitlements. Reinvested earnings accrued from any immediate subsidiaries are included in the property income receivable by the direct investment enterprise.
18.50
Reinvested earnings may be negative, for example where the enterprise makes a loss or where dividends are distributed from holding gains, or in a quarter when an annual dividend is paid. Just as positive reinvested earnings are treated as being an injection of equity into the direct investment enterprise by the direct investor, negative reinvested earnings is treated as a withdrawal of equity.
For a direct investment enterprise that is 100 per cent owned by a non-resident, reinvested earnings are equal to retained earnings and the balance of primary incomes of the enterprise is exactly zero.
The secondary income (current transfers) account of the BPM6
18.51
The secondary income account shows current transfers between residents and non-residents. The range of entries of current transfers corresponds exactly to those in the secondary distribution of income account. Several of those entries are particularly important in the international accounts, especially current international cooperation and remittances sent to their home countries by individuals working abroad.
18.52
Cross-border personal transfers are household-to-household transfers and are of interest because they are an important source of international funding for some countries that provide large numbers of long-term workers abroad. Personal transfers include remittances by long-term workers, that is, those who change their economy of residence.
18.53
Other workers, such as border and seasonal workers, do not change their economy of residence from the home economy. Instead of transfers, the international transactions of such workers include compensation of employees, taxes and travel costs. In the balance of payments, a supplementary presentation of personal remittances brings together personal transfers with those related items. Personal remittances include personal transfers, compensation of employees less taxes and travel, and capital transfers between households.
18.54
Insurance flows, especially flows relating to reinsurance, can be important internationally. The transactions between the direct insurer and the reinsurer are recorded as an entirely separate set of transactions and no consolidation takes place between the transactions of the direct insurer as issuer of policies to its clients, on the one hand, and the holder of a policy with the reinsurer on the other.
The external capital account
18.55
The elements of the capital account subject to international transactions are more restricted than those covered in the domestic sectors. The entries in the capital account only cover acquisitions and disposals of non-produced non-financial assets and capital transfers. There are no transactions recorded as capital formation of produced assets because the ultimate use of exports and imports of goods is not known at the time of recording. Neither are land acquisitions and disposals included.
18.56
Net lending or net borrowing is the balancing item for the sum of the current and capital accounts and for the financial account. It covers all instruments used for providing or acquiring funding, not just lending and borrowing. Conceptually, the BPM6 net lending or net borrowing has the same value as the corresponding national accounts item for the total economy, and the same as the national accounts item for the rest of the world but with the sign reversed. Tables 18.9, 18.10 and 18.11 show the recording of the current and capital account elements and the resulting balance both in the ESA and the BPM6.
Table 18.9 —
   
Change in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers (ESAV.III.1.1)
 (
4
)
Change in assets
Change in liabilities and net worth
B.12
Current external balance
–32
D.9
Capital transfers, receivable
4
D.9
Capital transfers, payable
–1
B.101
Changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers
–29
Table 18.10 —
   
Acquisition of non-financial assets account (ESA V.III.1.2)
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers
–29
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
B.9
Net lending(+)/net borrowing(–)
–29
Table 18.11 —
   
Capital account of the BPM6
Credits
Debits
Balance
Current account balance
32
Capital account
Acquisitions/disposals of non-produced assets
0
Capital transfers
1
4
Capital account balance
–3
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–)
29
The external financial account and international investment position (IIP)
18.57
The financial account of the balance of payments and the IIP are of particular importance because they provide an understanding of international financing as well as of international liquidity and vulnerability. Compared to the classification of financial instruments used in the ESA, in balance of payments the classification of the financial instruments is based on functional categories (see paragraph 18.21), with additional data on instruments and institutional sectors. Tables 18.12 and 18.13 show the financial account in the ESA and in the BPM6 respectively.
Table 18.12 —
   
Financial account (ESA V.III.2)
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
37
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
66
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
F.2
Currency and deposits
11
F.2
Currency and deposits
–2
F.3
Debt securities
9
F.3
Debt securities
20
F.4
Loans
4
F.4
Loans
45
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
14
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
10
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–14
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–29
Table 18.13 —
   
Financial account of the BPM6
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–) (current and capital accounts)
29
Financial account (by functional category)
Change in assets
Change in liabilities
Balance
Direct investment
–4
8
Portfolio investment
17
7
Financial derivatives etc.
3
0
Other investment
42
22
Reserve assets
8
—
Total change in assets/liabilities
66
37
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) (financial account)
29
Net errors and omissions
0
18.58
The functional categories of the BPM6 convey information about the motivation and relationship between the parties, which are of particular interest to international economic analysis. Data by functional category are further subdivided by instrument and institutional sector, which makes it possible to link them to the corresponding ESA and monetary and financial statistics items. The institutional sector classification in the BPM6 is the same as in the ESA, although it is usually abbreviated (to five sectors in the standard components). In addition, a supplementary subsector is used for monetary authorities, which is a functional subsector linked to reserve assets. It covers the central bank and any parts of general government or financial corporations other than the central bank that hold reserve assets, so it is relevant for countries where some or all reserves are held outside the central bank.
18.59
The main links between the financial instrument categories of the national accounts and the functional categories of the international accounts are shown in Table 18.14. The functional categories are used both on the asset side and the liabilities side of the financial account of the BPM6. Relatively uncommon links are not shown.
Table 18.14 —
   
Links between the functional categories of the BPM6 and the financial instrument categories of the ESA
International account functional categories
ESA instruments
Direct investment
Portfolio investment
Financial derivatives
Other investment
Reserve assets
Monetary gold
X
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
X
X
Currency and deposits
Currency
X
X
Interbank positions
X
X
Other transferable deposits
X
X
X
Other deposits
X
X
X
Debt securities
X
X
X
Loans
X
X
X
Equity and investment fund shares
Equity:
Listed shares
X
X
X
Unlisted shares
X
X
X
Other equity
X
X
Investment fund shares/units:
Money market fund shares/units
X
X
X
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
X
X
X
X
Insurance, pensions, and standardised guarantee schemes
Non-life insurance technical reserves
X
X
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
X
X
Pension entitlements
X
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
X
X
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
X
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
X
X
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
Financial derivatives
X
X
Employee stock options
X
Other accounts receivable/payable
Trade credits and advances
X
X
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
X
X
BALANCE SHEETS FOR THE REST OF THE WORLD SECTOR
18.60
The IIP is that part of the balance sheets covered in the international accounts. The terminology highlights the specific components of the national balance sheet which are included. The IIP covers only financial assets and liabilities. In the case of directly owned real estate in a country by a non-resident unit, a notional resident unit is regarded as the owner of the real estate, and in turn subject to ownership by the non-resident unit in terms of a financial asset (see also paragraph 18.16). In the case of financial claims, the cross-border element arises when one party is a resident and the other party is a non-resident. In addition, while gold bullion is an asset that has no counterpart liability, it is included in the IIP when held as a reserve asset, because of its role in international payments. However, non-financial assets are excluded, as they do not have a counterpart liability or other international aspect.
18.61
The balancing item on the IIP is the net IIP. The net IIP plus non-financial assets in the national balance sheet equal national net worth, because resident-to-resident financial claims net to zero in the national balance sheet. Table 18.15 shows an example of the balance sheet for the rest of the world sector, and Table 18.16 provides an example of IIP.
18.62
The same broad categories are used for investment income and the IIP. As a result, average rates of return can be calculated. Rates of return can be compared over time and for different instruments and maturities. For example, the trends in return on direct investment can be analysed, or the return can be compared with other instruments.
Table 18.15 —
   
Balance sheets for the rest of the world sector (ESA)
Opening balance
Changes due to transactions
Other changes in volume
Revaluation
Closing balance
Assets
Non-financial assets
Financial assets
805
37
0
7
849
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
1
0
0
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
105
11
0
0
116
AF.3
Debt securities
125
9
0
4
138
AF.4
Loans
70
4
0
0
74
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
345
2
0
3
350
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
26
0
0
0
26
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
0
0
0
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
134
10
0
0
144
Liabilities
1 074
66
0
3
1 143
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
770
0
0
0
770
AF.2
Currency and deposits
116
–2
0
0
114
AF.3
Debt securities
77
20
0
2
99
AF.4
Loans
17
45
0
0
62
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
3
14
0
1
18
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
25
0
0
0
25
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
7
3
0
0
10
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
59
–14
0
0
45
Net worth
269
265
Table 18.16 —
   
The integrated IIP statement of the BPM6
International investment position (IIP)
Opening position
Transactions
Other changes in volume
Revaluation
Closing position
Assets
Direct investment
42
–4
0
1
39
Portfolio investment
40
17
0
2
59
Financial derivatives
0
3
0
0
3
Other investment
152
42
0
0
194
Reserve assets
63
8
0
0
71
Total assets
297
66
0
3
366
Liabilities
Direct investment
132
8
0
2
142
Portfolio investment
180
7
0
5
192
Financial derivatives
0
0
0
0
0
Other investment
261
22
0
0
283
Total liabilities
573
37
0
7
617
Net international investment position (net IIP)
– 276
29
0
–4
– 251
(
1
)
  International Monetary Fund, 
Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual
, Sixth Edition (BPM6), 2009, ISBN 978-1-58906-812-4 (available on http://www.imf.org).
(
2
)
  United Nations, 
International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions
, 1998, ISBN 92-1-161410-4 (available on http://unstats.un.org).
(
3
)
  United Nations, Eurostat, OECD, IMF, WTO et al., 
Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services
, 2011, (available on: http://unstats.un.org).
(
4
)
  
            
For the rest of the world, this refers to changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers.
CHAPTER 19
EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
19.01
The process of European integration made it necessary to compile a full set of accounts that reflect the European economy as a whole and enable better analysis and policy making at the European level. European accounts cover the same set of accounts, and are based on the same concepts, as the national accounts of the Member States.
19.02
This chapter describes the distinguishing features of European accounts, that is, the accounts of the European Union and of the euro area. European accounts require particular attention to be given to the definition of resident units, rest of the world accounts and the netting of intra-European economic transactions (flows) and financial balance sheets (stocks).
19.03
The economic territory of the European Union consists of:
(a)
the economic territories of the Member States of the European Union; and
(b)
the economic territories of European institutions.
19.04
The economic territory of the euro area consists of:
(a)
the economic territories of the Member States of the euro area; and
(b)
the economic territory of the European Central Bank.
FROM NATIONAL TO EUROPEAN ACCOUNTS
19.05
European accounts are conceptually not equal to the sum of the national accounts of the Member States after conversion to a common currency. The accounts of resident European institutions need to be added. The scope of the concept of residence changes when one steps from the national accounts of Member States to European accounts. The ways in which the reinvested earnings of foreign direct investment enterprises or special purpose entities are treated are good examples in this context. In the national accounts of the Member States, a foreign direct investment enterprise may have investors which are residents of another Member State of the European Union/the euro area. The corresponding reinvested earnings are not recorded as such in European accounts. Besides, special purpose entities may need to be reclassified in the same institutional sector as their parent company when the latter is resident of another Member State. Finally, cross-border economic flows and financial stocks between European countries need to be reclassified. These differences are presented in diagrams 19.1 and 19.2 assuming, for the sake of simplicity, a European area composed of only two Member States: A and B. Flows and stocks involving residents and non-residents are schematically displayed with arrows.
Diagram 19.1 —
   
Aggregation of the national accounts of the Member States
When the national accounts of countries A and B are aggregated, the aggregated rest of the world accounts record intra-flows between countries A and B, and with other countries and European institutions.
European institutions
Country A
Country B
Diagram 19.2 —
   
European accounts
The European Union/euro area is considered as a single entity: the accounts of European institutions/the European Central Bank are included and only transactions of resident units with third countries are recorded in the rest of the world accounts.
European institutions
Country A
Country B
Conversion of data in different currencies
19.06
In European accounts, the economic flows and the stocks of assets and liabilities must be expressed in one single monetary standard. For this purpose, data recorded in the different national currencies are converted into euro by either:
(a)
using market exchange rates (or an average thereof) prevailing during the time period for which the accounts are compiled;
or
(b)
using fixed exchange rates, over the whole time period. The fixed rate can be the one prevailing at the end of the period, in the beginning, or as an average of exchange rates over the whole time period. The exchange rate used affects the (fixed) weight of a given Member State in European aggregates;
or
(c)
calculating an index between consecutive periods as the weighted average of the growth indices of the data of each Member State expressed in national currency. Weights are constructed as the exchange-rate converted share of each Member State in the first period of comparison. After a reference period is chosen as a benchmark, the chain-linked index can be applied to this benchmark to generate levels for other periods of observation.
With method (a), the weights of Member States in European aggregates are updated according to the parities of their respective currencies. European aggregates' levels are therefore up-to-date, at any moment in time, but their movements may be affected by exchange rate fluctuations. In the case of ratios, the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the numerator and denominator may cancel out to a large extent.
With method (b), the weights of Member States are not updated, which preserves the movements of European aggregates from exchange rate fluctuations. However, European aggregates' levels may be influenced by the choice of the (fixed) exchange rates that reflect the parities of Member States' currencies at a given moment in time.
Method (c) preserves the movements of European aggregates from exchange rate fluctuations whereas European aggregates' levels broadly reflect the parities in force for each time period. This is at the expense of additivity and other accounting constraints. If these are required, they must be restored as a last step.
19.07
European accounts can also be calculated by converting data recorded in the different national currencies into purchasing power standards (PPS). Method (a), (b) or (c) set out in paragraph 19.06 can be used for this purpose replacing exchange rates by corresponding purchasing power parities (PPPs).
European institutions
19.08
In the ESA, European institutions comprise the following entities:
(a)
European non-financial institutions: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Auditors;
(b)
European non-financial bodies, including the entities covered by the general budget of the European Union (e.g. the Social and Economic Committee, the Committee of the Regions, European agencies etc.) and the European Development Fund; and
(c)
European financial institutions and bodies including notably: the European Central Bank, the European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund.
Note that in category (b) European agencies do not include agricultural market regulatory agencies whose main activity consists in buying and selling agricultural products to stabilize prices. The latter agencies are considered resident in the Member State in which they carry out their activities.
19.09
European non-financial institutions and bodies covered by the general budget of the European Union form one institutional unit which principally provides non-market government services for the benefit of the European Union. It is thus classified in the ‧European institutions and bodies‧ subsector (S.1315) 
(
1
)
 of the ‧general government‧ sector (S.13).
19.10
As long as its budget is not adopted as a part of the general budget of the European Union, the European Development Fund forms a separate institutional unit classified in the ‧European institutions and bodies‧ subsector (S.1315) of the ‧general government‧ sector (S.13).
19.11
The European Central Bank is an institutional unit classified in the ‧central bank‧ subsector (S.121) of the ‧financial corporations‧ sector (S.12).
19.12
The European Investment Bank and the European Investment Fund are separate institutional units classified in the ‧other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds‧ subsector (S.125) of the ‧financial corporations‧ sector (S.12).
19.13
The economic territory of the European institutions includes the territorial enclaves that are located in the Member States of the European Union or in non-EU countries, such as representations, delegations, offices, etc.
19.14
The main transactions of European institutions are recorded in resources and uses as described in the Annex.
The rest of the world account
19.15
In European accounts, the rest of the world accounts record the economic flows and the financial stocks of assets and liabilities between the resident units of the European Union/the euro area and non-resident units. Hence, European rest of the world accounts exclude transactions taking place within the European Union/the euro area. The flows taking place within the EU/euro area are called ‧intra-flows‧ and the financial positions between residents of the EU/euro area are called ‧intra-stocks‧.
19.16
Imports and exports of goods include quasi-transit trade, that is:
(a)
goods imported from third countries into a Member State of the European Union/euro area by an entity which is not considered to be an institutional unit and then dispatched to another Member State of the European Union/euro area; and
(b)
goods arriving from a Member State of the European Union/euro area which are then exported to third countries by an entity which is not considered to be an institutional unit.
Exports of goods shall be valued FOB at the border of the European Union/the euro area.
For goods in quasi-transit to be exported, transportation and distribution costs within the European Union/the euro area shall be considered as output of transportation services if the carrier is resident in the European Union/the euro area and as imports of transportation services if it is not.
19.17
In European accounts, merchanting includes only the purchase of goods by a resident of the European Union/the euro area from a non-resident with the subsequent resale of the same goods to a non-resident without the goods being present in the European Union/the euro area. It is recorded first as a negative export of goods and then as a positive export of goods, with any timing differences between the purchase and sale being recorded as changes in inventories (see paragraphs 18.41 and 18.60).
Where a merchant who is a resident of the European Union/euro area buys goods from a non-resident and then sells them to a resident of another Member State, the purchase is recorded as negative exports in the national accounts of the Member State of the merchant but as imports in European accounts.
19.18
A foreign direct investment enterprise is a resident of the European Union/the euro area where an investor which is not a resident owns 10 per cent or more of the ordinary shares or voting power (for an incorporated enterprise) or the equivalent (for an unincorporated enterprise).
In the national accounts of the Member States, a foreign direct investment enterprise may have investors who are resident in another Member State of the European Union/the euro area. The corresponding reinvested earnings are not recorded as such in European accounts.
Balancing of transactions
19.19
One method to compile the European rest of the world accounts consists of withdrawing intra-European flows, on both the resources and uses sides, from the rest of the world accounts of the Member States. Although these mirror flows should balance in theory, they generally do not do so in practice because of the asymmetrical recording of the same transaction in the national accounts of the counterparties.
19.20
Asymmetries create a mismatch, in European accounts, between the total economy and rest of the world accounts. The compilation of European accounts therefore requires reconciliation of the accounts. This is achieved by reconciliation methods such as minimum least squares or proportional allocation. In the case of goods, intra-Union trade statistics may be used to allocate asymmetries by expenditure category.
19.21
The removal of asymmetries and subsequent balancing of the accounts causes further differences between European aggregates and the sum of the national accounts of the Member States.
Price and volume measures
19.22
European non-financial accounts at the prices of the previous year can be compiled, for transactions in goods and services, using a similar methodology as for European accounts at current prices. First, the accounts of the Member States and European institutions/the European Central Bank, compiled at the prices of the previous year, are aggregated. Second, cross-border transactions among Member States, valued at the prices of the previous year, are eliminated from the rest of the world accounts. Third, the resulting discrepancies between resources and uses are eliminated using the method chosen to balance European transactions at current prices.
19.23
European accounts at the prices of the previous year allow the calculation of volume indices between the current time period and the previous year. After a reference period is chosen as a benchmark, volume indices can be chain linked and then applied to the European accounts at current prices of the benchmark year. This generates European accounts in volume for any period of observation. The series obtained in this way are not additive. If additivity and other accounting constraints are required for measures in volume terms for specific purposes, these must be restored as a last step in order to obtain additive adjusted series.
Balance sheets
19.24
In European accounts, financial balance sheets can be compiled using a similar treatment as for transactions:
(a)
the financial balance sheets of the Member States are complemented by stocks of assets held and liabilities assumed by European institutions which are resident of the European Union/euro area;
(b)
stocks of financial assets of a resident of the European Union/euro area held by another resident (intra-stocks) are withdrawn from the national rest of the world accounts; and
(c)
imbalances created by the mismatch between intra-stocks of financial assets and the corresponding liabilities are allocated to the different sectors through balancing.
19.25
In European accounts, non-financial balance sheets can be compiled as the sum of the non-financial balance sheets of the Member States of the European Union/euro area.
‧From whom-to-whom‧ matrices
19.26
‧From whom-to-whom‧ matrices detail the economic transactions (respectively holdings of financial assets) between institutional sectors. In the national accounts of the Member States, these matrices map in detail the transactions/financial assets between sectors of origin/creditor and destination/debtor, as well as between domestic sectors and the rest of the world.
19.27
In European accounts, ‧from whom-to-whom‧ matrices can be compiled by aggregation of the national matrices and reclassification of intra-European flows and stocks as resident flows and stocks. For this purpose, a distinction is then to be made in these national matrices between transactions, and the holding of financial assets, vis-à-vis the resident units of the European Union/the euro area and the non-residents in the rest of the world account. Moreover, flows and stocks vis-à-vis the residents units of the European Union/the euro area need to be further distinguished by counterpart sectors.
ANNEX 19.1
THE ACCOUNTS OF EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS
Resources
19.28
The main resources of European non-financial institutions and bodies include the following:
(a)
customs and agricultural duties;
(b)
production charges on producers of sugar, isoglucose and inulin syrup;
(c)
the value added tax resource; and
(d)
The gross national income (GNI) resource.
19.29
In the accounts of European institutions, these flows are recorded as resources of the ‧European institutions and bodies‧ subsector (S.1315) and as uses of the rest of the world (S.211).
19.30
Customs and agricultural duties are levied at the external frontiers of the European Union under the common customs tariff. They are classified as ‧taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT‧ (D.212) and include collection costs.
19.31
Production charges are levied on the sugar, isoglucose and inulin syrup quotas held by the producers. They are classified as ‧taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes‧ (D.214) and include collection costs.
19.32
A fixed share of the amounts collected under points (a) and (b) of paragraph 19.28 is retained by Member States as collection costs. This share was 25 % in 2009. In the accounts of European institutions, these collection costs are recorded, on the uses side, as ‧intermediate consumption‧ (P.2) of the ‧European institutions and bodies‧ subsector (S.1315). On the resources side, they are recorded as ‧imports of services‧ (P.72) in the rest of the world accounts (S.211).
19.33
The value added tax resource is calculated by applying a fixed percentage rate, known as the VAT rate of call, to the harmonised VAT assessment base of each Member State. The VAT base is capped in relation to gross national income. The capping of the VAT base means that, if the VAT base of a Member State exceeds a given percentage of this Member State's GNI assessment base, then the VAT rate of call is not applied to the VAT base but to the latter percentage of the GNI assessment base. The value added tax resource includes payments for the current year as well as balances from previous years, corresponding to revisions of past VAT bases, when they are due to be paid. The value added tax resource is classified as ‧VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources‧ (D.76).
19.34
The gross national income resource is a residual contribution to the budget of the European institutions which is assessed on the levels of gross national income of each Member State. It is classified as ‧VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources‧ (D.76) and includes reimbursements as well as the balancing payments for previous years. The correction of budgetary imbalances paid by the other Member States to the countries concerned is also recorded under D.76, as resources and uses of the rest of the world (S.211).
19.35
The contributions of Member States to the European Development Fund are classified as ‧current international cooperation‧ (D.74).
19.36
The Member States subscriptions to the paid-in capital of the European Investment Bank, the European Investment Fund and the European Central Bank are recorded in the financial accounts as ‧other equity‧ (F.519). They are recorded as changes in assets of the rest of the world (S.211) and changes in liabilities of the ‧other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds‧ (S.125)/‧central bank‧ (S.121) subsectors.
19.37
Interests payable on loans granted by the European Investment Bank, after deduction of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM), are classified as ‧interest‧ (D.41). In the accounts of European institutions, they are recorded as uses of the rest of the world (S.2) and resources of the ‧other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds‧ (S.125).
19.38
Interests payable on loans granted by the European Central Bank are classified as ‧interest‧ (D.41). In the accounts of European institutions, they are recorded as uses of the rest of the world (S.2111) and resources of the ‧central bank‧ (S.121) subsector.
Uses
19.39
Payments made by European non-financial institutions and bodies consist of the following:
(a)
transactions related to their activities as non-market producers, mainly: ‧intermediate consumption‧ (P.2), ‧gross fixed capital formation‧ (P.51) and ‧compensation of employees‧ (D.1);
(b)
distributive transactions related to the transfers from European institutions to Member States. They take mainly the form of ‧subsidies on products‧ (D.31), ‧other subsidies on production‧ (D.39), ‧current international cooperation‧ (D.74), ‧other miscellaneous current transfers‧ (D.759), ‧investment grants‧ (D.92) and ‧other capital transfers‧ (D.99); and
(c)
payments of the European Development Fund to third countries which are classified as ‧current international cooperation‧ (D.74).
19.40
The accounts of European institutions record the payments made by European non-financial institutions and bodies as uses of the ‧European institutions and bodies‧ subsector (S.1315) and resources of the rest of the world (S.211 or S.22).
19.41
Payments made by European non-financial institutions and bodies are generally recorded on the basis of the expenditure statements provided by the Member States. Advance and ex-post payments are recorded in the financial accounts of the European institutions as ‧other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances‧ (F.89).
19.42
Payments made by European financial institutions and bodies consist of the following:
(a)
transactions related to their activities as market producers of financial services, mainly: ‧intermediate consumption‧ (P.2), ‧gross fixed capital formation‧ (P.51) and ‧compensation of employees‧ (D.1);
(b)
interest payments (D.41).
As the subscriptions of Member States to the capital of the European Investment Bank are not considered as foreign direct investment, there is no imputed flow of reinvested earnings (D.43) to be recorded in its accounts.
19.43
The accounts of European institutions record the payments made by European financial institutions and bodies as uses of the ‧other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds‧ (S.125) subsector and resources of the rest of the world (S.211 or S.22).
Consolidation
19.44
In European accounts, flows between Member States and European institutions are normally not consolidated, among resources and uses, within the ‧general government‧ sector (S.13). However, in the case of ‧current international cooperation‧ (D.74), the payments of Member States to the European institutions to finance, e.g. the European Development Fund, are consolidated and recorded, in European accounts, as uses of national ‧central government (excluding social security)‧ (S.1311) and resources of the rest of the world (S.22).
(
1
)
  This code is specific to European accounts. It is not mentioned in Chapter 23, ‧Classifications‧, as Chapter 23 presents the codes to be used in the national accounts of the Member States whereas European institutions are recorded in the rest of the world sector.
CHAPTER 20
THE GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
20.01
The activities of government are presented separately from those of the rest of the economy because the powers, motivation, and functions of government are different from those of other sectors. This Chapter presents general government sector accounts and a government finance statistics (GFS) presentation that gives an integrated picture of government economic activities: revenue, expenditure, deficit/surplus, financing, other economic flows and balance sheet.
20.02
Governments have powers to raise taxes and other compulsory levies and to pass laws affecting the behaviour of economic units. The principal economic functions of government are as follows:
(a)
to provide goods and services to the community, either for collective consumption such as public administration, defence, and law enforcement, or individual consumption such as education, health, recreation and cultural services, and to finance their provision out of taxation or other incomes;
(b)
to redistribute income and wealth by means of transfer payments such as taxes and social benefits;
(c)
to engage in other types of non-market production.
20.03
The GFS presentation of general government economic activities presents the usual sequence of accounts in a manner that is more suitable for government finance analysts and policymakers. The GFS presentation uses aggregates and balancing items defined in terms of the ESA concepts, definitions, classifications, and accounting rules so that they are measured consistently with other macroeconomic variables, and with the same measures in other countries. Items such as saving and net lending/net borrowing are already available in the sequence of accounts. Other items, such as total revenue, total expenditure, the tax burden and total debt, are not shown explicitly.
20.04
Additional rules on some more difficult issues of classification and measurement for the general government sector are given in the section ‧Accounting issues relating to general government‧.
DEFINING THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT SECTOR
20.05
The general government sector (S.13) consists of all government units and all non-market non-profit institutions (NPIs) that are controlled by government units. It also comprises other non-market producers as identified in paragraphs 20.18 to 20.39.
20.06
Government units are legal entities established by political process which have legislative, judicial or executive authority over other institutional units within a given area. Their principal function is to provide goods and services to the community and to households on a non-market basis and to redistribute income and wealth.
20.07
A government unit usually has the authority to raise funds through compulsory transfers from other institutional units. In order to satisfy the basic requirements of an institutional unit, a government unit must have funds of its own either raised by income from other units or received as transfers from other government units, and must have the authority to disburse such funds in the pursuit of its policy objectives. It must also be able to borrow funds on its own account.
Identification of units in the government
Government units
20.08
In all countries, there is a core entity, notably inside the central government that exercises national executive, legislative and judiciary powers. Its revenues and expenditures are directly regulated and controlled by a Ministry of Finance, or its equivalent, by means of a general budget approved by the legislature. Despite its size and diversity, this entity is usually a single institutional unit. Ministerial departments, agencies, boards, commissions, judicial authorities, and legislative bodies are part of this core central government unit. The separate ministries within it are not recognised as separate institutional units as they do not have the authority to own assets, incur liabilities, or engage in transactions in their own right.
20.09
General government subsectors such as state and local governments can include such primary core government units as described in paragraph 20.08, each related to a given level of government and geographic area.
20.10
In addition to this primary unit, there are government entities with separate legal identities and substantial autonomy, including discretion over the volume and composition of their expenditures and a direct source of revenue, such as earmarked taxes. Such entities are often established to carry out specific functions, such as road construction or the non-market production of health, education or research services. These entities are considered to be separate government units where they maintain full sets of accounts, own goods or assets in their own right, engage in non-market activities for which they are held accountable at law, and are able to incur liabilities and enter into contracts. Such entities (together with non-profit institutions controlled by government) are known as ‧extra-budgetary units‧ because they have separate budgets, receive substantial transfers from the main budget, and their primary sources of finance are supplemented with own sources of revenue that fall outside the main budget. These extra-budgetary units are classified to the general government sector unless they are predominantly market producers controlled by another government unit.
20.11
The general budget of any government level can include unincorporated enterprises that are market producers and quasi-corporations. If they qualify as institutional units, such enterprises are not considered to be part of general government, but classified to the non-financial or financial corporations sector.
20.12
Social security funds are government units devoted to the operation of social security schemes. Social security schemes are social insurance schemes covering all or a large part of the community as a whole, which are imposed and controlled by government. A social security fund is an institutional unit if it is organised separately from the other activities of government units, holds its assets and liabilities separately, and engages in financial transactions on its own account.
NPIs classified to the general government sector
20.13
Non-profit institutions (NPIs) that are non-market producers and are controlled by government units are units of the general government sector.
20.14
Governments may choose to use some NPIs rather than government agencies to carry out government policies because they are seen as more detached, objective, and less subject to political pressures. For example, research and development and the setting and maintenance of standards in fields such as health, safety, the environment, and education are areas in which NPIs may be more effective than government agencies.
20.15
Control of a NPI is defined as the ability to determine the general policy or programme of the NPI. Public intervention in the form of general regulations applicable to all units working in the same activity is irrelevant when deciding whether the government holds control over an individual unit. To determine whether a NPI is controlled by the government, the following five indicators of control should be considered:
(a)
the appointment of officers;
(b)
other provisions of the enabling instrument, such as the obligations in the statute of the NPI;
(c)
contractual agreements;
(d)
degree of financing;
(e)
risk exposure.
A single indicator can be sufficient to establish control. However, if a NPI that is mainly financed by government remains able to determine its policy or programme to a significant extent along the lines mentioned in the other indicators, then it would not be considered as being controlled by government. In most cases, a number of indicators will collectively indicate control. A decision based on these indicators will be judgmental in nature.
20.16
The non-market characteristic of an NPI is determined in the same way as for other units of general government.
Other units of general government
20.17
It can be difficult to decide on the classification of producers of goods and services that operate under the influence of government units. The alternatives are to classify them as general government or, if they qualify as institutional units, as public corporations. For such cases, the following decision tree is used.
Diagram 20.1 —
   
Decision tree
Is the entity an institutional unit?
no
Part of the controlling unit
yes
Is the unit controlled by government?
no
Unit is classified to the private sectors
yes
Is the unit a non-market producer?
no
Unit is classified as a public corporation
yes
Unit is part of general government
Public control
20.18
Control over an entity is the ability to determine the general policy or programme of that entity. In order to determine the existence of control by government, the criteria used are those used for corporations liable to be public corporations, as set out in paragraph 2.32.
Market/non-market delineation
Notion of economically significant prices
20.19
Non-market producers provide all or most of their output to others free of charge or at prices that are not economically significant. Economically significant prices are prices which have a substantial influence on the amounts of products producers are willing to supply and on the amounts of products that purchasers wish to acquire. It is the criterion that is used to classify output and producers as market or non-market, thus deciding whether an institutional unit in which government has a controlling interest is to be designated as a non-market producer and so classified in the general government sector, or as a market producer and so classified as a public corporation.
20.20
Whereas the assessment of whether a price is economically significant is carried out at the level of each individual output, the criterion determining the market/non-market character of a unit is applied at the level of the unit.
20.21
When the producers are private corporations, it can be presumed that prices are economically significant. By contrast, when there is public control, a unit's prices may be established or modified for public policy purposes, which may cause difficulties in determining whether the prices are economically significant. Public corporations are often established by government to provide goods and services that the market would not produce in the quantities or at the prices to meet government policy. For such public units enjoying government support, the sales may cover a large part of their costs, but they will respond to market forces differently from private corporations.
20.22
To analyse the difference between a market and a non-market producer, in relation to changes in market conditions, it is useful to specify which units are the consumers of the goods and services in question and whether the producer actually competes on the market or is the only supplier.
Criteria of the purchaser of the output of a public producer
The output is sold primarily to corporations and households
.
20.23
Economically significant prices normally result when two major conditions are fulfilled:
(1)
the producer has an incentive to adjust supply either with the goal of making a profit in the long run or, at a minimum, covering capital and other production costs, including consumption of fixed capital, by sales; and
(2)
consumers are free to choose on the basis of the prices charged.
The output is sold only to government
.
20.24
Some services are typically required as ancillary services. They include activities such as transportation, financing and investment, purchasing, sales, marketing, computer services, communications, cleaning, and maintenance. A unit that provides this type of services exclusively to its parent unit or to other units in the same group of units is an ancillary unit. It is not a separate institutional unit and is classified with its parent unit. Ancillary units provide all of their output to their owners for use as intermediate consumption or gross fixed capital formation.
20.25
If a public producer sells only to government and is the only supplier of its services, it is presumed to be a non-market producer unless it competes with a private producer. A typical case is tendering for a contract with government on commercial terms and therefore government payments are only for services delivered.
20.26
If a public producer is one of several suppliers to government, it is considered a market producer if it competes with other producers on the market and its prices satisfy the general criteria to be economically significant, as defined in paragraphs 20.19 to 20.22.
The output is sold to government and others
.
20.27
If a public producer is the only supplier of its services, it is presumed to be a market producer if its sales to non-government units are more than half of its total output or its sales to government fulfils the tendering condition of paragraph 20.25.
20.28
If there are several suppliers, a public producer is a market producer if it competes with the other producers through tendering for a contract with government.
The market/non-market test
20.29
The sector classification of core government units, engaged in the provision of goods and services on a non-market basis and/or in the redistribution of income and wealth, is straightforward.
For other producers that operate under the control of government, an assessment of their activity and resources is necessary. In order to decide if they are market units, and charge economically significant prices, the criteria as set out in paragraphs 20.19 to 20.28 are to be checked. In summary the conditions are as follows:
(a)
the producer is an institutional unit (a necessary condition; see also the decision tree in paragraph 20.17);
(b)
the producer is not a dedicated provider of ancillary services;
(c)
the producer is not the only supplier of goods and services to government, or, where that producer is, it has competitors; and
(d)
the producer has an incentive to adjust supply to undertake a viable profit-making activity, to be able to operate in market conditions and to meet its financial obligations.
The ability to undertake a market activity will be checked notably through the usual quantitative criterion (the 50 % criterion), using the ratio of sales to production costs (as defined in paragraphs 20.30 and 20.31). To be a market producer, the public unit shall cover at least 50 % of its costs by its sales over a sustained multi-year period.
20.30
For the market/non-market test, sales of goods and services correspond to sales receipts, in other words to the market output (P.11) increased by payments for non-market output (P.131), if any. Own-account production is not considered as part of sales in this context. Sales exclude also all payments received from government unless they are granted to other producers undertaking the same activity.
20.31
Production costs are the sum of intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital and other taxes on production. For the purpose of the market/non-market test, production costs are increased by the net interest charge and decreased by the value of any imputed production, notably own-account production. Subsidies on production are not deducted.
Financial intermediation and the government boundary
20.32
The case of units engaged in financial activities needs special consideration. Financial intermediation is the activity in which units acquire financial assets and at the same time incur liabilities on their own account by engaging in financial transactions.
20.33
A financial intermediary places itself at risk by incurring liabilities on its own account. For instance, if a public financial unit manages assets but does not place itself at risk by incurring liabilities on its own account, it is not a financial intermediary and the unit is classified in the general government sector rather than in the financial corporations sector.
20.34
Applying the quantitative criterion of the market/non-market test to public corporations involved in financial intermediation or in managing assets is generally not relevant, because their earnings arise from both property income and holding gains.
Borderline cases
Public head offices
20.35
Public head offices are entities whose main function is to control and direct a group of subsidiaries under the control of a government unit. Two cases are distinguished.
(a)
To the extent that the public head office is an institutional unit and is engaged in the management of market producers, it is classified according to the main activity of the group, in sector S.11 if the main activity is to produce goods and non-financial services, or in sector S.12 if it produces mainly financial services (see also paragraphs 2.23 and 2.59).
(b)
If the public head office is not an institutional unit, and so sometimes known as a ‧shell‧, or acts as a government agent for public policy purposes, such as channelling funds amongst subsidiaries, and organising privatisation or defeasance, it is classified to the general government sector.
20.36
The term ‧public head office‧ used here covers units which are also known under the label of ‧public holding companies‧.
20.37
Subsidiaries forming part of the group, engaged in production and keeping a full set of accounts, are deemed to be institutional units even if they have partially surrendered some of their autonomy of decision to the central body (see paragraph 2.13). The market/non-market test is applied to individual units. It may thus happen that one subsidiary, but not others, is recognised as non-market and classified to the general government sector.
Pension funds
20.38
Employers' pension schemes are arrangements set up to provide retirement benefits to participants, based on a contractual employer-employee relationship. They include funded, unfunded, and partly funded schemes.
20.39
A defined-contribution funded scheme, established by a government unit, is not treated as a social security scheme, where there is no government guarantee on the level of pensions due, and the level of pensions is uncertain because it depends on asset performance. As a consequence, the unit identified as managing the scheme — as well as the fund itself, if it is a separate institutional unit — is considered a financial corporation, classified in the insurance corporations and pension funds subsector.
Quasi-corporations
20.40
Quasi-corporations are unincorporated enterprises that function as if they were corporations. Quasi-corporations are treated as corporations: that is, as separate institutional units from the units to which they belong in recognition of their distinct economic and financial behaviour. Thus, market establishments controlled by government units and recognised as public quasi-corporations are grouped with corporations in the non-financial or financial corporations sectors.
20.41
A government establishment or a group of establishments engaged in the same kind of production under common management is treated as a public quasi-corporation if:
(a)
it charges prices for its outputs that are economically significant;
(b)
it is deemed to have autonomy of decision; and
(c)
a complete set of accounts exists that enables its operating balances, savings, assets and liabilities to be separately identified and measured, or it is possible to construct such a complete set of accounts.
20.42
The amount of income withdrawn from a quasi-corporation during a given accounting period is decided by the owner. Such a withdrawal is equivalent to the payment of a dividend by a corporation to its shareholders. Given the amount of the income withdrawn, the amount of earnings retained within the quasi-corporation is determined. The owner may invest more capital in the enterprise or withdraw capital from it by disposing of some of its assets, and such flows of capital shall also be identifiable in the accounts whenever they occur. Investment and property income flows in the quasi-corporation are recorded in the same way as similar flows in corporations. In particular, investment grants are recorded as capital transfers.
20.43
The producer entities that are not treated as quasi-corporations remain integrated with the government units that own them. While units of government consist largely of non-market producers, market establishments can exist within a government unit. The sales of these market establishments are in addition to incidental sales, which are secondary output sold by non-market establishments at economically significant prices. As a result, a non-zero net operating surplus is possible for a government unit: the net operating surplus generated by market establishments.
Restructuring agencies
20.44
Some public units are involved in the restructuring of corporations. Such corporations may or may not be controlled by government. The restructuring agencies may be long-standing public units or agencies created for this special purpose. Government funds the restructuring in various ways, either directly through capital injections such as capital transfers, loans or acquisition of equity, or indirectly, through granting guarantees. The major criteria determining sector classification of restructuring agencies are whether such entities are financial intermediaries, the market character of the main activity and the degree of risk assumed by the public agency. In many cases, the degree of risk taken by the restructuring agency is low due to the fact that it acts with public financial support and on behalf of the government. Restructuring agencies can handle privatisation or defeasance.
Privatisation agencies
20.45
The first type of restructuring agency manages privatisation of public sector units. There are two cases.
(a)
The restructuring unit, whatever its legal status, acts as a direct agent of the government or has a limited lifespan. Its main function is to redistribute national income and wealth, channelling funds from one unit to the other. The restructuring unit is classified in the general government sector.
(b)
The restructuring unit is a holding company controlling and managing a group of subsidiaries, and only a minor part of its activity is dedicated to conducting privatisation and channelling funds from one subsidiary to the other on behalf of the government and for public policy purposes. The unit is classified as a corporation, and any transactions made on behalf of the government should be rerouted through the general government.
Defeasances structures
20.46
The second type of restructuring agency deals with impaired assets, and may be set up in a banking or other financial crisis. Such agencies are referred to as defeasance structures or ‧bad banks‧. A restructuring agency shall be classified according to the degree of risk it assumes, considering the degree of financial support of the government.
In the most common case, the restructuring agency purchases assets above market prices with the direct or indirect financial support of government. Its activities result in redistribution of national income and wealth. If the defeasance structure does not place itself at risk, it is classified to the general government sector.
Special purpose entities
20.47
Special purpose entities (SPEs), also called special purpose vehicles (SPVs), may be set up for financial convenience by governments or by private entities. The SPE may be involved in fiscal operations, including securitisation of assets, borrowing on behalf of government, etc. Such SPEs are not separate institutional units when resident. These entities are classified according to the principal activity of the owner, and SPEs performing fiscal operations are classified to the general government sector.
20.48
Non-resident SPEs are recognised as separate institutional units. All flows and stock positions between the general government and the non-resident SPE are recorded in the general government and SPE accounts. In addition, when such non-resident SPEs undertake government borrowing or incur government outlays abroad, even when there are no flows recorded between the government and the SPE related to those fiscal activities, transactions are imputed in the accounts of both the government and the non-resident entity to reflect the fiscal activities of the government. If a non-resident SPE engages in a securitisation operation without a sale of asset, the operation is considered to be a borrowing transaction of the government. The economic substance of this transaction is accounted for by imputing general government borrowing from the non-resident SPE for the same value and at the same time the SPE incurs a liability to the foreign creditor.
Joint ventures
20.49
Many public units enter into arrangements with private entities or other public units to undertake a variety of activities jointly. The activities can result in market or non-market output. Joint operations can be structured broadly as one of three types: jointly controlled units, referred to here as joint ventures; jointly controlled operations; and jointly controlled assets.
20.50
A joint venture requires the establishment of a corporation, partnership or other institutional unit in which each party has joint control over the activities of the unit. As an institutional unit, the joint venture may enter into contracts in its own name and raise finance for its own purposes. A joint venture maintains its own accounting records.
20.51
Normally, the percentage of ownership will be sufficient to determine control. If each owner owns an equal percentage of the joint venture, the other indicators of control must be considered.
20.52
Public units can also enter into joint operating arrangements that are not run by separate institutional units. In this case, there are no units requiring classification, but care must be taken to ensure that the ownership of assets is recorded correctly and sharing arrangements of revenues and expense are made in accordance with the provisions of the governing contract. For example, two units may agree to be responsible for different stages of a joint production process or one unit may own an asset or a complex of related assets but both units agree to share revenues and expenses.
Market regulatory agencies
20.53
Public agencies acting in the field of agriculture engage in two types of activity:
(a)
either to buy, hold and sell agricultural and other food products on the market; or
(b)
to be exclusively or principally a distributor of subsidies or other transfers to producers.
In the first case, given that it acts as a market producer, the institutional unit is classified in the non-financial corporations sector (S.11). In the second case, the institutional unit is classified in the general government sector (S.13).
20.54
Where the market regulatory agency performs both activities described in paragraph 20.53, it is split into two institutional units, according to the principal activity, one being classified in the non-financial corporations sector (S.11), the other in the general government sector (S.13). In the case where it would be difficult to split the agency in this way, a convention is to adapt the usual sector classification test applying a ‧principal activity‧ criterion on the basis of costs. If the costs of the unit are very significantly linked to the market managing activity, the unit is classified in the non-financial corporations sector. An 80 % threshold of costs to sales ratio is recommended. If the costs to sales ratio linked to the regulatory activity are less than this threshold, the unit is classified in the general government sector (S.13).
Supranational authorities
20.55
Some countries are part of an institutional agreement whereby the countries form part of a supranational authority. Normally such an arrangement implies monetary transfers from the member countries to the supranational authority and the reverse. The supranational authority will also engage in non-market production. In the national accounts of the member countries, the supranational authorities are non-resident institutional units that are classified to a specific subsector of the rest of the world.
The subsectors of general government
20.56
Depending on the administrative and legal arrangements, there is generally more than one level of government within a country. In Chapter 2, three levels of government are specified: central, state (or regional) and local, with a subsector for each level. In addition to these levels of government, the existence and size of social security and its role in fiscal policy require that statistics for all social security units be compiled as a fourth separate subsector of general government. Not all countries have all levels; some may have only a central government or a central government and one lower level. In countries that have more than three levels, the various units should all be classified to one of the levels above.
Central government
20.57
The central government (excluding social security) subsector (S.1311) consists of all government units having a national sphere of competence, with the exception of social security units. The political authority of a country's central government extends over the entire territory of the country. The central government can impose taxes on all resident institutional units and on non-resident units engaged in economic activities within the country. Central government typically is responsible for providing collective services for the benefit of the community as a whole, such as national defence, relations with other countries, public order and safety, and for regulating the social and economic system of the country. In addition, it may incur expenditure on the provision of services, such as education or health, primarily for the benefit of individual households, and it may make transfers to other institutional units, including other levels of government.
20.58
The compilation of statistics for central government is important because of the special role it plays in economic policy analysis. It is mainly through central government that fiscal policy impacts on inflationary or deflationary pressures within the economy. It is generally at the central government level that a decision-making body formulates and carries out policies directed toward nationwide economic objectives.
20.59
The central government subsector is a large and complex subsector in most countries. It is generally composed of a central group of departments or ministries that make up a single institutional unit plus miscellaneous bodies operating under the control of the central government with a separate legal identity and enough autonomy to form additional central government units.
20.60
The main central group or primary central government is sometimes called budgetary central government emphasising the fact that an essential of its key reporting statement is the ‧budget‧. This suggests that the budget provides an implicit delimitation of this underlying institutional unit of central government. It is sometimes called the ‧State‧, which should not be confused with the notion of state government such as provinces, 
Länder
, cantons, republics, prefectures, or administrative regions in a federal system of government. When drawing up the complete sequence of accounts for budgetary central government, it is often appropriate to include the activities of extra-budgetary funds, when they are not institutional units, and generally all treasury operations not reported in the budget.
20.61
The other component of central government consists of other central government bodies, also called extra-budgetary units, which comprise extra-budgetary agencies or entities that qualify as institutional units, non-market public enterprises with legal status and non-market public controlled NPI.
20.62
Central government can be partitioned into two components: budgetary central government and other central government bodies. This partition is a matter of judgment and can be influenced by practical considerations. An important criterion is the institutional coverage of the ‧budget‧. However, the exact composition should be precisely known and agreed between compilers at the national level, to reinforce the consistency of source data. The ability to draw a complete sequence of accounts for these two ‧subsectors‧ of central government is important in assessing the quality of the data.
State government
20.63
The state government (excluding social security) subsector (S.1312) consists of all government units in a federal system of government having a state or regional sphere of competence, with the possible exception of social security units. A state is the largest geographical area into which the country as a whole is divided for political or administrative purposes. Such areas are known by terms such as provinces, 
Länder
, cantons, republics, or administrative regions. They all enjoy the sufficient level of power required in a federal system of government. The legislative, judicial, and executive authority of a state government extends over the entire area of an individual state, which usually includes numerous localities, but does not extend over other states. In many countries, state governments do not exist. In federal countries, considerable powers and responsibilities may be assigned to state governments, and compiling a state government subsector is appropriate in such cases.
20.64
A state government usually has the fiscal authority to levy taxes on institutional units that are resident in, or engage in economic activities in, its area of competence. To be recognised as a government unit, the entity must be able to own assets, raise funds, and incur liabilities on its own account, and it must also be entitled to spend or allocate at least some of the taxes or other income that it receives according to its own policies. The entity may, however, receive transfers from the central government that are tied to certain specified purposes. A state government is able to appoint officers independently of external administrative control. If a government entity operating in a state is entirely dependent on funds from central government, and if central government also dictates the ways in which those funds are to be spent, then the entity is an agency of central government.
Local government
20.65
The local government (excluding social security) subsector (S.1313) consists of government units having a local sphere of competence (with the possible exception of social security units). Local governments typically provide a wide range of services to local residents, some of which may be financed out of grants from higher levels of government. Statistics for local government cover a wide variety of governmental units, such as counties, municipalities, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, school districts, and water or sanitation districts. Often local government units with different functional responsibilities have authority over the same geographic areas. For example, separate government units representing a town, a county, and a school district have authority over the same area. In addition, two or more contiguous local governments may organise a government unit with regional authority that is accountable to local governments. Such units are classified to the local government subsector.
20.66
The legislative, judicial, and executive authority of local government units is restricted to the smallest geographic areas distinguished for administrative and political purposes. The scope of a local government's authority is generally much less than that of the central or a state government, and such governments may or may not be entitled to levy taxes on institutional units or economic activities taking place in their areas. They are often dependent on grants from higher levels of government, and act as agents of central or state governments to some extent. To be treated as institutional units, however, they must be entitled to own assets, raise funds, and incur liabilities by borrowing on their own account. They must also have discretion over how such funds are spent, and they should be able to appoint their own officers independently of external administrative control.
Social security funds
20.67
The social security funds subsector (S.1314) consists of all social security units, regardless of the level of government that operates or manages the schemes. If a social security scheme does not meet the requirements to be an institutional unit, it would be classified with its parent unit in one of the other subsectors of the general government sector. If public hospitals provide a non-market service to the community as a whole and if they are controlled by social security schemes, they are classified to the social security funds subsector.
THE GOVERNMENT FINANCE PRESENTATION OF STATISTICS
Framework
20.68
Experience has shown that for government, an alternative presentation to the ESA sequence of accounts in the central framework is better suited to certain analytical requirements. This alternative is known as the government finance statistics (‧GFS‧) presentation. It gives a different but still integrated picture of government accounts with the following measures of government economic activity: revenue, expenditure, deficit/surplus, financing, other economic flows and balance sheet levels.
20.69
The ESA based GFS presentation consists of transactions recorded in the various ESA current accounts, capital account and financial account, rearranged for non-financial transactions into a single account presentation more appropriate to fiscal analysis.
20.70
In the GFS system, revenue is defined as the aggregate of all transactions recorded under positive resources in the ESA central framework, and subsidies receivable in the current accounts as well as capital transfers receivable recorded in the capital account. Expenditure is an aggregate of all transactions recorded under positive uses and under subsidies payable in the current accounts as well as capital expenditure — gross capital formation plus capital transfers payable — recorded in the capital account. These measures of revenue and expenditure are specific to the GFS presentation, but the underlying transactions are those of the ESA.
20.71
The difference between revenue and expenditure, equivalent to the surplus/deficit, is the net lending/net borrowing (B.9). The financing of the surplus/deficit is shown in the financial account, where net acquisitions of financial assets and net incurrence in liabilities are recorded. Expenditure and revenue entries have a counterpart entry in the financial account. Financial transactions may also lead to two entries in the financial account. This reflects the double entry principle where every transaction has a matching transaction in the financial account. In principle, the net lending/net borrowing can be derived also from transactions in financial assets and liabilities.
20.72
The GFS presentation is shown below:
Government finance statistics presentation
Revenue
Taxes
Social contributions
Sales of goods and services
Other current revenue
Capital transfer revenue
less
Expenditure
Intermediate consumption
Compensation of employees
Interest
Subsidies
Social benefits
Other current expenditure
Capital transfer expenditure
Investment expenditure
equals
Net lending/net borrowing
equals
Net financial transactions
20.73
Additional accounts in the GFS system are for other economic flows, and balance sheets, coherent with the ESA sequence of accounts. Such accounts allow a complete reconciliation of the change in balance sheet and the flows taking place during the accounting period. For each asset or liability, the following identity holds:
opening balance sheet
plus
transactions
plus
revaluations
plus
other changes in volume
equals
closing balance sheet
20.74
The balance sheet shows total asset levels — non-financial and financial — as well as liabilities stocks outstanding, which enables the following to be derived: net worth as total assets minus total liabilities, and financial net worth as total financial assets minus total liabilities.
20.75
Government finance statistics presents the financial performance of general government and its subsectors, or any grouping of government units, and also individual institutional units such as the budgetary central government.
Revenue
20.76
A revenue transaction is one that increases net worth, and has a positive impact on net lending (+)/net borrowing (–). Government revenue is usually dominated by compulsory levies imposed by government in the form of taxes and social contributions. For some levels of government, transfers from other government units and grants from international organisations are a major source of revenue. Other general categories of revenue include property income, sales of goods and services, and miscellaneous transfers other than grants. The total government revenue of an accounting period is calculated by summing transactions that are receivable, as follows:
Total revenue
=
total taxes
D.2 + D.5 + D.91
+
total social contributions
D.61
+
total sales of goods and services
P.11 + P.12 + P.131
+
other current revenue
D.39 + D.4 + D.7
+
other capital revenue
D.92 + D.99
Taxes and social contributions
20.77
Total taxes comprise taxes on production and imports (D.2), current taxes on income and wealth, etc. (D.5) and capital taxes (D.91). Total social contributions consist of actual social contributions (D.611) and imputed social contributions (D.612).
20.78
Estimating taxes and social contributions can be difficult. The problems involved and the recommended solutions are described in the section ‘Accounting issues relating to general government’ of this Chapter. While taxes are recorded in several of the accounts of the ESA central framework, in the government finance statistics presentation all taxes are presented as one category of revenue, with sub-classifications according to the base on which the tax is levied. Capital taxes are shown as revenue taxes in the government finance statistics presentation.
20.79
Tax and social contributions revenue data 
(
1
)
 are used to compile total tax or fiscal burden ratios, such as the ratio of total tax to the level of GDP, used in international comparisons. In this context, compulsory social contributions are presented simultaneously with tax statistics and are included in the measures of fiscal burden or compulsory levies.
Sales
20.80
Total sales of goods and services consist of market output (P.11) and payments for non-market output (P.131). They also include — except when they are used for the market/non-market test (see paragraph 20.30) — output for own final use (P.12). Most of the output produced by general government consists of goods and services that are not sold, or that are sold at prices that are not economically significant. The distribution of a non-market output does not accord with the concept of revenue. For goods and services, only actual sales and some specific imputed sales are included in revenue.
20.81
Market output (P.11) of government comprises:
(a)
the market output of market establishments included in government, such as a weapons factory that is part of the ministry of defence, or canteens set up by government units for their employees, that charge economically significant prices;
(b)
secondary market products sold by non-market establishments, sometimes referred to as ‧incidental sales‧, such as those arising from research and development contracts between public universities and corporations, or publications sold by government units at economically significant prices.
20.82
The above-quoted ‧incidental sales‧ are distinct from the token museum entrance fees paid by visitors, which are usually partial payments for non-market output (P.131). Other significant partial payments include payments to hospitals or schools, when these are non-market.
20.83
The value of own-account capital formation is considered revenue in the ESA based government finance statistics, and included under sales. Sales include also the value of goods and services produced and provided as compensation of employees in kind or as other payment in kind.
20.84
Sales revenue in the ESA based government finance statistics takes an output perspective: they do not differ from output, whereas actual sales to customers differ by changes in inventories. However such changes in inventories are likely to be small for government units and other non-market producers, mostly engaged in the production of services rather than in the production of goods. Sales are valued at basic prices.
Box 20.1 —
   
From the ESA central framework to GFS transactions and aggregates
ESA resources
ESA GFS revenue
P.1
Output, of which
Market output (P.11)
Sales of goods and services
Output for own final use (P.12)
Sales of goods and services
Non-market output (P.13), of which:
—
Payments for non-market output (P.131)
Sales of goods and services
—
Non-market output, other (P.132)
Not accounted for in Total revenue
D.2
Taxes on production and imports (receivable)
Total taxes
D.3
Subsidies (receivable)
Other current revenue
D.4
Property income
Other current revenue
D.5
Current taxes on income and wealth
Total taxes
D.61
Social contributions
Total social contributions
D.7
Other current transfers
Other current revenue
D.91r
Capital taxes (receivable)
Total taxes
D.92r
Investment grants (receivable)
Other capital revenue
D.99r
Other capital transfers (receivable)
Other capital revenue
ESA uses and capital transactions
ESA GFS expenditure
P.2
Intermediate consumption
Intermediate consumption
D.1
Compensation of employees
Compensation of employees
D.2
Taxes on production and imports (payable)
Other current expenditure
D.3
Subsidies (payable)
Subsidies
D.41
Interest
Interest
D.4
Property income (excluding D.41)
Other current expenditure
D.5
Current taxes on income
Other current expenditure
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
Social benefits other than ST in kind
D.632
Social transfers in kind via market producers
Social transfers in kind via market producers
D.7
Other current transfers
Other current expenditure
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
Other current expenditure
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure on market output
Social transfers in kind via market producers
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure on non-market output
Not accounted for in Total expenditure
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
Not accounted for in Total expenditure
P.5
Gross capital formation
Capital expenditure
NP
Acquisition less disposal of non-produced assets
Capital expenditure
D.92p
Investment grant (payable)
Capital expenditure
D.99p
Other capital transfers (payable)
Capital expenditure
In the ESA central framework, net lending/net borrowing (B.9) is the balancing item of the capital account. The balancing item of general government in the ESA GFS presentation is identical to the net lending/net borrowing (B.9). This box explains why.
The ESA central framework
The first account is the production account, and therefore the first resource of an institutional sector in the ESA is its output. As the majority of services provided by government are not sold at economically significant prices and so are non-market, government output is measured by convention as the sum of production costs.
Similarly, final collective consumption expenditure, consisting of services provided to the community by government such as general services, defence, safety and public order, are measured as the sum of production costs. Also by convention, collective consumption expenditure (P.32) is equal to the actual final consumption (P.4) of government.
Final individual consumption expenditure of households provided directly by government on a non-market basis is also measured by its production costs.
As a result, two types of flows are ‧imputed‧ in the ESA accounts of government:
(1)
on the resources side, the non-market output, other (P.132) recorded in the production account;
(2)
on the uses side, the actual final consumption (P.4) and the social transfers in kind — non-market production (D.631). They are recorded in the redistribution of income in kind account, and in the use of adjusted disposable income account.
Each imputed flow is equal to the sum of actual flows: the production costs. These two types of imputed flows, on the resource side and on the uses side, balance in the ESA sequence of accounts.
The ESA GFS presentation of statistics
The same basic transaction categories are used in the ESA GFS presentation, but mainly on the basis of actual monetary flows, to obtain the total revenue and the total expenditure of government. Only a selection of imputed flows is taken into account: imputed social contributions and capital transfers in kind.
Eliminating from the resources side the non-market output (P.132) to obtain total revenue, and eliminating from the uses side the actual final consumption (P.4=P.32) and the social transfers in kind — non-market production (D.631) to obtain total expenditure, results in the same balancing item: the net lending/net borrowing (B.9).
The only social transfers in kind that are accounted for in the GFS aggregate total expenditure of government are social transfers in kind provided to households via market producers (D.632), as they are subject to real payments of government units. Those transactions are also to be added to the sum of production costs (equal to non-market output, other — P.132) to obtain the final consumption expenditure of the general government.
P.3 = P.132 + D.632
Other revenue
20.85
Other current revenue consists of property income (D.4), other subsidies on production (D.39) and other current transfers (D.7).
20.86
Property income comprises interest (D.41), distributed income of corporations (dividends and withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations) (D.42) and, more marginally, reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment of government (D.43), other investment income (D.44) and rent (D.45).
20.87
Other current transfers (D.7) include mainly intra-government transfers. They shall be consolidated when drawing up the accounts of the sector as a whole.
20.88
Other capital revenue comprises investment grants (D.92) and other capital transfers (D.99) received from other units, predominantly from other government units (although consolidation carried out when presenting statistics may reduce their apparent size) and EU institutions, but also from other various units, reflecting transactions such as repayment by a debtor subsequent to the activation of a guarantee.
20.89
Grants, which are sometimes defined in other statistical systems as transfers other than subsidies received by one government unit from another government unit or an international organisation, are not an ESA category. Their amount should be equivalent to the sum of the following transfer revenue: D.73 + D.74 + D.92, together with D.75 + D.99 in some cases.
20.90
Subsidies received by government units consist only in other subsidies on production. When received by producing entities belonging to general government, subsidies on products are included in the valuation of the output and sales at basic prices.
Expenditure
20.91
An expenditure transaction is one that has a negative impact on net lending (+)/net borrowing (–). Total expenditure consists of current and capital expenditure. Current expenditure includes production related expenses (compensation of employees and intermediate consumption); property income payable (which is mainly interest); and transfer payments (such as social benefits, current grants to other governments, and miscellaneous other current transfers).
20.92
The total government expenditure of an accounting period is calculated using the following equation, summing transactions which are payable:
Total expenditure
=
intermediate consumption
P.2
+
compensation of employees
D.1
+
interest
D.41
+
social benefits other than social transfers in kind
D.62
+
social transfers in kind via market producers
D.632
+
subsidies
D.3
+
other current expenditure
D.29 + (D.4 – D.41) + D.5 + D.7 + D.8
+
capital expenditure
P.5 + NP + D.92 + D.99
Compensation of employees and intermediate consumption
20.93
Compensation of employees and intermediate consumption are costs of production for units of government.
20.94
Compensation of employees (D.1) includes wages and salaries (D.11) paid as well as employers' social contributions (D.12), including imputed social contributions, that are viewed in the ESA as uses of households and as resources of government, and thus not to be consolidated. Compensation is recorded on an accrual basis, at the time the work is done, and not at the time the wage is due for payment or paid. Wages include bonus and other lump sums (due to arrears or contract renewal) paid, and the relevant time of recording can be difficult to determine: when covering long periods of employment, it is often the time of determination of the bonus rather than the time period that the bonus is nominally intended to cover.
20.95
Intermediate consumption (P.2) comprises the goods and services consumed during the accounting period in the production process. It differs in concept from purchases, and other possible kinds of acquisitions: any acquisition enters inventories prior to being removed upon consumption. Goods and services may be acquired by market and non-market establishments of government as well.
20.96
In concept, the time of recording of intermediate consumption is clear: at the time the product is used up in the production process. The time of recording of purchases and other acquisitions is in concept the delivery, although there may be cases when delivery can be difficult to ascertain.
Social benefits expenditure
20.97
Social benefits expenditure consists of social benefits other than social transfers in kind (D.62), that, in turn, consist mainly of cash payments, and of social transfers in kind provided to households via market producers (D.632). Social transfers in kind via market producers are government expenditure financing goods and services provided to households by market producers. Typical examples are health care, and goods and services provided by doctors and pharmacists, financed by government units, through social security schemes or social assistance programmes.
20.98
Social benefits expenditure excludes social transfers in kind provided to households by non-market producers of government. Governments often produce services and goods and distribute them for free or at prices that are not economically significant. To avoid duplication, in the government finance statistics presentation, the relevant costs of production of these goods and services are recorded only once as expenditure — intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, other taxes on production — and as revenue — other subsidies on production. In the ESA sequence of accounts, these costs are balanced by a resource under non-market output, and recorded again as a use under final consumption expenditure (P.3) to be distributed as social transfers in kind. It can be relevant, for analytical purposes, to calculate a broader aggregate of social transfers to include the latter: social benefit in cash (D.62) plus social transfers in kind (D.63).
20.99
In the ESA, even when retirement benefits paid to government employees are considered as the liquidation of a government liability (see section ‘Accounting issues relating to general government’), they are also recorded as a payment of current expenditure and the related contributions are included as revenue. However, when the scheme is funded, such contributions and benefits are considered to be financing, and so an adjustment for the change in pension entitlements (D.8) is added to expenditure: it is equal to social contributions received as pensions or other retirement benefits less social benefits paid for pensions or other retirement benefits for those schemes the obligations of which are recognised as liabilities.
Interest
20.100
Interest expenditure includes what is due for the cost of incurring liabilities, notably on loans, bills, notes and bonds, but also on deposit liabilities or other instruments that are liabilities of government. Interest is recorded on an accrual basis (see section ‘Accounting issues relating to general government’).
20.101
Interest expenditure is adjusted for FISIM in the ESA-based government finance statistics. Interest paid to financial institutions on loans and deposits is partitioned into a service component, which is recorded as intermediate consumption, and a property income component which is recorded as interest paid. The same adjustment applies to government interest revenue paid by financial institutions on deposits or loans.
Other current expenditure
20.102
Other current expenditure comprises other taxes on production (D.29), property income other than interest (D.4-D.41), current taxes on income and wealth etc. (D.5), other current transfers (D.7) and the adjustment for the change in pension entitlements (D.8).
20.103
Whereas other taxes on production paid by units of government are recorded as government expenditure, taxes on products are not separately shown as government expenditure. This is because, on the one hand, such taxes, not being a resource for market producers of government, whose output is valued at basic prices, do not appear under their uses, and, on the other hand, taxes on products entering intermediate consumption of government are included in its valuation at purchasers' prices.
Capital expenditure
20.104
Capital expenditure comprises capital transfers, in the form of investment grants (D.92) and other capital transfers (D.99), as well as investment expenditure: gross capital formation (P.5, which consists of gross fixed capital formation — P.51g, plus changes in inventories — P.52, and acquisitions less disposals of valuables — P.53); and acquisitions less disposals of non-produced non-financial assets (NP). Disposals of non-financial assets, such as buildings, are not recorded as revenue, but as negative capital expenditure, making the net lending/net borrowing (B.9) more positive.
Link with government final consumption expenditure (P.3)
20.105
Making the link between total government expenditure and its components with government final consumption expenditure (P.3) is important for users of fiscal and other macroeconomic statistics.
20.106
Final consumption expenditures by general government are equal to the total of their output (P.1), plus the expenditure on products supplied to households via market producers (i.e. social transfers in kind — D.632), minus the sales of goods and services (P.11+P.12+P.131).
20.107
The output of government — market output, own account capital formation and non-market output — is equal to the sum of its costs of production (compensation of employees, intermediate consumption, consumption of fixed capital, and taxes on production paid net of subsidies on production received), plus the net operating surplus (B.2n) generated by market establishments of government.
20.108
Thus, the following calculation gives final consumption expenditures using selected items of government expenditure and revenue, as well as the net operating surplus (B.2n):
compensation of employees (D.1)
plus
intermediate consumption (P.2)
plus
consumption of fixed capital (P.51c1)
plus
other taxes on production, payable (D.29 U)
less
other subsidies on production, receivable (D.39 R)
plus
operating surplus, net (B.2n)
equals
output (P.1)
and:
output
less
sales of goods and services (P.11+P.12+P.131)
plus
social transfers in kind via market producers (D.632)
equals
final consumption expenditure (P.3)
Government expenditure by function (COFOG)
20.109
A classification of expenditure transactions using the classification of functions of government (COFOG) is integral to the government finance presentation: it is a major analytical instrument of government expenditure, especially useful for international comparisons. This classification shows the purpose for which expenditure transactions are undertaken. Such purposes differ from the administrative arrangement of governments, for example an administrative unit responsible for health services can undertake activities with an educational purpose, such as training of medical professionals. A cross presentation of government transactions by economic nature (the usual ESA classification) and according to functions is requested.
20.110
The COFOG classification describes government expenditure according to ten major functions set out below, and according to two additional levels of increased detailed breakdown not presented here. As an example, the second level is necessary to provide information on research and development expenditure, as well as to provide information on government expenditure dedicated to the risks and social needs of social protection.
20.111
The COFOG classification is consistent with the distinction made between collective non-market services and individual non-market services provided by government: the six first functions correspond to collective services, as well as some limited parts of the others. This enables government final collective consumption expenditure to be calculated. The total expenditure aggregate and the expenditure transactions broken down by function are consistent with those in the ESA government finance statistics. Therefore, it does not include social transfers in kind — non-market production (D.631), already accounted for with production costs of government.
Table 20.1 —
   
COFOG, the 10 functions of government
Code
Function
Type of service
01
General public services
Collective
02
Defence
Collective
03
Public order and safety
Collective
04
Economic affairs
Collective
05
Environmental protection
Collective
06
Housing and community amenities
Collective
07
Health
Mainly individual
08
Recreation, culture and religion
Mainly collective
09
Education
Mainly individual
10
Social protection
Mainly individual
Balancing items
The net lending/net borrowing (B.9)
20.112
The government net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) (B.9) is the difference between total revenue and total expenditure. It is equal to the balancing item of the capital account (B.9N) in the ESA accounts. It represents the amount the government has available to lend or must borrow to finance its non-financial operations.
20.113
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) is also the balancing item of the financial account (B.9F in the central framework). In concept, it is the same as the balancing item of the capital account, although in practice a statistical discrepancy can occur.
20.114
The term ‧net lending/net borrowing‧ is a sort of terminological shortcut. When the variable is positive (meaning that it shows a financing capacity), it should be called net lending (+); when it is negative (meaning that it shows a borrowing need), it should be called net borrowing (–).
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers (B.101)
20.115
The difference between all transactions that affect net worth during the accounting period is the balancing item: changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers (B.101).
20.116
The changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers provide a useful measure of government accounts and policies as they represent the resources acquired or consumed in the government's current operations.
20.117
The changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers equal net lending/net borrowing plus net acquisition of non-financial assets (P.5 + NP) minus consumption of fixed capital (P.51c1).
Net saving plus capital transfers (B.101)
less
acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets (P.5+NP)
plus
consumption of fixed capital (P.51c1)
equals
net lending/net borrowing (B.9)
equals
transactions in financial assets less liabilities (financing)
Financing
20.118
The financial account of government in the GFS records the transactions in financial assets and liabilities as described in Chapter 5.
Transactions in assets
20.119
Currency and deposits (F.2) reflects mainly movements in government deposits at banks, notably at central banks, which can fluctuate substantially from one period to another, in particular due to Treasury operations. Other government units such as local government and social security funds also hold substantial deposits in bank accounts.
20.120
Debt securities (F.3) mainly reflect net purchases of bills, notes or bonds issued by banks, non-financial corporations, or non-residents including foreign governments, the purchases being carried out predominantly by asset-rich social security funds or other reserve funds. Government purchases of bonds issued by other resident government units are reported under this heading in a non-consolidated presentation, but are excluded from this heading in a consolidated presentation, being reported instead as debt redemption.
20.121
Loans (F.4) include, in addition to loans to other government units, lending to foreign governments, public corporations, and students. Loan cancellations are also reflected here with a counterpart entry under capital transfer expenditure. Loans granted by government not likely to be repaid are recorded in the ESA as capital transfers, and are not reported here.
20.122
Equity and investment fund shares (F.5) capture acquisitions less disposals of equity in corporations by government units. These may reflect equity injections in public corporations or portfolio investments, privatisation proceeds or super-dividends. They consist mainly of the following:
(a)
equity injections (generally in the form of cash) to specific public corporations where government is acting as an investor with the expectation of a return on invested funds. Such injections are not considered as government expenditure in national accounts;
(b)
portfolio investments, in the form of purchases of quoted shares on the market made by government units such as asset-rich social security funds, or other portfolio investment operations;
(c)
net investment in mutual funds, which are alternative investment vehicles. In particular, placements in money market mutual funds are reported here, rather than under currency and deposits, despite being close substitutes for bank deposits;
(d)
privatisations conducted by special privatisation agencies, as such entities are classified to general government;
(e)
distributions by public corporations to their owners in excess of their operational profit excluding holding gains/losses, recorded as financial transactions as withdrawal of equity akin to a partial liquidation of the enterprise, rather than as government revenue.
20.123
Transactions in other accounts receivable (F.8) capture the impact of the accrual principle applicable in the ESA of recording transactions when the obligation to pay arises, not when the payment is actually made, even though public accounts or budget recordings have long been cash-based in most countries. The impact on the financing needs of government does not directly arise from the deficit, as government revenue can be cashed, or government expenditure can be settled, at accounting periods different from the economic transaction itself. Other receivables include receivables of taxes and social contributions as well as amounts concerning EU transactions (amounts paid by government on behalf of the EU but not yet reimbursed by the EU), trade credits or advances for expenditure, such as military equipment or rare occasions of wages or benefits paid one month in advance, etc. Whereas, in concept, such assets are temporary in nature, and they necessary individually disappear after a lapse of time, the flow reported for a sector, such as general government, do usually average above zero even over a period of time, because the stock of receivables tends to grow with rest of the economy.
20.124
In most countries, monetary gold and SDRs are managed by the central bank. When they are managed by government, they are recorded in the financial account of government.
20.125
Financial transactions are recorded at the transaction values, that is, the values in national currency at which the financial assets and/or liabilities involved are created, liquidated, exchanged or assumed between institutional units, on the basis of commercial considerations only.
20.126
The transaction value refers to a specific financial transaction and its counterpart transaction. In concept, the transaction value is to be distinguished from a value based on a price quoted in the market, a fair market price, or any price that is intended to express the generality of prices for a class of similar or even identical financial assets and/or liabilities. The value to report in the financial accounts for a loan sold on the secondary market is the value for which the loan was sold, and not the nominal value, and the reconciliation with the balance is entered in the other changes in assets accounts.
20.127
However, in cases where the counterpart transaction of a financial transaction is, for example, a transfer and therefore the financial transaction is undertaken other than for purely commercial considerations, the transaction value is identified with the current market value of the financial assets and/or liabilities involved. Thus, a loan purchased by a government at its nominal value, rather than at its fair or written-down value, is partitioned between an entry as a loan in the financial accounts at the fair value and a capital transfer, in recognition of a transfer of wealth by the government.
20.128
The transaction value does not include service charges, fees, commissions, and similar payments for services provided in carrying out the transactions; such items are to be recorded as payments for services. Taxes on financial transactions are also excluded and treated as taxes on services within taxes on products. When a financial transaction involves a new issue of liabilities, the transaction value is equal to the amount of the liability incurred exclusive of any prepaid interest. Similarly, when a liability is extinguished, the transaction value for both creditor and debtor must correspond to the reduction of the liability.
Transactions in liabilities
20.129
Transactions in liabilities are recorded at the value at which the liabilities are issued, or redeemed. This value may not be the nominal value. A transaction in liabilities includes the impact of interest accrued.
20.130
The repurchase by a unit of a liability is recorded as redemption in liabilities and not as an acquisition of assets. Likewise, at a subsector or sector level, the purchase by a government unit of a liability issued by another unit of the subsector in question will be presented in the consolidated presentation, as redemption of liability by that subsector.
20.131
Financial leasing and public-private partnerships (PPP) contracts when the asset is on government balance sheet imply recognising a debt of the lessee or grantor. Payments on such leases or PPP contracts are not expenditure for the full amounts, but debt servicing: redemption of a loan and interest expenditure.
20.132
Financing presented as long-term trade credits or accounts receivable/payable arrangements are to be classified as loans, because these involve the provision of long-term financing to the benefit of the borrowing party that is distinguished from a treasury facility that sellers commonly provide buyers with short-term trade-credit. In extending the maturity of the payment obligation considerably, the constructor assumes a financial role that is separate from its other activity of producer.
20.133
Lump sums exchanged at inception on off-market swaps are classified as loans (AF.4) when the lump sum is received by government. Off-market swaps are partitioned in the balance sheet into a loan component and a regular, ‧at-the-money‧ swap component.
20.134
Similarly to receivables, transactions in other accounts payable reflect the time impact of the accrual principle, but on the liability side: when expenditure is incurred but not yet paid, or when payments are made in advance of the revenue recording. In addition to trade credit when they are short-term, payables include sums received from the EU but not yet paid out by government to the final beneficiary, prepayments in taxes or tax refunds not yet paid out.
Other economic flows
20.135
Both the other changes in volume of assets account and the revaluation account of the ESA GFS are identical to the accounts described in Chapter 6. All changes in assets and changes in liabilities arising from events other than economic transactions are recorded in one of these accounts.
Revaluation account
20.136
Revaluations are the same as described in Chapter 6. Additional relevant information as memoranda items, for example, revaluations in the equity of public corporations held by government units, are likely to be particularly important and, at the same time, difficult to measure because it is unlikely that there will be any market prices.
20.137
In the ESA, balance sheets entries are ideally at market value, apart from one or two specific instruments, and movements in interest rates reflected in stock market indices lead to noticeable changes in value of stock as well as in the net worth of institutional units. Such changes are not income in the ESA, and so they are not government revenue or expenditure, and do not affect government deficit/surplus. The changes are recorded in the revaluation account, which leads to changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses (B.103). The changes in net financial worth of government during an accounting period are substantially affected by revaluations. The main sources of revaluations affecting net financial worth are, apart from the impact of foreign exchange denominated assets and liabilities, as follows:
(a)
real estate assets of government;
(b)
equity of government;
(c)
security liabilities.
20.138
When a capital injection by government into a public corporation is considered a capital transfer, the equity valuation of the government stake in the beneficiary will generally increase, with entries in the revaluation account and not the financial account.
20.139
When an existing loan or trade credit is sold to another institutional unit the difference between the redemption price and the transaction price is recorded in the revaluation account of the seller and the purchaser at the time of transaction.
Other changes in volume of assets account
20.140
The other changes in volume of assets accounts include flows that are neither economic transactions nor revaluations. For example, it captures the impact of a change in sector classification of units.
20.141
Loans write-off which do not reflect a debt cancellation with an explicit or implicit bilateral agreement are not transactions and are recorded in the other changes in the volume of assets account, with no impact on net lending/net borrowing.
Balance sheets
20.142
The same definition of an asset is used in the GFS general government accounts as in Chapter 7. The classification and value of assets and liabilities are identical in the ESA and the ESA-based GFS.
20.143
The sum of liabilities may be considered as a stock of debt. However, the definition of government debt in the context of fiscal surveillance departs from the total stock of liabilities in the ESA and in the GFS, both in terms of scope of liabilities accounted for and in terms of valuation.
20.144
Some assets are more specific to government: heritage assets, like historic monuments; infrastructure assets, such as roads and communications facilities; and equity stakes in public corporations that are without private equivalent.
20.145
On the liability side, equity liability (AF.5) will not normally be recorded for government units. However at a more aggregated level of government subsectors, equity liability can appear if entities have been classified inside the general government sector, as a result of the market/non-market test.
20.146
Net worth is the balancing item (B.90) of the balance sheet:
Net worth
=
Total assets
minus
Total liabilities
20.147
Own funds are the sum of net worth (B.90) and equity (AF.5) issued. Thus, in the ESA, own funds of units is defined as assets less liabilities excluding equity liabilities, while net worth is defined as assets less liabilities including equity liabilities. The ESA net worth is not the same as business accounting shareholders' equity or net worth. Business accounting net worth is closer in concept to the ESA own funds.
20.148
Where the net worth (B.90) of the general government sector cannot be calculated — due to the lack of information for measuring the stock of non-financial assets — the financial net worth (BF.90) is presented, showing the difference between the total financial assets and the total liabilities.
20.149
The ESA values balance sheet at market value, except for three specific instruments: currency and deposits (AF.2), loans (AF.4) and other accounts receivable/payable (AF.8). For those three instruments, the values recorded in the balance sheets of both creditors and debtors are the amounts of principal that the debtors are contractually obliged to repay to the creditors, even in cases where the loan was traded at a discount or premium, including interest accrued.
20.150
Security liabilities are valued at market value. Even though the debtor is only obligated for the value of the principal, the market value is significant because the debtor is obligated to pay a stream of future cash flows, for which the present value varies according to market yield, and the market value reflects the price that government would have to pay if it redeemed the instrument by purchasing it back on the market.
20.151
Quoted equity is valued using the most recent quotation price when drawing up the balance sheet. Unquoted equity can be valued by comparing ratios such as own funds at book value to the market value of equity, in similar classes of quoted companies. Other approaches can be used for valuing unquoted equity, such as using the own funds of the corporation, thus setting the net worth to zero. This approach can be used for public corporations that have unique types of activities such as when government has equity stakes in central banks. However, it is not recommended to use the own funds at book value, without adjustments, no more than using the nominal value of the issued equity.
Consolidation
20.152
Consolidation is a method of presenting the accounts for a set of units as if they constituted one single entity (unit, sector, or subsector). It involves eliminating transactions and reciprocal stock positions and associated other economic flows among the units being consolidated.
20.153
Consolidation is important for the general government sector and its subsectors. For example, assessing the overall impact of government operations on the total economy or the sustainability of government operations is more effective when the measure of government operations is a set of consolidated statistics. To relate government aggregates to the economy as a whole as in revenue or expenditure to GDP ratios, it is better to eliminate the internal churning of funds and include only those transactions that cross the boundaries with other domestic sectors and with the rest of the world sector. This is of particular relevance for the following transactions:
(a)
property income such as interest;
(b)
current and capital transfers;
(c)
transactions in financial assets and liabilities.
20.154
Consolidation does not affect balancing items because the consolidated items appear symmetrically within each account. For example, a grant from a central government to a local government unit is consolidated by eliminating the expenditure from central government and the revenue from the local government, thus leaving unchanged the net lending/net borrowing of general government.
20.155
Conceptually, the nature of consolidation is to eliminate all flows among the consolidated units, but practicality should be kept in mind. In concept, transactions in the production account, such as sales and purchases of goods and services, may not or cannot be consolidated. The decision about the level of detail employed in consolidation should be based on the policy usefulness of the consolidated data and the relative importance of the various types of transactions or stocks.
20.156
When drawing up the consolidated accounts of government, the ESA prescribes consolidating the following major transactions (in order of importance):
(a)
current and capital transfers, such as central governments grants to lower levels of government;
(b)
interest arising on intergovernmental holdings of financial assets and liabilities;
(c)
transactions, other economic flows and stocks in financial assets and liabilities, such as loans to other governments or acquisitions of government securities by social security units.
20.157
Purchases/sales of goods and services between government units are not consolidated in the ESA. This is because the accounts show sales on an output basis, and not on a disposal basis so that it is difficult to decide who is the counterpart transactor for this output. In addition, intermediate consumption and output follow two different valuation rules, basic prices and purchasers' prices, which creates additional difficulties.
20.158
Taxes or subsidies paid by one government unit or entity to another are not to be consolidated. However, taxes or subsidies on products cannot be consolidated in the system because there is no counterpart sector transactor in the ESA for such transactions; the relevant amounts are not separately recognised as expenditure and revenue (respectively) and are instead included in, or excluded from, the value of the intermediate consumption or of the sales.
20.159
Acquisitions/disposals of non-financial assets, including intergovernmental transactions in land, buildings, and equipment are not consolidated, because they already appear on a net basis in the account: acquisitions less disposals. Non-consolidated and consolidated accounts always show equal amounts for those items.
20.160
Some types of transactions that appear to take place between two government units are never consolidated because they are rerouted in the system to other units. For instance: employer social contributions, whether paid to social security or to government pension funds, are treated as being paid to the employee as part of compensation and then paid by the employee to the fund. Taxes withheld by government units from the compensation of their employees, such as pay-as-you-earn (PAYE) taxes, and paid to other government subsectors are treated as being paid directly by the employees. The government employer is simply the collecting agent in this case for the second government unit.
20.161
Practical difficulties arise with consolidation. For example, when a transaction to be consolidated is identified in the records of one unit, it is expected that the corresponding transaction will be found in the accounts of the counterparty; but it may not show there, as it may be recorded in a different period, it may have a different value, or it may be classified as a different type of transaction due to different accounting practices. These difficulties are inherent in the quadruple system of recording used in the ESA, but they may be more obvious with inter-governmental transactions.
ACCOUNTING ISSUES RELATING TO GENERAL GOVERNMENT
20.162
National accounts principles apply to the general government sector in the same way as to other sectors of the economy. However, due to the economic nature of the activities of government units or due to practical considerations, additional rules are given in this section.
20.163
Similarly, the national accounts principles apply in the same way to the measurement of government revenue and government expenditure. However, these principles, including notably the accrual principle, are applied given that the creditworthiness and liquidity constraints of government are fundamentally different from other measures. If expenditure is recorded in the government accounts when incurred by each government unit, irrespective of long lags of payment, revenue should be recorded in the accounts only when there is a high expectation and sufficient certainty that the respective cash flows will effectively take place.
20.164
When classifying a transaction, national accountants are not constrained by the designation of the transaction in the public accounts of government or in the bookkeeping of a corporation. As an example, a large payment to government made out of the corporation's reserves or from sales of assets and called ‧dividend‧ in the public accounts is categorised as a super-dividend and recorded as a financial transaction in the national accounts — it is a withdrawal of equity. Reporting the economic reality where it is different from the legal form is a fundamental accounting principle to give consistency and to make sure that transactions of a similar type will produce similar effects on the macroeconomic accounts, irrespectively of the legal arrangements. This is of particular importance for transactions involving the general government.
Tax revenue
Character of tax revenue
20.165
Taxes are compulsory unrequited payments, in cash or in kind, made by institutional units to general government or supranational bodies exercising their sovereign or other powers. They usually constitute the major part of government revenue. Taxes are viewed in the system as transactions, as they are deemed to be interactions between units carried out by mutual agreement. Taxes are described as unrequited because the government provides nothing commensurate with the payment in exchange to the individual unit making the payment.
20.166
However, there are cases where the government provides something to the individual unit against the payment, in the form of the direct granting of a permit or authorisation. In this case, the payment is part of a mandatory process that ensures proper ownership recognition and performance of activities by law. The categorisation of such payments as a tax, or as the sale of a service, or the sale of an asset by the government, requires additional rules. Those rules are set out in Chapter 4.
Tax credits
20.167
Tax relief can take the form of a tax allowance, exemption, or deduction — which is subtracted from the tax base — or of a tax credit — which is subtracted directly from the tax liability otherwise due by the beneficiary household or corporation. Tax credits can be payable, in the sense that any amount of the credit that exceeds the tax liability will be paid to the beneficiary. In contrast, some tax credits are non-payable, and described as ‧wastable‧. They are limited to the size of the tax liability.
20.168
In national accounts, a tax relief that is embedded in the tax system is recorded as reducing the tax liability and therefore as reducing government tax revenue. This is the case of tax allowances, exemptions, and deductions, as they enter directly into the calculation of the tax liability. This will also be the case for non-payable tax credits as their value to the taxpayer is limited to the size of their tax liability. In contrast, this is not the case for payable tax credits, which by definition can affect non-taxpayers as well as taxpayers. As they are payable, payable tax credits are classified as expenditure and recorded as such for their total amount. The government tax revenue will, therefore, be that liable, with no reduction for payable tax credits awarded, and government expenditure will include all payable tax credits awarded. This has no impact on the net borrowing/net lending of the general government, but does have an impact on both the tax burden and the government expenditure, and on the corresponding ratios to GDP. The presentation of statistics shall permit the derivation of tax credits on a net basis.
Amounts to record
20.169
Appropriately recording tax revenue is essential for the measurement of government activities and performance. The amounts to record should correspond to amounts likely to be actually collected by government: this implies that amounts declared but deemed uncollectible should not be recorded as revenue.
Amounts uncollectible
20.170
In all cases, only amounts that government realistically expects to collect should be recorded. Uncollectible taxes should not be accounted for in the net lending/net borrowing of the general government and generally not in the total revenue. Accordingly, the impact on general government net lending/borrowing of taxes and social contributions recorded in the system on an accrual basis shall be equivalent over a reasonable amount of time to the corresponding amounts actually received. The rules for the recording of taxes and social contributions are explained in Chapter 4.
Time of recording
Accrual recording
20.171
Accrual accounting records flows at the time economic value is created, transformed, exchanged, transferred or extinguished. It is different from cash recording and, in principle, from due-for-payment recording, defined as the latest time payments can be made without additional charges or penalties. Any period of time between the moment a payment accrues and the moment it is actually made is accounted for by recording a receivable or a payable in the financial accounts. The ESA recording is on an accrual basis. For some transactions such as payment of dividends or some specific transfers, the due for payment time is used.
Accrual recording of taxes
20.172
For government, recording revenue and claims at the time of the underlying event is particularly difficult, since often government records, for tax for example, are on a cash basis. When accrued taxes are calculated from assessments of taxes due, there is a risk of over-recording the tax revenue, a crucial government finance aggregate.
20.173
The period of time between the moment a transaction is recorded as accruing in the non-financial accounts, and the moment the payment is actually made, is bridged by recording an account receivable in the financial account in the accounts of one party and an account payable in the accounts of the other party. In cases where a prepayment, covering two or more accounting periods, is made to government, an account payable, which is a form of borrowing, is recorded in the financial account of government for the amounts due in future periods. This liability is extinguished when recording the due amounts of the transaction in the future periods. However, recording such a liability occurs only when the government has, legally or by means of a constructive obligation, the obligation to make a refund to the payer for the pre-paid amounts if the taxable event does not occur.
20.174
In accordance with accrual recording, taxes should be recorded when the activities, transactions or other events occur which create the liability to pay tax — in other words when the taxable events occur — and not when the payments are due to be made or are actually made. This time is usually when income is earned or when a transaction (such as the purchase of goods and services) generating the liability occurs, to the extent that the tax liability can reliably be measured. The different institutional arrangements for taxation (existence or not of assessments, like tax rolls) may lead in practice to using different recording methods, according to the characteristic of the tax. Thus, notably when there are no reliable assessments available or amounts unlikely to be collected cannot be reliably estimated, the time-adjusted cash method is considered an acceptable proxy for accruals.
20.175
In practice, when taxes are based on assessments, some flexibility is permitted concerning the time of recording where the measurement cannot be made in a reliable way before the time of assessment. In particular, for taxes on income, tax systems may require the development of a tax roll or another form of tax assessment before the amounts of tax due will be known in a reliable way, taking into account the changes in tax rates and final settlements. This moment, which might be the one where the economic behaviour of households is affected, is an acceptable time of recording. It is not necessarily the accounting period in which the payment is received.
Interest
20.176
Interest is an expenditure incurred by a debtor for the use of another unit's funds. Under the terms of the financial instrument agreed between them, interest (D.41) is the amount that the debtor becomes liable to pay to the creditor over a given period of time without reducing the amount of principal outstanding.
20.177
Interest is classified within property income (D.4). Differently to dividends (D.421), interest (D.41) entitles the holder/the lender to a fixed and predetermined income (or according to an agreed reference in the case of a floating interest rate). Interest is usually a major expense item of general government, since governments are often structural borrowers on the market.
20.178
In the system, interest is recorded on an accrual basis, i.e. interest is recorded as accruing continuously over time to the creditor on the amount of principal outstanding.
20.179
There are two ways in which the value of a discounted security can be determined during its life when the prevailing interest rate is different from the rate prevailing when the security was initiated. The debtor approach is from the perspective of the unit issuing the security and the creditor approach is from the perspective of the unit holding the security. From the debtor approach, the interest rate agreed on initiation is used throughout the life of the security. From the creditor approach, the current interest rate is used to value the interest between any two points in the life of the security.
20.180
Accrual interest is recorded according to the debtor approach, that is: based on the rate or yield prevailing at the time of creation of the financial instrument. Thus, interest expenditure to be recorded on fixed-rate debt securities does not vary over time in sympathy with market fluctuations, despite the fact that the market value of the securities fluctuates and that, accordingly, the opportunity costs of carrying this debt vary. In that way, interest expenditure avoids the volatility that the creditor approach entails. The repurchase of securities on the market, at a premium or at a discount to the principal outstanding, does not lead to any entry in revenue or expenditure at time of purchase or later on. Instead, any repurchase premium or discount reflects the settlement, recorded in the financial accounts, of a holding gain or loss that accrued in the past and was recorded in the revaluation accounts at that time.
20.181
Recording interest as accruing continuously has the consequence, on a security for instance, that the accrued interest charge is recorded starting from the time the security has been issued, not waiting for the time of the first coupon payment (often in the following year, in the classic case of a security with a yearly coupon payment). It means also that accrued interest on securities starts appearing as a liability as soon as issued interest is reinvested under the financial asset bearing it. As a result, the stock of accrued interest outstanding is always to be added to the value of the principal of the underlying instrument, and, subsequently, any interest payments reduce the debtor's liability. This basic principle covers all financial instruments bearing interest.
20.182
In many countries, government bonds or notes are issued in fungible tranches, over several years, with the same conditions concerning the nominal rate of interest. Because the market yield at time of further sale of tranches varies, each tranche is actually sold at a premium or at a discount. Thus, the rate of interest agreed on at time of issuing the bond is used for calculating interest, which will vary for each tranche, reflecting different amortisations of premium or discounts at issue, in a manner similar to amortisation of discounts on zero coupon bonds.
20.183
The issue price of bonds and notes issued in fungible tranches, and carrying coupons, includes an amount for coupons accrued to date, which are in effect ‧sold‧ upon issuance. Such sold coupons are neither government revenue at time of sale nor treated as a premium. They are instead seen as a financial advance.
Discounted and zero-coupon bonds
20.184
Zero-coupon bonds are instruments where the debtor has no obligation to make any payments to the creditor until the redemption of the bond. The amount of the principal borrowed is lower than the value of the bond that will be repaid by the debtor. In effect, the debtor's liability is discharged by a single payment at maturity covering both the amounts of the principal and the interest accrued over the life of the instrument. The difference between the amount repaid at the end of the contract and the amount initially borrowed is interest and is allocated over the accounting periods between the beginning and the end of the contract. The interest accruing each period is treated as if paid by the debtor and then reinvested as an additional amount of the same liability. Interest expenditure and increases in the liability are then simultaneously recorded each period.
20.185
The gradual increase in the market value of a bond that is attributable to the accumulation of accrued and reinvested interest reflects a growth in the principal outstanding, that is, in the size of the asset.
20.186
The same principle applies to discounted bonds or bonds issued at a premium. In this case, the interest expenditure to be recorded is the amount of accrued coupon interest as specified in the contract, plus the amount accruing each period attributable to the difference between the redemption price and the issue price.
Index-linked securities
20.187
Index-linked securities are financial instruments, usually long-term bonds, for which the amounts of the periodic payments and/or the principal are linked to a price index or other index. Any additional payments to creditors due to changes in the index are considered as interest, including the uplift of the principal, to be recorded as accruing continuously. When the value of the principal is index linked, the difference between the eventual redemption price and the issue price is treated as interest accruing over the life of the asset, in addition to any interest due in that period.
Financial derivatives
20.188
Settlements on swap transactions are not considered as property income in the ESA. The settlements related to financial derivatives are financial transactions, to be recorded at the time of the effective exchange of financial instrument.
Court decisions
20.189
When a court of justice rules that compensation must be paid, or a transaction reversed, resulting from or related to past events, the time of recording of the expenditure or revenue is when the claimants have an automatic and incontrovertible right for a given amount that can be individually determined, and when it is unlikely that claimants will fail requesting their due. When a court of justice merely sets a principle of compensation, or when the claims must be reviewed for eligibility and in relation to determination of the amount by administrative services, expenditure or revenue is recorded as soon as the value of the obligation is reliably determined.
Military expenditure
20.190
Military weapon systems, comprising vehicles and other equipment such as warships, submarines, military aircrafts, tanks, missile carriers and launchers etc. are used continuously in the production of defence services. They are fixed assets, like those used continuously for more than one year in civilian production. Their acquisition is recorded as gross fixed capital formation, i.e. as capital expenditure. Single-use items, such as ammunition, missiles, rockets and bombs are treated as military inventories. However, some types of ballistic missiles are regarded as providing an on-going service of deterrence and therefore meet the general criteria for classification as fixed assets.
20.191
The time of recording of asset acquisition is the time of the transfer of the ownership of the asset. In case of long-term contracts involving complex systems, the time of recording of the transfer of assets should be upon actual delivery of the assets, not the time of cash payments. If some long-term contracts cover in addition the provision of services, government expenditure should be recorded at the time of the provision of services, recorded separately from the provision of assets.
20.192
If military equipment is leased, the transaction is invariably recorded as a finance lease and not as an operating lease. This implies that the recording of an acquisition of military asset is matched by the incurrence of an imputed loan by the government lessee. As a result, payments by government are recorded as debt servicing, a part as repayment of the loan, another part as interest.
Relations of general government with public corporations
Equity investment in public corporations and distribution of earnings
20.193
Government units have a close relationship with public corporations and quasi-corporations that they own. Despite this close relationship, flows between a government unit and its controlled corporation or quasi-corporation related to its equity investment are treated in the same way as flows between any corporation and its owners: equity investments from the investor into the unit invested in; distributions of earnings by the unit invested in, to the investor.
Equity investment
20.194
An equity investment occurs when economic agents place funds at the disposal of corporations, in exchange for a promise of future dividends or other types of return. The amount invested is known as equity capital, and is part of the own funds of the corporation and the corporation has a large degree of freedom in the way of using them. In exchange, the owners receive shares or some other form of equity. These represent property rights on corporations and quasi-corporations and entitle the holders to:
(a)
a share of any dividends (or withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations) paid at the choice of the corporation but not to a fixed and predetermined income; and
(b)
a share in the net assets of the corporation in the event of its liquidation
and, as such, the shares are financial assets.
20.195
It is important to distinguish between the withdrawal of equity by the corporation to its owner and the return on equity investment, notably the income earned in the form of dividends. Only regular distributions from the entrepreneurial income are recorded as dividends by corporations or withdrawals of income from quasi-corporations. Large and irregular payments to the owner are recorded as a withdrawal of equity.
20.196
It is necessary to determine when payments of government into public corporations are government expenditure or acquisition of an asset and so a financial transaction, and conversely when distributions to government by public corporations are government revenue or a financial transaction.
Capital injections
Subsidies and capital injections
20.197
Subsidies are current transfers, usually made on a regular basis, from government, or occasionally from the rest of the world, to producers designed to influence their levels of production, the prices at which their outputs are sold or the remuneration of factors of production.
20.198
Payments to public corporations on a large and irregular basis, often called ‧capital injections‧, are not subsidies. They are events that aim at capitalising or re-capitalising the beneficiary corporation, being put at the disposal of the latter in a long term perspective. According to the ‧capital injection test‧, such capital injections are either capital transfers or acquisitions of equity, or a combination of both. The two cases are as follows.
(a)
A payment to cover accumulated, exceptional or future losses, or provided for public policy purposes, is recorded as a capital transfer. Exceptional losses are large losses recorded in one accounting period in the business accounts of a corporation, which usually arise from downward revaluations of balance sheet assets, in such a way that the corporation is under threat of financial distress (negative own funds, breach of solvency, etc.).
(b)
A payment where the government is acting as a shareholder in that it has a valid expectation of earning a sufficient rate of return, in the form of dividends or holding gains is an acquisition of equity. The corporation must enjoy a large degree of freedom in how it uses the funds provided. When private investors are part of the capital injection, and the conditions for private and government investors are similar, this is evidence that the payment is likely to be acquisition of equity.
20.199
In many cases, payments made by government units to public corporations are intended to compensate for losses in the past or in future. Government payments are treated as an acquisition of equity only if there is sufficient evidence of the corporation's future profitability and its ability to pay dividends.
20.200
Given that capital injections increase the own funds of the unit invested in, it is likely to also lead to an increase of the investor's equity stake in the invested unit. This is automatically the case of those 100 % owned public corporations whose equity is the value of their own funds. Such an increase in equity is not used as a criterion to judge the nature of the capital injection; instead, it leads to an entry in the revaluation account when the injection is recorded as capital transfer, and to an entry in the financial accounts when the injection is recorded as addition to equity.
Rules applicable to particular circumstances
20.201
Capital injections carried out in the context of privatisation, when privatisation is expected to occur in less than one year, are recorded as a transaction in equity for the amount not in excess of privatisation proceeds, the remainder being subject to the capital injection test. The proceeds of privatisation are then deemed to repay the capital injection.
20.202
Capital injections can be carried out by way of debt cancellation or debt assumption. Accounting rules applicable to those events result in the payment being a capital transfer, except for a privatisation when they are an acquisition of equity, the value of which is within the amount of privatisation proceeds.
20.203
Capital injections in kind, by way of the provision of non-financial assets, are without impact on net lending/net borrowing. When the injection is expected to earn a sufficient rate of return, it is treated as a change in structure (K.61), the asset provided entering the balance sheet of the corporation via the other change in volume of assets accounts. When the injection is not expected to earn a sufficient rate of return, a capital transfer (investment grant, D.92) is recorded together with a matching entry in disposal of non-financial assets (P.5 or NP).
Fiscal operations
20.204
Fiscal operations are carried out by government and financed through the budget under the usual budgetary procedures. However, some operations originated by government units may involve the intervention of entities not ruled by the legal government framework, including public corporations. Though they will not be reported in the budget, and might escape the usual control procedures, it is appropriate to record them within government revenue and expenditure. This is because the ESA recognises when government is the principal party to an operation and the public corporation is acting as an agent.
Public corporations distributions
Dividends versus withdrawal of equity
20.205
The earnings from equity investment in public corporations may be recorded as a distributive transaction which are usually dividends, or as a financial transaction. Dividends are property income. The resource available for distribution of dividends is the entrepreneurial income of the corporation. Thus, the resources from which dividends are paid would include neither the proceeds of sales of assets nor the distribution of revaluation gains. Dividends funded from, or based on, such sources are recorded as withdrawal of equity. The same basic principles apply to withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations.
20.206
Large and irregular payments or payments that exceed the entrepreneurial income of the year are called super-dividends. They are funded from accumulated reserves or sale of assets, and are recorded as withdrawal of equity equal to the difference between the payment and the entrepreneurial income of the relevant accounting period. In the absence of a measure of entrepreneurial income, the operating profit in business accounts is used as a proxy.
20.207
Interim dividends are recorded as property income (D.42) to the extent that they can be related to the accrued income of the corporation. In practice, two conditions must be fulfilled:
(a)
the corporation making this payment makes short-period accounts available to the public and the payment is based on at least two quarters;
(b)
the interim payment should be in the same proportion as the dividends paid in the previous years, consistent with the usual rate of return to the shareholder and with the trend in growth of the corporation.
If these conditions are not met, the interim payment is recorded as a financial advance, classified under other account receivable/payable (F.8), until the annual result is determined, given the need to conduct the super-dividend test of comparing the interim dividends with the entrepreneurial income of the year.
Taxes versus withdrawal of equity
20.208
Taxes have a legal basis and are under the control of legislative procedure. These transactions, which are by mutual agreement, constitute the main revenue of general government.
20.209
However, it may occasionally happen that a transaction described as a tax in legal documents is not recorded as such in the ESA. One example is the case of an indirect privatisation. If a public holding corporation sells its equity ownership in another public corporation and remits some of the proceeds to the government under the heading of tax, or is liable to a tax generated by the privatisation event and subsequent realised gains, under the heading of a capital gains tax, the payment is recorded as a financial transaction.
Privatisation and nationalisation
Privatisation
20.210
Privatisation commonly involves the sale by government of shares or other equity in a public corporation. Privatisation proceeds are not government revenue but a financial transaction recorded in the financial account, with no impact on the government deficit/surplus, as this event is net worth neutral and is a reclassification of assets (AF.5 against AF.2) in the balance sheet of government. A direct sale of non-financial assets, such as buildings and land rather than an entire corporation, is recorded in the capital account as disposals of fixed assets or non-produced non-financial assets, unless carried out in the context of corporate restructuring.
20.211
Any purchase of services to achieve this process should, however, be recorded as government intermediate consumption and should not be netted out of the privatisation proceeds. Thus, privatisation proceeds are to be recorded gross in the financial accounts.
Indirect privatisations
20.212
Privatisation can occur under more complicated institutional arrangements. For instance, assets of a public corporation may be sold by a public holding company, or another public corporation, controlled by government, and all or part of the proceeds are passed to government. In all cases, the payment to government of the proceeds on the sale of assets in this manner is to be recorded as a financial transaction, irrespective of the way it is presented in the books of the government or of its subsidiary, with a simultaneous decrease in shares and other equities corresponding to the partial liquidation of assets of the holding company. Any privatisation proceeds retained by the holding are privatisation receipts of government ploughed back by way of a capital injection, which is then subject to the capital injection test to determine the nature of the payment.
20.213
It may also happen that the public holding company, or other public corporation, acts as a ‧restructuring agency.‧ In such a context, the proceeds of the sale may not be paid to government but kept by the restructuring agency to inject capital into other enterprises. When the restructuring unit, whatever its legal status, acts as a direct agent of government, its main function is to restructure and change the ownership status of public corporations and to channel funds from one unit to the other. The classification of the unit will normally be to the general government sector. However, when the restructuring unit is a holding company controlling a group of subsidiaries, and only a minor part of its activity is dedicated to channelling funds in the way described above, on behalf of government and for public policy purposes, the public holding company is classified in one of the corporations sectors according to its main activity, and the transactions made on behalf of government are to be rerouted through government.
Nationalisation
20.214
Nationalisation means government taking control of specific assets or an entire corporation, usually by acquiring the majority or the whole stake in the corporation.
20.215
Nationalisation usually takes the form of a purchase of shares: government buys all or part of the shares in the corporation at market price — or at a price sufficiently close, considering usual market practices with regard to valuation of corporations in the same activity. The transaction is by mutual agreement, even though the former owner may have little choice with regard to refusing the offer, or negotiating the price. The purchase of shares is a financial transaction to be recorded in the financial account.
20.216
Exceptionally, government may acquire ownership over a corporation through an appropriation or confiscation: the change in ownership of assets is not the result of a transaction made by mutual agreement. There is no payment to the owners, or such payment which is made does not reflect the fair value of assets. The difference between the market value of the assets acquired and any compensation provided is recorded as an uncompensated seizure in the other changes in the volume of assets account.
Transactions with the central bank
20.217
Two types of payments by the central bank to the government are observed in practice:
(a)
payments made on a regular basis, usually in the form of dividends, based on the current activity of the central bank (like managing foreign exchange reserves). These payments are recorded as dividends as long as they are not higher than a measure of net operating income, consisting of net property income, net of costs and of any transfers. Amounts in excess of this sum are to be recorded as a decrease in equity;
(b)
exceptional payments following the sale or the revaluation of reserve assets. These payments are recorded as a withdrawal of equity. The rationale is that the value of such assets affects the value of the equity liability of the central bank and the equity assets of government. Thus, holding gains on the reserve assets of the central bank have a counterpart in the equity assets of government via the equity liability of the central bank.
Payments from central government to the central bank are to be recorded in a similar way as for other public corporations. In particular, large payments are subject to the ‧capital injection test‧ to determine the character of the payments.
Restructures, mergers, and reclassifications
20.218
When a public corporation is restructured, financial assets and liabilities may appear or disappear reflecting new financial relationships. These changes are recorded as changes in sector classification and structure in the other changes in the volume of assets account. An example of such a restructuring is when a corporation is split into two or more institutional units and new financial assets and liabilities are created.
20.219
The purchase of shares and other equity of a corporation as part of a merger, on the other hand, is to be recorded as a financial transaction between the purchasing corporation and the previous owner.
20.220
Any change in the classification of assets and liabilities not related to restructuring or changes in sector classification, such as the monetisation or demonetisation of gold, is recorded as a change in the classification of assets or liabilities in the other changes in the volume of assets account.
Debt operations
20.221
Debt operations can be particularly important for the general government sector, as they often serve as a means for government to provide economic aid to other units. The recording of these operations is covered in Chapter 5. The general principle for any cancellation or assumption of debt of a unit by another unit, by mutual agreement, is to recognise that there is a voluntary transfer of wealth between the two units. This means that the counterpart transaction of the liability assumed or of the claim cancelled is a capital transfer. No flow of money is usually observed, this may be characterised as a capital transfer in kind.
Debt assumptions, debt cancellation and debt write-offs
Debt assumption and cancellation
20.222
Debt assumption occurs when a unit assumes responsibility for another unit's outstanding liability towards a creditor. This happens frequently when a government guarantees a debt of another unit and the guarantee is called or activated.
20.223
When a government assumes a debt, the counterpart transaction of the new government liability is a capital transfer in favour of the defaulting debtor. The case where a financial asset is recorded as a counterpart is to be examined carefully. There are two different contexts.
(a)
An actual pre-existing financial asset is acquired against a third party, as in the case of guaranteed export insurance. Thus, government records, as the counterpart transaction of its new liability, the acquisition of a financial asset equal to the present value of the amount expected to be received. If this amount is equal to the liability assumed, no further entries are required. If the amount expected to be recovered is less than the liability assumed, the government records a capital transfer for the difference between the liability incurred and the value of the asset acquired.
(b)
Government simply records a claim against the benefiting corporation, which is in most cases a public corporation in difficulty. In general, because of the very hypothetical value of this claim, no such claim is recorded. Possible future repayments by the beneficiary will be recorded as revenue by the government.
20.224
Debt payments on behalf of others are similar to debt assumptions, but the unit making the payments does not assume the entire debt. The transactions recorded are similar.
20.225
Debt cancellation (or debt forgiveness) is the extinction or reduction of a claim by agreement between the creditor and the debtor. The creditor records a capital transfer payable for the amount cancelled and the other unit records a capital transfer receivable. Mutual agreement is often presumed though not formally established in case of government forfeiting claims, such as in the case of student loans and lending to farmers.
20.226
Debt assumptions and debt cancellations which benefit a controlled entity result in an increase in the value of the equity in the unit being invested in, that is reflected in the revaluation accounts. If a government has its debt assumed by another government, then it records a capital transfer revenue, a new debt to the assuming government unit, or both.
20.227
Debt assumptions and debt cancellations carried out in the context of privatisation are recorded as transactions in equity, for the amount not in excess of privatisation proceeds, the remainder being a capital transfer, in order to ensure the accounting neutrality of the way in which privatisation is conducted. Privatisation must be carried out within one year.
20.228
When debtor governments offer to repay the debt in anticipation, at a value below the principal value which includes interest in arrears, the event leads to an entry in the capital account with an impact on the government net lending/net borrowing, as a grant by the creditor is presumed. When early redemption leads to the payment of a penalty or fee to the lender as foreseen in the contract, the amount shall be recorded as income of the lender. In the case of securities, a buyback on the market leads to an entry in the revaluation accounts, unless the early redemption is imposed on the securities holder.
20.229
The difference in value in case of sale to a third party of government claims against other governments leads to a capital transfer entry in the capital accounts, with an impact on the government deficit, because the nature of the claim implies an original intention to convey a benefit, and the sale is a way to conduct debt restructuring.
20.230
As a result, the capital transfer expenditure of government is revenue of the debtor, in recognition of the fact that it is the genuine beneficiary of the transaction, with an entry in the rest of the world account matching the creditor government expenditure. For the seller, the transaction value of the claim disposed off is the principal value. The value of the claim enters both the new creditor's and debtor's accounts, i.e. respectively, the bank balance sheet and the ROW accounts — for the international investment position, at its reduced value.
20.231
In rarer cases, when the discount negotiated with the third party or with a debtor offering the repurchase of its debt only reflects changes in market interest rates, and not a change in credit worthiness, the government creditor can be presumed to be acting as a normal investor. The difference, net of any penalty or fee, is entered in the revaluation accounts. One test is whether the amount repaid could have exceeded the principal value.
Debt assumption involving a transfer of non-financial assets
20.232
If a government wants to ease the debt burden of a public corporation, it may also, in addition to the debt assumed by a government unit, take over non-financial assets such as public transport infrastructure. This debt assumption involving a transfer of non-financial assets to the government unit is deemed to be made by mutual agreement, and has exactly the same impact as a debt assumption on the government net lending/net borrowing: the amount of the capital transfer to be recorded in favour of the corporation is equal to the amount of the debt assumed. An acquisition of non-financial assets has a negative effect on net lending (+)/net borrowing (–).
Debt write-offs or write-downs
20.233
Debt write-offs are the reduction by a creditor in the balance sheet of the amount owed to it, usually when a creditor concludes that a debt obligation has little or no value, because the debt is not going to be paid; the debtor is bankrupt, has disappeared or cannot be realistically pursued for recoveries that would justify the various costs incurred. Debt write-downs refer to the reduction by a creditor in the carrying value of an asset in its balance sheet.
20.234
Write-downs and write-offs are internal accounting actions by the creditor and are often not recognised as transactions, because they are not carried out by mutual agreement. However, it happens that write-downs and write-off do not amount to the annulment of the claim over the debtor and consequently there may commonly be reversals of write-downs, and less frequently write-offs.
20.235
Debt write-downs do not lead as such to entries in the balance sheet of the creditor because the carrying value of the debt already reflects the market value of the instrument or is at nominal value in the case of loans, unless the market value is proxied by the written down book value (in the case where the write down enters the revaluation accounts). In contrast, debt write-offs lead to the removal of the asset from the creditor balance sheet by way of an other change in the volume for the amount exiting — the principal value for loan, a market value for securities, unless the write-off reflects a debt cancellation event. Thus, differently from debt assumption or debt cancellation, debt write-offs and write-downs have no effect on net lending/borrowing of government.
Other debt restructuring
20.236
Debt restructuring is an agreement to alter the terms and conditions for servicing an existing debt, usually on more favourable terms for the debtor. The debt instrument that is being restructured is considered to be extinguished and replaced by a new debt instrument with the new terms and conditions. If there is a difference in value between the extinguished debt instrument and the new debt instrument, it is a type of debt cancellation and a capital transfer is necessary to account for the difference.
20.237
A debt-for-equity swap occurs when a creditor agrees to replace a debt owed to it by an equity security. For example, government may agree with a public enterprise owned by it to accept an increase in the government's equity stake in the public enterprises in place of an existing loan. In such circumstance, the event should be subject to the capital injection test. Any difference in the value of the debt instrument being extinguished and the equity recognised is a capital transfer with an entry recorded in the revaluation accounts.
20.238
Debt arrears occur when a debtor misses an interest or principal payment. The debt instrument will not normally change, but knowing the amount of debts in arrears can provide important information.
Purchase of debt above the market value
20.239
The acquisition of debt for a value above the market value, at inception is called concessional loans, and later on debt defeasance. Both intend to convey a benefit and so the recording of expenditure such as a capital transfer is required.
20.240
Debt defeasance occurs when a debtor matches debt instruments with financial assets having the same or greater debt service inflows. Even when the defeased instruments have been transferred to a separate entity, the gross position should still be recorded by treating the new entity as an ancillary unit and consolidating it with the defeasing unit. If the ancillary unit is non-resident, it is treated as a special purpose entity and the transactions of government with this unit should be treated as described in section ‘The government finance presentation of statistics’.
20.241
Debt issued on concessional terms. There is no precise definition of concessional loans, but it is generally accepted that they occur when units of the general government sector lend to other units in such a way that the contractual interest rate is intentionally set below the market interest rate that otherwise would apply. The degree of concessionality can be enhanced with grace periods, frequencies of payments, and a maturity period favourable to the debtor. Since the terms of a concessional loan are more favourable to the debtor than market conditions would otherwise permit, concessional loans effectively include a transfer from the creditor to the debtor.
20.242
Concessional loans are recorded at their nominal value just as other loans, but a capital transfer is recorded as a memorandum item at the point of loan origination equal to the difference between the contract value of the debt and its present value using a relevant market discount rate. There is no single market interest rate that should be used to measure the capital transfer. The commercial interest reference rate published by the OECD may be applicable when the loan is issued by one of its member countries.
Defeasances and bailouts
20.243
A bailout is a term meaning a rescue from financial distress. It is often used when a government unit provides short-term financial assistance to a corporation to help it survive a period of financial difficulty or a more permanent injection of financial resources to help recapitalise the corporation. Bailouts of financial institutions are often referred to as financial defeasance. Bailouts are likely to involve highly publicised one-time transactions with large values and, therefore, to be easy to identify.
20.244
Intervention of general government can take various forms. Examples are the following:
(a)
a government may guarantee certain liabilities of the enterprise to be assisted;
(b)
a government may provide equity financing on exceptionally favourable terms;
(c)
a government may purchase assets from the enterprise to be assisted for prices greater than their true market value;
(d)
a government may create a special purpose entity or other type of public body to finance and/or to manage the sales of assets or liabilities of the enterprise to be assisted.
20.245
Government guarantees during a bailout are treated as one-off guarantees to entities in financial distress. An example is where the entity is not able or has substantial difficulties to meet its obligations since its cash generating abilities are limited or the tradability of its assets is severely limited due to exceptional events. This will normally lead to recording a capital transfer at inception, as if the guarantee were called, for the entirety of the granted guarantee or, in case a reliable estimation is available, for the amount of the expected call, which is the expected loss of government. See also paragraph 20.256.
20.246
If the government buys assets from the enterprise to be assisted, the amount paid will normally be more than the true market price of the assets. The purchase is recorded at the actual market price and a capital transfer recorded for the difference between the market price and the total amount paid.
20.247
During a bailout, governments often buy loans from financial institutions for their nominal value rather than their market value. Even though loans are recorded at nominal prices, the transaction is partitioned by recording a capital transfer and an entry in the revaluation accounts. If there is reliable information that some loans are irrecoverable, fully or for nearly their total amount, or if there is no reliable information on the expected loss, these loans are accounted for at zero value and a capital transfer is recorded for their former nominal value.
20.248
If a public institutional unit is created by government with its only task being to assume management of the bailout, the unit should be classified in the general government sector. If the new unit is intended to be an on-going concern with the bailout a temporary task, its classification as a government unit or a public corporation is made following the general rules as described in the section on restructuring agencies above. Units that purchase financial assets from distressed financial corporations with the objective of selling them in an orderly manner cannot be considered financial intermediaries because they do not place themselves at risk. They are classified in the general government sector.
Debt guarantees
20.249
A debt guarantee is an arrangement in which a guarantor agrees to pay a creditor if a debtor defaults. For general government, giving a guarantee is a way to support economic activities without a need for an immediate cash outlay. Guarantees have a significant impact on the behaviour of economic agents by modifying the lending and borrowing conditions on financial markets.
20.250
For each guarantee, there are three parties involved: the lender, the borrower, and the guarantor. Originally, stocks and flows of the credit relationship are recorded between the lender and the borrower, while after the call stocks and flows related to the guarantee relationship are recorded between the lender and the guarantor. Thus, the activation of guarantees involves the recording of flows and changes in the balance sheets of the debtor, the creditor, and the guarantor.
20.251
There are three main types of guarantee:
(i)
guarantees that meet the definition of a financial derivative;
(ii)
standardised guarantees; and
(iii)
one-off guarantees.
Derivatives-type guarantees
20.252
Guarantees that meet the definition of financial derivatives are those that are actively traded on financial markets, such as credit default swaps. The derivative is based on the risk of default of a reference instrument and generally not actually linked to an individual loan or bond.
20.253
When such a guarantee is initiated, the purchaser makes a payment to the financial institution creating the derivative. This is recorded as a transaction in financial derivatives. Changes to the value of the derivative are recorded as revaluations. If the reference instrument defaults, the guarantor pays the purchaser for its theoretical loss on the reference bond. This is also recorded as a transaction in financial derivatives.
Standardised guarantees
20.254
Standardised guarantees cover similar types of credit risk for a large number of cases. It is not possible to estimate precisely the risk of any one loan being in default, but it is possible to estimate how many, out of a large number of such loans, will default. The treatment of standardised guarantees is explained in Chapter 5.
One-off guarantees
20.255
One-off guarantees exist where the conditions of the loan or the security are so particular that it is not possible for the degree of risk associated with the loan to be calculated with any degree of accuracy. In general, the granting of a one-off guarantee is considered a contingency and is not recorded as a financial asset/liability in the balance sheet of the guarantor.
20.256
In exceptional cases, one-off guarantees granted by governments to corporations in certain well-defined financially distressed situations (for example where the corporation has negative own funds), implying a very high likelihood to be called, are treated as if such guarantees were called at inception (see also paragraph 20.245).
20.257
The activation of a one-off guarantee is treated in the same way as a debt assumption. The original debt is liquidated and a new debt is created between the guarantor and the creditor. The debt assumption implies the recording of a capital transfer in favour of the defaulting debtor. The capital transfer is offset by a financial transaction, the financial liability transferred from the corporation to government.
20.258
The activation of a guarantee may or may not require repayment of debt at once. The accrual principle for time of recording suggests that the total amount of debt assumed should be recorded at the time the guarantee is activated and the debt assumed. The guarantor is the new debtor, and principal repayments by the guarantor and interest accruals on the assumed debt should be recorded when these flows occur. Thus, when calls on guarantees solely involve the settlement of the debt service due on the debt during the accounting period, as in the case of cash calls, a capital transfer is recorded for the amounts settled. However when a pattern of partial calls are observed such as three times in succession, and is expected to continue, a debt assumption is recorded.
20.259
When the original debtor refunds the guarantor while an expenditure has been recorded on past guarantee calls, revenue is recorded by the guarantor. However this revenue should be tested for the super-dividend test when the debtor is controlled by the guarantor; any excess of the refund over the entrepreneurial income is recorded as withdrawal of equity.
Securitisation
Definition
20.260
Securitisation consists of issuing securities on the basis of cash flows that are expected to be generated by assets, or other income streams. Securities depending on cash flows from assets are called ‧asset backed securities‧ (ABS).
20.261
In securitisation, the originator conveys ownership rights over assets, or the right to receive specific future flows, to a securitisation unit, which in return pays an amount to the originator from its own source of financing. Such a securitisation unit is often known as a special purpose entity. The securitisation unit obtains its own financing by issuing securities using the assets or rights to future flows transferred by the originator, as collateral. The key question in recording the payment by the securitisation unit to the originator is whether the transfer of the asset is a sale of an existing asset to the securitisation unit, or a means of borrowing using future flows of revenues as collateral.
Criteria for sale recognition
20.262
In order for the securitisation to be treated as a sale, a marketable asset must exist in the balance sheet of government and there must be a full change of ownership to the securitisation unit as evidenced by the transfer of the risks and rewards linked to the asset.
20.263
Thus, securitisation of future revenue flows not recognised as a return on economic assets, such as future oil royalties, is borrowing by the originator.
20.264
When a securitisation involves flows associated to a financial or a non-financial asset, the risks and rewards associated with owning the assets must be transferred for a sale to be recorded.
20.265
If government retains a beneficial interest in the securitisation, by way of retaining a deferred purchase price, which is the right to excess flows above the original securitisation value, or the right to own the last tranche issued by the securitisation unit, or by other means, no sale has occurred, and the event is originator's borrowing.
20.266
If government, as originator, guarantees repayment of any debt incurred by the securitisation unit related to the asset, risks associated with the asset have not been transferred. No sale has occurred and the event is originator's borrowing. Guarantees can take various forms such as insurance contracts, derivatives, or clauses of substitution of assets.
20.267
If it is determined that the securitisation contract involves the true sale of a marketable asset, the sector classification of the securitisation unit must be examined. Criteria are set in the section ‘Defining the general government sector’ for establishing if the securitisation unit is an institutional unit and if it has a financial intermediation function. If the securitisation unit is classified to the government sector, the securitisation is government borrowing. If the securitisation unit is classified as other financial intermediary (S.125), then the securitisation will be reported as a sale of assets, with no direct impact on government debt, and with an impact on government deficit if the flows are securitised on a non-financial asset.
20.268
If government provides compensation, in the form of cash after the event, or other means such as guarantees, thus removing the transfer of risks, a securitisation originally viewed as a sale is from that moment classed as borrowing, with the following transactions: incurrence of a liability and acquisition of assets with a capital transfer expenditure in the event that the value of the liability exceeds that of the asset.
Recording of flows
20.269
When a securitisation operation is recorded as borrowing, the cash flows passed on to the securitisation unit are first recorded in the accounts of government and simultaneously as repayment of debt, both interest and principal.
20.270
When cash flows extinguish prior amortisation of the debt incurred, the remainder liability is removed from the government balance sheet by another change in volume.
20.271
After complete extinction of a debt incurred, any remaining cash flows passed over to the securitisation unit in accordance with the securitisation contract are recorded as originator's expenditure.
Other issues
Pension obligations
20.272
The treatment of pension schemes is described in Chapter 17, including a supplementary table to the core national accounts of the ESA, where all obligations of pension schemes are to be accounted for, including pension obligations arising from social security schemes. The pension entitlements of government sponsored unfunded employment-related defined benefit schemes are to be recorded only in those supplementary accounts.
Lump sum payments
20.273
On occasion, units may pay a lump sum to government in exchange for taking over some of their pension obligations. Such large one-off transactions occur between a government and another unit, usually a public corporation, often linked to the change of status of the corporation, or to its privatisation. The government usually assumes the obligations in question in exchange for a cash payment covering the expected deficit resulting from the transfer.
20.274
In concept, being an equal exchange of cash for the incurrence of an obligation that is a liability, the transaction should not affect measures of net worth and financial net worth, and should not alter government net lending/net borrowing. However, the pension obligation may not appear as a liability on the balance sheet of either of the units transferring and assuming the obligations. For example, when transferred to the government, the pension obligations may be merged with a social security scheme for which no liability is recognised.
20.275
In this context, such a lump sum payment should be viewed as a prepayment of social contributions. In consideration of the various arrangements observed in practice and in order to avoid any distortion in the calculation of some aggregates such as labour costs and compulsory levies, the lump sum is recorded as a financial advance (F.8), a prepayment of miscellaneous current transfers (D.75) which will be recorded in the future in proportion to the related payments of pensions. As a result, the lump sum payment has no impact on the net lending/net borrowing of the general government in the year of transfer of obligations.
Public-private partnerships
Scope of PPP
20.276
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are complex, long-term contracts between two units, one of which is normally a corporation (or a group of corporations, private or public) called the operator or partner, and the other normally a government unit called the grantor. PPPs involve a significant capital expenditure to create or renovate fixed assets by the corporation, which then operates and manages the assets to produce and deliver services either to the government unit or to the general public on behalf of the public unit.
20.277
At the end of the contract, the grantor usually acquires legal ownership of the fixed assets. The fixed assets are in most cases characteristic of some core public service such as schools or universities, hospitals, and prisons. They also may be infrastructure assets because many of the large projects undertaken by means of PPPs involve the provision of transportation, communications, utilities, or other services typically described as infrastructure services.
20.278
A general description that includes the most common accounting problems is as follows: a corporation agrees to acquire a complex of fixed assets and then to use those assets together with other production inputs to produce services. Those services may be delivered to government, either for use as an input to its own production such as in motor vehicle maintenance services, or for distribution to the public without payment such as education services, in which case government makes periodic payments during the contract period and the corporation expects to recover its costs and earn an adequate rate of return on its investment from those payments.
20.279
PPP contracts under this definition involve the grantor paying the operator ‧availability‧ or ‧demand‧ fees, and as such constitute a procurement arrangement. In contrast to other long-term service contracts, a dedicated asset is created. Thus, a PPP contract implies the government purchase of a service produced by a partner through the creation of an asset. There can be many variations in PPP contracts regarding the disposition of the assets at the end of the contract, the required operation and maintenance of the assets during the contract, the price, quality, and volume of services produced, and so forth.
20.280
When the corporation sells the services directly to the public through for example a toll road, the contract is seen as a concession rather than a PPP. The price is routinely regulated by the government and set at a level that the corporation expects will permit it to recover its costs and earn an adequate rate of return on its investment. At the end of the contract period, the government may gain legal ownership and operational control of the assets, possibly without payment.
20.281
In PPP contract, the corporation acquires the fixed assets and is the legal owner of the assets during the contract period, in some cases with the backing of the government. The contract often requires that the assets meet the design, quality, and capacity specified by government, be used in the manner specified by government to produce the services required by the contract, and be maintained in accordance with standards defined by government.
20.282
Furthermore, the assets typically have service lives much longer than the contract period so that government may control the assets, bear the risks and receive the rewards, for a major portion of the assets' service lives. Thus, it is frequently difficult to determine whether it is the corporation or the government that bears the majority of the risks and reaps the majority of the rewards.
Economic ownership and allocation of the asset
20.283
As with leases, the economic owner of the assets in a PPP is determined by assessing which unit bears the majority of the risks and which unit is expected to receive a majority of the rewards of the assets. The asset will be allocated to this unit, and consequently the gross fixed capital formation. The main risk and reward elements to be assessed are:
(a)
construction risk, which includes costs overruns, the possibility of additional costs resulting from late delivery, not meeting specifications or building codes, and environmental and other risks requiring payments to third parties;
(b)
availability risk, which includes the possibility of additional costs such as maintenance and financing, and the incurrence of penalties because the volume or quality of the services do not meet the standards specified in the contract;
(c)
demand risk, which includes the possibility that demand for the services is higher or lower than expected;
(d)
residual value and obsolescence risk, which include the risk that the asset will be less than its expected value at the end of the contract and the degree to which the government has an option to acquire the assets;
(e)
the existence of grantor financing or granting guarantees, or of advantageous termination clauses notably on termination events at the initiative of the operator.
20.284
The risks and rewards are with the operator if the construction risk and either the demand or the availability risks have been effectively transferred. Majority financing, guarantees covering a majority of financed levied, or termination clauses providing for a majority reimbursement of finance provider on termination events at the initiative of the operator lead to the absence of effective transfer of either of these risks.
20.285
In addition, owing to the specificity of PPP contracts, which involve complex assets, and when the assessment of risks and rewards is not conclusive, a relevant question is which unit has a decisive influence on the nature of the asset and how the terms and conditions of the services produced with the asset are determined, notably:
(a)
the degree to which the government determines the design, quality, size, and maintenance of the assets;
(b)
the degree to which the government is able to determine the services produced, the units to which the services are provided, and the prices of the services produced.
20.286
The provisions of each PPP contract shall be evaluated in order to decide which unit is the economic owner. Due to the complexity and variety of PPPs, all of the facts and circumstances of each contract should be considered, and then the accounting treatment, that best reflects the underlying economic relationships, selected.
Accounting issues
20.287
If the corporation is assessed as being the economic owner and if — as is commonly the case — the government obtains legal and economic ownership at the end of the contract without an explicit payment, a transaction is recorded for the government's acquisition of the assets. One general approach is for the government gradually to build up a financial claim and the corporation gradually to accrue a corresponding liability such that the value of both will equal the expected residual value of the assets at the end of the contract period. Implementing this approach requires existing monetary transactions to be rearranged or new transactions to be constructed using assumptions about expected asset values and interest rates. This implies partitioning the PPP payments, when the PPP asset is off government balance sheet, in a component representing the acquisition of a financial asset.
20.288
An alternative approach is to record the change of legal and economic ownership at the end as a capital transfer in kind. The capital transfer approach does not reflect the underlying economic reality as well, but data limitations, uncertainty about the expected residual value of the assets, and contract provisions allowing various options to be exercised by either party make using a capital transfer approach the most prudent.
20.289
Another significant problem arises when government is assessed as being the economic owner of the assets but does not make any explicit payment at the beginning of the contract. A transaction must be constructed to accomplish the acquisition. The most common suggestion is that the acquisition be made with an imputed financial lease because of the similarity with actual financial leases. The implementation of that choice, however, depends on the specific contract provisions, how they are interpreted, and possibly other factors. For example, a loan could be imputed and actual government payments to the corporation, if they exist, could be rearranged so that a portion of each payment represents repayment of the loan. If there are no actual government payments, then non-monetary transactions could be constructed for the loan payments. Other means of payment by government for the asset could be an operating lease prepayment if an operating lease is imputed or an intangible asset for the right of the corporation to access the assets for the production of services.
20.290
Another important problem concerns the measurement of production. Whatever decisions are made about which unit is the economic owner of the assets during the contract period and how the government eventually acquires them, care should be taken that production is correctly measured. Again, there are options and their desirability varies with the exact situation and the availability of data. The difficulty arises when the government is assessed as being the economic owner of the assets but the assets are used by the corporation to produce services. It is desirable to show the value of the capital services as a cost of production of the corporation, but that may require the imputation of an operating lease, which in turn may require a rearrangement of actual transactions or a construction of non-monetary transactions to identify the lease payments. An alternative is to show the cost of capital services in the production account of the general government sector but to classify the output of the government in the same way as the classification of the output of the corporation so that the total output in the economy is correctly classified.
Transactions with international and supranational organisations
20.291
Transactions that occur between resident units and international or supranational organisations are classified to the rest of the world sector.
20.292
An example of such transactions is between non-government residents and institutions of the European Union, where these are considered as the principal parties to the transaction even though government units play a role as an intermediary agent in channelling the funds. The recording of the main transactions is directly between the two parties and does not impact on the government sector. The government's role is recorded as a financial transaction (F.89).
20.293
The recording of specific transactions between national residents and institutions of the European Union are set out below for various categories:
(a)
taxes: some taxes on products, such as import duties and excises, are payable to institutions of the European Union or other supranational organisations. These form three categories:
(1)
those payable directly, such as, in the past, the European Coal and Steel Community levy on mining and iron and steel producing entities, which are recorded directly;
(2)
those collectible by national governments as agents on behalf of the institutions of the European Union or other supranational organisations, but where the tax is judged as payable directly by the resident producers. Examples are levies on imported agricultural products, monetary compensatory amounts levied on imports and exports, sugar production levies and the tax on isoglucose, co-responsibility taxes on milk and cereals, and custom duties levied on the basis of the integrated tariff of the European Communities. Such items are recorded directly from the producers to the supranational organisation, with government's role as an intermediary recorded as a financial transaction;
(3)
receivables of value added tax in each Member State. They are recorded as receivable by national governments, with the amounts that Member States provide to the European Union recorded as a current transfer (D.76). The time of recording of the transfer from government is when it is to be paid;
(b)
subsidies: any subsidies directly payable by supranational organisations to resident producers are recorded as directly payable by the supranational organisation rather than a resident government unit. Subsidies payable to resident producers and channelled through government units as intermediaries are similarly recorded directly between the principal parties, but also create entries in other accounts receivable/payable (F.89) in the government financial accounts;
(c)
miscellaneous current transfers: contributions to the European Union budget from Member States for the third and fourth types of payment designed to give the European Union its own resources. The third resource is calculated by applying a flat rate to the Value Added Tax base of each Member State. The fourth resource is based on the gross national income of each Member State. Such payments are considered to be compulsory transfers from governments to the European Union. They are classified as miscellaneous current transfers and recorded when they are to be paid;
(d)
current international cooperation: most other current transfers, in cash or in kind, between government and non-resident units, including international organisations, are classified as current international cooperation. This includes current aid to developing countries, wages payable to teachers, advisers and other government agents in activity abroad etc. One characteristic of current international cooperation is that it consists of transfers made on a voluntary basis;
(e)
capital transfers: investment grants, in cash or in kind, and other capital transfers, especially as the counterpart transaction of debt cancellation or debt assumption, can be payable to or receivable from an international or supranational organisation;
(f)
financial transactions: some financial transactions, usually loans, may be recorded when granted by international organisations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Government investments in the capital of international and supranational organisations apart from the International Monetary Fund are classified as other equity (F.519), unless there is no possibility of repayment in which case they are classified as current international cooperation.
20.294
The institutions of the European Union make significant current and capital transfers through structural funds such as the European Social Fund, the European Regional Development Fund and the Cohesion Fund. The final beneficiaries of such transfers can be government or non-government units.
20.295
Grants paid from structural funds often involve co-financing, whereby the European-Union jointly funds an investment made by government. There can be a mixture of pre-payments, interim and final payments, which may be channelled through at least one government unit. Resident government units may also make advances payments of the receipts expected from the European Union.
20.296
When non-government units are the beneficiaries, any payments made by government in advance of European Union cash receipts are recorded as financial transactions in other accounts receivable/payable. The counterpart of the financial transaction is the European Union if the accrual point of the non-financial transaction has occurred, otherwise it is the beneficiary. The accounts receivable/payable positions unwind when the cash is paid.
20.297
The recording time of co-financed government expenditure transfers is the time when European Union authorisation is given.
20.298
There may be circumstances where government advances exceed the amount allowable once this is determined by the authorisation process. If the beneficiary is in a position to repay the excess this unwinds the other accounts payable it has with government. If the beneficiary cannot repay, then a capital transfer from government is recorded cancelling the other accounts payable.
20.299
When government units are the beneficiaries, the government revenue is moved forward to match the time of expenditure in a departure from the general rules on time of recording for such transfers. If there is a considerable time lag between the government expenditure taking place and cash being received, then the revenue can be recorded when the claim to the European Union is submitted; this is applicable only when: reliable information on the time of the expenditure is not available; or amounts are big; or the time lag between the expenditure and submission of claim is small.
20.300
All advance payments from the European Union to government units as final beneficiaries at the inception of multi-year programmes are recorded as financial advances.
Development assistance
20.301
Governments provide assistance to other countries by lending funds at an interest rate that is intentionally less than the market interest rate for a loan with comparable risk (concessional loans as described in the section ‘Accounting issues relating to general government’, ‘Dept operations’), or grants in cash and in kind.
20.302
Recording the international assistance through grants in kind, such as deliveries of food stocks, often creates difficulty. The prices of the goods or services being delivered in kind, such as the food stocks, in the receiving country might be quite different from the prices in the donor country. As a general principle, the value of the donation to the recipient should be regarded as equal to the cost of providing the assistance to the recipient. It follows that the prices of the donor country should be used as a basis for the calculation of the value of the donation. In addition to the goods or services themselves, all supplemental costs identifiable with the delivery of the goods or services should be included, such as transportation to the foreign country, delivery within that country, the compensation of government employees of the donating country to prepare the shipments or oversee their delivery, insurance, and so forth.
THE PUBLIC SECTOR
20.303
The public sector consists of general government and public corporations. The elements composing the public sector are already present in the main sector structure of the system and can be rearranged to compile the public sector accounts. This is undertaken by putting together the subsectors of the general government sector and the public subsectors of non-financial and financial corporations.
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
NPISHs
Households
Public
Public
Public
Private
Private
Private
Private
20.304
Public financial corporations can be further divided into the central bank, and other public financial corporations, which can be further subdivided into subsectors of financial corporations as appropriate.
Table 20.2 —
   
The public sector and its subsectors
General government
Public corporations
Central government
State government
Local government
Social security
Public non-financial corporations
Public financial corporations
Central bank
Other public financial corporations
20.305
Public sector accounts may be constructed according to the ESA framework and sequence of accounts, and in principle both consolidated and unconsolidated versions are analytically useful. Alternative presentations, such as the consolidated and unconsolidated equivalents of the Government Finance Statistics presentation described earlier in this Chapter, are also useful.
20.306
All institutional units included in the public sector are resident units controlled by government, either directly or indirectly by public sector units in aggregate. The control over an entity is defined as the ability to determine the general policy of that entity. This is described in more detail below.
20.307
The distinction between a public sector unit being part of general government or a public corporation is determined by the market/non-market test, as described in Chapter 3 and above. Non-market public sector units are classified in general government and market public sector units are classified as public corporations. The only exception to this general rule is for certain financial institutions that either supervise or serve the financial sector, which are classified as public financial corporations irrespective of whether they are market or non-market.
20.308
The legal form of a body is not a guide to its sector classification. For example, some legally constituted public sector corporations may be non-market units and hence classified to general government rather than as public corporations.
Public sector control
20.309
Control of a resident public sector unit is defined as the ability to determine the general policy of the unit. This can be through the direct rights of a single public sector unit or the collective rights of many. The following indicators of control are to be considered:
(a)
rights to appoint, veto or remove a majority of officers, board of directors etc. The rights to appoint, remove, approve or veto a majority of the governing board of an entity are sufficient to determine control. Such rights may be directly held by one public sector unit, or indirectly by public sector units in aggregate. If the first set of appointments are controlled by the public sector but subsequent replacements are not subject to these controls, then the entity remains in the public sector until the time when the majority of the directors are not controlled appointments;
(b)
rights to appoint, veto or remove key personnel. If the control of general policy is effectively determined by influential members of the board, such as the chief executive, chairperson and finance director, then the powers to appoint, veto or remove those personnel are given greater prominence;
(c)
rights to appoint, veto or remove a majority of appointments for key committees of the entity. If key factors of the general policy, such as remuneration of senior staff, pay and business strategy, are delegated to subcommittees, then the rights to appoint, remove or veto of directors on these subcommittees is a determinant of control;
(d)
ownership of the majority of the voting interest. This will normally determine control when decisions are made on a one-share, one-vote basis. The shares may be held directly or indirectly, with shares owned by all public sector units aggregated. If decisions are not made on a one-share, one-vote basis the situation should be analysed to see if the public sector has a majority vote;
(e)
rights under special shares and options. These golden or special shares were once common in privatised corporations and also feature in some special purpose entities. In some cases they give public sector entities some residual rights to protect interests; such rights may be permanent or time-limited. The existence of such shares is not by itself an indicator of control, but needs to be carefully analysed, in particular the circumstances where the powers may be invoked. If the powers influence the current general policy of the entity they will be important to the classification decisions. In other cases they will be reserve powers that may confer rights to control general policy in times of emergency etc, these are judged as irrelevant if they do not influence existing policy, although in the event that they are utilised they will usually trigger immediate reclassification. The existence of a share purchase option to public sector entities in certain circumstances is a similar situation, and a judgement is necessary on whether the powers to implement the option influence the general policy of the entity;
(f)
rights to control via contractual agreements. If all the sales of an entity are to a single public sector entity, or a collection of public sector entities, there is scope for dominant influence that can be judged as control. The presence of other customers, or the potential to have other customers, is an indicator that the entity is not controlled by public sector units. If the entity is restricted from dealing with non-public sector customers due to public sector influence, then this is an indicator of public sector control;
(g)
rights to control from agreements/permission to borrow. Lenders often impose controls as conditions of making loans. If the public sector imposes controls through lending, or to protect its risk exposure from a guarantee, which are tougher than a private sector entity would typically face from a bank, this is an indicator of control. If an entity requires permission from the public sector to borrow, then this is an indicator of control;
(h)
control via excessive regulation. When regulation is so tight that it effectively dictates the general policy of the business, it is a form of control. Public authorities can in some cases have powerful regulatory involvement, particularly in areas such as monopolies and privatised utilities where there is a public service element. It is possible for regulatory involvement to exist in important areas, such as price setting, without an entity ceding control of general policy. Choosing to enter into or operate in a highly regulated environment is similarly an indicator the entity is not subject to control;
(i)
others. Control may also be obtained from statutory powers or rights contained in an entity's constitution, for example to limit the activities, objectives and operating aspects, approve budgets or prevent the entity changing its constitution, dissolving itself, approving dividends, or terminating its relationship with the public sector. An entity that is fully, or close to fully, financed by the public sector is considered to be controlled if the controls on that funding stream are restrictive enough to dictate the general policy in that area.
20.310
Each classification case needs to be judged on its own merits and some of these indicators may not be relevant to the individual case. Some indicators, such as (a), (c) and (d) in paragraph 20.309, are sufficient by themselves to establish control. For others a number of separate indicators may collectively indicate control.
Central banks
20.311
Central banks are generally assumed to be public financial corporations, even in the case where other than government are their sole or majority legal owner. They are considered as public corporations through governments having economic ownership or exerting control by other means.
20.312
A central bank is a financial intermediary, whose activity is subject to specific legal provisions, and which is placed under general control of government, representing the national interest, even though the central bank enjoys a large degree of autonomy or independence with respect to exercising its main activity (notably the monetary policy). The key issue here is the recognition of the central bank's main function and activity — to manage the nation's reserve assets, to issue the national currency and to conduct the monetary policy — rather than its legal status. Government often has a formal right to liquidation proceeds.
20.313
Because of the existence of such beneficial interest or because of the government role, ownership of government over the central bank equity — or, at least, over the reserve assets managed by the central bank — is recognised in national accounts, as an economic ownership even in circumstances where it has no legal ownership.
Public quasi-corporations
20.314
Public quasi-corporations do not possess the legal characteristics of independent corporations but behave sufficiently differently from their owners, and more like entities in the non-financial or financial corporations sectors, to be recognised as institutional units.
20.315
The activities of the quasi-corporation must be ring-fenced, with sufficient information to allow a complete set of accounts to be compiled (see point (f) of paragraph 2.13), and be market units.
Special purpose entities and non-residents
20.316
Public sector entities may set up or use special purpose entities (SPEs) or special purpose vehicles. Such units often have no employees or non-financial assets and little physical presence beyond a ‧brass plate‧ confirming their place of registration. They may be resident in a different territory.
20.317
SPE units set up by the public sector must be investigated to see if they have the power to act independently, are restricted in their activities, and carry the risks and rewards associated with the assets and liabilities they hold. If they do not meet such criteria they are not recognised as separate institutional units and, if resident, are consolidated into the public sector unit that created them. If non-resident they are recognised as part of the rest of the world and any transactions they undertake are re-routed via the public sector unit that created them.
20.318
Non-resident international joint ventures between governments, where neither party has control of the entity, are apportioned to governments as notional resident units.
Joint ventures
20.319
Public and private sector units can enter into a joint venture whereby an institutional unit is established. That unit may enter into contracts in its own name and raise finance for its own purposes. The unit is allocated to the public or private sectors depending on which party controls it.
20.320
In practice, in most joint ventures there is joint control. If the unit is classified as non-market it is by convention classified to general government since its behaviour is that of a government unit. If the unit is classified as a market producer and control is evenly divided, then the unit is partitioned into halves, one half allocated to the public sector and the other allocated to the private sector.
(
1
)
  The ESA based total tax and social contributions revenue measure is consistent with that of the OECD Revenue Statistics, except for the recording of payable tax credits and of imputed social contributions. The ESA recording of taxes and social contributions is also harmonised with the IMF government finance statistics presentation, with some differences in breakdowns.
CHAPTER 21
LINKS BETWEEN BUSINESS ACCOUNTS AND NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND THE MEASUREMENT OF CORPORATE ACTIVITY
21.01
Business accounts represent, alongside business surveys, a major source of information for corporate activity in national accounts. National accounting shares with business accounting a number of characteristics, the most noticeable of which are:
(a)
the recording of transactions in accounts, i.e. in two-column tables;
(b)
monetary valuation;
(c)
use of balancing items;
(d)
recording of transactions as they take place; and
(e)
internal coherence of the system of accounts.
However, national accounting differs on a number of points, because it has a different objective: national accounting aims to describe within a coherent framework all the activities of a country and not just those of an enterprise or group of enterprises. This objective of a consistent picture across all entities in an economy and their relationship with the rest of the world brings constraints which do not affect business accounting.
21.02
National accounting has international standards shared across every country in the world. The development and application of business accounting differ amongst countries. However, business accounting is moving to applying shared international standards. Harmonisation at world level began on 29 June 1973 with the creation of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) whose mission was to develop basic accounting standards referred to as IAS (International Accounting Standards) and then later as IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards), that could be applied across the world. In the European Union, the consolidated accounts of EU listed companies are prepared according to the IFRS frame of reference from 2005 onwards.
21.03
Detailed guidelines on the contents of business accounts and how to link business accounts to national accounts belong in specialised manuals. This Chapter answers the most common questions raised when compiling national accounts on the basis of business accounts, and addresses specific issues of the measurement of corporate activity.
SOME SPECIFIC RULES AND METHODS OF BUSINESS ACCOUNTING
21.04
In order to extract information from business accounts, national accountants should understand the international accounting standards for private corporations and for government bodies. The standards for private corporations are drawn up and maintained by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and, for government bodies, by the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB). The following paragraphs set out general principles of business accounting.
Time of recording
21.05
Business accounts record transactions when they take place, giving rise to claims and obligations, independently of the payment. This is recording on an accruals basis, as opposed to a cash basis. The national accounts are also drawn up on an accruals basis.
Double entry and quadruple entry accounting
21.06
In business accounts, each transaction of the enterprise is recorded in at least two different accounts, once on the debit side and once on the credit side for the same amount. This double entry system enables a check of the consistency of the accounts.
In national accounts, a quadruple entry system can also be used for most transactions. A transaction is reflected twice by each of the institutional units involved, for example once as a non-financial transaction in the production, income and capital accounts, and once as a financial transaction associated with the change in financial asset and liability.
Valuation
21.07
In business accounts and in national accounts, transactions are recorded at the price agreed upon by the transactors.
Assets and liabilities are generally valued at their original or historical cost in the financial statements of business entities, in possible combination with other prices, e.g. market prices for inventories. Financial instruments should be valued at fair value, which aim to reflect prices observed in markets by using specific valuation techniques if necessary.
In national accounts, assets and liabilities are recorded at current values at the time to which the balance sheet relates, not at their original valuation.
Income statement and balance sheet
21.08
For business accounts, two financial statements are prepared: the income statement and the balance sheet. The income statement groups together the transactions for income and costs, and the balance sheet stocks of assets and liabilities. These statements show the balances of the accounts, and transactions at an aggregate level. The statements are presented in the form of accounts. Both statements are closely linked to each other. The balance of the income statement is a profit or loss of the enterprise. This profit or loss is also included in the balance sheet.
21.09
The transaction accounts whose balance is included in the income statement are flow accounts. Their objective is to show the totals of income and expenditure during the financial year.
21.10
Balance sheets are stock accounts. They show the value of the assets and liabilities at the end of the financial year.
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND BUSINESS ACCOUNTS: PRACTICAL ISSUES
21.11
In order that national accountants may use business accounts on a large scale, and not just in isolated cases, a number of conditions must be met.
The first is access to businesses’ accounts. Usually, the publication of accounts is mandatory for large enterprises. Databases of such accounts are set up by private or public bodies, and it is important that national accountants are able to access these. For large enterprises, it is generally possible to obtain accounts directly from them.
The second condition is a minimum degree of standardisation of the accounting documents published by enterprises, since this is a necessary condition for computerised processing. A high level of standardisation is often associated with the existence of a body collecting accounts from enterprises in a standardised form. Collection may be organised on a voluntary basis, as in the case of the body running a financial statements centre which performs analyses for its members, or it may be made mandatory by law, as is the case where the collecting body is the tax authority. In both cases, national accountants are to request access to the databases, respecting the confidentiality policies that apply.
21.12
Business accounts can be used when the accounts are not compiled on a standardised basis. In many countries, sectors of the economy are dominated by a small number of large enterprises, and the accounts of those large enterprises can be used for the national accounts. Useful information can also be found in the notes to the accounts, such as more detail or guidance on how to interpret the entries in the accounts.
21.13
Business surveys are the other major source of data for the national accounts on corporate activities. Such surveys provide satisfactory results if the questions asked are compatible with entries and concepts of business accounts. An enterprise will not provide reliable information which is not based on its own internal information system. Business surveys are generally necessary, even in the best case where national accountants are able to access accounting databases, as the information contained in such databases is rarely detailed enough to meet all the needs of national accountants.
21.14
Globalisation complicates the use of business accounts in preparing national accounts. Business accounts must be drawn up on a national basis to be useful and this is not the case when enterprises have subsidiaries abroad. When the activity of the enterprise extends beyond the national territory, adjustments are necessary to create a national picture based on the enterprise’s business accounts. Enterprises must provide to the business accounts database, either accounts on a national basis, or the adjustments to render the enterprise accounts on a national basis. When the accounts are collected from the enterprises by the tax authority, the tax authority generally requires that the data are provided on a national basis in order to be able to calculate the tax on profit, and this is the most favourable case for use in national accounts.
21.15
Another practical condition is that the financial year should correspond with the reference period of the national accounts. For annual accounts, this is generally the calendar year, and so it is desirable, in order to make best use of business accounts, that the majority of these enterprises start their financial year on 1 January. Enterprises can choose other financial year start dates. For operations corresponding to flows in the national accounts, it is often acceptable to recreate accounts on the basis of the calendar year by combining proportions of two successive financial years, but for balance sheets this method provides less satisfactory results, especially for items liable to rapid fluctuations during the year. Quarterly accounts are often compiled by large enterprises but they are rarely collected on a systematic basis.
THE TRANSITION FROM BUSINESS ACCOUNTS TO NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: THE EXAMPLE OF NON-FINANCIAL ENTERPRISES
21.16
The use of data from business accounts of non-financial enterprises for the preparation of national accounts requires several adjustments. These adjustments can be placed in three categories: conceptual adjustments, adjustments to enable consistency with the accounts of other sectors, and adjustments for exhaustiveness.
Conceptual adjustments
21.17
Conceptual adjustments are required because business accounts are not based on exactly the same concepts as national accounts and because where these concepts are close to each other, the valuation methods can be different. Examples of conceptual adjustments for the calculation of output are as follows:
(a)
adjustment for the transition to the basic price. The turnover of enterprises is generally net of VAT but often includes taxes on products. Conversely, subsidies on products are rarely included in the turnover. It is therefore necessary to make an adjustment to the data from business accounts by deducting these taxes on products and adding these subsidies on products to arrive at an estimate of output at basic prices;
(b)
insurance premiums. Insurance premiums paid by enterprises are part of their expenditure, but national accounts require that they be broken down into three elements: net premiums, the insurance service and premium supplements. Only the part corresponding to the service is intermediate consumption, and a correction is made by deducting net premiums and premium supplements from the gross payment.
Adjustments to achieve consistency with the accounts of other sectors
21.18
National accounts require that the accounts of enterprises are consistent with those of other enterprises and units in other institutional sectors. So, taxes and subsidies valued on the basis of accounts of enterprises must be consistent with those received by or paid by general government. In practice, this is not observed and a rule is needed in order to achieve consistency. Normally information from general government is more reliable than that from enterprises, and the data from business accounts is adjusted.
Examples of adjustments for exhaustiveness
21.19
Examples of adjustments to enterprise accounting data for exhaustiveness are absence from statistical files, exemption from tax and social declarations, and evasion.
Examples of specific adjustments are as follows:
(a)
evasion regarding output sold and sale of goods for resale. Enterprises may underestimate the value of sales to evade paying tax, and an adjustment is made for this under-declaration based on information provided by the tax offices;
(b)
income in kind is employee recompense in the form of goods and services supplied free of charge. When this output and income are not recorded in the business accounts, an adjustment is made to the recorded values, for use in the national accounts. Where employees are housed free of charge, an estimate of the corresponding property rentals is included in output and income of employees where they are not already included in the business accounts;
(c)
tips. When employees receive tips from customers of the enterprise, these must be considered as part of the turnover and thus of output. Tips not recorded as output and employee income in the business accounts are estimated and the output and income adjusted for the national accounts.
SPECIFIC ISSUES
Holding gains/losses
21.20
Holding gains and losses are one of the main difficulties in the transition from business accounts to national accounts, mainly due to the nature of the information available in business accounts. For example, intermediate consumption of raw materials may not be a direct purchase, but a withdrawal from stock. In national accounts, the withdrawal from stock is valued at the current market price, while in business accounts the withdrawal from stock is valued at its historical cost, i.e. at the price of the goods when purchased. The difference between the two prices is a holding gain/loss in national accounts.
21.21
Eliminating holding gains/losses on stocks is not easy as it requires the collection of numerous pieces of supplementary accounting information and the use of many assumptions. The information collected must relate both to the nature of the products stocked and the change in prices in the course of the year. Since the information available on the nature of products more often than not relates to sales and purchases rather than to the stocks themselves, it is necessary to base the estimates on models the relevance of which is difficult to verify. But, despite its imprecision, this exercise is the price that has to be paid for being able to use the data from business accounting.
21.22
The valuations of assets at fair value provide a better picture of the balance sheet than valuations at historic cost but they also generate more data on holding gains/losses.
Globalisation
21.23
Globalisation makes the use of business accounts more difficult when businesses have foreign establishments. The activity carried out beyond national borders must be excluded from the accounts in order to use them for national accounts. This exclusion is difficult except in the best case where tax regulations require enterprises to publish accounts for their activity exclusively on national territory. The existence of multi-national groups poses valuation problems, as exchanges between subsidiaries can be made on the basis of prices not observed in the open market, but set to minimise global tax burden. National accountants make adjustments to bring the prices of intra-group transactions into line with market prices. In practice this is extremely difficult, due to the lack of information and the lack of a comparable free market for highly specialised products. Adjustments can only be made in exceptional cases, based on an analysis that is accepted by experts in the area concerned.
21.24
Globalisation has supported the reintroduction of recording imports and exports on the basis of change of ownership of goods, rather than change of physical location. This renders business accounts more appropriate for national accounts, as business accounts are also based on a change of ownership of goods rather than physical change of location. When an enterprise places processing with an enterprise based outside the national economic territory, business accounts are on the appropriate basis to act as a data source for the national accounts. Whilst this helps, there remain many measurement issues in the estimation of multinational businesses in the national accounts.
Mergers and acquisitions
21.25
Corporate restructuring causes the appearance and disappearance of financial assets and liabilities. Where a corporation disappears as an independent legal entity because it has been absorbed by one or more corporations, all financial assets/liabilities including shares and other equity that existed between that corporation and those that absorbed it disappear from the system of national accounts. That disappearance is recorded as changes in sector classification, and structure in the other changes in the volume of assets accounts.
21.26
However, the purchase of shares and other equity of a corporation as part of a merger is recorded as financial transaction between the purchasing corporation and the previous owner. Replacement of existing shares by shares in the takeover or new corporation are recorded as redemptions of shares accompanied by the issue of new shares. Financial assets/liabilities that existed between the absorbed corporation and third parties remain unchanged and pass to the absorbing corporation(s).
21.27
Where a corporation is legally split up into two or more institutional units, new financial assets and liabilities (appearance of financial assets) are recorded as changes in sector classification and structure.
CHAPTER 22
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
INTRODUCTION
22.01
This Chapter provides a general introduction to satellite accounts. It describes and discusses how the central framework can be used as a building-block-system to serve many important specific data needs.
22.02
Satellite accounts elaborate or modify the tables and accounts in the central framework to serve specific data needs.
22.03
The central framework consists of the following:
(a)
integrated economic accounts (institutional sector accounts) providing an overview of all economic flows and stocks;
(b)
an input-output framework providing an overview of the supply and use of goods and services in current prices and in volume terms;
(c)
tables linking the industry information in the input-output framework with the institutional sector accounts;
(d)
tables on expenditure by function of government, households and corporations;
(e)
tables on population and employment.
The accounts and tables can be on an annual or quarterly basis, and be national or regional.
22.04
Satellite accounts can meet specific data needs by providing more detail, by rearranging concepts from the central framework or by providing supplementary information, such as non-monetary flows and stocks. They may deviate from the central concepts. Changing those concepts can improve the link with economic theory concepts such as welfare or transactions costs, administrative concepts such as taxable income or profits in the business accounts, and policy concepts such as strategic industries, the knowledge economy and business investments used in national or European economic policy. In such cases, the satellite system will contain a table showing the link between its major aggregates and those in the central framework
22.05
Satellite accounts can range from simple tables to an extended set of accounts. Satellite accounts can be compiled and published on an annual or quarterly basis. For some satellite accounts, production at more extended intervals such as once every five years is appropriate.
22.06
Satellite accounts can have various characteristics:
(a)
links to functions, as in functional satellite accounts;
(b)
links to industries or products, which is one type of special sector accounts;
(c)
links to institutional sectors, a second type of special sector accounts;
(d)
extension with physical or other non-monetary data;
(e)
extra detail;
(f)
use of supplementary concepts;
(g)
modification of some basic concepts;
(h)
use of modelling or inclusion of experimental results.
For a specific satellite account, one or more of the characteristics mentioned in points (a) to (h) can apply. This is illustrated in Table 22.1.
Table 22.1 —
   
Overview of satellite accounts and their major characteristics
Eight characteristics of satellite accounts
Special sector accounts
Functional accounts
Links to industries or products
Links to institutional sectors
Inclusion of non-monetary data
Extra detail
Supplementary concepts
Different basic concepts
Experimental results and more use of modelling
Part of EU transmission programme
1.   
Satellite accounts described in this Chapter
Agricultural
X
X
X
X
Environmental
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Health
X
X
X
X
X
X
Household production
X
X
X
X
X
Labour and SAM
X
X
X
X
Productivity and growth
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
R&D
X
X
X
X
X
X
Social protection
X
X
X
X
Tourism
X
X
X
X
X
2.   
Satellite accounts described in other chapters
Balance of payments
X
X
X
Government finance
X
X
X
X
Monetary and financial statistics, and flow of funds
X
X
X
X
Supplementary pension table
X
X
X
X
X
X
3.   
Examples of other satellite accounts with international guidelines, or in the EU data transmission programme
Corporate activity
X
X
Informal sector
X
X
Non-profit institutions
X
X
X
Public sector
X
X
Tax revenue tables
X
X
X
22.07
In this Chapter, characteristics of satellite accounts will be discussed and the following nine different satellite accounts described briefly:
(a)
agricultural accounts;
(b)
environmental accounts;
(c)
health accounts;
(d)
household production accounts;
(e)
labour accounts and social accounting matrices;
(f)
productivity and growth accounts;
(g)
R&D accounts;
(h)
social protection accounts;
(i)
tourism accounts.
Other chapters hold descriptions of other satellite accounts such as balance of payments, government finance statistics, monetary and financial statistics and the supplementary pension table.
In the 2008 SNA, several satellite accounts are described at length which are covered to a limited extent in the ESA 2010. Examples are as follows:
(a)
2008 SNA Chapter 21 Corporate activity accounts;
(b)
2008 SNA Chapter 22 Public sector accounts;
(c)
2008 SNA Chapter 23 Non-profit institutions accounts; and
(d)
2008 SNA Chapter 25 Informal sector accounts.
For international comparison of the level and composition of taxes, national tax revenue statistics are reported to the OECD, IMF and Eurostat. The concepts and data are fully linked to those in the national accounts. Tax revenue statistics is an example of a national accounts’ satellite.
Those examples are of well-established satellite accounts, as they are subject to international guidelines or are already part of an international transmission programme. Satellite accounts developed in various countries illustrate the importance and usefulness of satellite accounts, and examples are:
(a)
cultural and creative sector accounts, illustrating the economic importance of the cultural and creative sectors;
(b)
education accounts, showing the economic importance of the supply, use and financing of education;
(c)
energy accounts, showing the economic importance of the various types of energy and their link to imports, exports and government taxes and subsidies;
(d)
fishery and forestry accounts, showing their economic importance for the nation and regions;
(e)
information and communication technology (ICT) accounts, showing the supply and use of major ICT products and their producers;
(f)
redistribution by public expenditure account, showing which income groups benefit from public expenditure on education, health care, culture and housing;
(g)
residential building accounts, showing the economic importance of residential building for the nation and regions;
(h)
safety-related accounts, showing public and private expenditure on safety;
(i)
sports-related accounts, showing the economic importance of sports;
(j)
water-related accounts, showing the interaction between the physical water system and the economy at national and river basin level.
22.08
A major group of satellite accounts have a functional approach. The various functional classifications are described in this Chapter.
22.09
The wide range of satellite accounts illustrates that the national accounts serve as a frame of reference for a variety of statistics. They also illustrate the merits and limitations of the central framework. By applying the concepts, classifications and presentations such as the supply and use tables of the central framework to a wide range of topics, the flexibility and relevance of the satellite accounts approach for these topics is demonstrated. At the same time, additions, rearrangements and conceptual modifications illustrate the limitations of the central framework for the study of these topics. For example, the environmental accounts extend the central framework to take account of environmental externalities and the household production accounts extend the production boundary to include unpaid household services. In this way, they demonstrate that the central framework’s concepts of product, income and consumption are not complete measures of welfare.
22.10
Major advantages of satellite accounts include the following:
(a)
they are based on a set of clear definitions;
(b)
application of a systematic accounting approach. Examples are the breakdown of one total into various dimensions, such as the supply and use of goods and services by product and by industry; who produces, who pays and who benefits from a service; systematic stock-flow accounting; and consistent accounting in monetary and non-monetary terms. A systematic accounting approach is characterised by consistency and coherence. It also enables bookkeeping analyses based on decomposition, where change in the total is explained in terms of changes in the parts, change in value is explained by changes in volume and price, and changes in stocks are accounted for by the corresponding flows and constant ratios used in input-output analysis. Such bookkeeping analyses can be supplemented with modelling in which economic behaviour is taken into account;
(c)
linkage to basic national accounting concepts. Examples are the concepts of specific stocks and flows like production, compensation of employees, taxes, social benefits and capital formation, the concepts in the classifications by industry and by institutional sector such as the agriculture and manufacturing industries or the government sector, and major balancing items such as value added, domestic product, disposable income and net worth. Such basic national accounting concepts are well-established throughout the world, stable over time and their measurement is relatively immune to political pressure;
(d)
linkage to national accounts statistics; these are readily available, comparable over time, compiled to common international standards, and place the satellite accounts measures in the context of the national economy and its major components, such as the relationship with economic growth and public finance.
Functional classifications
22.11
Functional classifications classify expenditure by sector, and by the purpose of the expenditure. They illustrate the behaviour of consumers, government, non-profit institutions and producers.
22.12
The four different functional classifications that exist in the ESA are as follows:
(a)
classification of individual consumption by purpose (Coicop);
(b)
classification of the functions of government (COFOG);
(c)
classification of the purposes of non-profit institutions (COPNI);
(d)
classification of outlays of producers by purpose (COPP).
22.13
In Coicop 14 main categories are distinguished:
(a)
food and non-alcoholic beverages;
(b)
alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics;
(c)
clothing and footwear;
(d)
housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels;
(e)
furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance;
(f)
health;
(g)
transport;
(h)
communication;
(i)
recreation and culture;
(j)
education;
(k)
restaurants and hotels;
(l)
miscellaneous goods and services;
(m)
individual consumption expenditure of non-profit institutions serving households; and
(n)
individual consumption expenditure of general government.
The first 12 categories sum up total individual consumption expenditure by households. The last two identify individual consumption expenditure by the non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) and general government sectors, i.e. their social transfers in kind. Together all 14 items represent actual final consumption by households.
22.14
The individual consumption expenditure of NPISHs and general government is broken down into five common sub-categories reflecting major policy issues: housing, health, recreation and culture, education and social protection. These are also Coicop functions for the individual consumption expenditure by households; social protection is a sub-category of 12 
miscellaneous goods and services
. As a consequence, Coicop also shows for each of these five common sub-categories, the role of private households, government and non-profit institutions serving households. For example, it can describe the role of government in providing housing, health and education.
22.15
Coicop also serves other major uses such as using the subcategories to show expenditure by households on consumer durables. Household budget surveys frequently use a classification scheme based on Coicop to collect household expenditure information. This can then be allocated to products for a supply and use table.
22.16
The classification of government expenditure by function (COFOG) is a major tool for describing and analysing government finance. The 10 major categories distinguished are:
(a)
general public services;
(b)
defence;
(c)
public order and safety;
(d)
economic affairs;
(e)
environmental protection;
(f)
housing and community amenities;
(g)
health;
(h)
recreation, culture and religion;
(i)
education; and
(j)
social protection.
The classification can be used to classify individual and collective consumption expenditure by the government. However, it also serves to illustrate the role of other types of expenditure such as subsidies, investment grants and social assistance in cash, for pursuing policy purposes.
22.17
For describing and analysing the expenditure of private non-profit institutions serving households, COPNI is used. The nine major categories distinguished are:
(a)
housing;
(b)
health;
(c)
recreation and culture;
(d)
education;
(e)
social protection;
(f)
religion;
(g)
political parties, labour and professional organisations;
(h)
environmental protection; and
(i)
services n.e.c.
22.18
For describing and analysing the behaviour of producers, COPP can be used. Six main categories are distinguished:
(a)
outlays on infrastructure;
(b)
outlays on research and development;
(c)
outlays on environmental protection;
(d)
outlays on marketing;
(e)
outlays on human resource development;
(f)
outlays on current production programmes, administration and management.
In combination with information by transaction, COPP can provide information on the ‘outsourcing’ of business services, i.e. the substitution of ancillary activities by purchases of corresponding services from other producers such as cleaning, catering, transport and research.
22.19
COFOG and COPP show expenditure on environmental protection by the government and producers. This information is used to describe and analyse the interaction between economic growth and environment.
22.20
Some expenditure, like final consumption expenditure and intermediate consumption, can be classified by function and by product group. The product classification shows which products are involved and gives a description of the different production processes and their links with the supply and use of products. This contrasts with the functional classifications as follows:
(a)
expenditure on different products can serve one function;
(b)
expenditure on one product can serve different functions;
(c)
some expenditure is not transactions in products, but can be very important for a functional classification, e.g. subsidies and social security benefits in cash for the classification of expenditure by general government.
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
Functional satellite accounts
22.21
Functional satellite accounts focus on describing and analysing the economy for a function, such as environment, health, and research and development. For each function they provide a systematic accounting framework. They do not provide an overview of the national economy, but focus on what is relevant for the function. To that end, they show detail not visible in the aggregated central framework, rearrange information, add information on non-monetary flows and stocks, ignore what is irrelevant for the chosen function and define functional aggregates as the key concepts.
22.22
The central framework is mainly institutional in nature. A functional satellite account can combine a functional approach with an activity and product analysis. Such a combined approach is useful for many fields, such as culture, sport, education, health, social protection, tourism, environmental protection, research and development (R&D), development aid, transportation, safety and housing. Most of the fields refer to services; they generally cover a number of activities and correspond in many cases to subjects that are related to questions of economic growth or of social concern.
22.23
A key concept in functional satellite accounts is national expenditure on the function as shown in Table 22.2. This key concept is also useful in defining the coverage of the functional satellite account.
22.24
To analyse the uses for a function involves asking questions such as ‘How many resources are devoted to education, transportation, tourism, environmental protection, and data processing?’. In order to answer such questions, decisions have to be made with regard to:
(a)
which products are relevant for the field concerned. National expenditure includes all the current uses of, and capital formation in, such products;
(b)
for which activities will capital be recorded;
(c)
which transfers are relevant for this field.
Table 22.2 —
   
National expenditure on a function or product
Annual data series
Actual final consumption of the products chosen
Market products
Non-market products
Individual
Collective
Intermediate consumption
Actual
Internal
Gross capital formation
In the chosen products
Other
Chosen current transfers
Chosen capital transfers
Uses of resident units financed by the rest of the world
National expenditure
Table 22.3 —
   
The supply of characteristic and connected products
Output by industry
Total
Imports
Total supply at basic prices
Trade and transport margins
Taxes on products
Subsidies on products
Total supply at purchasers’ prices
Characteristic producers
Other producers
Principal product
Secondary product
Ancillary
Total
Principal
Secondary
Ancillary
Characteristic products
1.
2.
…
Connected products
1.
2.
…
Other products
Total
Table 22.4 —
   
The use of characteristic and connected products
Costs of production by industry
Total
Exports
Final consumption
Total
Gross capital formation
Total use at purchasers’ prices
Characteristic producers
Other producers
Households
Government
NPISH
Principal product
Secondary product
Ancillary
Total
Principal
Secondary
Ancillary
Collective Individual
Characteristic products
1.
2.
…
Connected products
1.
2.
….
Other products
Total
Compensation of employees
Other net taxes on production
Consumption of fixed capital
Specific products (characteristic or connected)
Other
Operating surplus, net
Total
Supplementary information
Labour inputs
Gross fixed capital formation
Specific products
Other
Fixed capital stock, net
Specific products
Other
22.25
Depending on the field, the design of a satellite account will emphasise the following:
(a)
the detailed analysis of the production and uses of the specific goods and services, such as R&D, ICT or transport;
(b)
the detailed analysis of transfers, such as for social protection;
(c)
production, uses and transfers equally, such as for education and health;
(d)
uses as such, in areas such as tourism and environmental protection;
(e)
the financing of social protection and health by government and non-profit institutions.
22.26
Two types of products can be distinguished: characteristic products and connected products. The first category covers the products which are typical for the field under study. For such products, the satellite account can show how the products are produced, what kinds of producers are involved, what kinds of labour and fixed capital they use and the efficiency of the production process. For example, for health, characteristic products are health services, public administration services, education and R&D services in health.
22.27
Connected products are relevant for a function without being typical, either by nature or because they are classified in broader categories of products. For example, for health, transport of patients is a connected service. Other examples of connected products are pharmaceutical products and other medical goods, like glasses. For such products, the satellite account does not show the features of production. The precise borderline between characteristic and connected products depends on the economic organisation in a country and the purpose of a satellite account.
22.28
Some services may appear in two or more satellite accounts. For example, research in health services in higher education institutions is a product relevant for satellite accounts on research and development, as well as education and health. This also implies that the national expenditure on various functions may partly overlap; simple aggregation of such expenditures to arrive at a total as a percentage of GDP may involve double-counting.
22.29
The concepts in the satellite account may deviate from those in the central framework. For example, voluntary work may be included in satellite accounts on education and health. For a satellite account on transport, the ancillary transport services can be shown separately. For a satellite account on development aid, the loans which are given at preferential conditions are accounted for. Benefits or costs resulting from rates of interest lower than the market ones are recorded as implicit transfers.
22.30
For satellite accounts on social protection and development aid, specific transfers are the most important components of national expenditure. In other fields, such as education and health, the major part of the transfers, most of which are in kind, are a means of financing the acquisition by users. This implies that they are already included in expenditure on final consumption, intermediate consumption and capital formation and should not be recorded twice. However, this does not apply to all the transfers, e.g. student grants may serve to finance various outlays in addition to tuition fees or school books; this residual part should then be recorded as a transfer in the satellite account.
22.31
The functional satellite account can provide an overview of the users or beneficiaries. The classification of users and beneficiaries can be based on the classification of institutional sectors and types of producers, e.g. market producers, non-market producers, government as a collective consumer, households as consumers and rest of the world. Various sub-categories may be distinguished, e.g. by industry and by institutional subsector.
22.32
In many satellite accounts, households or individuals are the most important type of users and beneficiaries. In order to be useful for social policy and analysis, a further breakdown of households is necessary. Various criteria may be used according to different purposes, such as income, age, gender, location, etc. For policy and analysis, knowledge of the number of people concerned in each category is needed in order to calculate the average consumption or transfer, or the number of people who do not benefit.
Special sector accounts
22.33
Special sector accounts provide an overview focused on one industry or product, a regrouping of various industries or products, one subsector or a regrouping of various subsectors. Three types of special sector accounts can be distinguished:
(a)
those linked to industries or products;
(b)
those linked to institutional sectors;
(c)
those combining both approaches.
Examples of special sector accounts linked to industries or products are agricultural accounts, forestry and fishery accounts, tourism accounts, ICT accounts, energy accounts, transport accounts, residential building accounts and accounts for the creative sector.
Examples of special sector accounts linked to institutional sectors are government finance statistics, monetary and financial statistics, balance of payments, public sector accounts, accounts for non-profit institutions, household accounts and accounts on corporate activity. Tax revenue statistics can be regarded as supplementary tables to government finance statistics.
22.34
The special sector accounts can also focus on an integrated analysis of economic activities within one or more institutional sectors. For example, accounts for subsectors of non-financial corporations may be established by grouping according to their principal economic activity. The analysis may cover the full economic process, from production to accumulation. This can be done systematically at a fairly aggregated level of the standard industry classification. It can also be carried out for selected industries of special interest to a country. Similar analyses can be made for household production activities, at least up to the point where entrepreneurial income is calculated. It can also be useful to emphasise activities that play a predominant role in the economy’s external transactions. These key activities may include the petroleum sector, banking, mining activities, activities linked to specific crops, food products and beverages such as coffee, flowers, wine and whiskey, and tourism. They can play a vital role in the national economy, by accounting for an important part of exports, employment, foreign exchange assets and government resources. Key sectors may also include sectors that deserve special attention from the point of view of social economic policy. Examples of this are agricultural activities receiving subsidies and other transfers from central, local or European government, or that are protected by substantial import duties.
22.35
The first step in drawing up special sector accounts is defining the key activities and their corresponding products. For this, items of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) or the corresponding national classification may need to be grouped together. The extension of the key sector depends on the economic circumstances and the requirements for policy and analysis.
22.36
A goods and services account for the key products is established showing the resources and uses of these products. A production account and a generation of income account for the key industries are built up. For the key industries and products, detailed classifications are used for a full understanding of the economic process and the related valuation procedures in this field. There generally exists a combination of market and administered prices, and a complex system of taxes and subsidies.
22.37
The key products and key industries may be analysed in the context of a supply and use table, as shown in Tables 22.5 and 22.6. Key industries are shown in detail in columns, and other industries may be aggregated. In the rows, key products are similarly shown in detail, and other products aggregated. At the bottom of the use table, rows show labour inputs, gross fixed capital formation and stocks of fixed assets. When the key activity is carried out by very heterogeneous types of producers, such as small farmers and big plantations owned and operated by corporations, the two groups of producers are distinguished, as they have different cost structures and behave differently.
22.38
A set of accounts is compiled for the key sector. To this end, the key sector has to be delimited. In the case of oil and mining activities, the key sector generally consists of a limited number of big corporations. All transactions of the latter are covered, even when they carry out secondary activities. The distinction between public, foreign controlled and private corporations can also be fundamental when dealing with a key sector. The business accounts themselves have to be carefully studied for each big corporation involved to carry out an integrated analysis. Part of mining activities may be carried out by small corporations or unincorporated enterprises. These units must be included in the key sector, even if it is necessary to rely on partial information coming from statistical surveys or administrative data.
22.39
In many cases, government plays an important role in connection with key activities, either via taxes and property income receipts, or via regulatory activity and subsidies. Accordingly, the detailed study of transactions between the key sector and general government is important. The classification of transactions may be extended to identify those flows connected with the key activity, including the relevant taxes on products. Such flows are received, in addition to the general budget itself, by various government agencies, such as ministries for special purposes, universities, funds and special accounts. For analysis, it can be very useful to indicate what uses are made by the government of such funds. This calls for an analysis by purpose of this part of government expenditure.
Table 22.5 —
   
A supply table for key industries and products
Output by industry
Other producers
Total
Imports
Total supply at basic prices
Trade and transport margins
Taxes on products
Subsidies on products (—)
Total supply at purchasers’ prices
Key industries
1
2 …
Total
Key products
1.
2.
…
Other products
Total
Table 22.6 —
   
A use table for key industries and products
Costs of production by industry
Other producers
Total
Exports
Final consumption
Total
Gross capital formation
Total use at purchasers’ prices
Key industries
Households
Government
NPISH
1
2
…
Total
Collective Individual
Characteristic products
1.
2.
…
Other products
Total
Compensation of employees
Other net taxes on production
Consumption of fixed capital
Operating surplus, net
Total
Supplementary information
Labour inputs
Gross fixed capital formation
Fixed capital stock, net
22.40
When the key activities are based on natural non-renewable resources such as subsoil resources, the key sector accounts record the changes in these resources through new discoveries and depletion, in the other changes in volume of assets account and holding gains and losses on them in the revaluation account. Those data are crucial for assessing the economic performance of the economy. More broadly, the key sector accounts may be extended to environmental accounting.
22.41
The key sector accounts can be presented in the framework of integrated economic accounts. A column or group of columns is introduced for key sectors and other columns are renamed where relevant, such as ‘other non-financial corporations’ or ‘other households’. This makes it possible to see the respective shares of the key sector and other sectors in transactions and balancing items. The precise format of such a table depends on the objectives pursued. One more step may consist in showing in additional tables the ‘from-whom-to-whom’ relationship between the key sector and other sectors, including the rest of the world.
Inclusion of non-monetary data
22.42
A major characteristic of many satellite accounts is the inclusion of non-monetary data, such as data on CO
2
 emissions by industry in the environmental accounts or number of treatments by type of health care in the health accounts. The linkage of such non-monetary data with monetary data can provide key ratios, such as CO
2
 emissions per billions of euro of value added or the costs per treatment. Table 22.7 provides a wide range of examples.
Extra detail and supplementary concepts
22.43
Two other major characteristics of satellite accounts are extra detail and supplementary concepts. A wide range of examples are provided in Tables 22.8 and 22.9.
Table 22.7 —
   
Examples of non-monetary data in satellites
Satellite
Example of non-monetary data
Ratio of monetary and non-monetary data?
Education accounts
Number of pupils and students
Costs and fees per pupil/student
Number of teacher
Compensation of employees per teacher
Environmental accounts
Tonnes of oil
Price of oil per barrel
CO
2
 emission by industry
CO
2
 emission by industry per bin euro of value added
Government finance
Employment in government sector
Compensation of employees per employee
Number of social benefits
Average social benefit
Health accounts
Number of treatments/patients by type of health care
Costs per treatment/patient
Household production accounts
Time use in household production
Opportunity cost of time use
Labour accounts
Employment (hours worked/fte) by industry
Compensation of employees per hour worked/fte
Number of jobs
Productivity and growth accounts
Labour input by industry
Labour productivity by industry
R&D accounts
Number of patents granted
Employment in R&D sector
Compensation of employees per employee
Safety accounts
Number of prisoners
Costs per prisoner
Social protection accounts
Number of social benefits, e.g. pension beneficiaries
Average social benefit by (type of) scheme
Tourism accounts
Number of tourists
Expenditure per tourist
Table 22.8 —
   
Examples of extra detail in various satellites
Satellite
Extra detail
Agricultural accounts
More detail on the production of various agricultural products
Environmental accounts
Much more detail on the values of the stocks and flows of natural resources
More detail on environmental protection expenditure
Health accounts
Detailed breakdown of health care services
Household production accounts
Household production broken down by principal function (e.g. housing, nutrition, care)
Personal income and wealth accounts
Information on the distribution of personal income and wealth
Labour accounts and SAM
Compensation of employees and employment by age, gender and level of education
Social protection accounts
Revenue and expenditure by individual social protection scheme and grouping of schemes
Tax revenue tables
Tax revenue broken down into a much more detailed classification
Table 22.9 —
   
Examples of supplementary concepts in various satellites
Satellite
Supplementary concepts
Agricultural accounts
Three indicators of agricultural income
Environmental accounts
Environmental taxes
Government finance
Government revenue and expenditure
Informal sector accounts
Informal sector
Productivity and growth accounts
Total factor productivity
Social protection accounts
Total expenditure on old age benefits
Tax revenue tables
Total tax revenues according to various alternative definitions
Different basic concepts
22.44
The use of different basic concepts is not common in satellite accounts. A relatively minor variation is that for various satellite accounts some services are not treated as ancillary, e.g. for a transport satellite account, transport service is not treated as ancillary. However, for some satellite accounts, major changes in the basic concepts can be required, e.g. in the environmental account domestic product could be adjusted for depletion of natural resources. Examples are provided in Table 22.10.
Use of modelling and inclusion of experimental results
22.45
Some satellite accounts may be characterised by the inclusion of experimental results or the use of modelling; the figures in the satellite account are less reliable than those in the core accounts. However, compiling the core accounts also involves the use of econometric or mathematical models and the inclusion of experimental results. This is therefore not a fundamental difference between the core accounts framework and satellite accounts. These issues are illustrated by the examples in Table 22.11.
Table 22.10 —
   
Examples of different bask concepts in satellites
Satellite
Different basic concept
Environmental accounts
Adjustment of Domestic Product for depletion, defensive expenditure by the government and for degradation
Health accounts
Occupational health care is not an ancillary service
Household production accounts
Unpaid household services and volunteer services are inside the production boundary
Extended accounts
Accounts including substantially more extended concepts of production and capital formation (e.g. human capital and consumer durables)
Supplementary pension table
Unfunded defined pension benefits are treated as liabilities and assets
Transport accounts
Transport services are not an ancillary service
Table 22.11 —
   
Examples of the use of econometric or mathematical models in compiling the central framework and satellites
Central framework
Estimate of the value of financial or non-produced assets as the net present value of expected future revenue and expenditure
Correcting household surveys for non-response using regression analysis
Estimate of net fixed capital stock and consumption of fixed capital using the perpetual inventory method, expected economic life times and mathematical functions of depreciation
Estimate of the value of the services of owner-occupied dwellings using housing stock data, market rents and regression analysis
Estimate of seasonal corrections using a mathematical model
Estimate of hedonic price changes using a mathematical model
Satellites
Environmental accounts
Estimate of the value of depletion and degradation
Household production accounts
Estimate of the value of unpaid household services
Informal sector accounts
Experimental estimates of the value of all kinds of informal activities
Productivity and growth accounts
Estimate of the volume of capital input using age-efficiency functions for each type of asset
Supplementary pension table
Estimate of the pension entitlements using all kinds of actuarial assumptions about demography, discount rate and wage growth
Table with experimental results on treating R&D expenditure as capital formation
Designing and compiling satellite accounts
22.46
Designing and compiling a satellite account consists of four steps:
(a)
defining the purposes, uses and requirements;
(b)
selecting what is relevant from the national accounts;
(c)
selecting relevant supplementary information, e.g. from various specific statistics or administrative data sources;
(d)
combining both sets of concepts and figures into one set of tables and accounts.
22.47
Designing and compiling satellite accounts for the first time often reveals unexpected results during the four steps. As a consequence, drawing up satellite accounts is a work-in-progress. Only after experience of compiling and using the satellite, and making modifications where necessary, can an experimental set of tables be transformed into a mature statistical product.
22.48
In selecting what is relevant from the national accounts, three aspects can be distinguished: the international national accounting concepts, the operational concepts used in the national account statistics of a country, and the reliability of the national accounts statistics.
22.49
In designing and compiling a satellite account, applying the concepts of the central framework for a purpose often reveals features. From the point of view of the purpose, these can be helpful as well as unexpected limitations. For example, in designing and compiling a research and development account for the first time, problems such as the overlap with R&D on software and health care, or the role of multinationals in importing and exporting R&D, may be revealed.
22.50
A similar process applies to the operational concepts used in compiling national accounts statistics. Essential detail may turn out to be absent due to an excessively aggregate level of compilation or publication, or to the fact that universal concepts may not have been applied strictly. For example, the R&D activities by some major multinationals may be included in the industry of their major activities and not in the industry of R&D services.
22.51
The reliability of parts of the national accounts statistics may be a problem. The national accounts statistics were compiled and published without the purpose of the satellite account in mind. Simply selecting the relevant figures out of the official national accounts statistics will often reveal that the size, composition or development over time is not plausible for the purpose. As a consequence, current data sources and compilation methods have to be checked and enhanced by additional data sources or improved compilation methods.
22.52
Selecting relevant information from sources other than the national accounts such as other official statistics or administrative data sources will generate similar problems in terms of concepts and figures: the concepts officially used may reveal unexpected flaws in terms of the specific purpose of the satellite, the actual concepts used may differ from the official concepts and the reliability, detail, timing and frequency may pose problems. All these problems should be tackled, either through making additional estimates to overcome the difference in concepts, by classifying flows in non-monetary terms by industry or sector, or by adjusting the concepts used in the satellite account.
22.53
Combining the national accounts information and the other information into one set of tables or accounts requires additional work: omissions, overlaps and numerical inconsistencies should be resolved and the plausibility of the results assessed. Preferably a fully balanced set of tables will result. However, it may be necessary to show discrepancies between data sources and alternative approaches.
22.54
Transforming a consistent satellite account into a product for data users may involve additional steps. An overview table with key indicators for a number of years may be introduced. These key indicators could focus on describing the size, components and developments of the specific issue involved, or may show the links to the national economy and its major components. Extra detail or classifications relevant for political and analytical purposes may be added. Detail with little value added or compiled at relatively high costs may be dropped. Efforts could also focus on reducing the complexity of the tables, increasing simplicity and transparency for data users and including standard book-keeping decompositions in a separate table.
NINE SPECIFIC SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
22.55
In the remainder of this Chapter, the following satellite accounts are discussed briefly:
(a)
agricultural accounts;
(b)
environmental accounts;
(c)
health accounts;
(d)
household production accounts;
(e)
labour accounts and SAMs;
(f)
productivity and growth accounts;
(g)
R&D accounts;
(h)
social protection accounts;
(i)
tourism satellite accounts.
Agricultural accounts
22.56
An example of an agricultural account is the economic accounts for agriculture (EAA) 
(
1
)
. Its purpose is to describe agricultural production and the development of agricultural income. This information is used for analysing the economic situation of a Member State’s agriculture and for monitoring and evaluating the common agricultural policy in the Union.
22.57
The EAA consist of a production account, a generation of income account, an entrepreneurial income account and a capital account for agricultural production. The production account contains an elaborate breakdown showing output for a range of agricultural products, as well as non-agricultural secondary activities; substantial detail is also presented for intermediate consumption and capital formation. Data for the production account and gross fixed capital formation are at both current prices and in volume terms. In addition, three agricultural income indicators are presented as follows:
(a)
index of the real income of factors in agriculture per annual work unit, which is taken as the full-time equivalent;
(b)
index of real net agricultural entrepreneurial income per non-salaried annual work unit, which is taken as the full-time equivalent;
(c)
net entrepreneurial income of agriculture.
The indices and changes in real terms of the values of the income indicators are obtained by deflating the corresponding nominal data with the implicit price index of GDP.
22.58
The agricultural industry in the EAA closely resembles the agricultural industry in the central framework. However, there are some differences. For example, units engaged in seed production for research or certification or units for which the agricultural activity represents solely a leisure activity, are left out. But most of the agricultural activities of units whose principal activity is not agricultural are included in the agricultural industry.
22.59
The EAA focus on the production process and the income derived from it. However, in principle a satellite account on agriculture need not correspond fully to the EAA. Agricultural accounts could also include a supply and use table providing a systematic overview of the supply and use of agricultural products. This would provide information on the role of imports including the role of import duties, and developments in the demand for agricultural products such as exports and final consumption by households, and the role of related taxes and subsidies. The agricultural accounts could also be expanded by including secondary non-agricultural activities, such as those for leisure activity. This can reveal important trends and substitution mechanisms. The interaction with the government can be made explicit by adding a table showing all income and capital transfers by local, central, or European government to the agricultural industry; this may also include special treatments in the tax system. Agricultural accounts could also be designed like a special sector account and include a full sequence of accounts including balance sheets and financial accounts, for farmers and corporations engaged in agriculture.
Environmental accounts
22.60
In the international guidelines on environmental accounts (System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, SEEA, 2003) 
(
2
)
, an elaborate accounting framework is presented for describing and analysing the environment and its interactions with the economy. The environmental accounts are a satellite account of the national accounts. This implies that the same classifications and concepts are used; modifications are introduced only where it is necessary for the purpose of environmental accounts.
22.61
The integrated set of accounts for economic and environmental information permits an analysis of the contribution of the environment to the economy and the impact of the economy on the environment. It meets the needs of policymakers by providing indicators and descriptive statistics to monitor the interaction between the environment and the economy. It can also serve as a tool for strategic planning and policy analysis to identify more sustainable development paths. For example, policymakers determining the development of industries making extensive use of environmental resources either as inputs or sinks need to be aware of the long-term environmental effects. Policymakers setting environmental standards also need to be aware of the likely consequences for the economy, e.g. which industries are likely to suffer and what the consequences for employment and purchasing power are. Alternative environmental strategies can be compared by taking into account the economic consequences.
22.62
In the central framework, various aspects of environmental accounting have been taken into account. In particular, many cost and capital items of accounting for natural resources are identified separately in the classifications and accounts dealing with stocks and other volume changes of assets. For example, the classification of non-produced assets shows separate items for subsoil assets like oil reserves, mineral reserves, non-cultivated biological resources and water resources. Such features facilitate the use of the central framework as a point of departure for environmental accounting. However, several elements of the central framework, particularly those in the account for other volume changes, are broken down further and reclassified in the satellite account, and other elements are added.
22.63
From an environmental point of view, there are two major drawbacks with the central framework and its key aggregates such as GDP, capital formation and saving. First, the depletion and scarcity of natural resources has limited coverage, and these factors can threaten the sustained productivity of the economy. Second, the central framework does not cover the degradation of environmental quality and the consequences for human health and welfare.
22.64
In the central framework, only produced assets are taken into account in the calculation of net value added. The cost of their use is reflected in intermediate consumption and consumption of fixed capital. Non-produced natural assets — such as land, mineral reserves and forests — are included in the asset boundary insofar as they are under the effective control of institutional units. However, their use is not accounted for in the costs of production. This implies either that the price of the products does not reflect such costs, or, in case of depletion costs, that such costs are included with other unidentified elements in the residual derivation of operating surplus. Environmental accounts allow such costs to be explicitly recognised and estimated.
22.65
The SEEA 2003 environmental accounting framework comprises five categories:
(a)
physical and hybrid flow accounts;
(b)
economic accounts for environmental transactions;
(c)
environmental asset accounts in physical and monetary terms;
(d)
accounts for defensive expenditure and depletion;
(e)
modifying aggregates from the central framework to account for degradation.
22.66
Physical and hybrid flow accounts record four different types of flows:
(a)
natural resources: mineral, energy resources, water, soil and biological resources. At the moment they are sold on markets, they enter the economic sphere and can be characterised as products;
(b)
ecosystem inputs: oxygen necessary for combustion and water through rainfall or natural watercourses and other natural inputs like nutrients and carbon dioxide required by plants for growth; this excludes water, nutrients or oxygen supplied as products by the economy;
(c)
products: goods and services produced within the economic sphere and used within it, including flows of goods and services between the national economy and the rest of the world. This includes cultivated biological assets, natural resources sold or bought such as oil, wood and water, and scrap materials with an economic value;
(d)
residuals: incidental and undesired outputs from the economy that have a zero or negative value to the generator. Residuals cover solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. They may be recycled or reused, or discharged into the environment. Residuals may have a positive value for a unit other than the generation. For example, household waste collected for recycling has no value to the household but may have some value to the recycler. Scrap materials that have a value realisable by the generator, like discarded equipment, are treated as products and not as residuals.
22.67
Physical flows are measured in units of quantity, which reflect the physical characteristics of the material, energy or residuals in question. A physical flow can be measured in alternative units depending on the physical characteristic that is taken into consideration. The appropriateness of one particular unit depends on the purpose and intended use of the flow account. For physical flow accounting, weight and volume are the most frequently used physical characteristics. In case of energy flows, joules or tonnes of oil equivalent are the most common unit used. The quantity units in the physical flow accounts differ from the volumes used in the central framework. For example, in the central framework the volume of a computer is not its weight, but is a weighted mix of the characteristics desired by the user, such as speed of calculation.
22.68
Physical flow accounts can be presented as supply and use tables. This is shown in Tables 22.12 and 22.13.
22.69
Hybrid flow accounts is a single matrix presentation containing both national accounts in monetary terms and physical flow accounts. An important type of hybrid accounts are hybrid supply and use tables; they combine information from the physical supply and use tables with that of supply and use tables in monetary terms.
22.70
The information in the hybrid flow accounts can be linked to environmental themes addressing particular environmental concerns, like the ‘greenhouse’ effect, ozone layer depletion and acidification. This requires conversion factors to translate the figures for specific substances into aggregated indicators for environmental themes. This can then result in an overview table showing the contribution of consumption and the production of various industries to the various environmental themes and GDP as in Table 22.14.
Table 22.12 —
   
Physical supply and use table
Physical supply table
(Millions of tonnes)
Industries
Consumption
Capital
Rest of the world
National environment
Total material supply
Agriculture, fishing and mining
Manufacturing electricity and construction
Services
Total industries
Own account transport
Other consumption
Total consumption
Capital formation, changes in inventories, waste storage
Imports of products
Natural resources and ecosystem inputs supplied by non-residents in national territory
Residuals by non-residents in RoW
Cross-boundary inflows from RoW by environmental media
I1
I2
I3
I
C1
C2
C
CF
M2
M1
M1
M3
E
Products
P1
Animal and vegetable products
66,000
49,000
1,000
116,000
16,000
132,000
P2
Stone, gravel and building materials
112,000
163,000
275,000
13,000
288,000
P3
Energy
65,000
59,000
124,000
95,000
219,000
P4
Metals, machinery, etc.
10,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
P5
Plastic and plastic products
2,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
P6
Wood, paper, etc.
7,000
7,000
14,000
1,000
15,000
P7
Other commodities
9,000
1,000
10,000
13,000
23,000
All products
250,000
299,000
2,000
551,000
150,000
701,000
Residuals
To national territory
R1
CO
2
19,020
111,398
29,930
160,348
16,908
25,080
41,988
0,990
4,172
207,498
R2
N
2
O
0,007
0,042
0,012
0,061
0,003
0,004
0,007
0,001
0,069
R3
CH
4
0,073
0,452
0,125
0,650
0,004
0,020
0,024
0,477
0,001
1,152
R4
NO
X
0,061
0,275
0,151
0,487
0,084
0,026
0,110
0,025
0,117
0,739
R5
SO
2
0,023
0,139
0,030
0,192
0,003
0,001
0,004
0,001
0,087
0,284
R6
NH
3
0,020
0,123
0,038
0,181
0,007
0,007
0,019
0,207
R7
Other to air
0,010
0,061
0,015
0,086
0,012
0,012
0,002
0,100
R8
P
0,070
0,020
0,004
0,094
0,011
0,011
0,003
0,001
0,014
0,123
R9
N
0,590
0,210
0,098
0,898
0,117
0,117
0,024
0,006
0,323
1,368
R10
Other to water
0,030
0,021
0,006
0,057
0,021
0,021
0,001
0,001
0,003
0,083
R11
Mining waste
7,233
2,320
9,553
9,553
R12
Other solid waste
8,103
71,619
22,929
102,651
0,100
5,060
5,160
71,100
1,548
7,656
188,115
Total to national territory
35,240
186,680
53,338
275,258
17,102
30,359
47,461
72,595
5,756
8,221
409,291
To RoW territory
To air
R1
CO
2
4,569
4,569
0,739
0,739
5,308
R4
NO
X
0,010
0,010
0,004
0,004
0,014
R5
SO
2
0,008
0,008
0,002
0,002
0,010
Total to RoW territory
4,587
4,587
0,745
0,745
5,332
Total residuals
35,240
186,680
57,925
279,845
17,847
30,359
48,206
72,595
5,756
8,221
414,623
Total material supply
285,240
485,680
59,925
830,845
17,847
30,359
48,206
72,595
150,000
5,756
8,221
1 115,623
Net increase by consumption (consumer durables)
Net increase in capital
Net export of products
Net extraction by non-residents
Net residuals by residents in RoW
Net cross-boundary outflow of residuals by environmental media
Net accumulation of residuals in the national environment
Net balance
Net accumulation of all materials (use less supply)
1,153
15,641
16,794
72,215
–49,000
3,000
–0,424
–4,302
372,717
411,000
Source
:
SEEAland data set.
Table 22.13. —
   
Physical supply and use table 
(continued)
Physical use table
(Millions of tonnes)
Industries
Consumption
Capital
Rest of the world
National environment
Total material use
Agriculture, fishing and mining
Manufacturing electricity and construction
Services
Total industries
Own account transport
Other consumption
Total consumption
Capital formation, changes in inventories, waste storage
Exports
Resources and ecosystem inputs used by non-residents in national territory
Residuals by residents in RoW
Cross-boundary outflows to RoW by environmental media
I1
I2
I3
I
C1
C2
C
CF
X2
X1
X1
X3
E
Products
P1
Animal and vegetable products
23,000
60,000
4,000
87,000
16,000
16,000
3,000
26,000
132,000
P2
Stone, gravel and building materials
12,000
148,000
2,000
162,000
2,000
2,000
114,000
10,000
288,000
P3
Energy
34,000
101,000
20,000
155,000
7,000
10,000
17,000
47,000
219,000
P4
Metals, machinery, etc.
11,000
11,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
20,000
P5
Plastic and plastic products
2,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
P6
Wood, paper, etc.
7,000
4,000
11,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
15,000
P7
Other commodities
5,000
8,000
1,000
14,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
23,000
All products
74,000
337,000
31,000
442,000
8,000
31,000
39,000
119,000
101,000
701,000
Natural resources
National natural resources
N1
Oil
38,000
38,000
38,000
N2
Gas
27,000
27,000
27,000
N3
Other
118,000
55,000
173,000
173,000
N4
Wood
7,000
1,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
9,000
N5
Fish
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
N6
Other
2,000
2,000
2,000
N7
Water
1,000
6,000
7,000
7,000
Total national natural resources
192,000
64,000
256,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
258,000
RoW natural resources
N5
Fish
4,000
4,000
4,000
N7
Water
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
Total RoW natural resources
4,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
Total natural resources
196,000
65,000
261,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
264,000
Ecosystem inputs
National ecosystem inputs
15,000
81,000
22,000
118,000
10,000
13,000
23,000
2,000
143,000
RoW ecosystem inputs
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
Total ecosystem inputs
15,000
81,000
25,000
121,000
11,000
13,000
24,000
2,000
147,000
Residuals
From national territory
R1
CO
2
207,498
207,498
R2
N
2
O
0,069
0,069
R3
CH
4
1,152
1,152
R4
NO
X
0,669
0,070
0,739
R5
SO
2
0,196
0,088
0,284
R6
NH
3
0,099
0,108
0,207
R7
Other from air
0,002
0,098
0,100
R8
P
0,020
0,020
0,010
0,093
0,123
R9
N
0,115
0,115
0,543
0,710
1,368
R10
Other from water
0,010
0,010
0,002
0,071
0,083
R11
Mining waste
9,553
9,553
R12
Other solid waste
0,240
2,680
3,780
6,700
25,810
2,398
153,207
188,115
Total from national territory
0,240
2,680
3,925
6,845
25,810
3,919
372,717
409,291
From RoW territory
R1
CO
2
5,308
5,308
R4
NO
X
0,014
0,014
R5
SO
2
0,010
0,010
Total from RoW territory
5,332
5,332
Total
0,240
2,680
3,925
6,845
25,810
5,332
3,919
372,717
414,623
Total material use
285,240
485,680
59,925
830,845
19,000
46,000
65,000
144,810
101,000
3,000
5,332
3,919
372,717
1 526,623
Table 22.14 —
   
Net contribution of consumption and production to GDP and to six environmental themes in the Netherlands, 1993
Percentage
Economy
Environment
Greenhouse effect
Ozone layer depletion
Acidification
Eutrophication
Solid waste
Total
100
100
100
100
100
Consumption
19
2
15
9
31
Industry
79
97
85
91
66
Capital and other sources
2
1
—
—
3
Consumption
100
100
100
100
100
100
Own transport
8
38
—
88
21
1
Other consumption
92
62
100
12
79
99
Production
100
100
100
100
100
100
Agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing
3
15
2
47
91
7
Mining and quarrying
3
2
—
1
—
1
Manufacturing
Petroleum industry
1
7
—
11
—
Chemical industry
2
14
27
6
2
16
Metal products and machinery industry
3
2
9
1
—
2
Other manufacturing
12
12
20
7
6
25
Public utilities
2
26
—
9
1
2
Transport and storage
6
8
6
12
1
5
Other services
68
14
36
6
–1
42
Source
:
de Haan (1997).
Note
:
a dash (—) indicates that the amount is nil.
22.71
The economic accounts for environmental transactions consist of environmental protection accounts and accounts for other environmentally related transactions, such as taxes, subsidies, investment grants, property income and the acquisition of emission and property rights.
22.72
For describing environmental protection, a functional approach combined with a kind of activity and product analysis is very useful. Environmental protection covers a wide range of economic activities and products. Examples are investment in clean technologies, restoring the environment after it has been polluted, recycling, the production of environmental goods and services, conservation and the management of natural assets and resources. A national aggregate of environmental protection expenditure can be defined to include ancillary activities and connected products.
22.73
In the environmental asset accounts, three different types of environmental assets are distinguished: natural resources; land and surface water; and ecosystems. Several of these environmental assets are not recorded in the central framework. This applies to environmental assets over which ownership right cannot be established. These include elements of the environment such as air, major water bodies and ecosystems that are so vast or uncontrollable that effective ownership rights cannot be enforced. Likewise, resources whose existence has not been clearly established by exploration and development such as speculative oil deposits, or that are currently inaccessible such as remote forests, are not considered assets in the central framework. The same is true for resources that have been established geologically or are readily accessible but that bring no current economic benefit because they cannot yet be profitably exploited.
22.74
Environmental asset accounts in physical and monetary terms describe the stocks of the various environmental assets and their changes. While such an account can be drawn up in monetary terms for some of the assets, for some others only physical accounts are possible. For ecosystems assets, it is unlikely that sufficient information is available to draw up stocks or changes during a year in exactly the same manner as for the other environmental assets. For these assets, it is more useful to concentrate on measuring changes in quality, most of which will relate to degradation, e.g. acidification of land and water and defoliation of timber.
22.75
The aggregates in the central framework can be modified to better account for the environmental issues. Three types of adjustments are commonly recommended: for depletion, for defensive expenditure by the government, and for degradation.
22.76
From an environmental point of view, the adjustment for depletion should be made because GDP and its growth rate do not make an allowance for the depletion of various environmental assets, such as oil and non-cultivated fish and forests. How to account for depletion is not straightforward, and many different options are available. One extreme option is to regard the whole use of such non-produced natural assets as depletion and therefore not as income from production. The other extreme option is to regard all the revenues from selling such assets as income contributing to domestic income. All the other options split the use of the assets into a component for depletion and a component for income. Different principles and different assumptions for life times and discount rates result in different figures for the adjustment for depletion.
22.77
Defensive expenditure on the environment does not consist only of environmental protection expenditure. It may be for the administration to establish and monitor fishing quotas or health expenditure related to atmospheric pollution or a nuclear disaster. An adjustment for defensive expenditure by the government is recommended in order to avoid them increasing GDP: they are intended to mitigate or undo negative environmental externalities of production or consumption not at all recorded in GDP. In terms of net domestic product, a solution can be to record all defensive expenditure by the government as capital formation and simultaneously as capital consumption. However, in terms of the more commonly used GDP, this makes no difference.
22.78
Domestic product, saving and other key aggregates can be adjusted for degradation, such as the impact of pollution in air and water. However, incorporating the effects of degradation is more difficult, less certain and more controversial than making adjustments to the accounts for either depletion or defensive expenditure. For example, how to account for damage to human health or for plants or animals growing more slowly, reproducing less and dying earlier because of environmental pollution? Should disasters be recorded as being the result of human economic activity and therefore be deducted from GDP?
Health accounts
22.79
The health accounts (see OECD, 
A System of Health Accounts
, 2000) are an international framework for health data aimed at serving analysis and policy needs, national as well as European and international. The framework is designed for countries with a wide range of different models of organising their national health systems. The framework is a major tool for monitoring fast changing and increasingly complex health care systems. It measures and presents structural changes, such as shifts from in-patient to out-patient care and the emergence of multifunctional providers.
22.80
The health accounts provide answers to three basic questions:
(a)
What kind of services and goods are purchased for health purposes?
(b)
Who is the provider of these services and goods?
(c)
What are the sources of funding?
22.81
Health care goods and services are split by function. Three categories are distinguished: personal health care services and goods; collective health care services; and health related functions.
22.82
The major types of personal health care services and goods distinguished are: services of curative care; services of rehabilitative care; services of long-term nursing care; ancillary services to health care; and medical goods dispensed to out-patients. For these personal services, a subdivision by mode of production is very useful: in-patient care, day care, out-patient care and home care. Also many other dimensions for classifying personal health care are important, such as by age, gender and income level for major categories of health care or by major disease groups, which is useful for cost of illness studies.
22.83
In comparison to the central framework, the production boundary is extended in two respects:
(a)
occupational health care such as medical check-ups of employees or emergency health care services on or off business premises is not recorded as ancillary services;
(b)
cash transfers to households for home care for the sick and disabled are treated as paid household production of health care; however, all such care with no link to cash transfers, are still excluded.
22.84
Two types of collective health services are distinguished:
(a)
prevention and public health service;
(b)
health administration and health insurance.
22.85
Seven types of health-related functions are distinguished:
(a)
capital formation of health care provider institutions;
(b)
education and training of health personnel;
(c)
research and development in health;
(d)
food, hygiene and drinking water control;
(e)
environmental health;
(f)
administration and provision of social services in kind to assist living with disease and impairment; and
(g)
administration and provision of health-related cash-benefits.
22.86
For the providers of health care, a detailed industry classification has been developed; for this purpose, the International Standard Industrial Classification was refined and modified.
22.87
Basically, health care financing can be recorded from two different perspectives. The first perspective gives a breakdown of expenditure on health into the complex range of third-party-payment arrangements plus the direct payments by households or other direct funders such as government provided health care. The second perspective seeks the ultimate burden of financing born by source of finance. This implies that the sources of financing of intermediary sources of funding are traced back to their origin. Additional transfers such as inter-governmental transfers, tax deductions, subsidies to providers and financing by the rest of the world are included to complete the picture.
22.88
Simple overview tables showing the importance of health in the national economy can be derived from health accounts, as in Table 22.15.
Table 22.15 —
   
Key-statistic on health
% GDP
% value change
% volume change
% price change
year t
year t+1
year t+2
year t
Year t+1
year t+2
year t
year t+1
year t+2
year t
year t+1
year t+2
Expenditure on health care services
Personal health expenditure
curative care
rehabilitative care
long-term nursing care
ancillary services to Health care medical goods
Collectieve health expenditure
Total
population growth
expenditure per capita
Sources of finance
Government and social security
Private health Insurance
Other
Total
GDP
100
100
100
population growth
GDP per capita
% of national total
% volume change
% wage rate change
Employment i health care industries
Household production accounts
22.89
In the central framework, household activities such as the services of owner-occupied dwellings; the production of agricultural production for own consumption; and own-account construction of dwellings; are recorded as production. However, two major types of household activity, unpaid services by household members consumed within the same household, and volunteer services, are not recorded as production. Even in the context of a satellite account, the issues of unpaid and voluntary household services raise difficult conceptual and measurement problems. They are an area of ongoing research. The purpose of a satellite account for household production 
(
3
)
 is to provide a complete picture of household production; to show income, consumption and saving of different types of households; and the interactions with the rest of the economy.
Major questions addressed are as follows:
(a)
Which services are provided?
(b)
Who is providing the services?
(c)
What is the value of the services?
(d)
What are the capital inputs and what happens to productivity?
(e)
What are the implications for the size and distribution of income, consumption and saving over various types of households and over the life cycle?
(f)
Are there shifts between paid and unpaid household services, due to structural economic and social developments, business cycle effects or government policy such as taxation issues or subsidies for paid child care?
22.90
Household production accounts may be of particular interest for the analysis of long-term economic developments and for the international comparison of levels of production, income and consumption. The major data sources used for compiling household production accounts are household budget surveys and time use surveys, and annual aggregates from these sources are distorted by sampling errors, which prevents the calculation of accurate annual growth rates. Household production accounts are therefore compiled on a regular but not annual basis, such as at five-yearly intervals and linked to an extensive time use survey.
22.91
Household production includes only services that can be delegated to someone other than the person benefiting from it, and this is known as the third party principle. As a consequence, personal care for oneself, studying, sleeping and leisure time activities are excluded.
22.92
For household production, different principal functions can be distinguished: housing, nutrition, clothing, care of children, adults and pets, and volunteer work which is by definition consumed in another household. For each of these principal functions, main or characteristic activities can be defined. This allows the allocation of expenditure or time use on such activities to those principal functions. However, some activities, like shopping, travel and household management, refer to various functions. As a consequence, the expenditure or time use of these activities is split over these functions.
22.93
In the central framework, expenditure on consumer durables are part of final consumption expenditure. However, in the household production accounts, expenditure such as expenditure on vehicles, refrigerators and equipment for construction and repair, is recorded as capital formation. The capital services of such assets are inputs to household production.
22.94
The output and value added of household production can be valued using an input or an output method. The output method is that household production is valued at market prices, i.e. at the price observed for similar services sold on the market. For the input method, valuing output as the sum of costs, the choice of valuation method for labour inputs is crucial. The possibilities include valuing wages including or excluding social security contributions, and different choices of reference group — average wages over all workers, wages of specialist workers or wages of housekeepers.
22.95
A major issue for household production accounts is the size and composition of household production and the links with the central framework. This is shown in the form of a use table as in Table 22.16.
Table 22.16 —
   
A use table for household production
Costs of production
Other producers
Total
Exports
Final consumption
Total
Gross capital formation
Total use at purchasers’ prices
Household production by function
HH
Government
Housing
Nutrition
Clothing
Care, children
Care, adults
Care, other
Volunteer
Total
Collective
Individual
Products
SNA
Conceptual differences
Total
Compensation of employees
SNA
Conceptual differences
Other net taxes on production
Consumption of fixed capital
SNA
Conceptual differences
Operating surplus, net
Total
SNA
Conceptual differences
Supplementary information
Labour inputs
SNA
Conceptual differences
Gross fixed capital formation
SNA
Conceptual differences
Fixed capital stock, net
SNA
Conceptual differences
Labour accounts and SAM
22.96
In many countries, a wide range of labour market data are collected. Population and establishment censuses, household and enterprise surveys on the labour force, hours of work, earnings and labour costs, as well as registers of population, taxes and social security provide data for monitoring and analysing labour market developments on a regular basis. Despite the availability of a large amount of such statistical information, they do not provide a complete and reliable picture of the labour market. The major measurement problems are as follows:
(a)
contradictory results between different data sources;
(b)
many different concepts without a clear linkage;
(c)
incomplete coverage;
(d)
limitations in describing labour market dynamics;
(e)
absence of links between labour market statistics and national accounts, demographic data, and other social and economic statistics such as education and social security.
A system of labour accounts can resolve such problems by combining all information on the labour market and showing the links with the major concepts and classifications of the labour market in the national accounts, such as the concepts of compensation of employees and classification by industry. A strong link with the national accounts improves the compilation of both national accounts and labour accounts, and is helpful in describing the relationship between the labour market and the rest of the economy.
22.97
A simple system of labour accounts is shown in Table 22.17. It exploits accounting identities between compensation of employees, hours worked, number of jobs, persons employed and the active and potential labour force. It is a simple system in that it shows a limited breakdown by socio-economic characteristics such as gender, but not age or level of education, and a simple breakdown by only three industries, with no cross-border workers.
22.98
A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a matrix presentation which shows the links between the supply and use tables and the institutional sector accounts. A SAM commonly provides additional information on the level and composition of employment, via a subdivision of compensation of employees and mixed income by type of person employed. This subdivision applies both to the use of labour by industry, as shown in the use tables, and the supply of labour by socio-economic subgroup, as shown in the allocation of primary income account for subsectors of the sector households. In this way, the supply and use of paid labour is shown systematically. A SAM can be thought of as an expanded system of labour accounts put in a matrix-format. Like the labour accounts and the national accounts, a SAM shows aggregates and allows analysis only in terms of aggregates and averages. Therefore, for many socio-economic analyses, the preferred models use an extended micro-database with information on socio-economic characteristics per person and household.
Table 22.17 —
   
A simple system of labour accounts
Hours worked by industry
Jobs, persons employed and labour force
Agriculture
Manufacturing
Services
Total hours worked
Hours per job
Number of jobs
Number of second jobs
Persons employed
Persons not employed
Active labour force
Not active labour force
Potential labour force
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(7)
(9)
(11)
Employees
Male
Female
Self employed
Male
Female
Total
Compensation of employees/mixed income
Employees
Male
Female
Self employed
Male
Female
Total
Remuneration per hour worked
Employees
Male
Female
Self employed
Male
Female
Total
Productivity and growth accounts
22.99
A major use of the national accounts is to describe, monitor and analyse productivity growth (for an extended overview on productivity analysis, see OECD, 
OECD Manual — Measuring Productivity: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth
, 2001). Measuring and analysing productivity growth is used in understanding the major changes in industry structure and the rise in living standards during the past century in many countries. Measuring and analysing productivity growth is also used to form policies that stimulate productivity growth and raise prosperity, while also taking into account other policy considerations such as equity and environmental issues.
22.100
Economic growth in national accounts terms is the volume growth of GDP, and this can be decomposed into components including changes in labour productivity, the productivity per unit of labour, and changes in the volume of labour. The same breakdown can be made for the volume change of value added by industry. This simple approach provides a framework for monitoring and analysing economic growth by industry. More homogeneous figures on labour inputs obtained by using not just the number of employed, but full time equivalents or hours worked and distinguishing between various qualities of labour, will result in more detailed labour productivity figures.
22.101
This simple approach omits the role of other inputs, such as capital services and intermediate products. This can be very misleading. For example, labour productivity may apparently increase substantially due to much higher capital intensity but may also increase due to efficiency gains while using the same amount of capital. By also accounting for other inputs, multifactor productivity is measured and the sources of productivity growth can be better understood. Measuring multifactor productivity amounts to decomposing the change in the volume of output into changes in the various volumes of all inputs plus a residual: multifactor productivity growth. Multifactor productivity growth reflects all that is not explained by the various inputs, i.e. the role of other inputs. However, it may also reflect measurement errors in the outputs or inputs.
22.102
The volume of capital input from the fixed capital stock can be measured in various ways. There are three crucial choices to be made:
(a)
the form of the age-efficiency or age-price function for each type of asset; common options are straight-line, geometric or hyperbolic;
(b)
the nature of the weights that are used to aggregate across different types of assets: user cost weights or market prices;
(c)
the index number formula by which this aggregation takes place. Options are a base weighted index number such as Laspeyres, or a mixed weighted index number such as Fisher and Törnqvist.
22.103
Multifactor productivity measurement helps to identify the direct growth contributions of labour, capital, intermediate inputs and multifactor productivity change. It is used in reviewing past growth patterns and for assessing the potential for future economic growth. However, for analysis and policy, in interpreting multifactor productivity measures, the following must be considered.
(a)
Not all technical changes translate into multifactor productivity growth. Embodied technological change may be accounted for via the volumes of capital and intermediate inputs. Embodied technological change represents advances in the design and quality of new vintages of capital and intermediate inputs and its effects are attributed to the respective factors as long as the factor is remunerated accordingly. In contrast, disembodied technical change is considered to be ‘costless’, for example in the form of general knowledge, blueprints, network effects or spillovers from other factors of production including better management and organisational change. Such technical change ends up by definition in the residual, i.e. multifactor productivity growth.
(b)
Multifactor productivity growth is not necessarily caused by technological change: other non-technology factors will also be picked up by the residual. This includes adjustment costs, scale effects, business cycle effects, pure changes in efficiency and measurement errors.
(c)
Multifactor productivity growth is a static measure and fails to explicitly measures feedback effects between productivity change and capital, e.g. extra output per person may lead to additional savings and investment and to a rise in the capital-labour ratio. As a consequence, it tends to understate the eventual importance of productivity change in stimulating the growth of output.
(d)
Multifactor productivity measurement helps to identify the relative importance of different sources of productivity growth. However, it has to be complemented by institutional, historical and case studies to explore the underlying causes of growth, innovation and productivity change.
22.104
For better measuring, analysing and monitoring growth and productivity, KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts have been developed all over the world. A key objective is to move beneath the aggregate economy level and examine the productivity performance of individual industries and their contributions to economic growth. In order to reveal the enormous heterogeneity in output and productivity growth across industries, many different industries are distinguished and, in the Union, EU-KLEMS distinguishes seventy two. The accounts include quantities and prices of output, capital (K), labour (L), energy (E), material (M) and services (S) inputs at the industry level. Output and productivity measures are provided in terms of growth rates and relative levels. Additional measures on knowledge creation such as R&D, patents, embodied technological change, other innovation activity and cooperation are under development. Such measures are developed for individual Member States, and linked with KLEMS databases across the rest of the world.
22.105
The accounts consist of three interdependent modules: an analytical module and two statistical modules.
22.106
The analytical module provides a research database for use in the academic world and by policymakers. It uses ‘best practice’ techniques in growth accounting, focuses on international comparability, and aims at achieving full coverage in terms of number of countries, industries and variables. It can also adopt alternative or pioneering assumptions with regard to statistical conventions, such as how to treat ICT goods, non-market services and the measurement of capital services.
22.107
The statistical modules of the database are developed in parallel with the analytical module. They include data which are broadly consistent with those published by national statistical institutes. Its methods correspond to those in the central framework of the national accounts, e.g. supply and use tables are used as the coordinating framework for productivity analysis and chain indices are applied. The statistical module includes not only national accounts data, but also supplementary information, such as employment statistics on the quantity (persons and working hours) and quality (distribution of quantities by age, gender and education level) of labour input per industry.
Research and development accounts
22.108
In the central framework, research and development expenditure is treated as intermediate consumption, i.e. as current expenditure benefiting production for the current period only. This runs counter to the nature of R&D, the aim of which is to improve production for future periods. In order to resolve the conceptual and practical issues of recording R&D as capital formation, R&D satellite tables recognising R&D as capital formation will be drawn up by Members States. This will enable Member States to develop robust and comparable methods and estimates. In a second stage, when a sufficiently high level of reliability and comparability has been achieved, R&D will be capitalised in the core accounts of the Member States.
22.109
In addition to this supplementary experimental table, a set of R&D accounts can be drawn up. The purpose of such R&D accounts is to show the role of R&D in the national economy. Questions answered include the following:
(a)
Who is producing R&D?
(b)
Who is financing R&D?
(c)
Who is using R&D?
(d)
What is the value of R&D assets in comparison to the various other assets?
(e)
What are the consequences for productivity and economic growth?
A supply and use table provides an overview of who is producing and using R&D, and this is shown in Tables 22.18 and 22.19.
Table 22.18 —
   
The supply of R&D
Manufacture of chemical products
Manufacture of ICT hardware
R&D industry
University Education
Public administration
Other industries
Total
Imports
Total supply at basic prices
Trade and transport margins
Taxes on products
Subsidies on products (—)
Total supply at purchasers’ prices
Market R&D
Own-account R&D
Non-market R&D
Other products
Total
Table 22.19 —
   
The use of R&D
Costs of production by Industry
Exports
Capital formation
Total use at purchasers’ prices
Manufacture of chemical products
Manufacture of ICT hardware
R&D industry
University Education
Public administration
Other Industries
Total
Market R&D
Own-account R&D
Non-market R&D
Other products
Total
Compensation of employees
Other net taxes on production
Consumption of fixed capital
R&D
Other
Operating surplus, net
Total
Supplementary information
Labour inputs
Gross (fixed) capital formation
R&D
Other
(Fixed) capital stock, net
R&D
Other
Social protection accounts
22.110
Social protection and its interaction with issues such as ageing, health care and social exclusion is a major issue for national and European economic and social policy. For monitoring, forecasting, analysing, and discussing social protection issues, detailed, comparable and up-to-date information on the organisation, current standing and developments of social protection in the Member States and beyond is required.
22.111
Social protection benefits are transfers to households or individuals, in cash or kind intended to relieve them from a number of risks or needs. The risks or needs of social protection refer to the functions: disability, sickness/health care, old age, survivors, family/children, unemployment, housing and social exclusion not elsewhere classified. In principle, education is not included as a risk or need unless it is a support to indigent families with children.
22.112
Social protection benefits are made through social protection schemes. These are administered and organised by public or private bodies, such as social security funds, government agencies, insurance companies, public or private employers and private welfare and social assistances institutions. The schemes do not necessarily refer to specific institutions, regulations or laws; although they do in many cases. All schemes that are solely based on individual arrangements or where simultaneous reciprocal agreements exist are not regarded as social protection.
22.113
Where the reciprocal arrangement from the employee is not simultaneous, the expenditure is classified as social protection. This applies to retirement and survivors’ pensions paid by an employer and free housing offered to retired employees. The continued payment of wages and salaries, while an employee is unable to work during sickness, maternity, disability, redundancy and so on, is regarded as social protection benefits provided by the employer.
22.114
Government-controlled schemes are where the government takes all the principal decisions about the level of benefits, the terms on which they are paid and the ways in which the scheme is financed. Government-controlled social protection is usually established by law or regulation. It includes schemes that provide social protection to public servants on the same lines as that provided to the general population by government-controlled schemes. However, it excludes schemes that government may set up in its role of employer without government-controlled counterparts in the private sector.
22.115
Examples of government-controlled schemes are as follows:
(a)
non-contributory schemes set up by government to meet its general social responsibility, such as an income support scheme for destitute people or a rent benefit scheme;
(b)
schemes run by social security funds;
(c)
schemes originally established in the private sector and for which the government has later assumed responsibility.
22.116
Examples of non-government-controlled schemes are as follows:
(a)
schemes run by non-profit institutions, like mutual benefits societies, friendly societies and institutions co-administered by the social partners;
(b)
schemes administered by commercial insurance companies;
(c)
non-autonomous schemes run by employers; this covers both funded schemes where there are separate reserves in the balance sheet to cover the liability to pay benefits in the future, and unfunded schemes with no such separate reserves.
22.117
Using information on specific individual schemes, the accounts for social protection provide a multidimensional overview of social protection, as described in 
The European System of integrated Social PROtection Statistics (ESSPROS)
, (Eurostat, 2008). The accounts describe the size and composition of social protection benefits, their financing and the administrative costs involved. Social protection benefits are classified by function such as sickness and old age, by type such as in cash and in kind, and whether they are means tested. Underlying schemes are classified according to whether they are government-controlled schemes or not, or whether they are basic versus supplementary schemes.
22.118
For each individual social protection scheme, information is provided on revenue and expenditure and a whole range of qualitative information, such as the scope, financing, history and major modifications over time.
22.119
The standard information on the various individual social protection schemes is known as the core social protection system, and is supplemented by various modules. Possible modules are as follows:
(a)
a module covering the number of pension beneficiaries;
(b)
a module on net social protection benefits. This covers the influence of taxes and social contributions paid on benefits by beneficiaries and the extent to which social benefits are provided in the form of tax rebates or tax reductions.
22.120
The concepts and classifications in the accounts for social protection are closely linked to those in the central framework. The major difference between social protection benefits and social benefits in the central framework is that the latter cover also expenditure on education; another difference is that social protection benefits may include capital transfers with a social purpose. A simple overview table as given in Table 22.20 shows these links and at the same time provides an overview of the size and composition of social protection benefits in a country.
Table 22.20 —
   
Overview of social (protection) benefits by social risk/need and transaction
Sickness
Disability
Old age
Survivors
Children/Family
Employment/Unemployment
Housing
Social Exclusion n. e. c.
Total social protection benefits
Education
social benefits national accounts
Government-controlled schemes
Social security benefits
in cash
in kind
Social assistance benefits
in cash
in kind via market producers
in kind as other non-market output
Other social protection benefits (e.g. capital transfers by the government)
Empty by definition
Total government-controlled social protection benefits
Non-government controlled schemes
Pension benefits (funded)
Other private social insurance benefits
Unfunded employee social benefits (including those by the government)
Social assistance benefits in kind by NPISH
Other social protection benefits
Empty by definition
Total other social protection benefits
Total social protection benefits
22.121
The close linkage between standard national accounts statistics and social protection statistics provides opportunities for both types of statistics. From the point of view of social protection statistics, they can be related to the official statistics on the national economy such as on economic growth and public finance. National accounts statistics broken down by social protection scheme can also serve as a check on the completeness and reliability of social protection statistics. The compilation processes of both statistics can also be linked, saving compilation costs, increasing reliability and providing new opportunities, such as making social protection statistics as timely as national accounts statistics 
(
4
)
. Similar advantages apply to the national accounts. The accounts for social protection are relatively easy to derive from the sector accounts and the table on government expenditure by COFOG function and are used in forming economic and social policy. Furthermore, they serve as a check on the reliability and completeness of the standard national accounts figures, such as social benefits and contributions.
22.122
The OECD also publishes data on social expenditure by individual scheme, in the Social Expenditure Database, SOCX. It collects the data for non-EU countries, while Eurostat provides the OECD with the data on the social protection expenditure for the Member States. A specific feature of the OECD work on social expenditure is its focus on international comparison of net social expenditure; this includes an adjustment for the impact on household consumption of differences in taxes on production and imports.
Tourism satellite accounts
22.123
The tourism satellite account 
(
5
)
 provides an overview of the supply and use of goods and services for the various types of tourism and their importance for domestic employment, balance of payments, government finance and personal and business income.
22.124
‘Tourism’ comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for less than a year and for a main purpose other than to be employed by a resident entity in the place visited. Such activities encompass all that visitors do for a trip or while on a trip. ‘Tourism’ is not restricted to typical tourism activities such as sightseeing, sunbathing and visiting sites. Travelling for the purpose of conducting business and for education and training can also be part of tourism.
22.125
The demand generated by tourism covers a variety of goods and services, in which transportation, accommodation and food services figure prominently. In order to obtain international comparability, tourism characteristic products are defined as products which, in the absence of visitors, in most countries would probably not exist in meaningful quantities or for which the level of consumption would be significantly reduced, and for which it seems possible to obtain statistical information. Tourism-connected products are a residual category, including those that have been identified as tourism-specific in a given country but for which this attribute has not been acknowledged on a worldwide basis.
22.126
Some of the services for tourism purposes, such as accommodation in second homes or transportation in individual motor vehicles, can be produced in significant amounts on own account. However, in the central framework, unlike own-account housing services, transportation services produced within households for their own benefit are not regarded as production. It is recommended to follow that convention in the tourism satellite account. But for countries in which own-account transportation services are significant, they can show them separately in the tourism satellite account.
22.127
The key measure for describing the demand for tourism is visitor consumption by households, government, non-profit institutions serving households and business. It consists of the following components:
(a)
visitor final consumption expenditure in cash;
(b)
visitor final consumption expenditure in kind, such as own-account housing services;
(c)
tourism social transfers in kind such as individual non-market services absorbed by visitors, including health services of a spa and the non-market services of a museum;
(d)
tourism business expenses. This includes tourism expenses classified as intermediate consumption and does not include other expenses corresponding to employees on business trips paid by businesses, such as payments for meals treated as remuneration in kind. As a consequence, tourism business expenses do not represent total consumption of visitors on business trips;
(e)
in addition, in order to underline the economic importance of the actions undertaken by public authorities to create a favourable environment for the development of tourism, specific measurement of the aggregate value of tourism collective consumption is suggested. This refers to activities such as the promotion of tourism by a government unit, the maintenance of order and security and the maintenance of public space.
22.128
The supply and use of goods and services for tourism purposes, as well as value added and employment generated by tourism, can be shown in a supply and use table distinguishing its characteristic products and industries and the tourism-connected products.
22.129
In their tourism satellite account, countries can further disaggregate and typify their markets, based on duration of stay, purpose of the visit, features of the visitors such as whether they are international or domestic visitors.
(
1
)
  Regulation (EC) No 138/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 December 2003 on the economic accounts for agriculture in the Community (
OJ L 33, 5.2.2004, p. 1
).
(
2
)
  The handbook is published under the joint responsibility of the United Nations, the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund, the OECD and the World Bank.
(
3
)
  See e.g. Eurostat, 
Household Production and Consumption — Proposal for a Methodology of Household Satellite Accounts
, 2003; J. Varjonen and K. Aalto, 
Household Production and Consumption in Finland — Household Satellite Account
, Statistics Finland and the National Consumer Research Centre, 2006; S. Holloway, S. Short, S. Tamplin, 
Household Satellite Account
, ONS London, 2002; J.S. Landefeld and S.H. McCulla, 
Accounting for nonmarket household production within a national accounts framework
, Review of Income and Wealth, 2000.
(
4
)
  The ESSPROS dissemination timetable is defined in Regulation (EC) No 458/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 April 2007 on the European system of integrated social protection statistics (ESSPROS) (
OJ L 113, 30.4.2007, p. 3
).
(
5
)
  See Eurostat, OECD, UNSD, UNWTO, 
Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework
, 2008.
CHAPTER 23
CLASSIFICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
23.01
The classifications in the ESA 2010 are fully in line with the new coding of the 2008 SNA, the NACE Rev. 2, the CPA 2008 (at the levels of aggregation used in the transmission programme), COFOG, Coicop, COPNI and COPP. Only a very limited number of additional codes have been introduced.
23.02
The accounts are built around a small number of conceptual elements, in particular sectors, transactions and classifications of the items subject to transactions and other flows, especially assets and liabilities. For each of these elements, a hierarchical classification exists. Accounts can be compiled at greater or lesser degrees of detail by using higher or lower levels of these hierarchies.
23.03
The entries in the accounts are divided into types designated by one or two letters as follows:
(a)
S codes relating to sectors;
(b)
P codes relating to transactions in products;
(c)
NP codes relating to transactions in non-financial non-produced assets;
(d)
D codes relating to distributive transactions;
(e)
F codes relating to transactions in financial assets and liabilities;
(f)
K codes relating to other changes in assets;
(g)
B codes relating to balancing and net worth items;
(h)
L codes relating to balance sheet entries;
(i)
AN codes relating to non-financial assets (both produced and non-produced);
(j)
AF codes relating to stocks of financial assets and liabilities.
23.04
In the context of a production approach of GDP, tables by industry and the input-output framework, use is also made of two European classifications: NACE Rev. 2 for economic activities and CPA 2008 for products by economic activities. NACE Rev. 2 is the European version of ISIC Rev. 4. Also, for an expenditure approach of GDP, CPA 2008, COFOG (classification of expenditure according to purpose: classification of the functions of government) and Coicop (classification of individual consumption according to purpose) are used; the latter two classifications are established by UN.
23.05
Apart from COFOC and Coicop, the functional classifications include also COPNI (classification of the purposes of non-profit institutions serving households) and COPP (classification of outlays of producers by purpose). These classifications are used for functional analysis of the expenditure by corporations, government, households and non-profit institutions serving households and for functional satellite accounts.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONAL SECTORS (S)
S.1
Total economy
 (
1
)
S.11
Non-financial corporations
S.11001
Public non-financial corporations
S.11002
National private non-financial corporations
S.11003
Foreign controlled non-financial corporations
S.12
Financial corporations
S.121
Central bank
 (
2
)
 (public)
S.122
Deposit-taking corporations except the central bank
 (
2
)
S.12201
Public
S.12202
National private
S.12203
Foreign controlled
S.123
Money market funds
S.12301
Public
S.12302
National private
S.12303
Foreign controlled
S.124
Non-MMF investment funds
S.12401
Public
S.12402
National private
S.12403
Foreign controlled
S.125
Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds
S.12501
Public
S.12502
National private
S.12503
Foreign controlled
S.126
Financial auxiliaries
S.12601
Public
S.12602
National private
S.12603
Foreign controlled
S.127
Captive financial institutions and money lenders
S.12701
Public
S.12702
National private
S.12703
Foreign controlled
S.128
Insurance corporations
 (
3
)
S.12801
Public
S.12802
National private
S.12803
Foreign controlled
S.129
Pension funds
 (
3
)
S.12901
Public
S.12902
National private
S.12903
Foreign controlled
S.121 + S.122 + S.123
Monetary financial institutions
S.13
General government
S.1311
Central government (excluding social security funds)
S.1312
State government (excluding social security funds)
S.1313
Local government (excluding social security funds)
S.1314
Social security funds
S.14
Households
S.141
Employers
S.142
Own-account workers
S.143
Employees
S.144
Recipients of property and transfer income
S.1441
Recipients of property income
S.1442
Recipients of pensions
S.1443
Recipients of other transfers
S.15
Non-profit institutions serving households
S.15002
National private
S.15003
Foreign controlled
S.2
Rest of the world
S.21
Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union
S.211
Member States of the European Union
S.2111
Member States of the euro area
S.2112
Member States outside the euro area
S.212
Institutions and bodies of the European Union
S.2121
The European Central Bank (ECB)
S.2122
European institutions and bodies, except the ECB
S.22
Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSACTIONS AND OTHER FLOWS
Transactions in products (P)
P.1
Output
P.11
Market output
P.119
Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)
P.12
Output for own final use
P.13
Non-market output
P.2
Intermediate consumption
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
P.4
Actual final consumption
P.41
Actual individual consumption
P.42
Actual collective consumption
P.5
Gross capital formation/P.5n net capital formation
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
P.5113
Disposals of existing fixed assets
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital (–)
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus (–)
P.51c2
Consumption of fixed capital on gross mixed income (–)
P.51n
Net fixed capital formation
P.52
Changes in inventories
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
P.6
Exports of goods and services
P.61
Exports of goods
P.62
Exports of services
P.7
Imports of goods and services
P.71
Imports of goods
P.72
Imports of services
Transactions in non-produced non-financial assets (NP codes)
The codes used for transactions in non-produced non-financial assets can be further disaggregated if desired by appending the classification of non-produced non-financial assets, AN.2.
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
Distributive transactions (D)
D.1
Compensation of employees
D.11
Wages and salaries
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
D.21
Taxes on products
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
D.2121
Import duties
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
D.29
Other taxes on production
D.3
Subsidies
D.31
Subsidies on products
D.311
Import subsidies
D.319
Other subsidies on products
D.39
Other subsidies on production
D.4
Property income
D.41
Interest
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
D.421
Dividends
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
D.44
Other investment income
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
D.45
Rent
Current transfers in cash and kind (D.5-D.8)
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
D.51
Taxes on income
D.59
Other current taxes
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
D.61
Net social contributions
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
D.614
Households’ social contribution supplements
D.6141
Households’ pension contribution supplements
D.6142
Households’ non-pension contribution supplements
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges (–)
 (
4
)
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
D.63
Social transfers in kind
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
D.7
Other current transfers
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
D.73
Current transfers within general government
D.74
Current international cooperation
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
D.752
Current transfers between households
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
D.76
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
D.9
Capital transfers
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
D.91r
Capital taxes, receivable
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
Transactions in financial assets and liabilities (F)
(Net acquisition of financial assets/net incurrence of liabilities)
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.11
Monetary gold
F.12
SDRs
F.2
Currency and deposits
F.21
Currency
F.22
Transferable deposits
F.221
Inter-bank positions
F.229
Other transferable deposits
F.29
Other deposits
F.3
Debt securities
F.31
Short-term
F.32
Long-term
F.4
Loans
 (
5
)
F.41
Short-term
F.42
Long-term
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
F.51
Equity
F.511
Listed shares
F.512
Unlisted shares
F.519
Other equity
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
F.521
Money Market Fund shares/units
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
F.63
Pension entitlements
F.64
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
F.71
Financial derivatives
F.711
Options
F.712
Forwards
F.72
Employee stock options
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
F.81
Trade credits and advances
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
Other changes in assets (K)
K.1-5
Total changes in volume
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
K.3
Catastrophic losses
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
K.6
Changes in classification
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
K.7
Nominal holding gains and losses
K.71
Neutral holding gains and losses
K.72
Real holding gains and losses
CLASSIFICATION OF BALANCING ITEMS AND NET WORTH (B)
(
6
)
B.1g
Value added, gross/Gross domestic product
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/National income, gross
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
B.8g
Saving, gross
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
B.9N
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) of the non-financial accounts
B.9F
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–) of the financial accounts
B.10
Changes in net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
 (
7
)
(
8
)
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
B.11
External balance of goods and services
B.12
Current external balance
B.90
Net worth
BF.90
Financial net worth
CLASSIFICATION OF BALANCE SHEET ENTRIES (L)
For a single balance sheet, as for the financial account, the only codes necessary are those giving the details of assets by type, using AN and AF codes. However, an account can be drawn up showing the stock levels at the start (LS) and end (LE) of a period, and the total changes between them (LX). All three codes need to be qualified by asset types. The LX entries are the sum of the entries of P.5, NP, F and K codes for the assets in question for the period covered.
From the entries in the opening balance sheet a value of net worth (B.90) can be calculated. The difference between this and the value of B.90 in the closing balance sheet must be equal to the balance of all the LX codes, which must also be equal to the value for B.10.
LS
Opening balance sheet
LX
Changes in balance sheet
LE
Closing balance sheet
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS (A)
Non-financial assets (AN)
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.11
Fixed assets by type of asset
AN.111
Dwellings
AN.112
Other buildings and structures
AN.1121
Buildings other than dwellings
AN.1122
Other structures
AN.1123
Land improvements
AN.113
Machinery and equipment
AN.1131
Transport equipment
AN.1132
ICT equipment
AN.1139
Other machinery and equipment
AN.114
Weapons systems
AN.115
Cultivated biological resources
AN.1151
Animal resources yielding repeat products
AN.1152
Tree, crop and plant resources yielding repeat products
(AN.116)
(Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets)
 (
9
)
AN.117
Intellectual property products
AN.1171
Research and development
AN.1172
Mineral exploration and evaluation
AN.1173
Computer software and databases
AN.11731
Computer software
AN.11732
Databases
AN.1174
Entertainment, literary or artistic originals
AN.1179
Other intellectual property products
AN.12
Inventories by type of inventory
AN.121
Materials and supplies
AN.122
Work-in-progress
AN.1221
Work-in-progress on cultivated biological assets
AN.1222
Other work-in-progress
AN.123
Finished goods
AN.124
Military inventories
AN.125
Goods for resale
AN.13
Valuables
AN.131
Precious metals and stones
AN.132
Antiques and other art objects
AN.133
Other valuables
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
AN.211
Land
AN.2111
Land underlying buildings and structures
AN.2112
Land under cultivation
AN.2113
Recreational land and associated surface water
AN.2119
Other land and associated surface water
AN.212
Mineral and energy reserves
AN.213
Non-cultivated biological resources
AN.214
Water resources
AN.215
Other natural resources
AN.2151
Radio spectra
AN.2159
Other
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
AN.221
Marketable operating leases
AN.222
Permits to use natural resources
AN.223
Permits to undertake specific activities
AN.224
Entitlement to future goods and services on an exclusive basis
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
Financial assets (AF)
There is a one-to-one match between the codes shown for transactions in financial assets and liabilities (F codes) and those for stock levels or positions (AF codes) for the same assets and liabilities. In practice, though, balance sheet data may be less detailed and not exist beyond the first-level breakdown, shown below. If desired, the AF codes can be disaggregated in line with the detail provided for F codes, as follows:
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.11
Monetary gold
AF.12
SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.21
Currency
AF.22
Transferable deposits
AF.221
Inter-bank positions
AF.229
Other transferable deposits
AF.29
Other deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
AF.31
Short-term
AF.32
Long-term
AF.4
Loans
 (
10
)
AF.41
Short-term
AF.42
Long-term
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares/units
AF.51
Equity
AF.511
Listed shares
AF.512
Unlisted shares
AF.519
Other equity
AF.52
Investment fund shares/units
AF.521
Money Market Fund shares/units
AF.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
AF.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
AF.63
Pension entitlements
AF.64
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
AF.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
AF.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.71
Financial derivatives
F.711
Options
F.712
Forwards
AF.72
Employee stock options
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
AF.81
Trade credits and advances
AF.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY ITEMS
The general convention is that a supplementary code begins with X and is linked to the code of a standard item by building on the code of that item.
Non-performing loans
The following codes apply to stocks and flows of non-performing loans. Since loans have the code AF.4 and F.4, the supplementary codes begin XAF4 for stocks and XF4 for flows.
The codes for stocks are:
XAF4_NNP
Loans: nominal value, non-performing
XAF4_MNP
Loans: market value, non-performing
and the associated flows:
XF4_NNP
Loans: nominal value, non-performing
XF4_MNP
Loans: market value, non-performing
In both sets of codes, the underscore is a placeholder for the detailed codes for loans where relevant, for example, on the balance sheet:
XAF41NNP
Short-term loans: nominal value, non-performing
XAF42MNP
Long-term loans: market value, non-performing
Capital services
The following codes apply to capital services.
XCS
Capital services
XCSC
Capital services — Corporations
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
XRC
Return to capital — Corporations
XOC
Other costs of capital — Corporations
XCSU
Capital services — Unincorporated enterprises
P.51c2
Consumption of fixed capital on gross mixed income
XRU
Return to capital — Unincorporated enterprises
XOU
Other costs of capital — Unincorporated enterprises
Pensions table
The following codes apply to the supplementary table described in the chapter on pensions. Different codes are proposed for the columns and rows of the table.
Columns
In the Column description the letter ‘W’ corresponds to ‘non-government’ and the numbers in these codes refer to the corresponding institutional sectors.
(a)   Liabilities recorded in the main sequence of accounts
Schemes where responsibility for the design and implementation lies outside general government
XPC1W
Defined contribution schemes
XPB1W
Defined benefit schemes
XPCB1W
Total
Schemes where responsibility for the design and implementation lies within general government
XPCG
Defined contribution schemes
General government employee defined benefit schemes
XPBG12
In the financial corporations sector
XPBG13
In the general government sector
(b)   Liabilities not recorded in the main sequence of accounts
XPBOUT13
In the general government sector
XP1314
Social security pension schemes
XPTOT
Total pension schemes
XPTOTNRH
of which: non-resident households
Rows
(a)   Opening balance sheet
XAF63LS
Pension entitlements
(b)   Transactions
XD61p
Special contributions relating to pension schemes
XD6111
Employer actual social contributions
XD6121
Employer imputed social contributions
XD6131
Household actual social contributions
XD6141
Household social contribution supplements
XD619
Other (actuarial) accumulation of pension entitlements in social security funds
XD62p
Pension benefits
XD8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
XD81
Change in pension entitlements due to transfers of entitlements
XD82
Change in entitlements due to negotiated changes in scheme structure
(c)   Other economic flows
XK7
Revaluations
XK5
Other changes in volume
(d)   Closing balance sheet
XAF63LE
Pension entitlements
(e)   Related indicators
XP1
Output
XAFN
Assets held by pension schemes at end-year
Consumer durables
Consumer durables are coded using X as a prefix plus DHHCE (durable household consumption expenditure) plus a one-digit affix for subgroups and two digits for the items. The corresponding Coicop numbers are also provided.
Coicop
SNA codes
XDHHCE1
Furniture and household appliances
05.1.1
XDHHCE11
Furniture and furnishings
05.1.2
XDHHCE12
Carpets and other floor coverings
05.3.1
XDHHCE13
Major household appliances whether electric or not
05.5.1
XDHHCE14
Major tools and equipment for house and garden
XDHHCE2
Personal transport equipment
07.1.1
XDHHCE21
Motor cars
07.1.2
XDHHCE22
Motor cycles
07.1.3
XDHHCE23
Bicycles
07.1.4
XDHHCE24
Animal drawn vehicles
XDHHCE3
Recreational and entertainment goods
08.2.0
XDHHCE31
Telephone and telefax equipment
09.1.1
XDHHCE32
Equipment for the reception, recording and reproduction of sound and pictures
09.1.2
XDHHCE33
Photographic and cinematographic equipment and optical instruments
09.1.3
XDHHCE34
Information processing equipment
09.2.1
XDHHCE35
Major durables for outdoor recreation
09.2.2
XDHHCE36
Musical instruments and major durables for indoor recreation
XDHHCE4
Other durable goods
12.3.1
XDHHCE41
Jewellery, clocks and watches
06.1.3
XDHHCE42
Therapeutic medical appliances and equipment
Foreign direct investment
Supplementary items for foreign direct investment (FDI) can be coded with X as prefix plus the F or AF code plus a FDI suffix, for example:
XF42FDI
for foreign direct investment transaction in long-term loans
Contingent positions
Supplementary codes for contingent positions are coded with X as prefix plus the AF code plus a CP suffix, for example:
XAF11CP
when the pledge of monetised gold may affects its usability as reserve asset
Currency and deposits
Supplementary items for the classification of national and foreign denominated currency and deposits are coded with X as prefix plus the F or AF code plus a suffix NC indicating currency and deposits in national currency or an affix FC with and international currency code indicating currency and deposits in foreign currency, for example:
For transactions
XF21NC
local currency notes and coins
XF22FC
deposits in foreign currency
For stocks
XAF21NC
local currency notes and coins
XAF22FC
deposits in foreign currency
Classification of debt securities according to outstanding maturity
It is suggested to classify debt securities according to outstanding maturity. This can be achieved by using an X prefix plus the AF code plus a suffix indicating a maturity date, for example:
XAF32Y20
for debt securities maturing in 2020
Listed and unlisted debt securities
Supplementary items on debt securities are coded with X as prefix plus the F or AF code plus a 1 for listed and 2 for unlisted, for example:
For transactions
XF321
for transactions in listed long-term debt securities
XF322
for transactions in unlisted long-term debt securities
For stocks
XAF321
for stocks of listed long-term debt securities
XAF322
for stocks of unlisted long-term debt securities
Long-term loans with outstanding maturity of less than one year and long-term loans secured by mortgage
Long-term loans with outstanding maturity of less than one year and long-term loans secured by mortgage are coded with X as prefix plus the F or AF code plus an affix L1 indicating outstanding maturity of less than one year and a suffix LM indicating loans secured by mortgage, for example:
For transactions
XF42L1
for long-term loans with outstanding maturity of less than one year
XF42LM
for long-term loans secured by mortgage
For stocks
XAF42L1
for long-term loans with outstanding maturity of less than one year
XAF42LM
for long-term loans secured by mortgage
Listed and unlisted investment shares
Listed and unlisted investment fund shares are coded with X as prefix plus the F or AF code plus 1 for listed and 2 for unlisted, for example:
For transactions
XF5221
for transactions in listed non-MMF investment fund shares
XF5222
for transactions in unlisted non-MMF investment fund shares
For stocks
XAF5221
for stocks of listed non-MMF investment fund shares
XAF5222
for stocks of unlisted non-MMF investment fund shares
Arrears in interest and repayments
Arrears in interest and repayments are coded with X as prefix plus the AF code plus an IA affix for interest arrears and PA affix for repayment arrears, for example:
XAF42IA
for interest arrears on long-term loans; and
XAF42PA
for repayment arrears on long-term loans.
Personal and total remittances
Personal remittances and total remittances between resident and non-resident households are coded with X as prefix plus the current transfer code plus a suffix PR for personal remittances and TR for total remittances, as follows:
XD5452PR
for personal remittances between resident and non-resident households
XD5452TR
for total remittances between resident and non-resident households
REGROUPING AND CODING OF INDUSTRIES (A) AND PRODUCTS (P)
The classifications of activities and products to be used are NACE Rev. 2 and CPA 2008. The corresponding aggregations for the ESA Transmission Programme are: A*3, A*10, A*21, A*38 and A*64 for economic activities and P*3, P*10, P*21, P*38 and P*64 for products. While not used in the ESA Transmission Programme, the levels A*88 (NACE Rev.2) and P*88 (CPA) are also presented in this Chapter.
In the following, the new aggregations are presented.
A*3
Seq. No
NACE Rev. 2 sections
Description
1
A
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
B, C, D, E and F
Mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, construction
3
G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T and U
Services
A*10
Seq. No
NACE Rev. 2 sections
Description
1
A
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
B, C, D and E
Mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
2a
C
of which: manufacturing
3
F
Construction
4
G, H and I
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; accommodation and food service activities
5
J
Information and communication
6
K
Financial and insurance activities
7
L
Real estate activities
8
M and N
Professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities
9
O, P, and Q
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security; education; human health and social work activities
10
R, S, T and U
Arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities; activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use; activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies
A*21
Seq. No
NACE Rev. 2 section
NACE Rev. 2 division
Description
1
A
01-03
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
B
05-09
Mining and quarrying
3
C
10-33
Manufacturing
4
D
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
5
E
36-39
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
6
F
41-43
Construction
7
G
45-47
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
8
H
49-53
Transportation and storage
9
I
55-56
Accommodation and food service activities
10
J
58-63
Information and communication
11
K
64-66
Financial and insurance activities
12
L
68
Real estate activities
13
M
69-75
Professional, scientific and technical activities
14
N
77-82
Administrative and support service activities
15
O
84
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
16
P
85
Education
17
Q
86-88
Human health and social work activities
18
R
90-93
Arts, entertainment and recreation
19
S
94-96
Other service activities
20
T
97-98
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use
21
U
99
Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies
A*38
Seq. No
NACE Rev. 2 divisions
Description
1
01-03
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
05-09
Mining and quarrying
3
10-12
Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products
4
13-15
Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products
5
16-18
Manufacture of wood and paper products, and printing
6
19
Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
7
20
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
8
21
Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
9
22-23
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products, and other non-metallic mineral products
10
24-25
Manufacture of basic metals and fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
11
26
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
12
27
Manufacture of electrical equipment
13
28
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
14
29-30
Manufacture of transport equipment
15
31-33
Manufacture of furniture; other manufacturing; repair and installation of machinery and equipment
16
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
17
36-39
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
18
41-43
Construction
19
45-47
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
20
49-53
Transportation and storage
21
55-56
Accommodation and food service activities
22
58-60
Publishing, audiovisual and broadcasting activities
23
61
Telecommunications
24
62-63
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; information service activities
25
64-66
Financial and insurance activities
26
68
Real estate activities
26a
of which: imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings
27
69-71
Legal and accounting activities; activities of head offices; management consultancy activities; architecture and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis
28
72
Scientific research and development
29
73-75
Advertising and market research; other professional, scientific and technical activities; veterinary activities
30
77-82
Administrative and support service activities
31
84
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
32
85
Education
33
86
Human health activities
34
87-88
Social work activities
35
90-93
Arts, entertainment and recreation
36
94-96
Other service activities
37
97-98
Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel and undifferentiated goods and services production of households for own use
38
99
Activities of extra-territorial organisations and bodies
A*64
Seq. No
NACE Rev. 2 divisions
Description
1
01
Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities
2
02
Forestry and logging
3
03
Fishing and aquaculture
4
05-09
Mining and quarrying
5
10-12
Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products
6
13-15
Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products
7
16
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
8
17
Manufacture of paper and paper products
9
18
Printing and reproduction of recorded media
10
19
Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
11
20
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
12
21
Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
13
22
Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
14
23
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
15
24
Manufacture of basic metals
16
25
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
17
26
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
18
27
Manufacture of electrical equipment
19
28
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
20
29
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
21
30
Manufacture of other transport equipment
22
31-32
Manufacture of furniture; other manufacturing
23
33
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
24
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
25
36
Water collection, treatment and supply
26
37-39
Sewerage; waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery; remediation activities and other waste management services
27
41-43
Construction
28
45
Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
29
46
Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
30
47
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
31
49
Land transport and transport via pipelines
32
50
Water transport
33
51
Air transport
34
52
Warehousing and support activities for transportation
35
53
Postal and courier activities
36
55-56
Accommodation; food and beverage service activities
37
58
Publishing activities
38
59-60
Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities; programming and broadcasting activities
39
61
Telecommunications
40
62-63
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities; information service activities
41
64
Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding
42
65
Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security
43
66
Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities
44
68
Real estate activities
44a
of which: imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings
45
69-70
Legal and accounting activities; activities of head offices; management consultancy activities
46
71
Architecture and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis
47
72
Scientific research and development
48
73
Advertising and market research
49
74-75
Other professional, scientific and technical activities; veterinary activities
50
77
Rental and leasing activities
51
78
Employment activities
52
79
Travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities
53
80-82
Security and investigation activities; services to buildings and landscape activities; office administrative, office support and other business support
54
84
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
55
85
Education
56
86
Human health activities
57
87-88
Social work activities
58
90-92
Creative, arts and entertainment activities; libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities; gambling and betting activities
59
93
Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities
60
94
Activities of membership organisations
61
95
Repair of computers and personal and household goods
62
96
Other personal service activities
63
97-98
Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel and undifferentiated goods and services production of households for own use
64
99
Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies
A*88
Seq. No
NACE Rev. 2 divisions
Description
1
01
Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities
2
02
Forestry and logging
3
03
Fishing and aquaculture
4
05
Mining of coal and lignite
5
06
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
6
07
Mining of metal ores
7
08
Other mining and quarrying
8
09
Mining support service activities
9
10
Manufacture of food products
10
11
Manufacture of beverages
11
12
Manufacture of tobacco products
12
13
Manufacture of textiles
13
14
Manufacture of wearing apparel
14
15
Manufacture of leather and related products
15
16
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
16
17
Manufacture of paper and paper products
17
18
Printing and reproduction of recorded media
18
19
Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
19
20
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
20
21
Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
21
22
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products
22
23
Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
23
24
Manufacture of basic metals
24
25
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
25
26
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
26
27
Manufacture of electrical equipment
27
28
Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
28
29
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
29
30
Manufacture of other transport equipment
30
31
Manufacture of furniture
31
32
Other manufacturing
32
33
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
33
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
34
36
Water collection, treatment and supply
35
37
Sewerage
36
38
Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery
37
39
Remediation activities and other waste management services
38
41
Construction of buildings
39
42
Civil engineering
40
43
Specialised construction activities
41
45
Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
42
46
Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
43
47
Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
44
49
Land transport and transport via pipelines
45
50
Water transport
46
51
Air transport
47
52
Warehousing and support activities for transportation
48
53
Postal and courier activities
49
55
Accommodation
50
56
Food and beverage service activities
51
58
Publishing activities
52
59
Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities
53
60
Programming and broadcasting activities
54
61
Telecommunications
55
62
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities
56
63
Information service activities
57
64
Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding
58
65
Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security
59
66
Activities auxiliary to financial services and insurance activities
60
68
Real estate activities
60a
of which: imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings
61
69
Legal and accounting activities
62
70
Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities
63
71
Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis
64
72
Scientific research and development
65
73
Advertising and market research
66
74
Other professional, scientific and technical activities
67
75
Veterinary activities
68
77
Rental and leasing activities
69
78
Employment activities
70
79
Travel agency, tour operator reservation service and related activities
71
80
Security and investigation activities
72
81
Services to buildings and landscape activities
73
82
Office administrative, office support and other business support activities
74
84
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
75
85
Education
76
86
Human health activities
77
87
Residential care activities
78
88
Social work activities without accommodation
79
90
Creative, arts and entertainment activities
80
91
Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities
81
92
Gambling and betting activities
82
93
Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities
83
94
Activities of membership organisations
84
95
Repair of computers and personal and household goods
85
96
Other personal service activities
86
97
Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel
87
98
Undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of private households for own use
88
99
Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies
P*3
Seq. No
CPA 2008 sections
Description
1
A
Products of agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
B, C, D, E and F
Mining and quarrying; manufactured products; electricity, gas, water and waste management; constructions and construction work
3
G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T and U
Services
P*10
Seq. No
CPA 2008 sections
Description
1
A
Products of agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
B, C, D and E
Mining and quarrying; manufactured products; electricity, gas, water and waste management
2a
C
of which: manufactured products
3
F
Constructions and construction work
4
G, H and I
Wholesale and retail trade services; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles services; transportation and storage services; accommodation and food services
5
J
Information and communication services
6
K
Financial and insurance services
7
L
Real estate services
8
M and N
Professional, scientific and technical services; administrative and support service services
9
O, P, and Q
Public administration and defence services; compulsory social security services; education; human health and social work services
10
R, S, T and U
Arts, entertainment and recreation services, repair of household goods and other services
P*21
Seq. No
CPA 2008 section
CPA 2008 division
Description
1
A
01-03
Products of agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
B
05-09
Mining and quarrying
3
C
10-33
Manufactured products
4
D
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning
5
E
36-39
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation services
6
F
41-43
Constructions and construction works
7
G
45-47
Wholesale and retail trade services; repair services of motor vehicles and motorcycles
8
H
49-53
Transportation and storage services
9
I
55-56
Accommodation and food services
10
J
58-63
Information and communication services
11
K
64-66
Financial and insurance services
12
L
68
Real estate services
13
M
69-75
Professional, scientific and technical services
14
N
77-82
Administrative and support services
15
O
84
Public administration and defence services; compulsory social security services
16
P
85
Education services
17
Q
86-88
Human health and social work services
18
R
90-93
Arts, entertainment and recreation services
19
S
94-96
Other services
20
T
97-98
Services of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services produced by households for own use
21
U
99
Services provided by extraterritorial organisations and bodies
P*38
Seq. No
CPA 2008 divisions
Description
1
01-03
Products of agriculture, forestry and fishing
2
05-09
Mining and quarrying
3
10-12
Food products, beverages and tobacco products
4
13-15
Textiles, wearing apparel and leather products
5
16-18
Wood and paper products, and printing services
6
19
Coke and refined petroleum products
7
20
Chemicals and chemical products
8
21
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
9
22-23
Rubber and plastics products, and other non-metallic mineral products
10
24-25
Basic metals and fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
11
26
Computer, electronic and optical products
12
27
Electrical equipment
13
28
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
14
29-30
Transport equipment
15
31-33
Furniture; other manufactured goods; repair and installation services of machinery and equipment
16
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning
17
36-39
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation services
18
41-43
Constructions and construction works
19
45-47
Wholesale and retail trade services; repair services of motor vehicles and motorcycles
20
49-53
Transportation and storage services
21
55-56
Accommodation and food services
22
58-60
Publishing, audiovisual and broadcasting services
23
61
Telecommunications services
24
62-63
Computer programming, consultancy and related services; information services
25
64-66
Financial and insurance services
26
68
Real estate services
26a
of which: imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings
27
69-71
Legal and accounting services; services of head offices; management consultancy services; architectural and engineering services; technical testing and analysis services
28
72
Scientific research and development services
29
73-75
Advertising and market research services; other professional, scientific and technical services; veterinary services
30
77-82
Administrative and support services
31
84
Public administration and defence services; compulsory social security services
32
85
Education services
33
86
Human health services
34
87-88
Social work services
35
90-93
Arts, entertainment and recreation services
36
94-96
Other services
37
97-98
Services of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services produced by households for own use
38
99
Services provided by extraterritorial organisations and bodies
P*64
Seq. No
CPA 2008 divisions
Description
1
01
Products of agriculture, hunting and related services
2
02
Products of forestry, logging and related services
3
03
Fish and other fishing products; aquaculture products; support services to fishing
4
05-09
Mining and quarrying
5
10-12
Food products; beverages; tobacco products
6
13-15
Textiles; wearing apparel; leather and related products
7
16
Wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture; articles of straw and plaiting materials
8
17
Paper and paper products
9
18
Printing and recording services
10
19
Coke and refined petroleum products
11
20
Chemicals and chemical products
12
21
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
13
22
Rubber and plastics products
14
23
Other non-metallic mineral products
15
24
Basic metals
16
25
Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
17
26
Computer, electronic and optical products
18
27
Electrical equipment
19
28
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
20
29
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
21
30
Other transport equipment
22
31-32
Furniture; other manufactured goods
23
33
Repair and installation services of machinery and equipment
24
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning
25
36
Natural water; water treatment and supply services
26
37-39
Sewerage services; sewage sludge; waste collection, treatment and disposal services; materials recovery; remediation services and other waste management services
27
41-43
Constructions and construction works
28
45
Wholesale and retail trade and repair services of motor vehicles and motorcycles
29
46
Wholesale trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
30
47
Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
31
49
Land transport services and transport services via pipelines
32
50
Water transport services
33
51
Air transport services
34
52
Warehousing and support services for transportation
35
53
Postal and courier services
36
55-56
Accommodation and food services
37
58
Publishing services
38
59-60
Motion picture, video and television programme production services, sound recording and music publishing; programming and broadcasting services
39
61
Telecommunications services
40
62-63
Computer programming, consultancy and related services; information services
41
64
Financial services, except insurance and pension funding
42
65
Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding services, except compulsory social security
43
66
Services auxiliary to financial services and insurance services
44
68
Real estate services
44a
of which: imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings
45
69-70
Legal and accounting services; services of head offices; management consulting services
46
71
Architecture and engineering services; technical testing and analysis services
47
72
Scientific research and development services
48
73
Advertising and market research services
49
74-75
Other professional, scientific and technical services; veterinary services
50
77
Rental and leasing services
51
78
Employment services
52
79
Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation services and related services
53
80-82
Security and investigation services; services to buildings and landscape; office administrative, office support and other business support services
54
84
Public administration and defence services; compulsory social security services
55
85
Education services
56
86
Human health services
57
87-88
Residential care services; social work services without accommodation
58
90-92
Creative, arts and entertainment services; library, archive, museum and other cultural services; gambling and betting services
59
93
Sporting services and amusement and recreation services
60
94
Services furnished by membership organisations
61
95
Repair services of computers and personal and household goods
62
96
Other personal services
63
97-98
Services of households as employers of domestic personnel and undifferentiated goods and services produced by private households for own use
64
99
Services provided by extraterritorial organisations and bodies
P*88
Seq. No
CPA 2008 divisions
Description
1
01
Products of agriculture, hunting and related services
2
02
Products of forestry, logging and related services
3
03
Fish and other fishing products; aquaculture products; support services to fishing
4
05
Coal and lignite
5
06
Crude petroleum and natural gas
6
07
Metal ores
7
08
Other mining and quarrying products
8
09
Mining support services
9
10
Food products
10
11
Beverages
11
12
Tobacco products
12
13
Textiles
13
14
Wearing apparel
14
15
Leather and related products
15
16
Wood and products of wood and cork, except furniture; articles of straw and plaiting materials
16
17
Paper and paper products
17
18
Printing and recording services
18
19
Coke and refined petroleum products
19
20
Chemicals and chemical products
20
21
Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
21
22
Rubber and plastics products
22
23
Other non-metallic mineral products
23
24
Basic metals
24
25
Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
25
26
Computer, electronic and optical products
26
27
Electrical equipment
27
28
Machinery and equipment n.e.c.
28
29
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
29
30
Other transport equipment
30
31
Furniture
31
32
Other manufactured goods
32
33
Repair and installation services of machinery and equipment
33
35
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning
34
36
Natural water; water treatment and supply services
35
37
Sewerage services; sewage sludge
36
38
Waste collection, treatment and disposal services; materials recovery services
37
39
Remediation services and other waste management services
38
41
Buildings and building construction works
39
42
Constructions and construction works for civil engineering
40
43
Specialised construction works
41
45
Wholesale and retail trade and repair services of motor vehicles and motorcycles
42
46
Wholesale trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
43
47
Retail trade services, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
44
49
Land transport services and transport services via pipelines
45
50
Water transport services
46
51
Air transport services
47
52
Warehousing and support services for transportation
48
53
Postal and courier services
49
55
Accommodation services
50
56
Food and beverage serving services
51
58
Publishing services
52
59
Motion picture, video and television programme production services, sound recording and music publishing
53
60
Programming and broadcasting services
54
61
Telecommunications services
55
62
Computer programming, consultancy and related services
56
63
Information services
57
64
Financial services, except insurance and pension funding
58
65
Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding services, except compulsory social security
59
66
Services auxiliary to financial services and insurance services
60
68
Real estate services
60a
of which: imputed rents of owner-occupied dwellings
61
69
Legal and accounting services
62
70
Services of head offices; management consulting services
63
71
Architectural and engineering services; technical testing and analysis services
64
72
Scientific research and development services
65
73
Advertising and market research services
66
74
Other professional, scientific and technical services
67
75
Veterinary services
68
77
Rental and leasing services
69
78
Employment services
70
79
Travel agency, tour operator and other reservation services and related services
71
80
Security and investigation services
72
81
Services to buildings and landscape
73
82
Office administrative, office support and other business support services
74
84
Public administration and defence services; compulsory social security services
75
85
Education services
76
86
Human health services
77
87
Residential care services
78
88
Social work services without accommodation
79
90
Creative, arts and entertainment services
80
91
Library, archive, museum and other cultural services
81
92
Gambling and betting services
82
93
Sporting services and amusement and recreation services
83
94
Services furnished by membership organisations
84
95
Repair services of computers and personal and household goods
85
96
Other personal services
86
97
Services of households as employers of domestic personnel
87
98
Undifferentiated goods and services produced by private households for own use
88
99
Services provided by extraterritorial organisations and bodies
CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT (COFOG)
01
General public services
01.1
Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs
01.2
Foreign economic aid
01.3
General services
01.4
Basic research
01.5
R&D general public services
01.6
General public services n.e.c.
01.7
Public debt transactions
01.8
Transfers of a general character between different levels of government
02
Defence
02.1
Military defence
02.2
Civil defence
02.3
Foreign military aid
02.4
R&D defence
02.5
Defence n.e.c.
03
Public order and safety
03.1
Police services
03.2
Fire-protection services
03.3
Law courts
03.4
Prisons
03.5
R&D public order and safety
03.6
Public order and safety n.e.c.
04
Economic affairs
04.1
General economic, commercial and labour affairs
04.2
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
04.3
Fuel and energy
04.4
Mining, manufacturing and construction
04.5
Transport
04.6
Communication
04.7
Other industries
04.8
R&D economic affairs
04.9
Economic affairs n.e.c.
05
Environmental protection
05.1
Waste management
05.2
Waste water management
05.3
Pollution abatement
05.4
Protection of biodiversity and landscape
05.5
R&D environmental protection
05.6
Environmental protection n.e.c.
06
Housing and community amenities
06.1
Housing development
06.2
Community development
06.3
Water supply
06.4
Street lighting
06.5
R&D housing and community amenities
06.6
Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
07
Health
07.1
Medical products, appliances and equipment
07.2
Outpatient services
07.3
Hospital services
07.4
Public health services
07.5
R&D health
07.6
Health n.e.c.
08
Recreation, culture and religion
08.1
Recreational and sporting services
08.2
Cultural services
08.3
Broadcasting and publishing services
08.4
Religious and other community services
08.5
R&D recreation, culture and religion
08.6
Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c.
09
Education
09.1
Pre-primary and primary education
09.2
Secondary education
09.3
Post-secondary non-tertiary education
09.4
Tertiary education
09.5
Education not definable by level
09.6
Subsidiary services to education
09.7
R&D education
09.8
Education n.e.c.
10
Social protection
10.1
Sickness and disability
10.2
Old age
10.3
Survivors
10.4
Family and children
10.5
Unemployment
10.6
Housing
10.7
Social exclusion n.e.c.
10.8
R&D social protection
10.9
Social protection n.e.c.
CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION BY PURPOSE (Coicop)
01-12   Individual consumption expenditure of households
01
Food and non-alcoholic beverages
01.1
Food
01.2
Non-alcoholic beverages
02
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics
02.1
Alcoholic beverages
02.2
Tobacco
02.3
Narcotics
03
Clothing and footwear
03.1
Clothing
03.2
Footwear
04
Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
04.1
Actual rentals for housing
04.2
Imputed rentals for housing
04.3
Maintenance and repair of the dwelling
04.4
Water supply and miscellaneous services relating to the dwelling
04.5
Electricity, gas and other fuels
05
Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance
05.1
Furniture and furnishings, carpets and other floor coverings
05.2
Household textiles
05.3
Household appliances
05.4
Glassware, tableware and household utensils
05.5
Tools and equipment for house and garden
05.6
Goods and services for routine household maintenance
06
Health
06.1
Medical products, appliances and equipment
06.2
Outpatient services
06.3
Hospital services
07
Transport
07.1
Purchase of vehicles
07.2
Operation of personal transport equipment
07.3
Transport services
08
Communication
08.1
Postal services
08.2
Telephone and telefax equipment
08.3
Telephone and telefax services
09
Recreation and culture
09.1
Audio-visual, photographic and information processing equipment
09.2
Other major durables for recreation and culture
09.3
Other recreational items and equipment, gardens and pets
09.4
Recreational and cultural services
09.5
Newspapers, books and stationery
09.6
Package holidays
10
Education
10.1
Pre-primary and primary education
10.2
Secondary education
10.3
Post-secondary non-tertiary education
10.4
Tertiary education
10.5
Education not definable by level
11
Restaurants and hotels
11.1
Catering services
11.2
Accommodation services
12
Miscellaneous goods and services
12.1
Personal care
12.2
Prostitution
12.3
Personal effects n.e.c.
12.4
Social protection
12.5
Insurance
12.6
Financial services n.e.c.
12.7
Other services n.e.c.
13
Individual consumption expenditure of non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs)
13.1
Housing
13.2
Health
13.3
Recreation and culture
13.4
Education
13.5
Social protection
13.6
Other services
14
Individual consumption expenditure of general government
14.1
Housing
14.2
Health
14.3
Recreation and culture
14.4
Education
14.5
Social protection
CLASSIFICATION OF THE PURPOSES OF NON-PROFIT INSTITUTIONS SERVING HOUSEHOLDS (COPNI)
01
Housing
02.
Health
02.1
Medical products, appliances and equipment
02.2
Outpatient services
02.3
Hospital services
02.4
Public health services
02.5
R&D health
02.6
Other health services
03
Recreation and culture
03.1
Recreational and sporting services
03.2
Cultural services
04
Education
04.1
Pre-primary and primary education
04.2
Secondary education
04.3
Post-secondary non-tertiary education
04.4
Tertiary education
04.5
Education not definable by level
04.6
R&D education
04.7
Other educational services
05
Social protection
05.1
Social protection services
05.2
R&D social protection
06
Religion
07
Political parties, labour and professional organisations
07.1
Services of political parties
07.2
Services of labour organisations
07.3
Services of professional organisations
08
Environmental protection
08.1
Environmental protection services
08.2
R&D environmental protection
09
Services n.e.c.
09.1
Services n.e.c. (excluding R&D)
09.2
R&D services n.e.c.
CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLAYS OF PRODUCERS BY PURPOSE (COPP)
01
Outlays on infrastructure
01.1
Outlays on road and land construction and improvement
01.2
Outlays on engineering and related technological work
01.3
Outlays on information management
02
Outlays on research and development
02.1
Outlays on research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering
02.2
Outlays on research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities
03
Outlays on environmental protection
03.1
Outlays on protection of ambient air and climate
03.2
Outlays on waste water management
03.3
Outlays on waste management
03.4
Outlays on protection of soil and groundwater
03.5
Outlays on noise and vibration abatement
03.6
Outlays on protection of biodiversity and landscape
03.7
Outlays on environmental protection n.e.c.
04
Outlays on marketing
04.1
Outlays on direct sales effects
04.2
Outlays on advertising
04.3
Outlays on marketing n.e.c.
05
Outlays on human resource development
05.1
Outlays on education and training
05.2
Outlays on health
05.3
Outlays on social services
06
Outlays on current production programmes, administration and management
06.1
Outlays on current production programmes
06.2
Outlays on external transportation
06.3
Outlays on safety and security
06.4
Outlays on management and administration
(
1
)
  For all codes in sectors S.11 and S.12, the fifth digit 1/2/3 refers to public/national private/foreign controlled.
(
2
)
  Central bank (S.121) plus deposit-taking corporations except the central bank (S.122) correspond to S.12B.
(
3
)
  Insurance corporations (S.128) plus pension funds (S.129) correspond to S.12I.
(
4
)
  Employers’ contributions appear in both the generation of income account and allocation of primary income account as payable by employers and receivable by employees. In the secondary distribution of income account, these amounts are payable by households and receivable by those administering social insurance schemes. In order to show exactly the same value in each case, the deduction of the charge that represents part of the output of the schemes and final consumption of the beneficiary households is also shown in the secondary distribution of income account as a separate item. The social insurance scheme service charges item (D.61SC) is thus an adjustment item only and not a distributive transaction in itself.
(
5
)
  Memo item: foreign direct investment (add code FDI).
(
6
)
  All balancing items can be measured gross or net of consumption of fixed capital. The code for gross balancing items is constituted of the code of the item plus the letter ‘g’. Similarly, the letter ‘n’ attached to a code indicates the net value.
(
7
)
  This is not a balancing item in the structure of the accounting system. It is the total of the right-hand side of the capital account. However, as a significant component of changes in net worth, it is coded with the other components of the latter.
(
8
)
  For the rest of the world, this refers to changes in net worth due to current external balance and capital transfers.
(
9
)
  Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets (AN.116) are treated as part of fixed capital formation, that is the acquisition of fixed assets. However, when stock levels are itemised, the value of these costs of ownership transfer is included with the non-produced assets to which they refer and so are not shown separately as part of AN.11. In the case of land transferring, the costs of ownership transfer on all land are to be included with land improvements (AN.1123). The item AN.116 is included in the full list, shown below, for presentation purposes only.
(
10
)
  Memo item: foreign direct investment (add code FDI).
CHAPTER 24
THE ACCOUNTS
Table 24.1 —
   
Account 0: Goods and services account
Resources
Uses
P.1
Output
3 604
P.2
Intermediate consumption
1 883
P.11
Market output
3 077
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 399
P.12
Output for own final use
147
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
1 230
P.13
Non-market output
380
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
169
D.21
Taxes on products
141
P.5g
Gross capital formation
414
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
359
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
358
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
9
P.7
Imports of goods and services
499
P.5113
Disposals of existing fixed assets
–8
P.71
Imports of goods
392
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
17
P.72
Imports of services
107
P.52
Changes in inventories
28
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
10
P.6
Exports of goods and services
540
P.61
Exports of goods
462
P.62
Exports of services
78
Table 24.2 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for the total economy
I:
Production account
Uses
Resources
P.2
Intermediate consumption
1 883
P.1
Output
3 604
P.11
Market output
3 077
P.12
Output for own final use
147
P.13
Non-market output
380
D.21 – D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
133
B.1*g
Gross domestic product
1 854
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
222
B.1*n
Net domestic product
1 632
II:
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1:
Primary distribution of income account
II.1.1:
Generation of income account
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 150
B.1*g
Gross domestic product
1 854
D.11
Wages and salaries
950
B.1*n
Net domestic product
1 632
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
200
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
168
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
13
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
18
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
235
D.21
Taxes on products
141
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
121
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
D.2121
Import duties
17
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
3
D.29
Other taxes on production
94
D.3
Subsidies
–44
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–8
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–36
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
452
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
214
P.51c2
Consumption of fixed capital on gross mixed income
8
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
238
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
II.1.2:
Allocation of primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
391
B.2g
Operating surplus. gross
452
D.41
Interest
217
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
62
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
238
D.421
Dividends
54
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
8
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 154
D.44
Other investment income
47
D.11
Wages and salaries
954
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
200
policy holders
25
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.442
Investment income payable on pension
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
168
entitlements
8
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
13
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
investment fund shareholders
14
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
18
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
investment fund shareholders
6
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
235
investment fund shareholders
8
D.21
Taxes on products
141
D.45
Rent
65
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
121
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
D.2121
Import duties
17
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
3
D.29
Other taxes on production
94
D.3
Subsidies
–44
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–8
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–36
D.4
Property income
397
D.41
Interest
209
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
62
D.421
Dividends
53
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
9
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
14
D.44
Other investment income
47
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
25
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
8
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
14
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
6
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
8
D.45
Rent
65
B.5*g
Gross national income
1 864
B.5*n
Net national income
1 642
II.1.2.1:
Entrepreneurial income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
240
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
452
D.41
Interest
162
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
D.44
Other investment income
47
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
238
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
25
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
D.442
Investment income payable on pension
entitlements
8
D.4
Property income
245
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective
D.41
Interest
139
investment fund shareholders
14
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
35
D.45
Rent
31
D.421
Dividends
35
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
11
D.44
Other investment income
16
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
5
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
0
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
11
D.45
Rent
44
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
343
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
174
II.1.2.2:
Allocation of other primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
151
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income. gross
343
D.41
Interest
55
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
174
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
62
D.421
Dividends
54
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 154
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
8
D.11
Wages and salaries
954
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
200
D.44
Other investment income
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
policy holders
D.442
Investment income payable on pension
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
235
entitlements
D.21
Taxes on products
141
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
121
investment fund shareholders
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
D.45
Rent
34
D.2121
Import duties
17
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
3
D.29
Other taxes on production
94
D.3
Subsidies
–44
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–8
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–36
D.4
Property income
152
D.41
Interest
70
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
27
D.421
Dividends
18
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
9
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
3
D.44
Other investment income
31
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
20
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
8
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
3
D.45
Rent
21
B.5*g
Gross national income
1 864
B.5*n
Net national income
1 642
II.2:
Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Resources
Current transfers
1 212
B.5*g
Gross national income
1 864
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
212
B.5*n
Net national income
1 642
D.51
Taxes on income
203
D.59
Other current taxes
9
Current transfers
1 174
D.61
Net social contributions
333
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
213
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.51
Taxes on income
204
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
168
D.59
Other current taxes
9
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
13
D.61
Net social contributions
333
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
18
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
168
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
13
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
129
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
115
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
18
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
14
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.614
Households’ social contribution supplements
10
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
129
D.6141
Households’ pension contribution supplements
8
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
115
D.6142
Households’ non-pension contribution supplements
2
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
14
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
–6
D.614
Households’ social contribution supplements
10
D.6141
Households’ pension contribution supplements
8
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
384
D.6142
Households’ non-pension contribution supplements
2
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
53
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
6
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
45
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
8
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
384
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
279
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
53
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
250
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
45
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
29
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
8
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
52
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
279
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
250
D.7
Other current transfers
283
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
29
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
56
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
52
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
43
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
13
D.7
Other current transfers
244
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
48
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
47
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
45
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
44
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
3
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
3
D.73
Current transfers within general government
96
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
57
D.74
Current international cooperation
22
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
42
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
52
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
15
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
36
D.73
Current transfers within general government
96
D.752
Current transfers between households
7
D.74
Current international cooperation
1
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
9
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
43
D.76
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources
9
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
36
D.752
Current transfers between households
1
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
6
B.6*g
National disposable income, gross
1 826
B.6*n
National disposable income, net
1 604
II.3:
Redistribution of income in kind account
Uses
Resources
D.63
Social transfers in kind
215
B.6*g
National disposable 
income, gross
1 826
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
211
B.6*n
National disposable 
income, net
1 604
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
4
D.63
Social transfers in kind
215
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
211
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
4
B.7*g
Adjusted national disposable income, gross
1 826
B.7*n
Adjusted national disposable income, net
1 604
II.4:
Use of income account
II.4.1:
Use of disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.6*g
National disposable income, gross
1 826
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 399
B.6*n
National disposable income, net
1 604
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
1 230
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
169
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
B.8*g
National saving, gross
427
B.8*n
National saving, net
205
II.4.2:
Use of adjusted disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
1 826
P.4
Actual final consumption
1 399
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
1 604
P.41
Actual individual consumption
1 230
P.42
Actual collective consumption
169
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
B.8*g
National saving, gross
427
B.8*n
National saving, net
205
III:
Accumulation accounts
III.1:
Capital account
III.1.1:
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
202
B.8*n
National saving, net
205
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
62
D.91r
Capital taxes, receivable
2
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
23
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
37
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–65
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
–2
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
–27
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–36
III.1.2:
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
P.5g
Gross capital formation
414
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
202
P.5n
Net capital formation
192
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
376
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
359
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
358
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
9
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
–8
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
17
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
– 222
P.52
Changes in inventories
28
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
10
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
0
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
0
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
10
III.2:
Financial account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
10
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
436
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
426
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–1
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
F.11
Monetary gold
–1
F.11
Monetary gold
F.12
SDRs
0
F.12
SDRs
0
F.2
Currency and deposits
89
F.2
Currency and deposits
102
F.21
Currency
33
F.21
Currency
35
F.22
Transferable deposits
26
F.22
Transferable deposits
28
F.221
Inter-bank positions
–5
F.221
Inter-bank positions
–5
F.229
Other transferable deposits
31
F.229
Other transferable deposits
33
F.29
Other deposits
30
F.29
Other deposits
39
F.3
Debt securities
86
F.3
Debt securities
74
F.31
Short-term
27
F.31
Short-term
24
F.32
Long-term
59
F.32
Long-term
50
F.4
Loans
78
F.4
Loans
47
F.41
Short-term
22
F.41
Short-term
11
F.42
Long-term
56
F.42
Long-term
36
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
107
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
105
F.51
Equity
91
F.51
Equity
94
F.511
Listed shares
77
F.511
Listed shares
84
F.512
Unlisted shares
7
F.512
Unlisted shares
7
F.519
Other equity
7
F.519
Other equity
3
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
16
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
11
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
7
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
5
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
9
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
6
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
48
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
48
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
7
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
7
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
22
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
22
F.63
Pension entitlements
11
F.63
Pension entitlements
11
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
3
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
3
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
2
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
2
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
3
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
3
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
14
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
11
F.71
Financial derivatives
12
F.71
Financial derivatives
9
F.711
Options
5
F.711
Options
4
F.712
Forwards
7
F.712
Forwards
5
F.72
Employee stock options
2
F.72
Employee stock options
2
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
15
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
39
F.81
Trade credits and advances
7
F.81
Trade credits and advances
16
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
8
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
23
III.3:
Other changes in assets accounts
III.3.1:
Other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
33
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
30
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
26
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
4
K.6
Changes in classification
2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
2
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–11
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
–8
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
–8
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
2
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–3
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
–1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
–2
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
–11
Total other changes in volume
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–9
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
–2
AN.11
Fixed assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.12
Inventories
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
AN.13
Valuables
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1
AF
Financial assets
3
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AF.3
Debt securities
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
2
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
2
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
–2
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
13
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–7
AN.11
Fixed assets
–2
AN.12
Inventories
–3
AN.13
Valuables
–2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
17
AN.21
Natural resources
9
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
6
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets
3
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
10
III.3.2:
Revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/ losses (–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains(–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
280
AF
Liabilities
76
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
126
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
111
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
7
AF.3
Debt securities
42
AN.13
Valuables
8
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
154
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
34
AN.21
Natural resources
152
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
2
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
84
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
12
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
40
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
32
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
288
III.3.2.1:
Neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
198
AF
Liabilities
126
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
121
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
111
AF.2
Currency and deposits
30
AN.12
Inventories
4
AF.3
Debt securities
26
AN.13
Valuables
6
AF.4
Loans
29
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
77
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
28
AN.21
Natural resources
76
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
7
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
6
AF
Financial assets
136
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
16
AF.2
Currency and deposits
30
AF.3
Debt securities
25
AF.4
Loans
28
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
26
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
7
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
208
III.3.2.2:
Real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
82
AF
Liabilities
–50
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
5
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–30
AN.12
Inventories
3
AF.3
Debt securities
16
AN.13
Valuables
2
AF.4
Loans
–29
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
77
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
6
AN.21
Natural resources
76
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–7
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–6
AF
Financial assets
–52
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–4
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–30
AF.3
Debt securities
15
AF.4
Loans
–28
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
6
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–7
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–4
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
80
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.1:
Opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
4 621
AF
Liabilities
7 762
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
2 818
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
2 579
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 471
AN.12
Inventories
114
AF.3
Debt securities
1 311
AN.13
Valuables
125
AF.4
Loans
1 437
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1 803
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2 756
AN.21
Natural resources
1 781
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
471
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
22
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
14
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
302
AF
Financial assets
8 231
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
770
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 482
AF.3
Debt securities
1 263
AF.4
Loans
1 384
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2 614
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
470
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
21
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
227
B.90
Net worth
5 090
IV.2:
Changes in balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
Total changes in assets
Total changes in liabilities
AN
Non-financial assets
482
AF
Liabilities
505
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
294
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
246
AF.2
Currency and deposits
102
AN.12
Inventories
32
AF.3
Debt securities
116
AN.13
Valuables
16
AF.4
Loans
47
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
186
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
141
AN.21
Natural resources
178
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
49
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
8
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
11
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
39
AF
Financial assets
523
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
11
AF.2
Currency and deposits
89
AF.3
Debt securities
126
AF.4
Loans
78
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
141
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
49
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
14
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
15
B.10
Changes in net worth
500
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
202
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
10
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
288
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
208
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
80
IV.3:
Closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
5 101
AF
Liabilities
8 267
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
3 112
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
2 825
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 573
AN.12
Inventories
146
AF.3
Debt securities
1 427
AN.13
Valuables
141
AF.4
Loans
1 484
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1 989
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2 897
AN.21
Natural resources
1 959
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
520
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
30
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
25
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
341
AF
Financial assets
8 754
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
781
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 571
AF.3
Debt securities
1 389
AF.4
Loans
1 462
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2 755
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
519
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
35
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
242
B.90
Net worth
5 590
Table 24.3 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for non-financial corporations
I:
Production account
Uses
Resources
P.2
Intermediate consumption
1 477
P.1
Output
2 808
P.11
Market output
2 808
P.12
Output for own final use
0
B.1g
Value added, gross
1 331
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
157
B.1n
Value added, net
1 174
II:
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1:
Primary distribution of income account
II.1.1:
Generation of income account
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
986
B.1g
Value added, gross
1 331
D.11
Wages and salaries
841
B.1n
Value added, net
1 174
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
145
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
132
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
122
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
10
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
13
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
12
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.29
Other taxes on production
88
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–35
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
292
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
157
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
135
II.1.2:
Allocation of primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
134
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
292
D.41
Interest
56
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
135
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
47
D.421
Dividends
39
D.4
Property income
96
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
8
D.41
Interest
33
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
10
D.45
Rent
31
D.421
Dividends
10
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
4
D.44
Other investment income
8
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
5
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
3
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
1
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
2
D.45
Rent
41
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
254
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
97
II.1.2.1:
Entrepreneurial income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
87
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
292
D.41
Interest
56
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
135
D.45
Rent
31
D.4
Property income
96
D.41
Interest
33
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
10
D.421
Dividends
10
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
4
D.44
Other investment income
8
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
5
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
3
D.45
Rent
41
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
301
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
144
II.1.2.2:
Allocation of other primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
47
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income. gross
301
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
47
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
144
D.421
Dividends
39
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
8
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
254
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
97
II.2:
Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Resources
Current transfers
98
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
254
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
24
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
97
D.51
Taxes on income
20
D.59
Other current taxes
4
Current transfers
72
D.61
Net social contributions
66
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
62
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
31
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
62
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
27
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
49
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
4
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
13
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
12
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
12
D.7
Other current transfers
12
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
8
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
25
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
8
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
19
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
4
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
6
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
1
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
2
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
3
D.7
Other current transfers
6
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
6
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
6
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
0
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
228
B.6n
Disposable income, net
71
II.4:
Use of income account
II.4.1:
Use of disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
228
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.6n
Disposable income, net
71
B.8g
Saving, gross
228
B.8n
Saving, net
71
III:
Accumulation accounts
III.1:
Capital account
III.1.1:
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
88
B.8n
Saving, net
71
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
33
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
23
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
10
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–16
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
0
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–16
III.1.2:
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
P.5g
Gross capital formation
308
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
88
P.5n
Net capital formation
151
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
280
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
263
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
262
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
5
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
–4
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
17
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
– 157
P.52
Changes in inventories
26
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
2
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
–7
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
–6
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
–1
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–56
III.2:
Financial account
Change in assets
Change in liabilities and net worth
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–56
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
83
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
139
F.2
Currency and deposits
39
F.2
Currency and deposits
F.21
Currency
5
F.21
Currency
F.22
Transferable deposits
30
F.22
Transferable deposits
F.229
Other transferable deposits
30
F.229
Other transferable deposits
F.29
Other deposits
4
F.29
Other deposits
F.3
Debt securities
7
F.3
Debt securities
6
F.31
Short-term
10
F.31
Short-term
2
F.32
Long-term
–3
F.32
Long-term
4
F.4
Loans
19
F.4
Loans
21
F.41
Short-term
14
F.41
Short-term
4
F.42
Long-term
5
F.42
Long-term
17
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
10
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
83
F.51
Equity
10
F.51
Equity
83
F.511
Listed shares
5
F.511
Listed shares
77
F.512
Unlisted shares
3
F.512
Unlisted shares
3
F.519
Other equity
2
F.519
Other equity
3
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
0
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
0
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
0
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
1
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
0
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
F.71
Financial derivatives
3
F.71
Financial derivatives
2
F.711
Options
1
F.711
Options
2
F.712
Forwards
2
F.712
Forwards
0
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.72
Employee stock options
1
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
26
F.81
Trade credits and advances
3
F.81
Trade credits and advances
6
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
1
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
20
III.3:
Other changes in assets accounts
III.3.1:
Other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
26
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
26
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
22
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
4
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–9
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
–6
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
–6
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–3
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
–1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
–2
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
–5
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–5
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.12
Inventories
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
–5
AN.13
Valuables
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
–4
AN.21
Natural resources
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
1
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
K.6
Changes in classification
6
AF.3
Debt securities
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
6
AF.4
Loans
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
2
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
14
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–2
AN.11
Fixed assets
1
AN.12
Inventories
–3
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
14
AN.21
Natural resources
10
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
4
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets
2
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
14
III.3.2:
Revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
144
AF
Liabilities
18
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
63
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
58
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AN.12
Inventories
4
AF.3
Debt securities
1
AN.13
Valuables
1
AF.4
Loans
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
81
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
17
AN.21
Natural resources
80
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
8
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
3
AF.4
Loans
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
5
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
134
III.3.2.1:
Neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
101
AF
Liabilities
37
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
60
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
58
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1
AN.12
Inventories
1
AF.3
Debt securities
1
AN.13
Valuables
1
AF.4
Loans
18
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
41
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
14
AN.21
Natural resources
40
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
3
AF
Financial assets
18
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
8
AF.3
Debt securities
2
AF.4
Loans
1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
3
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
3
B.103
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
82
III.3.2.2:
Real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
43
AF
Liabilities
–19
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
3
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–1
AN.12
Inventories
3
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
–18
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
40
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
3
AN.21
Natural resources
40
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–3
AF
Financial assets
–10
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–8
AF.3
Debt securities
1
AF.4
Loans
–1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–3
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
52
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.1:
Opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
2 151
AF
Liabilities
3 221
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1 274
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
1 226
AF.2
Currency and deposits
40
AN.12
Inventories
43
AF.3
Debt securities
44
AN.13
Valuables
5
AF.4
Loans
897
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
877
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1 987
AN.21
Natural resources
864
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
12
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
13
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
4
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
237
AF
Financial assets
982
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
382
AF.3
Debt securities
90
AF.4
Loans
50
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
280
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
25
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
5
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
150
B.90
Net worth
–88
IV.2:
Changes in balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
Total changes in assets
Total changes in liabilities
AN
Non-financial assets
301
AF
Liabilities
157
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
195
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
165
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
27
AF.3
Debt securities
7
AN.13
Valuables
3
AF.4
Loans
21
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
106
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
100
AN.21
Natural resources
101
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
5
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
26
AF
Financial assets
93
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
39
AF.3
Debt securities
10
AF.4
Loans
19
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
17
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
B.10
Changes in net worth
237
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
88
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
14
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
134
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
82
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
52
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.3:
Closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
2 452
AF
Liabilities
3 378
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1 469
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
1 391
AF.2
Currency and deposits
40
AN.12
Inventories
70
AF.3
Debt securities
51
AN.13
Valuables
8
AF.4
Loans
918
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
983
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2 087
AN.21
Natural resources
965
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
12
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
18
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
7
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
263
AF
Financial assets
1 075
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
421
AF.3
Debt securities
100
AF.4
Loans
69
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
297
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
26
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
8
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
154
B.90
Net worth
149
Table 24.4 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for financial corporations
I:
Production account
Uses
Resources
P.2
Intermediate consumption
52
P.1
Output
146
P.11
Market output
146
P.12
Output for own final use
0
B.1g
Value added, gross
94
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
12
B.1n
Value added, net
82
II:
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1:
Primary distribution of income account
II.1.1:
Generation of income account
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
44
B.1g
Value added, gross
94
D.11
Wages and salaries
29
B.1n
Value added, net
82
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
5
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
4
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
4
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
0
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
1
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
1
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
4
D.39
Other subsidies on production
0
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
46
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
12
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
34
II.1.2:
Allocation of primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
168
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
46
D.41
Interest
106
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
34
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
15
D.421
Dividends
15
D.4
Property income
149
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
0
D.41
Interest
106
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
25
D.44
Other investment income
47
D.421
Dividends
25
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
0
25
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
7
D.442
Investment income payable on pension
D.44
Other investment income
8
entitlements
8
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective
holders
0
investment fund shareholders
14
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective
investment fund shareholders
8
investment fund shareholders
6
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective
investment fund shareholders
3
investment fund shareholders
8
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective
D.45
Rent
0
investment fund shareholders
5
D.45
Rent
3
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
27
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
15
II.1.2.1:
Entrepreneurial income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
153
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
46
D.41
Interest
106
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
34
D.44
Other investment income
47
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
25
D.4
Property income
149
D.442
Investment income payable on pension
D.41
Interest
106
entitlements
8
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
25
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective
D.421
Dividends
25
investment fund shareholders
14
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
0
D.45
Rent
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
7
D.44
Other investment income
8
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
0
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
8
D.45
Rent
3
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
42
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
30
II.1.2.2:
Allocation of other primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
15
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
42
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
15
B.4n
Entrepreneurial income, net
30
D.421
Dividends
15
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
0
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
27
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
15
II.2:
Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Resources
Current transfers
277
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
27
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
10
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
15
D.51
Taxes on income
7
D.59
Other current taxes
3
Current transfers
275
D.61
Net social contributions
212
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
205
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
109
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
205
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
104
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
193
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
5
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
12
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
2
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
1
D.7
Other current transfers
62
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
13
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
94
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
0
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
90
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
13
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
4
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
48
D.614
Households’ social contribution supplements
10
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
45
D.6141
Households’ pension contribution supplements
8
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
3
D.6142
Households’ non-pension contribution supplements
2
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
1
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
3
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
1
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
0
D.7
Other current transfers
62
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
47
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
44
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
3
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
15
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
15
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
0
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
25
B.6n
Disposable income, net
13
II.4:
Use of income account
II.4.1:
Use of disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
25
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
B.6n
Disposable income, net
13
B.8g
Saving, gross
14
B.8n
Saving, net
2
III:
Accumulation accounts
III.1:
Capital account
III.1.1:
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–5
B.8n
Saving, net
2
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
0
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
0
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–7
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
0
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–7
III.1.2:
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
P.5g
Gross capital formation
8
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–5
P.5n
Net capital formation
–4
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
8
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
8
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
8
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
0
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
0
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
0
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
–12
P.52
Changes in inventories
0
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
0
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
0
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
0
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
0
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–1
III.2:
Financial account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–1
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
172
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
173
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–1
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
F.11
Monetary gold
–1
F.11
Monetary gold
0
F.12
SDRs
0
F.12
SDRs
0
F.2
Currency and deposits
10
F.2
Currency and deposits
65
F.21
Currency
15
F.21
Currency
F.22
Transferable deposits
–5
F.22
Transferable deposits
26
F.221
Inter-bank positions
–5
F.221
Inter-bank positions
–5
F.229
Other transferable deposits
0
F.229
Other transferable deposits
31
F.29
Other deposits
0
F.29
Other deposits
39
F.3
Debt securities
66
F.3
Debt securities
30
F.31
Short-term
13
F.31
Short-term
18
F.32
Long-term
53
F.32
Long-term
12
F.4
Loans
53
F.4
Loans
0
F.41
Short-term
4
F.41
Short-term
0
F.42
Long-term
49
F.42
Long-term
0
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
28
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
22
F.51
Equity
25
F.51
Equity
11
F.511
Listed shares
23
F.511
Listed shares
7
F.512
Unlisted shares
1
F.512
Unlisted shares
4
F.519
Other equity
1
F.519
Other equity
0
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
3
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
11
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
2
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
5
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
1
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
6
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
7
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
48
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
2
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
7
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
22
F.63
Pension entitlements
F.63
Pension entitlements
11
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
3
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
3
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
2
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
2
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
3
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
8
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
8
F.71
Financial derivatives
8
F.71
Financial derivatives
7
F.711
Options
3
F.711
Options
2
F.712
Forwards
5
F.712
Forwards
5
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.72
Employee stock options
1
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
F.81
Trade credits and advances
F.81
Trade credits and advances
0
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
1
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
0
III.3:
Other changes in assets accounts
III.3.1:
Other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
0
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.12
Inventories
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
AN.13
Valuables
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
1
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
K.6
Changes in classification
–2
AF.3
Debt securities
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
AF.4
Loans
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
–2
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
–1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–2
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AN.13
Valuables
–2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
–2
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets
1
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–1
III.3.2:
Revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
4
AF
Liabilities
51
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
2
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
2
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
34
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
2
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
17
AN.21
Natural resources
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
57
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
11
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
30
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
16
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
10
III.3.2.1:
Neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
3
AF
Liabilities
68
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
2
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
2
AF.2
Currency and deposits
26
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
21
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
14
AN.21
Natural resources
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
7
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
71
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
14
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
18
AF.4
Loans
24
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
14
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
6
III.3.2.2:
Real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
1
AF
Liabilities
–17
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–26
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
13
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
3
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–7
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
–14
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–3
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
12
AF.4
Loans
–24
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
4
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.1:
Opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
93
AF
Liabilities
3 544
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
67
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
52
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 281
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
1 053
AN.13
Valuables
15
AF.4
Loans
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
26
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
765
AN.21
Natural resources
23
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
435
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
3
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
10
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
3 421
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
690
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
950
AF.4
Loans
1 187
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
551
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
30
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
13
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.90
Net worth
–30
IV.2:
Changes in balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
Total changes in assets
Total changes in liabilities
AN
Non-financial assets
–4
AF
Liabilities
224
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–4
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
–2
AF.2
Currency and deposits
65
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
64
AN.13
Valuables
–2
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
39
AN.21
Natural resources
–1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
48
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
8
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
230
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
10
AF.2
Currency and deposits
10
AF.3
Debt securities
96
AF.4
Loans
53
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
44
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
8
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
8
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
B.10
Changes in net worth
2
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–5
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–1
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
10
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
6
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
4
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.3:
Closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
89
AF
Liabilities
3 768
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
63
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
50
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1 346
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
1 117
AN.13
Valuables
13
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
26
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
804
AN.21
Natural resources
22
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
483
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
4
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
18
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
3 651
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
700
AF.2
Currency and deposits
10
AF.3
Debt securities
1 046
AF.4
Loans
1 240
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
595
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
38
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
21
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
B.90
Net worth
–28
Table 24.5 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for general government
I:
Production account
Uses
Resources
P.2
Intermediate consumption
222
P.1
Output
348
P.11
Market output
0
P.12
Output for own final use
0
P.13
Non-market output
348
B.1g
Value added, gross
126
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
27
B.1n
Value added, net
99
II:
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1:
Primary distribution of income account
II.1.1:
Generation of income account
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
98
B.1g
Value added, gross
126
D.11
Wages and salaries
63
B.1n
Value added, net
99
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
55
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
51
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
48
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
3
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
4
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
4
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
1
D.39
Other subsidies on production
0
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
27
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
27
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
0
II.1.2:
Allocation of primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
42
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
27
D.41
Interest
35
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
0
D.45
Rent
7
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
235
D.21
Taxes on products
141
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
121
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
17
D.2121
Import duties
17
D.2122
Taxes on imports excluding VAT and duties
0
D.214
Taxes on products except VAT and import taxes
3
D.29
Other taxes on production
94
D.3
Subsidies
–44
D.31
Subsidies on products
–8
D.311
Import subsidies
0
D.319
Other subsidies on products
–8
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–36
D.4
Property income
22
D.41
Interest
14
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
7
D.421
Dividends
5
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
2
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.44
Other investment income
1
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
0
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
1
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
0
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
1
D.45
Rent
0
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
198
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
171
II.2:
Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Resources
Current transfers
248
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
198
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
0
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
171
D.51
Taxes on income
0
D.59
Other current taxes
0
Current transfers
367
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
213
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
112
D.51
Taxes on income
204
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
53
D.59
Other current taxes
9
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
45
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
8
D.61
Net social contributions
50
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
7
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
38
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
5
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
35
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
2
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
3
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
52
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
4
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
4
D.7
Other current transfers
136
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
4
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
9
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
4
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
6
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
3
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
D.7
Other current transfers
104
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
D.73
Current transfers within general government
96
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
D.74
Current international cooperation
22
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
5
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
1
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
5
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
1
D.752
Current transfers between households
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
0
D.73
Current transfers within general government
96
D.76
VAT- and GNI-based EU own resources
9
D.74
Current international cooperation
1
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
6
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
D.752
Current transfers between households
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
6
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
317
B.6n
Disposable income, net
290
II.3:
Redistribution of income in kind account
Uses
Resources
D.63
Social transfers in kind
184
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
317
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
180
B.6n
Disposable income, net
290
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
4
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
133
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
106
II.4:
Use of income account
II.4.1:
Use of disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
317
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
352
B.6n
Disposable income, net
290
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
184
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
168
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.8g
Saving, gross
–35
B.8n
Saving, net
–62
II.4.2:
Use of adjusted disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
133
P.4
Actual final consumption
168
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
106
P.41
Actual individual consumption
P.42
Actual collective consumption
168
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.8g
Saving, gross
–35
B.8n
Saving, net
–62
III:
Accumulation accounts
III.1:
Capital account
III.1.1:
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–90
B.8n
Saving, net
–62
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
6
D.91r
Capital taxes, receivable
2
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
0
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
4
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–34
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
0
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
–27
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–7
III.1.2:
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
P.5g
Gross capital formation
38
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–90
P.5n
Net capital formation
11
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
35
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
35
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
38
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
0
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
–3
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
–27
P.52
Changes in inventories
0
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
3
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
2
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
2
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
0
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
– 103
III.2:
Financial account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
– 103
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
–10
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
93
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
F.11
Monetary gold
F.11
Monetary gold
F.12
SDRs
F.12
SDRs
F.2
Currency and deposits
–26
F.2
Currency and deposits
37
F.21
Currency
2
F.21
Currency
35
F.22
Transferable deposits
–27
F.22
Transferable deposits
2
F.221
Inter-bank positions
F.221
Inter-bank positions
F.229
Other transferable deposits
–27
F.229
Other transferable deposits
2
F.29
Other deposits
–1
F.29
Other deposits
0
F.3
Debt securities
4
F.3
Debt securities
38
F.31
Short-term
1
F.31
Short-term
4
F.32
Long-term
3
F.32
Long-term
34
F.4
Loans
3
F.4
Loans
9
F.41
Short-term
1
F.41
Short-term
3
F.42
Long-term
2
F.42
Long-term
6
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
3
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
F.51
Equity
3
F.51
Equity
F.511
Listed shares
1
F.511
Listed shares
F.512
Unlisted shares
1
F.512
Unlisted shares
F.519
Other equity
1
F.519
Other equity
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
0
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
0
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
0
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
0
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
F.63
Pension entitlements
F.63
Pension entitlements
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
1
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.71
Financial derivatives
0
F.71
Financial derivatives
0
F.711
Options
0
F.711
Options
0
F.712
Forwards
0
F.712
Forwards
0
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
5
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
9
F.81
Trade credits and advances
1
F.81
Trade credits and advances
6
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
4
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
3
III.3:
Other changes in assets accounts
III.3.1:
Other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
7
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
4
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.21
Natural resources
4
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
K.6
Changes in classification
2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
2
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
–2
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
–2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
–2
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
2
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
–6
Total other changes in volume
2
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–4
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
–2
AN.11
Fixed assets
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.12
Inventories
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
5
AN.13
Valuables
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
4
AN.21
Natural resources
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
K.6
Changes in classification
–4
AF.3
Debt securities
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
–4
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
–1
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
–3
AN.11
Fixed assets
–3
AN.12
Inventories
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
3
AN.21
Natural resources
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
2
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF
Financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
AF.4
Loans
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–2
III.3.2:
Revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/losses(–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains(–)/losses(+)
AN
Non-financial assets
44
AF
Liabilities
7
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
21
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
18
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
1
AF.3
Debt securities
7
AN.13
Valuables
2
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
23
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
23
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
1
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
38
III.3.2.1:
Neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
32
AF
Liabilities
13
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
20
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
18
AF.2
Currency and deposits
2
AN.12
Inventories
1
AF.3
Debt securities
4
AN.13
Valuables
1
AF.4
Loans
7
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
12
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
12
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
8
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
2
AF.2
Currency and deposits
3
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
27
III.3.2.2:
Real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
12
AF
Liabilities
–6
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–2
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
3
AN.13
Valuables
1
AF.4
Loans
–7
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
11
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
11
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
–7
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
–1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–3
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
–3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
11
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.1:
Opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
789
AF
Liabilities
687
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
497
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
467
AF.2
Currency and deposits
102
AN.12
Inventories
22
AF.3
Debt securities
212
AN.13
Valuables
8
AF.4
Loans
328
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
292
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
4
AN.21
Natural resources
286
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
19
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
6
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
22
AF
Financial assets
396
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
80
AF.2
Currency and deposits
150
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
115
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
12
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
20
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
19
B.90
Net worth
498
IV.2:
Changes in balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
Total changes in assets
Total changes in liabilities
AN
Non-financial assets
57
AF
Liabilities
102
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
29
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
23
AF.2
Currency and deposits
37
AN.12
Inventories
1
AF.3
Debt securities
45
AN.13
Valuables
5
AF.4
Loans
9
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
28
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
2
AN.21
Natural resources
26
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
2
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
9
AF
Financial assets
–9
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
1
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–26
AF.3
Debt securities
4
AF.4
Loans
3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
3
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
5
B.10
Changes in net worth
–54
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
90
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–2
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
38
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
27
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
11
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.3:
Closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
846
AF
Liabilities
789
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
526
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
490
AF.2
Currency and deposits
139
AN.12
Inventories
23
AF.3
Debt securities
257
AN.13
Valuables
13
AF.4
Loans
337
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
320
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
6
AN.21
Natural resources
312
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
19
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
8
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
31
AF
Financial assets
387
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
81
AF.2
Currency and deposits
124
AF.3
Debt securities
4
AF.4
Loans
118
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
15
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
21
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
24
B.90
Net worth
444
Table 24.6 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for households
I:
Production account
Uses
Resources
P.2
Intermediate consumption
115
P.1
Output
270
P.11
Market output
123
P.12
Output for own final use
147
B.1g
Value added, gross
155
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
23
B.1n
Value added, net
132
II:
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1:
Primary distribution of income account
II.1.1:
Generation of income account
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
11
B.1g
Value added, gross
155
D.11
Wages and salaries
11
B.1n
Value added, net
132
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
0
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
0
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
0
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
0
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
0
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
0
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
0
D.39
Other subsidies on production
–1
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
84
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
15
P.51c2
Consumption of fixed capital on gross mixed income
8
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
69
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
II.1.2:
Allocation of primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
41
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
84
D.41
Interest
14
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
61
D.45
Rent
27
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
69
B.3n
Mixed income, net
53
D.1
Compensation of employees
1 154
D.11
Wages and salaries
954
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
200
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
168
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
13
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
18
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.4
Property income
123
D.41
Interest
49
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
20
D.421
Dividends
13
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
7
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
3
D.44
Other investment income
30
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
20
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
8
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
2
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
2
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
0
D.45
Rent
21
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
1 381
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
1 358
II.2:
Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Resources
Current transfers
582
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
1 381
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
178
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
1 358
D.51
Taxes on income
176
D.59
Other current taxes
2
Current transfers
420
D.61
Net social contributions
333
D.61
Net social contributions
0
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
181
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
0
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
168
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
0
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
13
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
0
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
19
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
0
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
18
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
0
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
1
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
129
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
0
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
115
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
0
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
14
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
0
D.614
Households’ social contribution supplements
10
D.614
Households’ social contribution supplements
0
D.6141
Households’ pension contribution supplements
8
D.6141
Households’ pension contribution supplements
0
D.6142
Households’ non-pension contribution supplements
2
D.6142
Households’ non-pension contribution supplements
0
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
–6
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
1
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
0
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
384
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
0
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
53
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
0
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
45
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
0
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
8
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
279
D.7
Other current transfers
71
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
250
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
31
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
29
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
31
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
52
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
40
D.7
Other current transfers
36
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
29
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
35
D.752
Current transfers between households
7
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
35
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
4
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
1
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
0
D.752
Current transfers between households
1
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
0
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
1 219
B.6n
Disposable income, net
1 196
II.3:
Redistribution of income in kind account
Uses
Resources
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
1 219
B.6n
Disposable income, net
1 196
D.63
Social transfers in kind
215
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
211
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
4
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
1 434
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
1 411
II.4:
Use of income account
II.4.1:
Use of disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
1 219
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
1 015
B.6n
Disposable income, net
1 196
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
1 015
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
B.8g
Saving, gross
215
B.8n
Saving, net
192
II.4.2:
Use of adjusted disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
1 434
P.4
Actual final consumption
1 230
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
1 411
P.41
Actual individual consumption
1 230
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
11
B.8g
Saving, gross
215
B.8n
Saving, net
192
III:
Accumulation accounts
III.1:
Capital account
III.1.1:
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
210
B.8n
Saving, net
192
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
23
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
0
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
23
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–5
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
–2
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–3
III.1.2:
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
P.5g
Gross capital formation
55
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
210
P.5n
Net capital formation
32
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
48
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
48
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
45
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
3
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
0
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
0
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
–23
P.52
Changes in inventories
2
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
5
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
4
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
3
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
1
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
174
III.2:
Financial account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
174
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
189
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
15
F.2
Currency and deposits
64
F.3
Debt securities
0
F.21
Currency
10
F.31
Short-term
0
F.22
Transferable deposits
27
F.32
Long-term
0
F.229
Other transferable deposits
27
F.29
Other deposits
27
F.4
Loans
11
F.41
Short-term
2
F.3
Debt securities
10
F.42
Long-term
9
F.31
Short-term
3
F.32
Long-term
7
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.71
Financial derivatives
0
F.4
Loans
3
F.711
Options
0
F.41
Short-term
3
F.712
Forwards
0
F.42
Long-term
0
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
66
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
F.51
Equity
53
F.81
Trade credits and advances
4
F.511
Listed shares
48
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
0
F.512
Unlisted shares
2
F.519
Other equity
3
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
13
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
5
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
8
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
39
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
4
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
22
F.63
Pension entitlements
11
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
2
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
F.71
Financial derivatives
1
F.711
Options
1
F.712
Forwards
0
F.72
Employee stock options
2
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
F.81
Trade credits and advances
3
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
1
III.3:
Other changes in assets accounts
III.3.1:
Other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
0
Total other changes in volume
1
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AF.3
Debt securities
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–1
III.3.2:
Revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/ losses(–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains(–)/losses(+)
AN
Non-financial assets
80
AF
Liabilities
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
35
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
28
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
2
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
5
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
45
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
45
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
16
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
6
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
10
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
96
III.3.2.1:
Neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
56
AF
Liabilities
5
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
34
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
28
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
2
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
4
AF.4
Loans
3
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
22
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
22
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
2
AF
Financial assets
36
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
17
AF.3
Debt securities
4
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
9
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
5
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
87
III.3.2.2:
Real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
24
AF
Liabilities
–5
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
1
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
1
AF.4
Loans
–3
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
23
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
23
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–2
AF
Financial assets
–20
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–17
AF.3
Debt securities
2
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
–5
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–1
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
9
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.1:
Opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
1 429
AF
Liabilities
189
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
856
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
713
AF.2
Currency and deposits
10
AN.12
Inventories
48
AF.3
Debt securities
2
AN.13
Valuables
95
AF.4
Loans
169
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
573
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AN.21
Natural resources
573
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
8
AF
Financial assets
3 260
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
840
AF.3
Debt securities
198
AF.4
Loans
24
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1 749
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
391
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
55
B.90
Net worth
4 500
IV.2:
Changes in balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
Total changes in assets
Total changes in liabilities
AN
Non-financial assets
115
AF
Liabilities
16
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
67
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
53
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
4
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
10
AF.4
Loans
11
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
48
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
48
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
AF
Financial assets
205
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
64
AF.3
Debt securities
16
AF.4
Loans
3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
76
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
39
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
3
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
B.10
Changes in net worth
304
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
210
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–1
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
96
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
87
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
9
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.3:
Closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
1 544
AF
Liabilities
205
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
923
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
766
AF.2
Currency and deposits
10
AN.12
Inventories
52
AF.3
Debt securities
2
AN.13
Valuables
105
AF.4
Loans
180
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
621
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
621
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
1
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
12
AF
Financial assets
3 465
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
904
AF.3
Debt securities
214
AF.4
Loans
27
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1 825
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
430
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
6
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
59
B.90
Net worth
4 804
Table 24.7 —
   
Full sequence of accounts for non-profit institutions serving households
I:
Production account
Uses
Resources
P.2
Intermediate consumption
17
P.1
Output
32
P.11
Market output
0
P.12
Output for own final use
0
P.13
Non-market output
32
B.1g
Value added, gross
15
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
3
B.1n
Value added, net
12
II:
Distribution and use of income accounts
II.1:
Primary distribution of income account
II.1.1:
Generation of income account
Uses
Resources
D.1
Compensation of employees
11
B.1g
Value added, gross
15
D.11
Wages and salaries
6
B.1n
Value added, net
12
D.12
Employers’ social contributions
5
D.121
Employers’ actual social contributions
4
D.1211
Employers’ actual pension contributions
4
D.1212
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
0
D.122
Employers’ imputed social contributions
1
D.1221
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
1
D.1222
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.29
Other taxes on production
1
D.39
Other subsidies on production
0
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
3
P.51c1
Consumption of fixed capital on gross operating surplus
3
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
0
II.1.2:
Allocation of primary income account
Uses
Resources
D.4
Property income
6
B.2g
Operating surplus, gross
3
D.41
Interest
6
B.3g
Mixed income, gross
D.45
Rent
0
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
0
B.3n
Mixed income, net
D.4
Property income
7
D.41
Interest
7
D.42
Distributed income of corporations
0
D.421
Dividends
0
D.422
Withdrawals from income of quasi-corporations
D.43
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
0
D.44
Other investment income
0
D.441
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
0
D.442
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
D.443
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
0
D.4431
Dividends attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
0
D.4432
Retained earnings attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
0
D.45
Rent
0
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
4
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
1
II.2:
Secondary distribution of income account
Uses
Resources
Current transfers
7
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross
4
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
0
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
1
D.51
Taxes on income
0
D.59
Other current taxes
0
Current transfers
40
D.61
Net social contributions
5
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
5
D.611
Employers’ actual social contributions
3
D.621
Social security benefits in cash
D.6111
Employers’ actual pension contributions
2
D.6211
Social security pension benefits in cash
D.6112
Employers’ actual non-pension contributions
1
D.6212
Social security non-pension benefits in cash
D.612
Employers’ imputed social contributions
1
D.622
Other social insurance benefits
5
D.6121
Employers’ imputed pension contributions
1
D.6221
Other social insurance pension benefits
3
D.6122
Employers’ imputed non-pension contributions
0
D.6222
Other social insurance non-pension benefits
2
D.613
Households’ actual social contributions
1
D.623
Social assistance benefits in cash
D.6131
Households’ actual pension contributions
0
D.6132
Households’ actual non-pension contributions
1
D.7
Other current transfers
2
D.71
Net non-life insurance premiums
0
D.7
Other current transfers
36
D.711
Net non-life direct insurance premiums
0
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
0
D.712
Net non-life reinsurance premiums
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
0
D.72
Non-life insurance claims
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
D.721
Non-life direct insurance claims
D.73
Current transfers within general government
D.722
Non-life reinsurance claims
D.74
Current international cooperation
D.73
Current transfers within general government
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
36
D.74
Current international cooperation
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
36
D.75
Miscellaneous current transfers
2
D.752
Current transfers between households
D.751
Current transfers to NPISHs
0
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
0
D.752
Current transfers between households
D.759
Other miscellaneous current transfers
2
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
37
B.6n
Disposable income, net
34
II.3:
Redistribution of income in kind account
Uses
Resources
D.63
Social transfers in kind
31
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
37
D.631
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
31
B.6n
Disposable income, net
34
D.632
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
0
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
6
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
3
II.4:
Use of income account
II.4.1:
Use of disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
37
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
32
B.6n
Disposable income, net
34
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
31
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
1
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.8g
Saving, gross
5
B.8n
Saving, net
2
II.4.2:
Use of adjusted disposable income account
Uses
Resources
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
6
P.4
Actual final consumption
1
B.7n
Adjusted disposable income, net
3
P.41
Actual individual consumption
P.42
Actual collective consumption
1
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
0
B.8g
Saving, gross
5
B.8n
Saving, net
2
III:
Accumulation accounts
III.1:
Capital account
III.1.1:
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–1
B.8n
Saving, net
2
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
0
D.92r
Investment grants, receivable
0
D.99r
Other capital transfers, receivable
0
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
–3
D.91p
Capital taxes, payable
0
D.92p
Investment grants, payable
D.99p
Other capital transfers, payable
–3
III.1.2:
Acquisition of non-financial assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
P.5g
Gross capital formation
5
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–1
P.5n
Net capital formation
2
P.51g
Gross fixed capital formation
5
P.511
Acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets
5
P.5111
Acquisitions of new fixed assets
5
P.5112
Acquisitions of existing fixed assets
1
P.5113
Disposal of existing fixed assets
–1
P.512
Costs of ownership transfer on non-produced assets
0
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
–3
P.52
Changes in inventories
0
P.53
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
0
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
1
NP.1
Acquisitions less disposals of natural resources
1
NP.2
Acquisitions less disposals of contracts, leases and licences
0
NP.3
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–4
III.2:
Financial account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (–)
–4
F
Net acquisition of financial assets
2
F
Net incurrence of liabilities
6
F.2
Currency and deposits
2
F.3
Debt securities
0
F.21
Currency
1
F.31
Short-term
0
F.22
Transferable deposits
1
F.32
Long-term
0
F.229
Other transferable deposits
1
F.29
Other deposits
0
F.4
Loans
6
F.41
Short-term
2
F.3
Debt securities
–1
F.42
Long-term
4
F.31
Short-term
0
F.32
Long-term
–1
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.71
Financial derivatives
0
F.4
Loans
0
F.711
Options
0
F.41
Short-term
0
F.712
Forwards
0
F.42
Long-term
0
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
F.51
Equity
0
F.81
Trade credits and advances
0
F.511
Listed shares
0
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
0
F.512
Unlisted shares
0
F.519
Other equity
0
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
0
F.521
Money market fund shares/units
0
F.522
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
0
F.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
0
F.62
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
0
F.63
Pension entitlements
F.64
Claim of pension fund on pension managers
F.65
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
0
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
F.71
Financial derivatives
0
F.711
Options
0
F.712
Forwards
0
F.72
Employee stock options
0
F.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
F.81
Trade credits and advances
F.89
Other accounts receivable/payable, excluding trade credits and advances
1
III.3:
Other changes in assets accounts
III.3.1:
Other changes in volume of assets account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.1
Economic appearance of assets
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
K.2
Economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
K.21
Depletion of natural resources
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.22
Other economic disappearance of non-produced assets
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
K.3
Catastrophic losses
0
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
K.4
Uncompensated seizures
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
K.5
Other changes in volume n.e.c.
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
K.6
Changes in classification
0
AF.3
Debt securities
K.61
Changes in sector classification and structure
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
K.62
Changes in classification of assets and liabilities
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AF
Financial assets/liabilities
0
Total other changes in volume
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
0
AN.21
Natural resources
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF
Financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
–1
III.3.2:
Revaluation account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.7
Nominal holding gains (+)/ losses(–)
K.7
Nominal holding gains(–)/losses(+)
AN
Non-financial assets
8
AF
Liabilities
0
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
5
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
5
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
3
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
3
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
2
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
AF.3
Debt securities
1
AF.4
Loans
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains/losses
10
III.3.2.1:
Neutral holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.71
Neutral holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.71
Neutral holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
6
AF
Liabilities
3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
5
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
5
AF.2
Currency and deposits
1
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
1
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
AF
Financial assets
3
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
2
AF.3
Debt securities
1
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains/losses
6
III.3.2.2:
Real holding gains/losses account
Changes in assets
Changes in liabilities and net worth
K.72
Real holding gains (+)/losses (–)
K.72
Real holding gains (–)/losses (+)
AN
Non-financial assets
2
AF
Liabilities
–3
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
0
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
0
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–1
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
–1
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
2
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
2
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
–1
AF
Financial assets
–1
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
–2
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains/losses
4
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.1:
Opening balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
159
AF
Liabilities
121
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
124
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
121
AF.2
Currency and deposits
38
AN.12
Inventories
1
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
2
AF.4
Loans
43
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
35
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
AN.21
Natural resources
35
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
5
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
35
AF
Financial assets
172
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
110
AF.3
Debt securities
25
AF.4
Loans
8
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
22
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
4
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
3
B.90
Net worth
210
IV.2:
Changes in balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
Total changes in assets
Total changes in liabilities
AN
Non-financial assets
11
AF
Liabilities
6
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
7
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
7
AF.2
Currency and deposits
0
AN.12
Inventories
0
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
0
AF.4
Loans
6
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
4
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
4
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
0
AF
Financial assets
4
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
2
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AF.4
Loans
0
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
1
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
1
B.10
Changes in net worth
9
B.101
Changes in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
–1
B.102
Changes in net worth due to other changes in volume of assets
0
B.103
Changes in net worth due to nominal holding gains and losses
10
B.1031
Changes in net worth due to neutral holding gains and losses
6
B.1032
Changes in net worth due to real holding gains and losses
4
IV:
Balance sheets
IV.3:
Closing balance sheet
Assets
Liabilities and net worth
AN
Non-financial assets
170
AF
Liabilities
127
AN.1
Produced non-financial assets
131
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AN.11
Fixed assets
128
AF.2
Currency and deposits
38
AN.12
Inventories
1
AF.3
Debt securities
0
AN.13
Valuables
2
AF.4
Loans
49
AN.2
Non-produced non-financial assets
39
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
0
AN.21
Natural resources
39
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
5
AN.22
Contracts, leases and licences
0
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AN.23
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
35
AF
Financial assets
176
AF.1
Monetary gold and SDRs
AF.2
Currency and deposits
112
AF.3
Debt securities
25
AF.4
Loans
8
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
23
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
4
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
0
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
4
B.90
Net worth
219
ANNEX B
Overview of the tables
Table No
Subject of the tables
Deadline t + months (days where specified)
 (
1
)
Period covered
 (
2
)
1
Main aggregates — quarterly
2
1995Q1 onwards
1
Main aggregates — annual
2/9
1995 onwards
2
Main aggregates of general government — annual
3/9
1995 onwards
3
Tables by industry — annual
9/21
1995 onwards
5
Household final consumption expenditure by purpose — annual
9
1995 onwards
6
Financial accounts by sector (transactions) — annual
9
1995 onwards
7
Balance sheets for financial assets and liabilities — annual
9
1995 onwards
8
Non-financial accounts by sector — annual
9
1995 onwards
801
Non-financial accounts by sector — quarterly
85 days
 (
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
1999Q1 onwards
9
Detailed tax and social contribution receipts by type of tax and social contribution and receiving subsector including the list of taxes and social contributions according to national classification — annual
9
1995 onwards
10
Tables by industry and by region, NUTS level 2 — annual
12
 (
3
)
/24
2000 onwards
11
General government expenditure by function — annual
12
1995 onwards
12
Tables by industry and by region, NUTS level 3 — annual
24
2000 onwards
13
Household accounts by region, NUTS level 2 — annual
24
2000 onwards
15
Supply table at basic prices incl. transformation into purchasers' prices — annual
36
2010 onwards
16
Use table at purchasers' prices — annual
36
2010 onwards
17
Symmetric input-output table at basic prices — five yearly
36
2010 onwards
20
Cross classification of fixed assets by industry and by asset — annual
24
2000 onwards
22
Cross classification of gross fixed capital formation by industry and by asset — annual
24
1995 onwards
26
Balance sheets for non-financial assets — annual
24
1995 onwards
27
Financial accounts of general government — quarterly
85 days
 (
4
)
(
5
)
1999Q1 onwards
28
Government debt (Maastricht debt) for general government — quarterly
3
2000Q1 onwards
29
Accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance — three yearly
24
2012 onwards
t = Reference period (year or quarter).
Table 1 —
   
Main aggregates — quarterly
(
7
)
and annual exercise
Code
List of variables
Breakdown
 (
8
)
Current prices
Previous year's prices and chain-linked volumes
 (
16
)
Gross value added and gross domestic product
B.1g
1.
Gross value added at basic prices
A*10
x
x
D.21
2. (a)
Taxes on products
 (
9
)
x
x
D.31
(b)
Subsidies on products
 (
9
)
x
x
B.1*g
3.
Gross domestic product at market prices
x
x
Expenditure side of gross domestic product
P.3
4.
Total final consumption expenditure
x
x
P.3
5. (a)
Household final consumption expenditure (domestic concept)
Durability
 (
10
)
x
x
P.3
(b)
Household final consumption expenditure (national concept)
x
x
P.3
6.
Final consumption expenditure of NPISHs
x
x
P.3
7.
Government final consumption expenditure
x
x
P.31
(a)
Individual consumption expenditure
x
x
P.32
(b)
Collective consumption expenditure
x
x
P.4
8.
Actual final consumption
x
x
P.41
(a)
Actual individual consumption
x
x
P.5
9.
Gross capital formation
x
x
P.51g
(a)
Gross fixed capital formation
AN_F6
 (
11
)
x
x
P.52
(b)
Changes in inventories
x
x
 (
12
)
P.53
(c)
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
x
x
 (
12
)
P.6
10.
Exports of goods (fob) and services
x
x
P.61
(a)
Goods
x
x
P.62
(b)
Services
x
x
Exports of goods (fob) and services to S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area
 (
13
)
x
x
S.xx (S.21-S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area)
 (
13
)
x
x
Exports of goods (fob) and services to S.22 non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union
 (
13
)
x
x
P.7
11.
Imports of goods (fob) and services
x
x
P.71
(a)
Goods
x
x
P.72
(b)
Services
x
x
Imports of goods (fob) and services from S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area
 (
13
)
x
x
Imports of goods (fob) and services from S.xx (S.21-S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area)
 (
13
)
x
x
Imports of goods (fob) and services from S.22 non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union
 (
13
)
x
x
B.11
12.
External balance of goods and services
x
x
 (
12
)
Gross operating surplus and gross mixed income, taxes on production and imports, subsidies
B.2g + B.3g
13.
Gross operating surplus and gross mixed income
x
D.2
14.
Taxes on production and imports
x
D.3
15.
Subsidies
x
Population, employment, compensation of employees
16.
Population and employment data
POP
(a)
Total population (thousands of persons)
EMP
(b)
Employment in resident production units (thousands of persons employed, thousands of hours worked and thousands of jobs
 (
14
)
) and employment of residents (thousands of persons)
A*10
 (
15
)
ESE
(c)
Self employed
A*10
 (
15
)
EEM
(d)
Employees
A*10
 (
15
)
D.1
17.
Compensation of employees working in resident production units and compensation of resident employees
A*10
x
D.11
(a)
Wages and salaries
A*10
x
D.12
(b)
Employers' social contributions
A*10
x
Table 2 —
   
Main aggregates of general government
Code
Transaction
Sectors and subsectors
 (
*2
)
(
17
)
(
18
)
P.1
Output
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.11 + P.12
—
Market output and output for own final use
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.13
—
Non-market output
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.131
Payments for non-market output
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.132
Non-market output, other
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.11 + P.12 + P.131
Market output, output for own final use and payments for non-market output
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.2
Intermediate consumption
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.1g
Value added, gross
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.1n
Value added, net
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.1p
Compensation of employees, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.29p
Other taxes on production, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.39r
Other subsidies on production, receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.2n
Operating surplus, net
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.2r
Taxes on production and imports, receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.21r
Taxes on products, receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.211r
VAT, receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.29r
Other taxes on production, receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4r
Property income, receivable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.41r
Interest, receivable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.42r + D.43r + D.44r + D.45r
Other property income, receivable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.3p
Subsidies, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.31p
Subsidies on products, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.39p
Other subsidies on production, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p
Property income, payable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1311
of which, payable to subsector Central Government (S.1311)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1312
of which, payable to subsector State Government (S.1312)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1313
of which, payable to subsector Local Government (S.1313)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.4p_S.1314
of which, payable to subsector Social Security Funds (S.1314)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D. 41 p
—
Interest, payable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.42p + D.43p + D.44p + D.45p
—
Other property income, payable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.5n
Balance of primary incomes, net
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.5r
Current taxes on income, wealth etc., receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.61r
Net social contributions, receivable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.611r
—
of which employers' actual social contributions
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.613r
—
of which households' actual social contributions
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7r
Other current transfers, receivable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.5p
Current taxes on income, wealth etc., payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.62p
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.632p
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.62p+D.632p
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind and social transfers in kind — purchased market production, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p
Other current transfers, payable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1311
of which, payable to subsector central government (S.1311)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1312
of which, payable to subsector state government (S.1312)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1313
of which, payable to subsector local government (S.1313)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.7p_S.1314
of which, payable to subsector social security funds (S.1314)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
B.6n
Disposable income, net
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.31
—
Individual consumption expenditure
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.32
—
Collective consumption expenditure
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.8g
Saving, gross
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.8n
Saving, net
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.91r
—
Capital taxes, receivable
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.92r+D.99r
—
Other capital transfers and investment grants, receivable
 (
17
)
(
18
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
 (
17
)
(
18
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1311
of which, payable to subsector central government (S.1311)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1312
of which, payable to subsector state government (S.1312)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1313
of which, payable to subsector local government (S.1313)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.9p_S.1314
of which, payable to subsector social security funds (S.1314)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D.92p
—
Investment grants, payable
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.5
Gross capital formation
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.51g
—
Gross fixed capital formation
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.52+P.53
—
Changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-financial non-produced assets
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
OP5ANP
Gross capital formation and acquisitions less disposals of non-financial non-produced assets
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (—)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
TE
Total expenditure
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
TR
Total revenue
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.995
Capital transfers from general government to relevant sectors representing taxes and social contributions assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
19
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
PTC
Total payable tax credits
 (
21
)
(
22
)
(
23
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
TC
—
of which payable tax credits that exceed the taxpayer's liability
 (
21
)
(
22
)
(
23
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Table 3 —
   
Tables by industry
Code
List of variables
Breakdown
 (
24
)
(
26
)
Current prices
Previous year's prices and chain-linked volumes
 (
25
)
Output
P.1
1.
Output at basic prices by industry
A*21/A*64
x
P.2
2.
Intermediate consumption at purchaser's prices by industry
A*21/A*64
x
B.1g
3.
Gross value added at basic prices by industry
A*21/A*64
x
x
P.51c
4.
Consumption of fixed capital by industry
A*21/A*64
x
x
B.2n+B.3n
5.
Net operating surplus and net mixed income
A*21/A*64
x
D.29 – D.39
6.
Other taxes on production less other subsidies on production
A*21/A*64
x
Capital formation
P.5
7.
Gross capital formation
x
x
P.51g
a)
Gross fixed capital formation by industry
A*10 (A*21
 (
28
)
)/A*10 (A*64
 (
28
)
)
x
x
Breakdown by fixed asset AN_F6
A*10 (A*21
 (
28
)
)/A*10 (A*64
 (
28
)
)
x
x
P.52
b)
Changes in inventories by industry
A*10 (A*21
 (
28
)
)/A*10 (A*64
 (
28
)
)
x
x
 (
29
)
P.53
c)
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
x
x
 (
29
)
Employment and compensation of employees
EMP
8.
Employment by industry (thousands of persons, thousands of hours worked
 (
27
)
 and thousands of jobs
 (
28
)
)
A*21/A*64
ESE
a)
self employed by industry (thousands of persons, thousands of hours worked
 (
27
)
 and thousands of jobs
 (
28
)
)
A*21/A*64
EEM
b)
employees by industry (thousands of persons, thousands of hours worked
 (
27
)
 and thousands of jobs
 (
28
)
)
A*21/A*64
D.1
9.
Compensation of employees by industry
A*21/A*64
x
D.11
a)
Wages and salaries by industry
A*21/A*64
x
AN_F6: Breakdown of fixed assets:
AN.111 dwellings
AN.112 other buildings and structures
AN.113 +AN.114 machinery and equipment + weapon systems
—
AN.1131 transport equipment
—
AN.1132 ICT equipment
 (
)
,
 (
)
—
AN.1139+AN.114 other machinery and equipment + weapon systems
 (
)
,
 (
)
AN.115 cultivated biological resources
AN.117 intellectual property products
 (
)
Table 5 —
   
Household final consumption expenditure
Code
List of variables
Breakdown
Current prices
Previous year's prices and chain-linked volumes
 (
31
)
P.3
1.
Final consumption expenditure by purpose (Household)
Coicop groups
 (
30
)
x
x
P.3
2.
Final consumption expenditure of resident and non-resident households on the economic territory
x
x
P.33
3.
Final consumption expenditure of resident households in the rest of the world
x
x
P.34
4.
Final consumption expenditure of non-resident households on the economic territory
x
x
P.3
5.
Final consumption expenditure of resident households on the economic territory and abroad
x
x
Table 6 —
   
Financial accounts by sector
(Transactions, other changes in volume and revaluation accounts — consolidated and non-consolidated — and counterpart information
(
*5
)
)
Total economy
Non-financial corporations including subsectors
 (
32
)
Financial corporations including subsectors
 (
33
)
General government including subsectors
 (
34
)
Households and non-profit institutions serving households
 (
35
)
Rest of the world including subsectors
 (
36
)
Transactions/other changes in volume
(
*6
)
/revaluation of financial instruments
(
*6
)
ESA
S.1
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.2
Financial assets
F.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
F.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold
F.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDRs
F.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency and deposits
F.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency
F.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable deposits
F.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other deposits
F.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Debt securities
F.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
F.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
F.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Loans
F.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
F.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
F.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity and investment fund shares/units
F.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity
F.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Listed shares
F.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unlisted shares
F.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other equity
F.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Investment fund shares/units
F.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Money Market Fund shares/units (MMFs)
 (
37
)
F.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
 (
37
)
F.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
F.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-life insurance technical reserves
F.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
F.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements, claims of pension funds on pension managers and entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.63+ F.64+ F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements
 (
37
)
F.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
 (
37
)
F.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
 (
37
)
F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
F.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
F.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives
 (
37
)
F.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Employee stock options
 (
37
)
F.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts receivable
F.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Trade credits and advances
F.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts receivable, excluding trade credits and advances
F.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Liabilities
F.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
F.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold
F.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDRs
F.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency and deposits
F.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency
F.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable deposits
F.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other deposits
F.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Debt securities
F.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
F.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
F.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Loans
F.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
F.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
F.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity and investment fund shares/units
F.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity
F.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Listed shares
F.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unlisted shares
F.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other equity
F.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Investment fund shares/units
F.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Money Market Fund shares/units (MMFs)
 (
37
)
F.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
 (
37
)
F.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
F.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-life insurance technical reserves
F.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
F.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements, claims of pension funds on pension managers and entitlements to non-pension benefits
F.63+ F.64+ F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements
 (
37
)
F.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
 (
37
)
F.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
 (
37
)
F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
F.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
F.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives
 (
37
)
F.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Employee stock options
 (
37
)
F.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts payable
F.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Trade credits and advances
F.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts payable excluding trade credits and advances
F.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Net acquisition of financial assets
 (
38
)
F.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Net incurrence of liabilities
 (
38
)
F.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Net financial transactions
 (
38
)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Table 7 —
   
Balance Sheets for financial assets and liabilities (Stocks of financial instruments — consolidated and non-consolidated — and counterpart information
(
*7
)
)
Total economy
Non-financial corporations including subsectors
 (
39
)
Financial corporations including subsectors
 (
40
)
General government including subsectors
 (
41
)
Households and non-profit institutions serving households
 (
42
)
Rest of the world including subsectors
 (
43
)
Stocks of financial assets and liabilities
ESA
S.1
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.2
Financial assets
AF.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
AF.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold
AF.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDRs
AF.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency and deposits
AF.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency
AF.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable deposits
AF.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other deposits
AF.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Debt securities
AF.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
AF.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
AF.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Loans
AF.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
AF.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
AF.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity and investment fund shares/units
AF.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity
AF.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Listed shares
AF.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unlisted shares
AF.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other equity
AF.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Investment fund shares/units
AF.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Money Market Fund shares/units (MMFs)
 (
44
)
AF.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
 (
44
)
AF.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-life insurance technical reserves
AF.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
AF.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements, claims of pension funds on pension managers and entitlements to non-pension benefits
AF.63+ AF.64+ AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements
 (
44
)
AF.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
 (
44
)
AF.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
 (
44
)
AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
AF.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives
 (
44
)
AF.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Employee stock options
 (
44
)
AF.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts receivable
AF.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Trade credits and advances
AF.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts receivable, excluding trade credits and advances
AF.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Liabilities
AF.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
AF.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetary gold
AF.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDRs
AF.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency and deposits
AF.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Currency
AF.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable deposits
AF.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other deposits
AF.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Debt securities
AF.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
AF.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
AF.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Loans
AF.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Short-term
AF.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Long-term
AF.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity and investment fund shares/units
AF.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Equity
AF.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Listed shares
AF.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unlisted shares
AF.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other equity
AF.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Investment fund shares/units
AF.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Money Market Fund shares/units (MMFs)
 (
44
)
AF.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-MMF investment fund shares/units
 (
44
)
AF.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
AF.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Non-life insurance technical reserves
AF.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Life insurance and annuity entitlements
AF.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements, claims of pension funds on pension managers and entitlements to non-pension benefits
AF.63 + AF.64 + AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pension entitlements
 (
44
)
AF.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Claims of pension funds on pension managers
 (
44
)
AF.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Entitlements to non-pension benefits
 (
44
)
AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
AF.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
AF.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial derivatives
 (
44
)
AF.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Employee stock options
 (
44
)
AF.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts payable
AF.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Trade credits and advances
AF.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Other accounts payable excluding trade credits and advances
AF.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial assets
 (
45
)
AF.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Liabilities
 (
45
)
AF.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Financial net worth
 (
45
)
BF.90
x
x
x
x
x
x
Table 8 —
   
Non-financial accounts by sector — annual
Transactions and balancing items
Sectors
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
I
Production account/External account of goods and services
Resources
Total Economy
Non-financial corporations
Public non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
Public financial corporations
General government
Households + non-profit institution serving households
Households
Non-profit institution serving households
Not sectorised
Rest of the world
P.1
Output
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
(P.11+P.12 +P.131)
Market output, output for final use and payments for other non-market output
x
P.11
—
Market Output
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.12
—
Output for own final use
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.13
—
Non-market output
x
x
x
x
P.7
Imports of goods and services
x
P.71
—
Imports of goods
x
P.72
—
Imports of services
x
P.72F
—
Imports of FISIM
o
(D.21 — D.31)
Taxes less subsidies on products
x
x
Uses
2
P.2
Intermediate consumption
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.6
—
Exports of goods and services
x
P.61
—
Exports of goods
x
P.62
—
Exports of services
x
P.62F
— —
Exports of FISIM
o
B.1g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
B.11
External balance of goods and services
x
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.1n
Value added, net/net domestic product
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
II.1.1
Generation of income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
B.1g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.3
Subsidies
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.31
—
Subsidies on products
x
x
D.39
—
Other subsidies on production
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
Uses
D.1
Compensation of employees
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.11
—
Wages and salaries
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.12
—
Employers’ social contributions
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.21
—
Taxes on products
x
x
D.29
—
Other taxes on production
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
(B.2g+ B.3g)
Operating surplus, gross plus mixed income, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.2g
—
Operating surplus, gross
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Mixed income, gross
x
x
x
II.1.2
Allocation of primary income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
(B.2g+B.3g)
Operating surplus, gross plus mixed income, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.2g
—
Operating surplus, gross
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Mixed income, gross
x
x
x
D.1
Compensation of employees
x
x
x
x
D.11
—
Wages and salaries
x
x
x
x
D.12
—
Employers’ social contributions
x
x
x
x
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
x
x
x
D.21
—
Taxes on products
x
x
x
D.211
— —
Value added type taxes (VAT)
x
x
x
D.212
— —
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
x
x
x
D.214
— —
Taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes
x
x
x
D.29
—
Other taxes on production
x
x
x
D.4
Property income
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Interest
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Distributed income of corporations
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.421
— —
Dividends
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.422
— —
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.43
—
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.43S2I
— —
Reinvested earnings on Intra-EA F.D.I.
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S2X
— —
Reinvested earnings on Extra-EA F.D.I.
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S21
— —
Reinvested earnings on Intra-EU F.D.I.
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S22
— —
Reinvested earnings on Extra-EU F.D.I.
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.44
—
Other investment income
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.441
— —
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.442
— —
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.443
— —
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Rent
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
o
x
o
x
o
o
o
o
o
D.41g
Total interest before FISIM allocation
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Uses
D.3
Subsidies
x
x
x
D.31
—
Subsidies on products
x
x
x
D.39
—
Other subsidies on production
x
x
x
D.4
Property income
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Interest
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Distributed income of corporations
x
x
o
x
o
x
D.421
— —
Dividends
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.422
— —
Withdrawals from the income of quasi-corporations
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.43
—
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.43S2I
— —
Reinvested earnings on Intra-EA F.D.I.
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S2X
— —
Reinvested earnings on Extra-EA F.D.I.
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S21
— —
Reinvested earnings on Intra-EU F.D.I.
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S22
— —
Reinvested earnings on Extra-EU F.D.I.
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.44
—
Other investment income
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.441
— —
Investment income attributable to insurance policy holders
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.442
— —
Investment income payable on pension entitlements
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.443
— —
Investment income attributable to collective investment fund shareholders
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Rent
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.41g
Total interest before FISIM allocation
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
II.2
Secondary distribution of income account
Sectors
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
Resources
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc
x
x
x
D.51
—
Taxes on income
x
x
x
D.59
—
Other current taxes
x
x
x
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Net social contributions
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.611
— —
Employers’ actual social contributions
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.612
— —
Employers’ imputed social contributions
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.613
— —
Households’ actual social contributions
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.614
— —
Households’ social contribution supplements
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.61SC
— —
Social insurance scheme service charges
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.62
—
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
x
x
x
x
D.63
—
Social transfers in kind
x
x
x
D.631
—
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
o
o
o
D.632
—
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
o
o
o
D.7
Other current transfers
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Net non-life insurance premiums
x
x
o
x
x
D.72
—
Non-life insurance claims
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.74
—
Current international cooperation
x
x
x
D. 74A
— —
Of which: payable to/receivable by European institutions (e.g. EDF)
x
D.75
—
Miscellaneous current transfers
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.76
—
VAT and GNI - based EU own resources
x
Uses
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.51
—
Taxes on income
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.59
—
Other current taxes
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Net social contributions
x
x
x
x
D.611
— —
Employers’ actual social contributions
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.612
— —
Employers’ imputed social contributions
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.613
— —
Households’ actual social contributions
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.614
— —
Households’ social contribution supplements
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.61SC
— —
Social insurance scheme service charges
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.62
—
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.63
—
Social transfers in kind
x
x
x
x
D.631
—
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
o
x
o
o
D.632
—
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
o
x
o
o
D.7
Other current transfers
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Net non-life insurance premiums
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.72
—
Non-life insurance claims
x
x
o
x
x
D.74
—
Current international cooperation
x
x
x
D.74A
— —
Of which: payable to/receivable by European institutions (e.g. EDF)
x
x
D.75
—
Miscellaneous current transfers
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.76
—
VAT - and GNI - based EU own resources
x
x
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
II.4.1
Use of disposable income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
x
x
x
x
Uses
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
x
x
x
x
x
P.31
—
Individual consumption expenditure
x
x
x
x
x
P.32
—
Collective consumption expenditure
x
x
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
B.8g
Saving, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.12
Current external balance
x
III.1.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.8g
Saving, gross
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.12
Current external balance
x
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.91r
—
Capital taxes, receivable
x
x
x
D.92r
—
Investment grants, receivable
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.99r
—
Other capital transfers, receivable
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Changes in assets
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.91p
—
Capital taxes, payable
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.92p
—
Investment grants, payable
 (
47
)
x
x
x
D.99p
—
Other capital transfers, payable
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.10.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
III.1.2
Acquisitions of non-financial assets account
Changes in liabilities and net worth
Sectors
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
B.10.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Changes in assets
P.5g
Gross capital formation
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.51g
—
Gross fixed capital formation
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.52
—
Changes in inventories
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.53
—
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
B.9
Net lending (+) / net borrowing (—)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
DB.9
Discrepancy with net lending/net borrowing of financial accounts
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Additional information
EMP
Employment (in number of persons and number of hours worked)
o
o
o
o
o
x
o
o
o
OTE
Total general government expenditure
x
OTR
Total general government revenue
x
= non relevant cells
x
= required
o
= voluntary
Table 801 —
   
Non-financial accounts by sector — quarterly
Code
Transactions and balancing items
Sectors
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
I
Production account/External account of goods and services
Resources
Total Economy
Non-financial corporations
Financial corporations
General government
Households + non-profit institution serving households
Not sectorised
Rest of the world
P.1
Output
o
o
o
o
o
(P.11+P12+P131)
Of which: Market output, output for final use and payments for other non-market output
x
P.7
Imports of goods and services
x
P.71
—
Imports of goods
x
P.72
—
Imports of services
x
P.72F
—
Imports of FISIM
o
D.21 — D.31
Taxes less subsidies on products
x
x
Uses
P.2
Intermediate consumption
o
o
o
o
o
P.6
Exports of goods and services
x
P.61
—
Exports of goods
x
P.62
—
Exports of services
x
P.62F
—
Exports of FISIM
o
B.1g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.11
External balance of goods and services
x
P51c
Consumption of fixed capital
x
x
x
x
x
B.1n
Value added, net/net domestic product
x
x
x
x
x
II.1.1
Generation of income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.1g
Value added, gross/gross domestic product
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.3
Subsidies
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.31
—
Subsidies on products
x
x
D.39
—
Other subsidies on production
x
x
x
x
x
Uses
D.1
Compensation of employees
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.21
—
Taxes on products
x
x
D.29
—
Other taxes on production
x
x
x
x
x
B.2g+B.3g
Operating surplus, gross plus mixed income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Mixed income, gross
x
x
II.1.2
Allocation of primary income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.2g+B.3g
Operating surplus, gross plus mixed income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Mixed income, gross
x
x
D.1
Compensation of employees
x
x
x
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
x
x
x
D.21
—
Taxes on products
x
x
x
D.211
—
Value added type taxes (VAT)
x
D.29
—
Other taxes on production
x
x
x
D.4
Property income
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Interest
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
(D.42+D.43+D.44+D.45)
—
Other property income, not elsewhere specified
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Distributed income of corporations
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.43
—
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.43S2I
—
Reinvested earnings on intra-EA F.D.I.
o
o
D.43S2X
—
Reinvested earnings on extra-EA F.D.I.
o
o
D.43S21
—
Reinvested earnings on intra-EU F.D.I.
o
o
D.43S22
—
Reinvested earnings on extra-EU F.D.I.
o
o
D.44
—
Other investment income
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Rent
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
B.4g
Entrepreneurial income, gross
o
x
x
o
o
D.41g
Total interest before FISIM allocation
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
Uses
D.3
Subsidies
x
x
x
x
D.31
—
Subsidies on products
x
x
x
x
D.39
—
Other subsidies on production
x
x
x
D.4
Property income
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Interest
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
(D.42 + D.43 + D.44 + D.45)
—
Other Property Income, not elsewhere specified
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Distributed income of corporations
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
D.43
—
Reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
D.43S2I
—
Reinvested earnings on Intra-EA F.D.I.
o
o
D.43S2X
—
Reinvested earnings on Extra-EA F.D.I.
o
o
D.43S21
—
Reinvested earnings on Intra-EU F.D.I.
o
o
D.43S22
—
Reinvested earnings on Extra-EU F.D.I.
o
o
D.44
—
Other investment income
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Rents
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
D.41g
Total interest before FISIM allocation
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
II.2
Secondary distribution of income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.5g
Balance of primary incomes, gross/national income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc
x
x
x
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Net social contributions
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.62
—
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
x
 (
50
)
x
x
D.63
—
Social transfers in kind
x
 (
50
)
x
D.7
Other current transfers
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Net non-life insurance premiums
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
D.72
—
Non-life insurance claims
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
(D.74+D.75+D.76)
—
Other current transfers, not elsewhere specified
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.74
—
Current international cooperation
o
o
o
D.74A
—
Of which: payable to/receivable by European institutions (e.g. EDF)
x
D.75
—
Miscellaneous current transfers
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.76
—
VAT - and GNI - based EU own resources
o
Uses
D.5
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.6
Social contributions and benefits
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Net social contributions
x
 (
50
)
x
x
D.62
—
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.63
—
Social transfers in kind
x
 (
50
)
x
x
D.631
—
Social transfers in kind — non-market production
x
x
D.632
—
Social transfers in kind — purchased market production
x
x
D.7
Other current transfers
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Net non-life insurance premiums
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.72
—
Non-life insurance claims
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
(D.74+D.75+D.76)
—
Other Current transfers, not elsewhere specified
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.74
—
Current international cooperation
o
o
o
D.74A
—
Of which: payable to/receivable by European institutions (e.g. EDF)
x
x
D.75
—
Miscellaneous current transfers
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.76
—
VAT - and GNI - based EU own resources
o
o
B.7g
Adjusted disposable income, gross
x
x
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
II.4.1
Use of disposable income account
Resources
Sectors
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.6g
Disposable income, gross
x
x
x
x
x
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
x
x
x
Uses
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
x
x
x
P.31
—
Individual consumption expenditure
x
x
x
P.32
—
Collective consumption expenditure
x
x
D.8
Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.8g
Saving, gross
x
x
x
x
x
B.12
Current external balance
x
III.1.1
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers account
Changes in liabilities and net worth
B.8g
Gross saving
x
x
x
x
x
B.12
Current external balance
x
D.9r
Capital transfers, receivable
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.91r
—
Capital taxes, receivable
x
x
x
D.92r + D.99r
—
Investment grants and other capital transfers
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.92r
—
Investment grants, receivable
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.99r
—
Other capital transfers, receivable
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
Changes in assets
D.9p
Capital transfers, payable
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.91p
—
Capital taxes, payable
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
D.92p + D.99p
—
Investment grants and other capital transfers
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.92p
—
Investment grants, payable
 (
51
)
o
o
o
D.99p
—
Other capital transfers, payable
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
x
x
x
x
x
B.101
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
x
x
x
x
x
x
III.1.2
Acquisitions of non-financial assets account
Sectors
Changes in liabilities and net worth
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.101
Change in net worth due to saving and capital transfers
x
x
x
x
x
x
Changes in assets
P.5g
Gross capital formation
x
x
x
x
x
P.51g
—
Gross fixed capital formation
x
x
x
x
x
P.51c
Consumption of fixed capital
x
x
x
x
x
P.52 + P.53
—
Changes in inventories and net acquisition of valuables
x
x
x
x
x
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-produced assets
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.9
Net lending (+)/net borrowing (—)
x
x
x
x
x
x
DB.9
Discrepancy with net lending/net borrowing of financial accounts
o
o
o
o
o
o
Additional information
EMP
Employment (in number of persons and number of hours worked)
o
o
o
o
o
o
OTE
Total general government expenditure
x
OTR
Total general government revenue
x
AN.111
Dwellings
o
AN.211
Land
o
= non relevant cells
x
= required
o
= voluntary
SEASONAL ADJUSTMENT
—
Seasonal adjustment (including calendar adjustments, where relevant) starting from reference year 2014 is compulsory for:
—
Uses: S.2/P.6, S.2/D.1+D.2+D.3+D.4, S.2/D.5+D.6+D.7, S.2/D.8, S.2/D.9
—
Resources: S.2/P.7, S.2/D.1+D.2+D.3+D.4, S.2/D.5+D.6+D.7, S.2/D.8, S.2/D.9
—
Balancing items: S.1/B.1g, S.1/B.2g+B.3g, S.1/B.5g, S.1/B.6g, S.1/B.8g, S.1/B.9
—
Transmission deadline: three working days after deadline for non-seasonally adjusted data.
—
Seasonal adjustment (including calendar adjustments, where relevant) starting from reference year 2017 is compulsory for:
—
Uses: S.11/D.1 
(
1
)
, S.11/P.51g 
(
1
)
, S.13/P.3, S.13/P.51g, S.13/OTE, S.14+S.15/D.4 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.5 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.61 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.7 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.8 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/P.31, S.14+S.15/P.51g 
(
1
)
—
Resources: S.13/OTR, S.14+S.15/D.1 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.4 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.62 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.7 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.8 
(
1
)
—
Balancing items: S.11/B.1g 
(
1
)
, S.11/B.2g+B.3g 
(
1
)
, S.13/B.9, S.14+S.15/B.2g+B.3g 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/B.6g 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/B.8g 
(
1
)
—
Transmission deadline: three working days after deadline for non-seasonally adjusted data.
—
Seasonal adjustment (including calendar adjustments, where relevant) is voluntary for:
—
Uses: S.11/(P.52+P.53), S.11/D.5, S.14+S.15/D.62, S.14+S.15/D.63, S.2/P.61, S.2/P.62
—
Resources: S.14+S.15/D.61, S.14+S.15/D.63, S.2/P.71, S.2/P.72
—
Balancing items: S.11/B.4g, S.11/B.9, S.14+S.15/B.3g, S.14+S.15/B.9
—
Transmission deadline: three working days after deadline for non-seasonally adjusted data.
VOLUME DATA
Data in chain-linked volumes, after seasonal adjustment (including calendar adjustments, where relevant), are voluntary for:
S.11/B1g, S.11/P.51g, S.14+S.15/P.31, S.14+S.15/P.51g.
Transmission deadline: three working days after deadline for non-seasonally adjusted data.
SOURCES AND METHODS
Member States shall inform the Commission of major methodological or other changes that would affect the data transmitted not later than three months after such change takes effect.
Table 9 —
   
Detailed tax and social contribution receipts by type of tax or social contribution and receiving subsector including the list of taxes and social contributions according to national classification
(
*8
)
Code
 (
*9
)
Transaction
D.2
Taxes on production and imports
D.21
Taxes on products
D.211
Value added type taxes (VAT)
D.212
Taxes and duties on imports excluding VAT
D.2121
Import duties
D.2122
Taxes on imports, excluding VAT and import duties
D.2122a
Levies on imported agricultural products
D.2122b
Monetary compensatory amounts on imports
D.2122c
Excise duties
D.2122d
General sales taxes
D.2122e
Taxes on specific services
D.2122f
Profits of import monopolies
D.214
Taxes on products, except VAT and import taxes
D.214a
Excise duties and consumption taxes
D.214b
Stamp taxes
D.214c
Taxes on financial and capital transactions
D.214d
Car registration taxes
D.214e
Taxes on entertainment
D.214f
Taxes on lotteries, gambling and betting
D.214g
Taxes on insurance premiums
D.214h
Other taxes on specific services
D.214i
General sales or turnover taxes
D.214j
Profits of fiscal monopolies
D.214k
Export duties and monetary comp. amounts on exports
D.214l
Other taxes on products n.e.c.
D.29
Other taxes on production
D.29a
Taxes on land, buildings or other structures
D.29b
Taxes on the use of fixed assets
D.29c
Total wage bill and payroll taxes
D.29d
Taxes on international transactions
D.29e
Business and professional licences
D.29f
Taxes on pollution
D.29g
Under-compensation of VAT (flat rate system)
D.29h
Other taxes on production n.e.c.
D.5
Current taxes on income wealth, etc.
D.51
Taxes on income
D.51a+D.51c1
Taxes on individual or household income including holding gains
D.51a
Taxes on individual or household income excluding holding gains
 (
52
)
D.51c1
Taxes on individual or household holding gains
 (
52
)
D.51b+D51c2
Taxes on the income or profits of corporations including holding gains
D.51b
Taxes on the income or profits of corporations excluding holding gains
 (
52
)
D.51c2
Taxes on holding gains of corporations
 (
52
)
D.51c3
Other taxes on holding gains
 (
52
)
D.51c
Taxes on holding gains
D.51d
Taxes on winnings from lottery or gambling
D.51e
Other taxes on income n.e.c.
D.59
Other current taxes
D.59a
Current taxes on capital
D.59b
Poll taxes
D.59c
Expenditure taxes
D.59d
Payments by households for licences
D.59e
Taxes on international transactions
D.59f
Other current taxes n.e.c.
D.91
Capital taxes
D.91a
Taxes on capital transfers
D.91b
Capital levies
D.91c
Other capital taxes n.e.c.
ODA
Total tax receipts
D.61
Net social contributions
D.611
Employers' actual social contributions
D.611C
Compulsory employers' actual social contributions
D.611V
Voluntary employers' actual social contributions
D.61SC
Social insurance scheme service charges
 (
54
)
D.6111
Employers' actual pension contributions
 (
52
)
D.6112
Employers' actual non-pension contributions
 (
52
)
D.6121
Employers' imputed pension contributions
 (
52
)
D.6122
Employers' imputed non-pension contributions
 (
52
)
D.6131
Households' actual pension contributions
 (
52
)
D.6132
Households' actual non-pension contributions
 (
52
)
D.6141
Households' pension contributions supplements
 (
52
)
D.6142
Households' non-pension contributions supplements
 (
52
)
D.612
Employers' imputed social contributions
D.613
Households' actual social contributions
D.613c
Compulsory households' actual social contributions
D.613ce
Compulsory employees' actual social contributions
D.613cs
Compulsory actual social contributions by the self-employed
 (
52
)
D.613cn
Compulsory actual social contributions by the non-employed
 (
52
)
D.613v
Voluntary households' actual social contributions
D.614
Households' social contributions supplements
 (
54
)
D.995
Capital transfers from general government to relevant sectors representing taxes and social contributions assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995a
Taxes on products assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995b
Other taxes on production assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995c
Taxes on income assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995d
Other current taxes assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995e
Employers' actual social contributions assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995f
Households' actual social contributions assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995fe
Employees' actual social contributions assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
D.995fs
Actual social contributions by self-employed persons assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
52
)
D.995fn
Actual social contributions by non-employed persons assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
52
)
D.995g
Capital taxes assessed but unlikely to be collected
 (
53
)
ODB
Total receipts from taxes and social contributions after deduction of amounts assessed but unlikely to be collected
ODC
Total receipts from taxes and net social contributions (including imputed social contributions) after deduction of amounts assessed but unlikely to be collected
ODD
Tax burden = total receipts from taxes and compulsory social contributions after deduction of amounts assessed but unlikely to be collected
Table 10 —
   
Tables by industry and by region (NUTS level 2)
Code
List of variables
Breakdown
B.1g
1.
Gross value added at basic prices (volume growth rate based on previous year’s prices)
 (
55
)
B.1g
2.
Gross value added at basic prices (current prices)
 (
56
)
A*10
D.1
3.
Compensation of employees (current prices)
A*10
P.51g
4.
Gross fixed capital formation (current prices)
A*10
5.
Employment
 (
56
)
(
57
)
 in thousands of persons and in thousands of hours worked
ETO
—
Total
 (
56
)
(
57
)
A*10
EEM
—
Employees
 (
57
)
A*10
POP
6.
Population in thousands of persons
 (
58
)
Table 11 —
   
General government expenditure by function
Code
List of variables
Function
Subsector breakdown
 (
59
)
OP5ANP
Gross capital formation + Acquisitions less disposals of non-financial non-produced assets
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.5
Gross capital formation
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.51g
of which, gross fixed capital formation
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.13
NP
Acquisitions less disposals of non-financial non-produced assets
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.1
Compensation of employees
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.3
Subsidies
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4
Property income
 (
60
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1311
of which, payable to subsector central government (S.1311)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1312
of which, payable to subsector state government (S.1312)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1313
of which, payable to subsector local government (S.1313)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.4p_S.1314
of which, payable to subsector social security funds (S.1314)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D.62+D.632
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind and social transfers in kind - purchased market production
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.62
Social benefits other than social transfers in kind
 (
66
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.632
Social transfers in kind - purchased market production
 (
66
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.2+D.29+D.5+D.8
Intermediate consumption + Other taxes on production + Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.+ Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.2
Intermediate consumption
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.29+D.5+D.8
Other taxes on production + Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.+ Adjustment for the change in pension entitlements
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7
Other current transfers
 (
60
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1311
of which, payable to subsector central government (S.1311)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1312
of which, payable to subsector state government (S.1312)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1313
of which, payable to subsector local government (S.1313)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.7p_S.1314
of which, payable to subsector social security funds (S.1314)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D.9
Capital transfers
 (
60
)
(
63
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.92p
of which, investment grants
 (
60
)
(
61
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.13
D.9p_S.1311
of which, payable to subsector central government (S.1311)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1312
of which, payable to subsector state government (S.1312)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1313
of which, payable to subsector local government (S.1313)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.9p_S.1314
of which, payable to subsector social security funds (S.1314)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
TE
Total expenditure
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.3
Final consumption expenditure
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.31
Individual consumption expenditure
 (
62
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.32
Collective consumption expenditure
 (
62
)
COFOG divisions
COFOG groups
 (
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Table 12 —
   
Tables by industry and by region (NUTS level 3)
Code
List of variables
Breakdown
 (
67
)
B1.g
1.
Gross value added at basic prices (current prices)
A*10
2.
Employment
 (
68
)
 (thousands of persons)
ETO
—
Total
A*10
EEM
—
Employees
A*10
POP
3.
Population (thousands of persons)
Table 13 —
   
Households accounts by region (NUTS level 2)
Allocation of primary income account of households (S.14)
Code
Uses
Code
Resources
D.4
1.
Property income
B.2n/B.3n
3.
Operating surplus, net/mixed income, net
B.5n
2.
Balance of primary income, net
D.1
4.
Compensation of employees
D.4
5.
Property income
Secondary distribution of income account of households (S.14)
Code
Uses
Code
Resources
D.5
6.
Current taxes on income, wealth, etc.
B.5
10.
Balance of primary income, net
D.61
7.
Net social contributions
D.62
11.
Social benefits other than social benefits in kind
D.7
8.
Other current transfers
D.7
12.
Other current transfers
B.6n
9.
Disposable income, net
Household final consumption expenditure (S.14)
P.3
13.
Household final consumption expenditure
 (
69
)
Table 15 —
   
Supply table at basic prices, including transformation into purchasers' prices (current prices and previous year’s prices
(
70
)
)
n=64, m=64
Industries (NACE A*64)
1 2 3 4 …… n
Σ (1)
Imports cif
 (
72
)
Total supply at basic prices
Trade and transport margins
Taxes less subsidies on products
Total supply at purchasers' prices
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
1
2
3
4
.
.
.
Products (CPA)
.
.
.
m
(1)
Output by product and by industry at basic prices
a)
Intra EU cif
 (
71
)
a1)
from S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area (cif)
 (
71
)
a2)
from S.xx (S.21-S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area) (cif)
 (
71
)
b)
Extra EU cif
 (
71
)
c)
Total
Σ (1)
Total output by industry
Adjust. Items:
(2)
—
Cif/fob adjustments on imports
—
—
—
—
Direct purchase abroad by residents
—
—
—
(1) + (2)
Total of which:
(3)
—
Market output
—
Output for own final use
—
—
—
—
—
Non-market output
—
—
—
—
Table 16 —
   
Use table at purchasers' prices
(
*10
)
(current prices and previous year’s prices
(
73
)
)
n=64, m=64
Industries (NACE A*64)
1 2 3 …… n
Σ (1)
Final uses
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
Σ (3)
Σ (1) + Σ (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1
2
3
.
.
.
Products
(CPA)
.
m
(1)
Intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices by product and by industry
Final uses at purchasers' prices
 (
77
)
:
Final consumption expenditure:
a)
by households
b)
by NPISH
c)
by general government
d)
total
Gross capital formation:
e)
gross fixed capital formation
f)
changes in inventories
 (
74
)
g)
changes in valuables
 (
74
)
h)
changes in inventories and valuables
i)
total
Exports fob
 (
75
)
:
j)
intra EU
j1) —
to S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area
 (
75
)
j2) —
to S.xx (S.21-S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area)
 (
75
)
k)
extra EU
 (
75
)
l)
total
Σ (1)
(2)
Total intermediate consumption by industry
Total final uses by type
Total use
Adjustment items:
(3)
—
Cif/fob adjustments on exports
—
only exports
only exports
—
Direct purchases abroad by residents
—
only final consumption expenditure of households
only final consumption expenditure of households
—
Purchases on the domestic territory by non-resident
—
only final consumption expenditure of households and exports
only final consumption expenditure of households and exports
Σ (2) + Σ (3)
(4)
—
Compensation of employees
 (
76
)
Wages and salaries
 (
76
)
(5)
—
—
—
—
Other taxes less subsidies on production
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Consumption of fixed capital
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Operating surplus, net
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Operating surplus, gross
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Mixed income, gross
 (
74
)
—
—
—
Gross value added at basic prices
(6)
—
—
—
Total output at basic prices
(7)
—
—
—
Supplementary voluntary data:
(8)(2)
—
Gross fixed capital formation
—
—
Gross fixed capital stock
—
—
Hours worked (in thousands)
—
Table 17 —
   
Symmetric input-output table at basic prices
(
*12
)
(product by product
(
*11
)
)
(current prices
 (
81
)
)
n=64
Products
1 2 3 …… n
Σ (1)
Final uses
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
Σ (3)
Σ (1) + Σ (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Products
1
2
3
.
.
.
n
(1)
Intermediate consumption at basic prices (product by product)
Final uses at basic prices
 (
80
)
:
Final consumption expenditure:
a)
by households
b)
by NPISH
c)
by general government
d)
total
Gross capital formation:
e)
gross fixed capital formation
f)
changes in inventories
 (
78
)
g)
changes in valuables
 (
78
)
h)
changes in inventories and valuables
i)
total
Exports
 (
79
)
:
j)
intra EU
j1) —
to S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area
 (
79
)
j2) —
to S.xx (S.21-S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area)
k)
extra EU
 (
79
)
l)
total
Σ (1)
(2)
Total intermediate consumption at basic prices by product
Final use by type at basic prices
Total use at basic prices
Use of imported products
 (
*13
)
Total intermediate consumption of imported products by product, cif
Final use of imported products, cif
Total imports
Taxes less subsidies on products
(3)
Taxes less subsidies on products by product
Taxes less subsidies on products by type of final use
Total taxes less subsidies on products
Σ (1) + (3)
(4)
Total intermediate consumption at purchasers' prices by product
Total final uses by type at purchasers' prices
Total use at purchasers' prices
—
Compensation of employees
Wages and salaries
(5)
—
Other taxes less subsidies on production
—
—
—
—
Consumption of fixed capital
—
—
—
—
Operating surplus, net
—
—
—
—
Operating surplus, gross
—
—
—
—
Mixed income, gross
 (
78
)
—
—
—
Gross value added at basic prices
(6)
—
—
—
Total output at basic prices
(7)
—
—
—
Imports intra EU cif
 (
79
)
(8)
—
imports from S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area (cif)
 (
79
)
—
—
—
—
imports from S.xx (S.21 - S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area) (cif)
 (
79
)
—
—
—
Imports extra EU cif
 (
79
)
—
—
—
Σ (8)
(9)
Imports cif by product
Total supply at basic prices
(10)
Supply at basic prices by product
Table 20 —
   
Cross classification of fixed assets by industry and by asset (stocks)
Code
List of variables
Breakdown Industries
 (
82
)
Current replacement costs
Previous year’s replacement costs
AN.11g
1.
Fixed assets, gross
x
x
AN.111g
2.
Dwellings, gross
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.112g
3.
Other buildings and structures, gross
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.113g+AN.114g
4.
Machinery and equipment, gross + weapon systems, gross
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1131g
5.
Transport equipment, gross
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1132g
6.
ICT equipment, gross
x
x
AN.11321g
7.
Computer hardware, gross
x
x
AN.11322g
8.
Telecommunications equipment, gross
x
x
AN.1139g+AN.114g
9.
Other machinery and equipment, gross + weapon systems, gross
x
x
AN.115g
10.
Cultivated biological resources, gross
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.117g
11.
Intellectual property products, gross
x
x
AN.1173g
12.
Computer software and databases, gross
x
x
AN.11n
13.
Fixed assets, net
x
x
AN.111n
14.
Dwellings, net
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.112n
15.
Other buildings and structures, net
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.113n+AN.114n
16.
Machinery and equipment, net + weapon systems, net
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1131n
17.
Transport equipment, net
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1132n
18.
ICT equipment, net
x
x
AN.11321n
19.
Computer hardware, net
x
x
AN.11322n
20.
Telecommunications equipment, net
x
x
AN.1139n+AN.114n
21.
Other machinery and equipment, net + weapon systems, net
x
x
AN.115n
22.
Cultivated biological resources, net
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.117n
23.
Intellectual property products, net
x
x
AN.1173n
24.
Computer software and databases, net
x
x
Table 22 —
   
Cross classification of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) by industry and by asset (transactions)
Code
List of variables
Breakdown Industries
 (
83
)
Current prices
Previous year’s prices and chain-linked volumes
 (
85
)
P.51g_AN.11
1.
GFCF in fixed assets
x
x
P.51g_AN.111
2.
GFCF in dwellings
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.112
3.
GFCF in other buildings and structures
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.113+AN.114
4.
GFCF in machinery and equipment + weapon systems
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.1131
5.
GFCF in transport equipment
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.1132
6.
GFCF in ICT equipment
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.11321
7.
GFCF in computer hardware
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.11322
8.
GFCF in telecommunications equipment
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.1139+AN.114
9.
GFCF in other machinery and equipment + weapon systems
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.115
10.
GFCF in cultivated biological resources
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.117
11.
GFCF in intellectual property products
x
x
P.51g_AN.1173
12.
GFCF in computer software and databases
 (
84
)
x
x
Table 26 —
   
Balance sheets for non-financial assets
Code
List of variables
Breakdown
Sectors
AN.1
1.
Produced non-financial assets
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.11+AN.12
2.
Fixed assets + Inventories
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.11
3.
Fixed assets
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.111
4.
Dwellings
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.112
5.
Other buildings and structures
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1121
6.
Buildings other than dwellings
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1122
7.
Other structures
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.113+AN.114
8.
Machinery and equipment + Weapons systems
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.115
9.
Cultivated biological resources
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.117
10.
Intellectual property products
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
 S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.1171
11.
Research and development
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1172
12.
Mineral exploration and evaluation
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1173
13.
Computer software and databases
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1174
14.
Entertainment, literary or artistic originals
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1179
15.
Other intellectual property products
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.12
16.
Inventories
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.13
17.
Valuables
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.2
18.
Non-produced non-financial assets
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.21
19.
Natural resources
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.211
20.
Land
S.1
 (
88
)
, S.11
 (
88
)
, S.12
 (
88
)
, S.13
 (
88
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.212
21.
Mineral and energy reserves
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.213 + AN.214
22.
Non-cultivated biological resources and water resources
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.215
23.
Other natural resources
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.22
24.
Contracts, leases and licences
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.23
25.
Purchases less sales of goodwill and marketing assets
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
Unit: current prices
Table 27
(
90
)
—
   
Quarterly financial accounts of general government
Code
Transaction/balance
Assets/liabilities
Sectors and subsectors
 (
91
)
(
92
)
F
Financial transactions
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.1
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.2
Currency and deposits
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.21
Currency
Liabilities
S.1311
F.3
Debt securities
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.31
Short-term securities
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.32
Long-term securities
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.4
Loans
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.41
Short-term loans
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.42
Long-term loans
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.51
Equity
Assets
S.13
F.52
Investment fund shares/units
Assets
S.13
F.6
Insurance, pensions and standardised guarantees
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.63+F.64+F.65
Pension entitlements, claims of pension funds on pension managers and entitlements to non-pension benefits
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.8
Other accounts receivable / payable
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
LE
Balance
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.1
Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.2
Currency and deposits
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.21
Currency
Liabilities
S.1311
AF.3
Debt securities
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.31
Short-term securities
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.32
Long-term securities
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.4
Loans
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.41
Short-term loans
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.42
Long-term loans
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.51
Equity
Assets
S.13
AF.52
Investment fund shares/units
Assets
S.13
AF.6
Insurance, pension and standardised guarantees
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.61
Non-life insurance technical reserves
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.63+AF.64+AF.65
Pension entitlements, claims of pension funds on pension managers and entitlements to non-pension benefits
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.66
Provisions for calls under standardised guarantees
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.7
Financial derivatives and employee stock options
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.8
Other accounts receivable/payable
Assets/liabilities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Counterpart information
 (
93
)
/transactions
F.31
Short-term securities
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
F.32
Long-term securities
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
F.41
Short-term loans
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128+S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
94
)
F.41
Short-term loans
Liabilities
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128+S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
F.42
Long-term loans
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12
 (
93
)
, S.128+S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
93
)
F.42
Long-term loans
Liabilities
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128+S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
F.5
Equity and investment fund shares
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
Counterpart information
 (
93
)
/balance
AF.31
Short-term securities
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
AF.32
Long-term securities
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
AF.41
Short-term loans
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.41
Short-term loans
Liabilities
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.42
Long-term loans
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.42
Long-term loans
Liabilities
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.5
Equity and investment fund shares
Assets
S.1311 and S.1314 vis-à-vis:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
Table 28 —
   
Quarterly government debt (Maastricht debt) for general government
Code
Liabilities
 (
95
)
Sectors and subsectors
 (
96
)
(
97
)
GD
Total
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.2
Currency and deposits
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.21
Currency
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.22 + AF.29
Deposits
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.3
Debt securities
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.31
Short-term
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.32
Long-term
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.4
Loans
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.41
Short-term
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.42
Long-term
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Table 29 —
   
Accrued-to-date pension entitlements in social insurance
(
104
)
(
105
)
Rela-tions
Code
Row No
Recording
Core national accounts
Not in the core national accounts
Total pension schemes
Counter-parts: Pension entitlements of non-resident households
 (
101
)
Pension manager
Non-general government
General government
Defined contribution schemes
Defined benefit schemes and other
 (
98
)
 non-defined contri-bution schemes
Total
Defined contribution schemes
Defined benefit schemes for general government employees
 (
99
)
Classified in financial corporations
Classified in general governement
 (
100
)
Classified in general government
Social security pension schemes
Code
XPC1W
XPB1W
XPCB1W
XPCG
XPBG12
XPBG13
XPBOUT13
XP1314
XPTOT
XPTOTNRH
Column number
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Opening balance sheet
XAF63LS
1
Pension entitlements
Changes in pension entitlements due to transactions
Σ 2.1 to 2.4 – 2.5
XD61p
2
Increase in pension entitlements due to social contributions
XD6111
2.1
Employer actual social contributions
XD6121
2.2
Employer imputed social contributions
XD6131
2.3
Household actual social contributions
XD6141
2.4
Household social contribution supplements
 (
102
)
XD61SC
2.5
Less: Pension scheme service charges
XD619
3
Other (actuarial) change of pension entitlements in social security pension schemes
XD62p
4
Reduction in pension entitlements due to payment of pension benefits
2 + 3 — 4
XD8
5
Changes in pension entitlements due to social contributions and pension benefits
XD81
6
Transfers of pension entitlements between schemes
XD82
7
Change in entitlements due to negotiated changes in scheme structure
Changes in pension entitlements due to other flows
XK7
8
Changes in entitlements due to revaluations
 (
103
)
XK5
9
Changes in entitlements due to other changes in volume
 (
103
)
Closing balance sheet
1+ Σ 5 to 9
XAF63LE
10
Pension entitlements
Related indicators
XP1
11
Output
(
1
)
  In all cases, the variables shall be transmitted to the Commission (Eurostat) no later than the day they are published by the national authority. When data that have already been transmitted to the Commission (Eurostat) are revised, those revised data shall be transmitted to the Commission (Eurostat) no later than the day they are published by the national authority.
(
2
)
  Applicable to the entire table with the exception of selected items (see table details).
(
3
)
  Applicable to selected items (see table details).
(
4
)
  The deadline of 85 days is applicable to Member States whose currency is the euro. For Member States whose currency is not the euro, the data transmission deadline is 3 months.
If flagged as ‘not published’ at national level, the provisional figures that have been transmitted before expiry of the deadline of 85 days by the individual Member States should not be published at European level. The corresponding finalised figures shall be transmitted by the Member States concerned before expiry of the deadline of 3 months. Transmission within a period of 85 days of seasonally adjusted figures and figures in chain-linked volumes is voluntary.
For Member States entering the economic and monetary union after the entry into force of this Regulation the applicable data transmission deadline is 85 days from the date of the Member State's entry.
(
5
)
  If a Member State transmits the complete data set within 85 days, data does not need to be transmitted at 3 months.
(
6
)
  For Member States whose gross domestic product at current prices is less than 1 % of the corresponding Union total GDP, only data for selected items shall be compulsory (see table 801 details).
(
7
)
  Quarterly data are to be provided in non-seasonally adjusted form, as well as in seasonally adjusted form (including calendar adjustments, where relevant). Seasonally adjusted quarterly data in the previous year’s prices are not to be provided. The provision of quarterly data that only include calendar adjustments is voluntary.
(
8
)
  If no breakdown is indicated, that means total economy.
(
9
)
  Split between taxes and subsidies for quarterly accounts on a voluntary basis.
(
10
)
  Breakdown by durability for annual accounts: durable goods, semi-durable goods, non-durable goods, services.
Breakdown by durability for quarterly accounts: durable goods and others.
(
11
)
  AN_F6: Breakdown of fixed assets:
AN.111 dwellings
AN.112 other buildings and structures
AN.113 + AN.114 machinery and equipment + weapon systems
—
AN.1131 transport equipment
—
AN.1132 ICT equipment 
(
*1
)
—
AN.1139 + AN.114 other machinery and equipment + weapon systems 
(
*1
)
AN.115 cultivated biological resources
AN.117 intellectual property products
(
*1
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
12
)
  Only in previous year's prices.
(
13
)
  Imports and exports shall be broken down into:
(a)
S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area;
(b)
S.xx (S.21 - S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro, and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area);
(c)
S.22 Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union, taking into account that:
—
EMU and EU breakdowns should represent the actual composition at the end of each reference period (‘evolving composition’);
—
data for reference periods from 2012 onwards should be provided in CUP, PYP and CLV on a compulsory basis;
—
data for reference periods 2008-2011 should be provided in CUP on a compulsory basis, and in PYP and CLV on a voluntary basis,
—
data for reference periods 1999-2007 should be provided in CUP on a voluntary basis,
(
14
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
15
)
  A*10 only for total employment, self employed and employees in resident production units.
(
16
)
  Annual and quarterly data in previous year’s prices are not to be provided for reference year 1995.
(
*2
)
  Sector and subsectors:
S.13 General government subsector breakdown:
—
S.13 General government
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
(
17
)
  Subsector data shall be consolidated within each subsector but not between subsectors. Sector S.13 data equal the sum of subsector data, except for items D.4, D.7 and D.9 (and their subitems) which should be consolidated between subsectors (with counterpart information).
(
18
)
  D.995 is to be deducted from D.99r. No amounts for D.995 are to be included under D.9p.
(
19
)
  The split by receiving subsectors is voluntary.
(
20
)
  Whenever substantial payments for items other than D.4, D.7 or D.9 and subitems occur between subsectors, please specify these payments in the sender footnotes.
(
21
)
  A tax credit is a tax relief which is directly subtracted from the tax liability otherwise due by the beneficiary household or corporation. Payable tax credits are tax credits for which any amount exceeding the amount of tax liability (otherwise due) is paid out to the beneficiary. The whole amount of the payable tax credit should be recorded as government expenditure (‘Total payable tax credits’, PTC) while mentioning the amount of the ‘transfer component’ (TC), which are payable tax credits that exceed the taxpayer's liability and that are paid out to the taxpayer.
(
22
)
  Data to be transmitted on a voluntary basis for subsectors.
(
23
)
  Data for reference years before 2012 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission is compulsory for reference years from 2012 onwards.
(
*3
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
*4
)
  Only total economy.
(
24
)
  Breakdown by industry according to NACE classification. The first mentioned breakdown level applies to the transmission at t+9 months. The second mentioned breakdown level applies to the transmission at t+21 months. If no breakdown is indicated, that means total economy.
(
25
)
  Data in previous year’s prices not to be provided for reference year 1995.
(
26
)
  For breakdowns level A*64, the data transmission for item ‘imputed rentals of owner-occupied dwellings’ (item 44, — "Real estate activities’) is compulsory only for variables P.1, P.2, B.1g.
(
27
)
  For data provision for hours worked on NACE, level A*64 is voluntary.
(
28
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
29
)
  Only in previous year's prices.
(
30
)
  Coicop groups 12.2 ‘Prostitution" and 12.7 ‘Other services, not elsewhere classified’ are to be provided as an aggregate.
(
31
)
  Data in previous year’s prices are not to be provided for reference year 1995.
(
*5
)
  Non-consolidated counterpart information to be provided on a voluntary basis and limited to the following counterpart sectors:
—
S.11 Non-financial corporations
—
S.12 Financial corporations
—
S.13 General government
—
S.14 + S.15 Households and non-profit institutions serving households
—
S.2 Rest of the world.
(
*6
)
  Non-consolidated other changes in volume and revaluation accounts are to be provided on a compulsory basis for the reference years from 2012 onwards and limited to the following sectors and the instruments split:
—
S.11 Non-financial corporations
—
S.12 Financial corporations
—
S.13 General government
—
S.14 + S.15 Households and non-profit institutions serving households
—
S.2 Rest of the world
—
F.1 Monetary gold and special drawing rights (SDRs)
—
F.2 Currency and deposits
—
F.3 Debt securities
—
F.4 Loans
—
F.5 Equity and investment fund shares/units
—
F.6 Insurance, pension and standardised guarantee schemes
—
F.7 Financial derivatives and employee stock options
—
F.8 Other accounts receivable/payable
Consolidated other changes in volume and revaluation accounts to be provided on a voluntary basis.
(
32
)
  Non-financial corporations:
—
S.11 Non-financial corporations — total
—
S.11001 All public non-financial corporations (to be provided on a voluntary basis).
(
33
)
  Financial corporations:
—
S.12 Financial corporations — total
—
S.121+S.122+S.123 Monetary financial institutions
—
S.121 Central Bank
—
S.122+S.123 Deposit-taking corporations except the Central Bank, and money market funds (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.124 Non-MMF investment funds
—
S.125+S.126+S.127 Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds, financial auxiliaries and captive financial institutions and money lenders (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.128+S.129 Insurance corporations and pension funds (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.12001 All public financial corporations (to be provided on a voluntary basis).
(
34
)
  General government subsector breakdown:
—
S.13 General government — total
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
(
35
)
  Households and non-profit institutions serving households (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis for reference years before 2012):
—
S.14+S.15 Households + non-profit institutions serving households — total
—
S.14 Households
—
S.15 Non-profit institutions serving households.
(
36
)
  Rest of the world:
S.2 Rest of the world — total (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
S.21 Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union
S.2I Members States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area
S.22 Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union, taking into account that:
—
EMU and EU breakdowns should represent the actual composition at the end of each reference period (‘evolving composition’);
—
the voluntary data should not be provided for reference periods before 1999.
(
37
)
  To be provided on a voluntary basis.
(
38
)
  Only for ‘transactions in financial instruments’ but not meaningful for "changes in volume’, ‘revaluation of financial instruments’ and counterpart sector information.
(
*7
)
  Non-consolidated counterpart information to be provided on a voluntary basis and limited to the following counterpart sectors:
—
S.11 Non-financial corporations
—
S.12 Financial corporations
—
S.13 General government
—
S.14 + S.15 Households and non-profit institutions serving households
—
S.2 Rest of the world.
(
39
)
  Non-financial corporations:
—
S.11 Non-financial corporations — total
—
S.11001 All public non-financial corporations (to be provided on a voluntary basis).
(
40
)
  Financial corporations:
—
S.12 Financial corporations — total
—
S.121+S.122+S.123 Monetary financial institutions
—
S.121 Central Bank
—
S.122+S.123 Deposit-taking corporations, except the Central Bank, and money-market funds (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.124 Non-MMF investment funds
—
S.125 + S.126+S.127 Other financial intermediaries, except insurance corporations and pension funds, financial auxiliaries and captive financial institutions and money lenders (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.128+S.129 Insurance corporations and pension funds (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.12001 All public financial corporations (to be provided on a voluntary basis).
(
41
)
  Breakdown of general government subsectors:
—
S.13 General government — total
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
(
42
)
  Households and non-profit institutions serving households (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis for reference years before 2012):
—
S.14+S.15 Households + non-profit institutions serving households — total
—
S.14 Households
—
S.15 Non-profit institutions serving households.
(
43
)
  Rest of the world:
—
S.2 Rest of the world — total (breakdown to be provided on a voluntary basis)
—
S.21 Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union
—
S.2I Members States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area
—
S.22 Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union, taking into account that:
—
EMU and EU breakdowns should represent the actual composition at the end of each reference period (‘evolving composition’);
—
The voluntary data should not be provided for periods before reference year 1999.
(
44
)
  To be provided on a voluntary basis.
(
45
)
  Counterpart sector information not relevant for this item.
(
46
)
  Data for S.14 and S.15 for reference years before 2012 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission is compulsory for reference years from 2012 onwards.
(
47
)
  In general, government data should be consolidated within each subsector but not between subsectors. However, for this transaction consolidation should be made between subsectors of general government (S.13) as well: central government, state government, local government and social security funds.
(
48
)
  Data for reference years before 2012 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission is compulsory for reference years from 2012 onwards.
(
49
)
  To be transmitted only by Member States whose currency is the euro.
(
50
)
  Voluntary for countries whose GDP at current prices represents less than 1 % of the corresponding Union total. The 1 % threshold is calculated as a moving average based on the three latest available years.
(
51
)
  In general, government data should be consolidated within each subsector but not between subsectors. However, for this transaction consolidation should be made between subsectors of general government (S.13) as well: Central government, state government, local government and social security funds.
(
1
)
  Voluntary for countries whose GDP at current prices represents less than 1 % of the corresponding Union total. The 1 % threshold is calculated as a moving average based on the latest three available years.
(
*8
)
  Sector and subsectors:
S.13 General Government. Subsectors breakdown:
—
S.13 General government
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
S.212 Institutions and bodies of the European Union.
(
*9
)
  In addition, the full detail of the national classification of taxes and social contributions (the ‘National Tax List"), with corresponding amounts under each related ESA code, will be provided in Table 9. The National Tax List is requested on a compulsory basis for general government plus the institutions and bodies of the European Union.
(
52
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
53
)
  Split by receiving subsector on a voluntary basis.
(
54
)
  Data for reference years before 2012 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission is compulsory for reference years from 2012 onwards.
(
55
)
  Transmission on a voluntary basis until 2016. From 2017 onwards: transmission at t+24 months on a compulsory basis and transmission at t+12 months on a voluntary basis.
(
56
)
  Total gross value added and total employment in thousands of persons: transmission at t+12 months.
Total employment in hours worked, A*10 breakdowns of employment in persons and in hours worked, A*10 breakdown of gross value added: transmission at t+24 months.
(
57
)
  Employment and employees: residents and non-residents employed by resident producer units (Domestic Concept, DC).
(
58
)
  Transmission at t+12 months is compulsory.
(
59
)
  Breakdown of general government subsectors:
—
S.13 General government
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
(
60
)
  Subsector data should be consolidated within each subsector but not between subsectors. Sector S.13 data equal the sum of subsector data, except for items D.4, D.7 and D.9 (and their sub-items) which should be consolidated between subsectors (with counterpart information).
(
61
)
  On a voluntary basis for subsectors.
(
62
)
  On a compulsory basis for the total of COFOG groups.
(
63
)
  No amounts for D.995 are to be included under D.9p. D.995 is to be deducted from D.99r.
(
64
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
65
)
  To be provided for reference year 2001 onwards.
(
66
)
  Data for reference years before 2012 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission is compulsory for reference years from 2012 onwards.
(
67
)
  The following aggregated positions of NACE Rev 2 breakdown A*10 may be used:
—
(G, H, I and J) instead of (G, H and I) and (J);
—
(K, L, M and N) instead of (K), (L) and (M and N)
—
(O, P, Q, R, S, T and U) instead of (O, P and Q) and (R, S, T and U).
(
68
)
  Employment and employees: residents and non-residents employed by resident producer units (Domestic Concept, DC).
(
69
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
70
)
  Transmission of PYP data for reference years 2010-2014 on a voluntary basis. Compulsory transmission for reference years from 2015 onwards.
(
71
)
  Imports should be broken down into:
a)
S.21 Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union,
a1)
S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area,
a2)
S.xx (S.21-S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area), and
b)
S.22 Non-member countries and international organisations non- resident in the European Union,
taking into account that:
—
EMU and EU breakdowns should represent the actual composition at the end of each reference period (‘evolving composition’),
—
Member States whose currency is the euro have to provide all breakdowns as mentioned under a), a1), a2) and b); Member States whose currency is not the euro should provide the breakdowns as mentioned under a) and b), but the provision of the breakdowns mentioned under a1) and a2) is voluntary;
—
data should be provided in CUP and PYP.
(
72
)
  The concept to apply to the data by products in supply and use tables and input-output tables is the domestic concept. Adjustments to the national concept (direct purchases abroad by residents) are included as row totals in part (2) of the table. Imports (cif) by products do not include direct purchases abroad by residents.
(
*10
)
  The five additional tables mentioned below are required on a five-yearly basis (for reference years ending in 0 or 5). Transmission of these five additional tables at current prices is compulsory and voluntary in previous year's prices.
The five tables are:
—
use table at basic prices (made of row-blocks (1)-(7));
—
use table for domestic output at basic prices (made of row-blocks (1) and (2));
—
use table for imports at basic prices (made of row-blocks (1) and (2));
—
table of trade and transport margins (made of row-blocks (1) and (2));
—
table of taxes less subsidies on products (made of row-blocks (1) and (2)).
(
73
)
  Transmission of PYP data for reference years 2010-2014 on a voluntary basis. Compulsory transmission for reference years from 2015 onwards.
(
74
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
75
)
  Exports should be broken down into:
j)
S.21 Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union,
j1)
S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area,
j2)
S.xx (S.21 - S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area), and
k)
S.22 Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union, taking into account that:
—
EMU and EU breakdowns should represent the actual composition at the end of each reference period (‘evolving composition’);
—
Member States whose currency is the euro have to provide all breakdowns as mentioned under j), j1), j2) and k); Member States whose currency is not the euro should provide the breakdowns as mentioned under j) and k), but the provision of the breakdowns mentioned under j1) and j2) is voluntary;
—
data should be provided in CUP and PYP.
(
76
)
  Data in current prices on a compulsory basis, data in previous year's prices on a voluntary basis.
(
77
)
  The concept to apply to the data by products in supply and use tables and input-output tables is the domestic concept. Adjustments to the national concept (direct purchases abroad by residents and purchases on the domestic territory by non-residents) are included as row totals in part (3) of the table. Final consumption expenditure by households by products does not include direct purchases abroad by residents. Final consumption expenditure by households by products includes purchases on the domestic territory by non-residents. Exports (fob) by products do not include purchases on the domestic territory by non-residents.
(
*11
)
  Industry by industry provided that industry by industry is a good approximation of product by product.
(
*12
)
  Transmission of the two additional tables mentioned below is compulsory in current prices:
—
symmetric input-output table for domestic output at basic prices (made of row-block (1), row-block (2), row ‘use of imported products’, row-blocks (3) and (4))
—
symmetric input-output table for imports at basic prices (made of row-blocks (1) and (2)).
(
*13
)
  Only for the subtable for domestic output.
(
78
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
79
)
  Imports and exports should be broken down into:
j)
S.21 Member States and institutions and bodies of the European Union,
j1)
S.2I Member States whose currency is the euro, the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area,
j2)
S.xx (S.21 - S.2I) Member States whose currency is not the euro and institutions and bodies of the European Union (except the European Central Bank and other institutions and bodies of the euro area), and
k)
S.22 Non-member countries and international organisations non-resident in the European Union,
taking into account:
—
EMU and EU breakdowns should represent the actual composition at the end of each reference period (‘evolving composition’);
—
Member States whose currency is the euro have to provide all breakdowns as mentioned under j), j1), j2) and k); Member States whose currency is not the euro should provide the breakdowns as mentioned under j) and k), but the provision of the breakdowns mentioned under j1) and j2) is voluntary;
—
data should be provided in CUP.
(
80
)
  The concept to apply to the data by products in supply and use tables and input-output tables is the domestic concept. Adjustments to the national concept (direct purchases abroad by residents and purchases on the domestic territory by non-residents) are included as row totals. Final consumption expenditure by households by products does not include direct purchases abroad by residents. Final consumption expenditure by households by products includes purchases on the domestic territory by non-residents. Exports (fob) by products do not include purchases on the domestic territory by non-residents.
(
81
)
  Transmission of all symmetric input-output tables in previous year's prices is voluntary.
(
82
)
  A*21 compulsory
A*38/A*64: on a voluntary basis
If no breakdown is indicated, that means total economy.
(
83
)
  A*21 compulsory
A*38/A*64: on a voluntary basis
If no breakdown is indicated, that means total economy.
(
84
)
  On a voluntary basis for reference years before 2000. For reference years from 2000 onwards on a compulsory basis.
(
85
)
  Data in previous year’s prices not to be provided for reference year 1995.
(
86
)
  Data for reference years before 2012 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission for reference years from 2012 onwards is compulsory.
(
87
)
  Data for reference years before 2000 to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Data for reference years 2000 —2011 on a compulsory basis only for total economy. Transmission is compulsory for total economy and for institutional sectors for reference years from 2012 onwards.
(
88
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
89
)
  First transmission in 2017.
(
90
)
  Member States shall provide the Commission (Eurostat) with a description of the sources and methods used to compile the data, when they first start to transmit table 27. Member States shall inform the Commission (Eurostat) of any changes to this initial description when they communicate the revised data.
(
91
)
  General government subsector breakdown:
—
S.13 General government
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
(
92
)
  Consolidation:
—
S.13 Consolidated and non-consolidated
—
other subsectors: consolidated.
(
93
)
  Counterpart information — counterpart sectors and subsectors:
—
S.11 Non-financial corporations
—
S.12 Financial corporations
—
S.128+S.129 Insurance corporations and pension funds
—
S.14+S.15 Households and non-profit institutions serving households
—
S.2 Rest of the world.
(
94
)
  On a voluntary basis.
(
95
)
  Level at face value outstanding at end of quarter.
(
96
)
  General government subsector breakdown:
—
S.13 General government
—
S.1311 Central government
—
S.1312 State government
—
S.1313 Local government
—
S.1314 Social security funds.
(
97
)
  Subsector data should be consolidated within each subsector but not between subsectors.
(
98
)
  Such other non-defined contribution schemes, often described as hybrid schemes, have both a defined benefit and a defined contribution element.
(
99
)
  Schemes organised by general government for its current and former employees.
(
100
)
  These are non-autonomous defined benefit schemes whose pension entitlements are recorded in the core national accounts.
(
101
)
  Counterpart data for non-resident households will only be shown separately when pension relationships with the rest of the world are significant.
(
102
)
  These supplements represent the return on members' claims on pension schemes, both through investment income on defined contribution schemes' assets and for defined benefit schemes through the unwinding of the discount rate applied.
(
103
)
  A more detailed split of these positions has to be provided for columns G and H based on the model calculations carried out for these schemes. The cells shown as █ are not applicable; the cells in ▒ will contain data which is not in the core national accounts.
(
104
)
  The data for columns G and H should comprise three datasets based on the actuarial calculations carried out for those pension schemes. The datasets should reflect the outcomes of a sensitivity analysis with respect to the most important parameters of the calculations, as agreed by statisticians on the one hand and experts in ageing populations working under the auspices of the Economic Policy Committee on the other. The parameters to be used shall be clarified in accordance with Article 2(3) of this Regulation.
(
105
)
  Data for reference year 2012 are to be transmitted on a voluntary basis. Transmission of data for reference years from 2015 onwards is compulsory.

Summary:
European Union system of national and regional accounts
SUMMARY OF:
Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union
WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE REGULATION?
Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 sets up the 
European System of Accounts 2010
 (ESA 2010), the 
European Union’s
 (EU) internationally compatible system of accounting rules that can be used to give a systematic and detailed description of an economy.
Regulation (EU) 
2023/734
 amends Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 and repeals 11 legal acts which related to a previous ESA (ESA 1995) and are no longer relevant since ESA 2010 has been implemented.
KEY POINTS
The conceptual basis of ESA 2010
ESA 2010 sets out a 
methodology
 (Annex A) on 
common standards, definitions, classifications and accounting rules
 that must be used for compiling accounts and tables in a comparable way for the EU’s purposes.
Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/734 updates Annex A to reflect changes in the ‘Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose’ (COICOP), an international classification, which ensures the comparability of data between countries.
The amending regulation also updates Annex A to correct minor textual inconsistencies that have been identified during its implementation in EU 
Member States
.
The transmission programme of ESA 2010
Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 also set out a 
transmission programme
 (Annex B) with deadlines by which Member States have to send these accounts and tables to 
Eurostat
, the statistical office of the EU. The ESA 2010 accounting system has been applied to data since September 2014.
These data are used for 
coordinating economic policymaking
 between Member States and coordinating fiscal policies (especially through ratios of government debt and deficit), which are part of the EU’s 
economic and monetary union
 (EMU) which, in turn, underpins the 
euro
.
An 
implementing act
, Implementing Decision 
2014/403/EU
, as amended by Implementing Decision (EU) 
2018/1891
, granted 
derogations
 (exemptions) to Member States with respect to the transmission of statistics, based on requests justified by the need for major adaptations to national administrative and statistical systems in order to fully comply with Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
; all thesederogations expired no later than 
1 January 2020
.
Implementing Regulation (EU) 
No 
724/2014
 sets out the 
interchange standard
 for the transmission of data.
Amending Regulation (EU) 
2023/734
 updates Annex B to reflect changing user needs, new policy priorities and the development of new economic activities in the EU.
The amendment also states that data on structural information to be transmitted should take into account the 
principles
 described in Recommendation (EU) 
2023/397
 and that new metadata transmission requirements should not impose excessive additional costs or excessive administrative burdens on Member States.
Because implementing Regulation (EU) 
2023/734
 will require major adaptations to national statistical systems, the 
European Commission
 can grant 
temporary derogations
 to Member States for a maximum duration of 3 years.
Quality assessment
Member States must provide the Commission (Eurostat) with a report on the quality of the data to be sent. Eurostat then assesses the quality of the data sent.
Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2016/2304
 sets out the modalities, structure, periodicity and assessment indicators of the quality reports on data transmitted.
Repealed legislation
Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/734 repeals the following 11 acts relating to ESA 1995:
Decision 
98/715/EC
Regulation (EC) 
No 
264/2000
Decision 
2002/990/EC
Regulation (EC) 
No 
359/2002
Regulation (EC) 
No 
1221/2002
Regulation (EC) 
No 
1267/2003
Regulation (EC) 
No 
501/2004
Regulation (EC) 
No 
1222/2004
Regulation (EC) 
No 
1161/2005
Regulation (EC) 
No 
1392/2007
Regulation (EC) 
No 
400/2009
.
FROM WHEN DOES THE REGULATION APPLY?
Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 has applied since 
16 July 2013
.
Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/734 applies from 
1 September 2024
.
BACKGROUND
For further information, see:
About ESA 2010
 – overview (Eurostat).
MAIN DOCUMENT
Regulation (EU) 
No 
549/2013
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
21 May 2013
 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union (OJ L 174, 
26.6.2013
, 
pp. 1–727
).
Successive amendments to Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 have been incorporated into the original text. This 
consolidated version
 is of documentary value only.
RELATED DOCUMENTS
Commission Recommendation (EU) 
2023/397
 of 
17 February 2023
 on reference metadata and quality reports for the European Statistical System, replacing Recommendation 2009/498/EC on reference metadata for the European Statistical System (OJ L 53, 
21.2.2023
, 
pp. 104–105
).
Regulation (EU) 
2023/734
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
15 March 2023
 amending Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union and repealing 11 legal acts in the field of national accounts (OJ L 97, 
5.4.2023
, 
pp. 1–114
).
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2016/2304
 of 
19 December 2016
 on the modalities, structure, periodicity and assessment indicators of the quality reports on data transmitted pursuant to Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 345, 
20.12.2016
, 
pp. 27–36
).
Commission Implementing Decision 
2014/403/EU
 of 
26 June 2014
 on granting derogations to Member States with respect to the transmission of statistics pursuant to Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union (notified under document C(2014) 4164) (OJ L 195, 
2.7.2014
, 
pp. 1–131
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 
No 
724/2014
 of 
26 June 2014
 on the interchange standard for the transmission of data required under Regulation (EU) 
No 549/2013
 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union (OJ L 192, 
1.7.2014
, 
pp. 38–39
).
last update 
12.5.2023

--- DANISH ---

Document:
26.6.2013
DA
Den Europæiske Unions Tidende
L 174/1
EUROPA-PARLAMENTETS OG RÅDETS FORORDNING (EU) Nr. 549/2013
af 21. maj 2013
om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Den Europæiske Union
(EØS-relevant tekst)
EUROPA-PARLAMENTET OG RÅDET FOR DEN EUROPÆISKE UNION HAR —
under henvisning til traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde, særlig artikel 338, stk. 1,
under henvisning til forslag fra Europa-Kommissionen,
efter fremsendelse af udkast til lovgivningsmæssig retsakt til de nationale parlamenter,
under henvisning til udtalelse fra Den Europæiske Centralbank 
(
1
)
,
efter den almindelige lovgivningsprocedure 
(
2
)
, og
ud fra følgende betragtninger:
(1)
Til politikudformning i Unionen og overvågning af medlemsstaternes økonomier og Den Økonomiske og Monetære Union (ØMU'en) kræves der sammenlignelige, ajourførte og pålidelige oplysninger om økonomiens struktur og udviklingen af den økonomiske situation i de enkelte medlemsstater eller regioner.
(2)
Kommissionen bør bidrage til overvågningen af medlemsstaternes økonomier og ØMU'en og navnlig med regelmæssige mellemrum aflægge rapport til Rådet om medlemsstaternes opfyldelse af deres forpligtelser i forbindelse med ØMU'en.
(3)
Unionens borgere har brug for økonomiske regnskaber som et grundlæggende værktøj til analyse af den økonomiske situation i en medlemsstat eller region. Af hensyn til sammenligneligheden bør sådanne regnskaber udarbejdes på grundlag af ét enkelt sæt principper, der ikke giver mulighed for forskellige fortolkninger. De fremlagte oplysninger bør være så præcise, komplette og rettidige som muligt for at sikre størst mulig gennemsigtighed for alle sektorer.
(4)
Kommissionen bør bruge national- og regionalregnskabsaggregater til Unionens administrative formål og navnlig til budgetberegninger.
(5)
I 1970 blev der udsendt et administrativt dokument med titlen »Det Europæiske Nationalregnskabssystem« (ENS), som dækkede denne forordnings område. Dette dokument var udarbejdet af De Europæiske Fællesskabers Statistiske Kontor alene og på dettes eget ansvar og var resultatet af dettes og de nationale statistiske kontorers fælles arbejde gennem en årrække for at udarbejde et nationalregnskabssystem til at imødekomme de krav, som De Europæiske Fællesskabers økonomiske og sociale politik stillede. Det var en fællesskabsversion af De Forenede Nationers nationalregnskabssystem, som indtil da var blevet anvendt i Fællesskaberne. Med henblik på ajourføring af den oprindelige tekst blev anden udgave af dette dokument offentliggjort i 1979 
(
3
)
.
(6)
Ved Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 2223/96 af 25. juni 1996 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Det Europæiske Fællesskab 
(
4
)
 blev der indført et nationalregnskabssystem, som imødekommer de krav, som Fællesskabets økonomiske, sociale og regionale politik stiller. Dette system var i store træk konsistent med det dengang nye nationalregnskabssystem, som FN's Statistiske Kommission vedtog i februar 1993 (1993 SNA) for at sikre, at nationalregnskabstallene for samtlige lande, der er medlemmer af FN, ville være sammenlignelige internationalt.
(7)
1993 SNA blev ajourført i form af et nyt nationalregnskabssystem (SNA 2008), som FN's Statistiske Kommission vedtog i februar 2009 for at bringe nationalregnskaberne bedre i overensstemmelse med det nye økonomiske miljø, fremskridtene inden for metodeforskning og brugernes behov.
(8)
Der er behov for at revidere det europæiske nationalregnskabssystem, der blev indført ved forordning (EF) nr. 2223/96 (ENS 95), så det tager højde for udviklingen i SNA, således at det reviderede europæiske nationalregnskabssystem som oprettet ved nærværende forordning, udgør en udgave af SNA 2008, som er tilpasset strukturen i medlemsstaternes økonomier, og således at Unionens oplysninger kan sammenlignes med dem, som de vigtigste internationale samarbejdspartnere udarbejder.
(9)
Med henblik på udarbejdelse af miljøøkonomiske regnskaber som satellitregnskaber til det reviderede europæiske nationalregnskabssystem, fastlagde Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) nr. 691/2011 af 6. juli 2011 om europæiske miljøøkonomiske regnskaber 
(
5
)
 en fælles ramme for indsamling, udarbejdelse, fremsendelse og evaluering af data til europæiske miljøøkonomiske regnskaber.
(10)
For så vidt angår miljø- og socialregnskaber bør der ligeledes tages fuldt hensyn til Kommissionens meddelelse til Rådet og Europa-Parlamentet »BNP og mere — Måling af fremskridt i en verden i forandring« af 20. august 2009. Der er behov for energisk at foretage metodeundersøgelser og test af oplysninger, specielt vedrørende »BNP og mere« og Europa 2020-strategien, for at udvikle en mere fuldstændig tilgang til måling af velfærd og fremgang og dermed medvirke til at fremme intelligent, bæredygtig og inkluderende vækst. Spørgsmålene om miljøeksternaliteter og sociale uligheder bør tages op i den sammenhæng. Der bør også tages hensyn til spørgsmålet om ændringer i produktiviteten. Dette bør gøre det muligt at stille data til rådighed, der supplerer BNP, så hurtigt som muligt. Kommissionen bør i 2013 forelægge Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet en opfølgende meddelelse om »BNP og mere« og om nødvendigt lovgivningsmæssige forslag i 2014. Data vedrørende national- og regionalregnskaberne bør betragtes som et middel, som kan anvendes til at følge disse mål.
(11)
Muligheden for eventuelt at anvende nye, automatiserede realtidssystemer til indsamling af data bør undersøges.
(12)
Det reviderede europæiske nationalregnskabssystem som oprettet ved nærværende forordning (ENS 2010) indeholder en metode og et fremsendelsesprogram, der fastlægger de regnskaber og tabeller, som alle medlemsstater skal indsende inden for nærmere angivne frister. Kommissionen bør stille disse regnskaber og tabeller til rådighed for brugerne på nærmere angivne tidspunkter og, hvis det er relevant, i henhold til en på forhånd meddelt tidsplan for offentliggørelse, navnlig med sigte på overvågning af den økonomiske konvergens og for at sikre nøje koordinering mellem medlemsstaternes økonomiske politikker.
(13)
Offentliggørelsen af data bør ske på en brugervenlig måde, hvorved der gives tilgængelig og nyttig information til Unionens borgere og interessenter.
(14)
ENS 2010 skal gradvis erstatte alle andre systemer som en referenceramme med fælles standarder, definitioner, klassifikationer og regnskabsregler, der skal anvendes ved udarbejdelsen af medlemsstaternes regnskaber til brug for Unionen, således at der opnås resultater, der er sammenlignelige medlemsstaterne imellem.
(15)
I overensstemmelse med Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 1059/2003 af 26. maj 2003 om indførelse af en fælles nomenklatur for regionale enheder (NUTS) 
(
6
)
 bør alle statistiske data, som medlemsstaterne indsender til Kommissionen, og som skal opdeles efter regionale enheder, være udarbejdet i henhold til NUTS-nomenklaturen. For at der kan udarbejdes sammenlignelige regionale statistikker, bør de regionale enheder derfor defineres i overensstemmelse med NUTS-nomenklaturen.
(16)
Fremsendelse af oplysninger fra medlemsstaterne, herunder fortrolige statistiske oplysninger, er underlagt bestemmelserne i Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 223/2009 af 11. marts 2009 om europæiske statistikker 
(
7
)
. I overensstemmelse hermed bør foranstaltninger, der træffes i overensstemmelse med denne forordning, derfor også sikre beskyttelse af fortrolige oplysninger og sikre, at der ikke sker uretmæssig videregivelse eller anvendelse i ikkestatistisk øjemed, når europæiske statistikker udarbejdes og formidles.
(17)
Der er oprettet en taskforce med henblik på en nærmere undersøgelse af spørgsmålet om behandlingen af indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM) i nationalregnskaberne, herunder en undersøgelse af en risikotilpasset metode, der udelukker risiko fra FISIM-beregninger for at afspejle de forventede fremtidige omkostninger ved realiseret risiko. Under hensyntagen til taskforcens konklusioner kan det blive nødvendigt at ændre den metode, der anvendes til beregning og allokering af FISIM, ved hjælp af en delegeret retsakt, således at der kan opnås forbedrede resultater.
(18)
Udgifter til forskning og udvikling udgør investering og bør derfor registreres som faste bruttoinvesteringer. Det er dog nødvendigt ved hjælp af en delegeret retsakt at præcisere formatet for de data vedrørende forskning og udvikling, der skal registreres som faste bruttoinvesteringer, når der via en test baseret på udviklingen af supplerende tabeller er opnået tilstrækkelig tillid til dataenes pålidelighed og sammenlignelighed.
(19)
Rådets direktiv 2011/85/EU af 8. november 2011 om krav til medlemsstaternes budgetmæssige rammer 
(
8
)
 foreskriver, at relevante oplysninger om eventualforpligtelser med potentielt betydelige virkninger for de offentlige budgetter, herunder statsgarantier, nødlidende lån og forpligtelser i forbindelse med driften af offentlige selskaber, herunder omfanget heraf, skal offentliggøres. Disse krav nødvendiggør yderligere offentliggørelse ud over den, der kræves i henhold til denne forordning.
(20)
I juni 2012 nedsatte Kommissionen (Eurostat) en taskforce til at undersøge indvirkningen af direktiv 2011/85/EU på indsamlingen og formidlingen af finanspolitiske data, som fokuserede på gennemførelsen af kravene vedrørende eventualforpligtelser og andre relevante oplysninger, der kan have potentielt betydelige virkninger for de offentlige budgetter, herunder statsgarantier, offentlige selskabers forpligtelser, offentlig-private partnerskaber (OPP'er), nødlidende lån og statslig deltagelse i selskabers kapital. En fuld gennemførelse af arbejdet i denne taskforce ville bidrage til en korrekt analyse af de underliggende økonomiske relationer i OPP-kontrakter, herunder, hvis det er relevant, risici i forbindelse med bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed, tilgængelighed og efterspørgsel, og opfangning af implicit gæld i ikkebalanceførte OPP'er, og dermed fremme øget gennemsigtighed og pålidelige gældsstatistikker.
(21)
Udvalget for Økonomisk Politik nedsat ved Rådets afgørelse 74/122/EØF 
(
9
)
 har arbejdet med pensionernes bæredygtighed og pensionsreformer. Arbejdet mellem dels statistikere og dels eksperter i befolkningsaldring, der arbejder under ledelse af Udvalget for Økonomisk Politik, bør nøje samordnes på både nationalt og europæisk plan for så vidt angår makroøkonomiske antagelser og andre aktuarmæssige parametre, så der på tværs af grænserne sikres konsekvente og sammenlignelige resultater og en effektiv formidling af pensionsrelaterede oplysninger til brugere og interessenter. Det bør også gøres klart, at optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger ikke som sådan er en holdbarhedsforanstaltning for de offentlige finanser.
(22)
Data og oplysninger om medlemsstaternes eventualforpligtelser fremsendes inden for rammerne af arbejdet i forbindelse med den multilaterale overvågningsprocedure i stabilitets- og vækstpagten. Kommissionen bør senest i juli 2018 udsende en rapport med en evaluering af, om disse data bør gøres tilgængelige inden for rammerne af ENS 2010.
(23)
Det er vigtigt at understrege betydningen af medlemsstaternes regionalregnskaber for Unionens regionale, økonomiske og sociale samhørighedspolitikker, samt analysen af den indbyrdes økonomiske afhængighed. Endvidere anerkendes behovet for at øge gennemsigtigheden i regnskaberne på regionalt plan, herunder regnskaberne for offentlig forvaltning. Kommissionen (Eurostat) bør lægge særlig vægt på budgetdataene fra de regioner, hvor medlemsstaterne har selvstyrende regioner eller regeringer.
(24)
Med henblik på at ændre bilag A til denne forordning med det formål at sikre dets ensartede tolkning eller internationale sammenlignelighed bør beføjelsen til at vedtage retsakter delegeres til Kommissionen i overensstemmelse med artikel 290 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde (TEUF). Det er navnlig vigtigt, at Kommissionen gennemfører relevante høringer under sit forberedende arbejde, herunder af Det Europæiske Udvalg for Det Statistiske System, der blev oprettet ved forordning (EF) nr. 223/2009. Derudover er det i henhold til artikel 127, stk. 4, og artikel 282, stk. 5, i TEUF vigtigt, at Kommissionen under sit forberedende arbejde hører Den Europæiske Centralbank inden for dens kompetenceområder, hvis det er relevant. Kommissionen bør i forbindelse med forberedelsen og udarbejdelsen af delegerede retsakter sørge for samtidig, rettidig og hensigtsmæssig fremsendelse af relevante dokumenter til Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet.
(25)
De fleste statistiske aggregater, der anvendes i Unionens ramme for økonomisk styring, især procedurerne i forbindelse med uforholdsmæssigt store underskud eller makroøkonomiske ubalancer, defineres med henvisning til ENS. Kommissionen bør, når den forelægger data og rapporter i henhold til disse procedurer, give passende oplysninger om virkningerne på de relevante aggregater af ENS 2010 metodeændringerne, som indføres ved delegerede retsakter i overensstemmelse med bestemmelserne i denne forordning.
(26)
Kommissionen foretager en evaluering af, hvorvidt dataene vedrørende forskning og udvikling har opnået en tilstrækkelig kvalitet både i løbende priser og i mængde med henblik på de nationale regnskaber inden udgangen af maj 2013, i tæt samarbejde med medlemsstaterne med henblik på at sikre pålideligheden og sammenligneligheden af ENS-data vedrørende forskning og udvikling.
(27)
Da gennemførelsen af denne forordning vil kræve større ændringer af de nationale statistiske systemer, vil Kommissionen indrømme medlemsstaterne undtagelser. Navnlig bør der i programmet for indberetning af nationalregnskabsdata tages højde for de grundlæggende politiske og statistiske ændringer, der er sket i nogle medlemsstater i programmets referenceperioder. De undtagelser, som Kommissionen indrømmer, bør være midlertidige og bør tages op til fornyet overvejelse. Kommissionen bør yde støtte til de berørte medlemsstater i deres bestræbelser på at sikre de nødvendige tilpasninger til deres statistiske systemer, således at disse undtagelser kan ophæves så hurtigt som muligt.
(28)
En forkortelse af fremsendelsesfristerne kan medføre et betydeligt pres på og store omkostninger for respondenterne og de nationale statistiske kontorer i Unionen og risiko for, at kvaliteten af de leverede data forringes. Derfor bør balancen mellem fordele og ulemper tages i betragtning ved fastlæggelsen af fristerne for fremsendelse af data.
(29)
For at sikre ensartede betingelser for gennemførelsen af denne forordning bør Kommissionen tillægges gennemførelsesbeføjelser. Disse beføjelser bør udøves i overensstemmelse med Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) nr. 182/2011 af 16. februar 2011 om de generelle regler og principper for, hvordan medlemsstaterne skal kontrollere Kommissionens udøvelse af gennemførelsesbeføjelser 
(
10
)
.
(30)
Målet for denne forordning, nemlig indførelse af et revideret europæisk nationalregnskabssystem, kan ikke i tilstrækkelig grad opfyldes af medlemsstaterne og kan derfor bedre nås på EU-plan; Unionen kan derfor vedtage foranstaltninger i overensstemmelse med nærhedsprincippet, jf. artikel 5 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union. I overensstemmelse med proportionalitetsprincippet, jf. nævnte artikel, går denne forordning ikke videre, end hvad der er nødvendigt for at nå dette mål.
(31)
Udvalget for det Europæiske Statistiske System er blevet hørt.
(32)
Udvalget for Penge-, Kreditmarkeds- og Betalingsbalancestatistik, der er nedsat ved Rådets afgørelse 2006/856/EF af 13. november 2006 om nedsættelse af et udvalg for penge-, kreditmarkeds- og betalingsbalancestatistik 
(
11
)
, og bruttonationalindkomstudvalget (BNI-Udvalget), der er nedsat ved Rådets forordning (EF, Euratom) nr. 1287/2003 af 15. juli 2003 om harmonisering af bruttonationalindkomsten i markedspriser (»BNI-forordningen«) 
(
12
)
, er blevet hørt —
VEDTAGET DENNE FORORDNING:
Artikel 1
Genstand
1.   Ved denne forordning oprettes det europæiske nationalregnskabssystem 2010 (»ENS 2010« eller »ENS«).
2.   I ENS 2010 fastlægges der:
a)
en metode (bilag A) vedrørende fælles standarder, definitioner, klassifikationer, og regnskabsregler, der anvendes til udarbejdelse af sammenlignelige regnskaber og tabeller til brug for Unionen samt de i artikel 3 foreskrevne resultater
b)
et program (bilag B), hvori der er fastsat tidsfrister for medlemsstaternes fremsendelse til Kommissionen (Eurostat) af de regnskaber og tabeller, der skal udarbejdes i overensstemmelse med den i litra a) nævnte metode.
3.   Med forbehold af artikel 5 og 10 gælder denne forordning for alle retsakter udstedt af Unionen, hvori der henvises til ENS eller definitionerne deri.
4.   Denne forordning forpligter ikke medlemsstaterne til at anvende ENS 2010, når de udarbejder regnskaber til eget brug.
Artikel 2
Metode
1.   Den i artikel 1, stk. 2, litra a), omhandlede metode for ENS 2010 fremgår af bilag A.
2.   Kommissionen tillægges beføjelse til at vedtage delegerede retsakter i overensstemmelse med artikel 7 vedrørende ændringer af ENS 2010-metoden for at forbedre dens indhold med henblik på at sikre ensartet tolkning eller sikre international sammenlignelighed, forudsat at de ikke indebærer ændringer af grundbegreberne, at der ikke kræves yderligere ressourcer til producenter i det europæiske statistiske system til deres gennemførelse, og at anvendelsen af dem ikke medfører en ændring af egne indtægter.
3.   I tilfælde af tvivl vedrørende den korrekte gennemførelse af regnskabsreglerne i ENS 2010 anmoder den berørte medlemsstat Kommissionen (Eurostat) om en uddybning. Kommissionen (Eurostat) skal straks både undersøge anmodningen og meddele den pågældende medlemsstat og alle øvrige medlemsstater sin rådgivning desangående.
4.   Medlemsstaterne foretager beregningen og allokeringen af indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM) i nationalregnskabet i overensstemmelse med den metode, der er beskrevet i bilag A. Kommissionen tillægges beføjelse til inden den 17. september 2013 at vedtage delegerede retsakter i overensstemmelse med artikel 7, som fastlægger en revideret metode til beregning og allokering af FISIM. Kommissionen sikrer ved udøvelsen af sin beføjelse i henhold til dette stykke, at sådanne delegerede retsakter ikke pålægger medlemsstaterne eller respondenterne væsentlige yderligere administrative byrder.
5.   Udgifter til forskning og udvikling registreres af medlemsstaterne som faste bruttoinvesteringer. Kommissionen tillægges beføjelse til at vedtage delegerede retsakter i overensstemmelse med artikel 7 for at sikre pålideligheden og sammenligneligheden af medlemsstaternes ENS 2010-data vedrørende forskning og udvikling. Kommissionen sikrer ved udøvelsen af sin beføjelse i henhold til dette stykke, at de delegerede retsakter ikke pålægger medlemsstaterne eller respondenterne nogen væsentlig yderligere administrativ byrde.
Artikel 3
Fremsendelse af data til Kommissionen
1.   Medlemsstaterne fremsender de i bilag B anførte regnskaber og tabeller til Kommissionen (Eurostat) inden for de frister, der er fastsat heri for hver tabel.
2.   Medlemsstaterne fremsender de data og metadata, der kræves i henhold til denne forordning, til Kommissionen i overensstemmelse med en nærmere angivet udvekslingsstandard og andre praktiske bestemmelser.
Dataene fremsendes eller uploades elektronisk til Kommissionens centrale dataportal. Udvekslingsstandarden og øvrige nærmere bestemmelser for fremsendelsen af data fastlægges af Kommissionen ved hjælp af gennemførelsesretsakter. Disse gennemførelsesretsakter vedtages efter undersøgelsesproceduren i artikel 8, stk. 2.
Artikel 4
Kvalitetsvurdering
1.   I forbindelse med denne forordning finder kvalitetskriterierne i artikel 12, stk. 1, i forordning (EF) nr. 223/2009 anvendelse på de data, der skal fremsendes i overensstemmelse med nærværende forordnings artikel 3.
2.   Medlemsstaterne forelægger i overensstemmelse med artikel 3 Kommissionen (Eurostat) en rapport om kvaliteten af de data, der skal fremsendes.
3.   I forbindelse med anvendelsen af de i stk. 1 omhandlede kvalitetskriterier på de data, der er omfattet af denne forordning, fastsættes de nærmere retningslinjer for, strukturen i, hyppigheden af samt vurderingsindikatorerne i kvalitetsrapporterne af Kommissionen ved hjælp af gennemførelsesretsakter. Disse gennemførelsesretsakter vedtages efter undersøgelsesproceduren i artikel 8, stk. 2.
4.   Kommissionen (Eurostat) vurderer kvaliteten af de fremsendte data.
Artikel 5
Dato for anvendelse og første fremsendelse af data
1.   ENS 2010 anvendes første gang på data opstillet i overensstemmelse med bilag B, som skal fremsendes fra den 1. september 2014.
2.   Dataene fremsendes til Kommissionen (Eurostat) inden for de i bilag B fastsatte frister.
3.   I overensstemmelse med stk. 1 fremsender medlemsstaterne, indtil første fremsendelse af data i henhold til ENS 2010, fortsat regnskaber og tabeller, der er opstillet i henhold til ENS 95, til Kommissionen (Eurostat).
4.   Kommissionen kontrollerer sammen med den berørte medlemsstat, at denne forordning anvendes korrekt, og forelægger resultaterne af kontrollen for det i nærværende forordnings artikel 8, stk. 1, nævnte udvalg, jf. dog artikel 19 i Rådets forordning (EF, Euratom) nr. 1150/2000 af 22. maj 2000 om gennemførelse af afgørelse 2007/436/EF, Euratom om ordningen for Fællesskabernes egne indtægter 
(
13
)
.
Artikel 6
Undtagelser
1.   I det omfang der er behov for større ændringer af et nationalt statistisk system for at kunne anvende denne forordning, indrømmer Kommissionen medlemsstaterne midlertidige undtagelser ved hjælp af gennemførelsesretsakter. Undtagelserne udløber senest den 1. januar 2020. Disse gennemførelsesretsakter vedtages efter undersøgelsesproceduren i artikel 8, stk. 2.
2.   Kommissionen indrømmer kun en undtagelse i henhold til stk. 1 for en periode, der er tilstrækkelig lang til, at den berørte medlemsstat kan tilpasse sine statistiske systemer. Medlemsstatens andel af BNP i Unionen eller euroområdet begrunder ikke i sig selv en undtagelse. Kommissionen yder om nødvendigt støtte til de berørte medlemsstater i deres bestræbelser på at sikre de nødvendige tilpasninger til deres statistiske systemer.
3.   Med henblik på anvendelsen af stk. 1 og 2 indgiver den berørte medlemsstat en behørigt begrundet anmodning til Kommissionen senest den 17.oktober 2013.
Kommissionen aflægger efter høring af Udvalget for det Europæiske Statistiske System rapport til Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet senest den 1. juli 2018 om anvendelsen af de indrømmede undtagelser for at kontrollere, om de fortsat er berettigede.
Artikel 7
Udøvelse af de delegerede beføjelser
1.   Beføjelsen til at vedtage delegerede retsakter tillægges Kommissionen på de i denne artikel fastlagte betingelser.
2.   Beføjelsen til at vedtage delegerede retsakter, jf. artikel 2, stk. 2 og 5, tillægges Kommissionen for en periode på fem år fra den 16. juli 2013. Beføjelsen til at vedtage delegerede retsakter, jf. artikel 2, stk. 4, tillægges Kommissionen for en periode på to måneder fra den 16. juli 2013. Kommissionen udarbejder en rapport vedrørende delegationen af beføjelser senest ni måneder inden udløbet af femårsperioden. Delegationen af beføjelser forlænges stiltiende for perioder af samme varighed, medmindre Europa-Parlamentet eller Rådet modsætter sig en sådan forlængelse senest tre måneder inden udløbet af hver periode.
3.   Den i artikel 2, stk. 2, 4 og 5, omhandlede delegation af beføjelser kan til enhver tid tilbagekaldes af Europa-Parlamentet eller Rådet.
En afgørelse om tilbagekaldelse bringer delegationen af de beføjelser, der er angivet i den pågældende afgørelse, til ophør. Den får virkning dagen efter offentliggørelsen af afgørelsen i 
Den Europæiske Unions Tidende
 eller på et senere tidspunkt, der angives i afgørelsen. Den berører ikke gyldigheden af delegerede retsakter, der allerede er i kraft.
4.   Så snart Kommissionen vedtager en delegeret retsakt, giver den samtidig Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet meddelelse herom.
5.   En delegeret retsakt vedtaget i henhold til artikel 2, stk. 2, 4 og 5, træder kun i kraft, hvis hverken Europa-Parlamentet eller Rådet har gjort indsigelse inden for en frist på tre måneder fra meddelelsen af den pågældende retsakt til Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet, eller hvis Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet inden udløbet af denne frist begge har informeret Kommissionen om, at de ikke agter at gøre indsigelse. Fristen forlænges med tre måneder på Europa-Parlamentets eller Rådets initiativ.
Artikel 8
Udvalg
1.   Kommissionen bistås af Det Europæiske Udvalg for Det Statistiske System nedsat ved forordning (EF) nr. 223/2009. Dette udvalg er et udvalg som omhandlet i forordning (EU) nr. 182/2011.
2.   Når der henvises til nærværende stykke, anvendes artikel 5 i forordning (EU) nr. 182/2011.
Artikel 9
Samarbejde med andre udvalg
1.   I alle spørgsmål, der hører under Udvalget for Penge-, Kreditmarkeds- og Betalingsbalancestatistiks kompetence, der er nedsat ved afgørelse 2006/856/EF, indhenter Kommissionen dette udvalgs udtalelse, jf. artikel 2 i nævnte afgørelse.
2.   Kommissionen sender bruttonationalindkomstudvalget (BNI-Udvalget), som er nedsat ved forordning (EF, Euratom) nr. 1287/2003, enhver oplysning om gennemførelsen af denne forordning, der er nødvendig for, at nævnte udvalg kan udføre sine opgaver.
Artikel 10
Overgangsbestemmelser
1.   Med henblik på budget og egne indtægter er det fortsat ENS 95, der er det gældende europæiske nationalregnskabssystem, jf. artikel 1, stk. 1, i forordning (EF, Euratom) nr. 1287/2003 og de hertil knyttede retsakter, navnlig forordning (EF, Euratom) nr. 1150/2000 og Rådets forordning (EØF, Euratom) nr. 1553/89 af 29. maj 1989 om den endelige ordning for ensartet opkrævning af egne indtægter hidrørende fra merværdiafgiften 
(
14
)
, så længe Rådets afgørelse 2007/436/EF, Euratom af 7. juni 2007 om ordningen for De Europæiske Fællesskabers egne indtægter 
(
15
)
 er i kraft.
2.   Ved beregning af de momsbaserede egne indtægter og uanset stk. 1 kan medlemsstaterne i tilfælde, hvor der ikke foreligger de nødvendige detaljerede ENS 95-data, anvende data baseret på ENS 2010, så længe afgørelse 2007/436/EF, Euratom er i kraft.
Artikel 11
Rapportering om implicitte forpligtelser
Senest i 2014 forelægger Kommissionen Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet en rapport, der indeholder eksisterende oplysninger om offentlig-private partnerskaber og andre implicitte forpligtelser, herunder eventualforpligtelser, uden for den offentlige sektor.
Senest i 2018 forelægger Kommissionen Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet endnu en rapport, som vurderer, i hvilket omfang Kommissionens (Eurostats) offentliggørelse af oplysninger om forpligtelser repræsenterer de implicitte forpligtelser i deres helhed, herunder eventualforpligtelser, uden for den offentlige sektor.
Artikel 12
Revision
Senest den 1. juli 2018 og hvert femte år derefter forelægger Kommissionen en rapport for Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet om anvendelsen af denne forordning.
I rapporten foretages der bl.a. en evaluering af:
a)
kvaliteten af dataene om national- og regionalregnskaber
b)
denne forordnings effektivitet og den overvågningsproces, der gælder for ENS 2010, og
c)
fremskridt vedrørende data om eventualforpligtelser og tilgængeligheden af ENS 2010-data.
Artikel 13
Ikrafttrædelse
Denne forordning træder i kraft på tyvendedagen efter offentliggørelsen i 
Den Europæiske Unions Tidende
.
Denne forordning er bindende i alle enkeltheder og gælder umiddelbart i hver medlemsstat.
Udfærdiget i Strasbourg, den 21. maj 2013.
På Europa-Parlamentets vegne
M. SCHULZ
Formand
På Rådets vegne
L. CREIGHTON
Formand
(
1
)
  
            
EUT C 203 af 9.7.2011, s. 3
.
(
2
)
  Europa-Parlamentets holdning af 13.3.2013 (endnu ikke offentliggjort i EUT) og Rådets afgørelse af 22.4.2013.
(
3
)
  Kommissionen (Eurostat): »Det Europæiske Nationalregnskabssystem (ENS)«, 2. udgave. De Europæiske Fællesskabers Statistiske Kontor, Luxembourg, 1979.
(
4
)
  
            
EFT L 310 af 30.11.1996, s. 1
.
(
5
)
  
            
EUT L 192 af 22.7.2011, s. 1
.
(
6
)
  
            
EUT L 154 af 21.6.2003, s. 1
.
(
7
)
  
            
EUT L 87 af 31.3.2009, s. 164
.
(
8
)
  
            
EUT L 306 af 23.11.2011, s. 41
.
(
9
)
  Rådets afgørelse 74/122/EØF af 18. februar 1974 om nedsættelse af et udvalg for økonomisk politik (
EFT L 63 af 5.3.1974, s. 21
).
(
10
)
  
            
EUT L 55 af 28.2.2011, s. 13
.
(
11
)
  
            
EUT L 332 af 30.11.2006, s. 21
.
(
12
)
  
            
EUT L 181 af 19.7.2003, s. 1
.
(
13
)
  
            
EFT L 130 af 31.5.2000, s. 1
.
(
14
)
  
            
EFT L 155 af 7.6.1989, s. 9
.
(
15
)
  
            
EUT L 163 af 23.6.2007, s. 17
.
BILAG A
KAPITEL 1
HOVEDTRÆK OG GRUNDPRINCIPPER
33
HOVEDTRÆK
33
Globalisering
35
ANVENDELSE AF ENS 2010
35
Ramme for analyser og politikker
35
ENS 2010-begrebernes karakteristika
37
Sektorklassifikation
40
Satellitregnskaber
41
ENS 2010 og SNA 2008
43
ENS 2010 og ENS 95
43
GRUNDPRINCIPPERNE I ENS 2010 SOM SYSTEM
44
De statistiske enheder og deres gruppering
44
Institutionelle enheder og sektorer
45
Lokale faglige enheder og erhverv
45
Residente og ikkeresidente enheder, den samlede økonomi og udlandet
45
Strømme og beholdninger
46
Strømme
46
Transaktioner
46
Transaktionernes karakteristika
46
Transaktioner mellem institutionelle enheder/transaktioner inden for enheden
46
Monetære transaktioner/ikkemonetære transaktioner
46
Transaktioner med og uden modydelse
47
Ændret behandling af transaktionerne
47
Omkanalisering
47
Opdeling af transaktioner
47
Identifikation af den egentlige part i en transaktion
47
Grænsetilfælde
48
Andre ændringer i status
48
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og passiver
48
Kapitalgevinster og -tab
48
Beholdninger
48
Kontosystem og aggregater
49
Bogføringsregler
49
Kontosidernes betegnelser
49
Dobbelt bogholderi/firdobbelt bogholderi
49
Værdiansættelse
49
Særlige regler for værdiansættelse af produkter
50
Værdiansættelse i faste priser
50
Registreringstidspunkt
50
Konsolidering og nettoficering
50
Konsolidering
50
Nettoficering
51
Konti, saldoposter og aggregater
51
Kontosystemet
51
Konto for varer og tjenester
51
Konto for udlandet
51
Saldoposter
52
Aggregater
54
BNP: et vigtigt aggregat
54
Input-output-tabeller
54
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller
55
Symmetriske input-output-tabeller
55
KAPITEL 2
ENHEDER OG DERES GRUPPERING
56
AFGRÆNSNING AF DEN NATIONALE ØKONOMI
56
DE INSTITUTIONELLE ENHEDER
58
Hovedsæder og holdingselskaber
59
Grupper af selskaber
59
SPE'er
60
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner
60
Kunstige datterselskaber
60
SPE'er (special purpose entities) under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
61
DE INSTITUTIONELLE SEKTORER
61
Ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11)
65
Delsektoren offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11001)
66
Delsektoren private nationalt kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11002)
66
Delsektoren udenlandsk kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11003)
66
Finansielle selskaber (S.12)
67
Finansielle formidlere
67
Finansielle hjælpeenheder
68
Andre finansielle selskaber end finansielle formidlere og finansielle hjælpeenheder
68
Institutionelle enheder, som indgår i sektoren finansielle selskaber
68
Delsektorer under sektoren finansielle selskaber
68
Kombinering af delsektorer under sektoren finansielle selskaber
69
Opdeling af delsektorerne under finansielle selskaber i offentlige, private nationalt og udenlandsk kontrollerede finansielle selskaber
69
Centralbanken (S.121)
70
Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122)
70
Pengemarkedsforeninger (S.123)
71
Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (S.124)
71
Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125)
72
FVC'er (financial vehicle corporations), der deltager i securitiseringstransaktioner
72
Forhandlere af værdipapirer og derivater, finansielle selskaber med udlånsvirksomhed og specialiserede finansielle selskaber
72
Finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126)
73
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (S.127)
73
Forsikringsselskaber (S.128)
74
Pensionskasser (S.129)
75
Offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13)
76
Statslig forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1311)
76
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1312)
76
Kommunal forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1313)
77
Sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
77
Husholdninger (S.14)
77
Arbejdsgivere (S.141) og selvstændige uden ansatte (S.142)
78
Lønmodtagere (S.143)
78
Modtagere af formueindkomst (S.1441)
78
Pensionsmodtagere (S.1442)
78
Modtagere af andre overførselsindkomster (S.1443)
78
Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (S.15)
79
Udlandet (S.2)
79
Sektormæssig klassificering af producerende enheder efter juridisk form
80
LOKALE FAGLIGE ENHEDER OG ERHVERV
82
Den lokale faglige enhed
82
Branchen
83
Klassificering af brancher
83
HOMOGENE. PRODUKTIONSENHEDER OG HOMOGENE BRANCHER
83
Den homogene produktionsenhed
83
Den homogene branche
83
KAPITEL 3
PRDUKTTRANSAKTIONER OG TRANSAKTIONER I IKKEPRODUCEREDE AKTIVER
84
PRODUKTTRANSAKTIONER GENERELT
84
PRODUKTIV AKTIVITET OG PRODUKTION
85
Hoved-, bi- og hjælpeaktivitet
86
Produktion (P.1)
87
Institutionelle enheder: sondring mellem markedsmæssig, til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig
89
Produktionens registreringstidspunkt og værdiansættelse
92
Produkter fra landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri (Afdeling A)
93
Færdigvarer (Afdeling C); Bygge- og anlægsarbejder (Afdeling F)
93
Engros- og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler (Afdeling G)
93
Transport og oplagring (Afdeling H)
94
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester (Afdeling I)
95
Bank- og finanstjenester, forsikring: centralbankens produktion (Afdeling K)
95
Bank- og finanstjenester (Afdeling K), forsikring: finansielle tjenester generelt
95
Finansielle tjenester, for hvilke der opkræves direkte betaling
95
Finansielle tjenester betalt via renter
96
Finansielle tjenester bestående af anskaffelse og afhændelse af finansielle aktiver og passiver på de finansielle markeder
96
Finansielle tjenester i forbindelse med forsikrings- og pensionsordninger, hvor aktiviteterne finansieres gennem forsikringspræmier og forrentning af opsparing
96
Fast ejendom (Afdeling L)
98
Liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester (Afdeling M); Administrative tjenester og hjælpetjenester (Afdeling N)
98
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar, lovpligtig socialsikring (Afdeling O)
99
Undervisning (Afdeling P); Sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger (Afdeling Q)
99
Kultur, forlystelser og sport (Afdeling R); Andre tjenester (Afdeling S)
99
Private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp (Afdeling T)
99
FORBRUG I PRODUKTIONEN (P.2)
99
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af forbrug i produktionen
101
FORBRUG (P.3, P.4)
101
Udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
101
Faktisk forbrug (P.4)
103
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af udgifter til forbrug
105
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af faktisk forbrug
106
BRUTTOINVESTERINGER (P.5)
106
Faste bruttoinvesteringer (P.51g)
106
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af faste bruttoinvesteringer
109
Forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c)
110
Lagerændringer (P.52)
110
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af lagerændringer
111
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande (P.53)
112
EKSPORT OG IMPORT AF VARER OG TJENESTER (P.6 OG P.7)
113
Eksport og import af varer (P.61 og P.71)
113
Eksport og import af tjenester (P.62 og P.72)
115
TRANSAKTIONER MED EKSISTERENDE VARER
118
ANSKAFFELSER MINUS AFHÆNDELSER AF IKKEPRODUCEREDE AKTIVER (NP)
119
KAPITEL 4
FORDELINGSTRANSAKTIONER
121
AFLØNNING AF ANSATTE (D.1)
121
Løn (D.11)
121
Løn i kontanter
121
Løn i naturalier
122
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.12)
123
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.121)
123
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.122)
124
PRODUKTIONS- OG IMPORTSKATTER (D.2)
126
Produktskatter (D.21)
126
Moms (D.211)
126
Importskatter og told ekskl.usive moms (D.212)
127
Produktskatter eksklusive moms og importskatter (D.214)
127
Andre produktionsskatter (D.29)
128
Produktions- og importafgifter til Den Europæiske Unions institutioner
128
Produktions- og importskatter: registreringstidspunkt og beløb, der skal registreres
129
SUBSIDIER (D.3)
129
Produktsubsidier (D.31)
130
Importsubsidier (D.311)
130
Andre produktsubsidier (D.319)
130
Andre produktionssubsidier (D.39)
131
FORMUEINDKOMST (D.4)
132
Renter (D.41)
133
Renter på indskud og lån
133
Renter på gældsværdipapirer
133
Renter på kortfristede instrumenter
133
Renter på obligationer
133
Renteswaps og forwardaftaler
134
Renter på finansiel leasing
134
Andre renter
134
Registreringstidspunkt
134
Udloddet selskabsudbytte (D.42)
135
Udbytte (D.421)
135
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber (D.422)
136
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43)
137
Anden investeringsindkomst (D.44)
137
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere (D.441)
137
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere (D.442)
138
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger (D.443)
138
Jordrente mv. (D.45)
139
Leje af jord
139
Leje af aktiver i undergrunden
139
LØBENDE INDKOMST- OG FORMUESKATTER MV. (D.5)
139
Indkomstskatter (D.51)
139
Andre løbende skatter (D.59)
140
SOCIALE BIDRAG OG YDELSER (D.6)
141
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger (D.61)
143
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.611)
143
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.612)
144
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.613)
145
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.614)
145
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.62)
146
Kontante socialsikringsydelser (D.621)
146
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.622)
146
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser (D.623)
146
Sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63)
147
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services og NPISH'ers ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion (D.631)
147
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — markedsmæssig produktion indkøbt af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er (D.632)
147
ANDRE LØBENDE OVERFØRSLER (D.7)
148
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto (D.71)
148
Skadesforsikringserstatninger (D.72)
149
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service (D.73)
150
Løbende internationalt samarbejde (D.74)
150
Diverse løbende overførsler (D.75)
151
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er (D.751)
151
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger (D.752)
151
Andre diverse løbende overførsler (D.759)
151
Bøder og strafgebyrer
151
Lotteri og spil
152
Erstatninger
152
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter (D.76)
153
KORREKTION FOR ÆNDRINGER I PENSIONSRETTIGHEDER (D.8)
153
KAPITALOVERFØRSLER (D.9)
154
Kapitalskatter (D.91)
154
Investeringstilskud (D.92)
155
Andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
156
MEDARBEJDERAKTIEOPTIONER (MA)
157
KAPITEL 5
FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER
159
HOVEDTRÆK VED FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER
159
Finansielle aktiver, finansielle fordringer samt passiver
159
Eventualaktiver og -passiver
159
Kategorier af finansielle aktiver og passiver
160
Statuskonti, finansiel konto og andre strømme
161
Værdiansættelse
161
Netto- og bruttoregistrering
162
Konsolidering
162
Nettoficering
162
Bogføringsregler for finansielle transaktioner
163
Finansiel transaktion, hvis modsvarende transaktion er en løbende overførsel eller en kapitaloverførsel
163
Finansiel transaktion, hvis modsvarende transaktion er formueindkomst
164
Registreringstidspunkt
164
Finansiel »fra hvem til hvem«-konto
165
DETALJERET KLASSIFICERING AF FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER EFTER KATEGORIER
166
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (F.1)
166
Monetært guld (F.11)
166
Særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (F.12)
167
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (F.2)
168
Sedler og mønt (F.21)
168
Indskud (F.22 og F.29)
168
Transferable indskud (F.22)
168
Andre indskud (F.29)
169
Gældsværdipapirer (F.3)
169
Hovedtræk ved gældsværdipapirer
170
Klassificering efter oprindelig løbetid og valuta
170
Klassificering efter renteform
170
Gældsværdipapirer med fast rente
171
Gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente
171
Gældsværdipapirer med blandet rente
171
Private placeringer
172
Securitisation
172
Dækkede obligationer
172
Lån (F.4)
173
Hovedtræk ved lån
173
Klassificering af lån efter oprindelig løbetid, valuta og formål
173
Sondring mellem transaktioner i lån og transaktioner i indskud
173
Sondring mellem transaktioner i lån og transaktioner i gældsværdipapirer
173
Sondring mellem transaktioner i lån, handelskreditter og veksler
174
Lån af værdipapirer og genkøbsaftaler
174
Finansiel leasing
175
Andre typer lån
175
Finansielle aktiver, der ikke er omfattet af kategorien lån
175
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (F.5)
176
Ejerandele (F.51)
176
Aktiecertifikater
176
Noterede aktier (F.511)
176
Unoterede aktier (F.512)
176
Børsintroduktion, børsnotering, afnotering og aktietilbagekøb
177
Finansielle aktiver, der ikke er omfattet af ejerandelsinstrumenter
177
Andre ejerandelsbeviser (F.519)
177
Værdiansættelse af transaktioner i aktier
178
Andele i investeringsforeninger (F.52)
178
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger (F.521)
178
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (F.522)
179
Værdiansættelse af transaktioner i andele i investeringsforeninger
179
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (F.6)
179
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (F.61)
179
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder (F.62)
179
Pensionsrettigheder (F.63)
180
Eventualforpligtelser for pension
180
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere (F.64)
180
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser (F.65)
181
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier (F.66)
181
Standardiserede garantier og enkeltstående garantier
181
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.7)
182
Finansielle derivater (F.71)
182
Optioner
182
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
182
Optioner versus terminskontrakter
183
Swaps
183
Fremtidige rentesikringsaftaler (forward rate agreements, FRA)
183
Kreditderivater
183
Credit default swaps (CDS)
184
Finansielle instrumenter, der ikke er omfattet af finansielle derivater
184
Medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.72)
184
Værdiansættelse af transaktioner i finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
185
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (F.8)
185
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (F.81)
186
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (F.89)
186
BILAG 5.1 —
KLASSIFICERING AF FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER
187
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter kategori
187
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter omsættelighed
188
Strukturerede værdipapirer
189
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter indkomsttype
189
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter renteform
189
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter løbetid
190
Kort og lang løbetid
190
Oprindelig løbetid og restløbetid
190
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter valuta
190
Pengemængdebegreber
190
KAPITEL 6
ANDRE STRØMME
191
INDLEDNING
191
ANDRE ÆNDRINGER I AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
191
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og passiver (K.1-K.6)
191
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver (K.1)
191
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver (K.2)
192
Tab ved katastrofer (K.3)
192
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse (K.4)
193
Andre mængdeændringer ikke andetsteds nævnt (K.5)
193
Klassifikationsændringer (K.6)
194
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og de institutionelle enheders struktur (K.61)
194
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver (K.62)
194
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.7)
195
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.71)
196
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.72)
196
Kapitalgevinster og tab opdelt efter typen af finansielt aktiv og passiv
197
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (AF.1)
197
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2)
197
Gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
197
Lån (AF.4)
198
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5)
198
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6)
198
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.7)
198
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8)
198
Aktiver udstedt i udenlandsk valuta
199
KAPITEL 7
STATUSKONTI
200
TYPER AF AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
201
Definition på et aktiv
201
STØRRELSER, DER IKKE BETRAGTES SOM AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
201
KATEGORIER AF AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
201
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1)
201
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2)
202
Finansielle aktiver og passiver (AF)
202
VÆRDIANSÆTTELSE AF POSTERINGER PÅ STATUSKONTOEN
205
Generelle principper for værdiansættelse
205
IKKEFINANSIELLE AKTIVER (AN)
206
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1)
206
Faste aktiver (AN.11)
206
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder (AN.117)
206
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsret til ikkeproducerede aktiver (AN.116)
207
Lagerbeholdninger (AN.12)
207
Værdigenstande (AN.13)
207
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2)
207
Naturressourcer (AN.21)
207
Jord (AN.211)
207
Mineral- og energiforekomster (AN.212)
207
Andre naturressourcer (AN.213, AN.214 og AN.215)
207
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser (AN.22)
208
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver (AN.23)
208
FINANSIELLE AKTIVER OG PASSIVER (AF)
208
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (AF.1)
208
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2)
208
Gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
208
Lån (AF.4)
209
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5)
209
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6)
210
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.7)
210
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8)
210
FINANSIELLE STATUSKONTI
210
MEMORANDUMPOSTER
211
Varige forbrugsgoder (AN.m)
211
Udenlandske direkte investeringer (AF.m1)
211
Misligholdte lån (AF.m2)
211
Registrering af misligholdte lån
212
BILAG 7.1
OVERSIGT OVER DE ENKELTE KATEGORIER AF AKTIVER
213
BILAG 7.2
OVERSIGT OVER POSTERINGER FRA PRIMOSTATUSKONTO TIL ULTIMOSTATUSKONTO
222
KAPITEL 8
KONTOSYSTEMET
226
INDLEDNING
226
Kontosystemet
226
KONTOSYSTEM
230
Løbende konti
230
Produktionskonto (I)
230
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti (II)
232
Primærindkomstfordelingskonti (II.1)
232
Indkomstdannelseskonto (II.1.1)
232
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst (II.1.2)
236
Konto for virksomhedsindkomst (II.1.2.1)
242
Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst (II.1.2.2)
242
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto (II.2)
249
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser (II.3)
249
Indkomstanvendelseskonto (II.4)
256
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst (II.4.1)
256
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst (II.4.2)
256
Akkumulationskonti (III)
259
Kapitalkonto (III.1)
259
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler (III.1.1)
259
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver (III.1.2)
259
Finansiel konto (III.2)
259
Konto for andre ændringer i status (III.3)
268
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status (III.3.1)
268
Omvurderingskonto (III.3.2)
268
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab (III.3.2.1)
268
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab (III.3.2.2)
268
Statuskonti (IV)
282
Primostatuskonto (IV.1)
282
Ændringer i statuskonto (IV.2)
282
Ultimostatuskonto (IV.3)
282
KONTI FOR UDLANDET (V)
290
Løbende konti
290
Udlandskonto for varer og tjenester (V.1)
290
Udlandskonto for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (V.II)
290
Udlandskonti for akkumulation (V.III)
290
Kapitalkonto (V.III.1)
290
Finansiel konto (V.III.2)
291
Konto for andre ændringer i status (V.III.3)
291
Statuskonti (V.IV)
291
KONTO FOR VARER OG TJENESTER (0)
303
INTEGRERET ØKONOMISK KONTOSYSTEM
303
AGGREGATER
315
Bruttonationalproduktet i markedspriser (BNP)
315
Den samlede økonomis overskud af produktionen
315
Den samlede økonomis blandede indkomst
315
Den samlede økonomis virksomhedsindkomst
315
Nationalindkomst (i markedspriser)
315
Disponibel nationalindkomst
315
Opsparing
316
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
316
Den samlede økonomis fordringserhvervelse, netto
316
Den samlede økonomis nettoformue
316
Udgifter og indtægter for offentlig forvaltning og service
316
KAPITEL 9
TILGANGS- OG ANVENDELSESTABELLER OG INPUT-OUTPUT-SYSTEMET
318
INDLEDNING
318
BESKRIVELSE
322
STATISTISK VÆRKTØJ
322
ANALYSEVÆRKTØJ
323
TILGANGS- OG ANVENDELSESTABELLERNE MERE DETALJERET
323
Klassifikationer
323
Værdiansættelsesprincipper
325
Handels- og transportavancer
326
Produktions- og importskatter minus produktions- og - importsubsidier
328
Andre grundbegreber
330
Supplerende oplysninger
331
DATAKILDER OG AFSTEMNING
331
VÆRKTØJER TIL ANALYSE OG UDVIDELSER
332
KAPITEL 10
MÅLING AF PRIS- OG MÆNGDEÆNDRINGER
335
ANVENDELSESOMRÅDE FOR PRIS- OG MÆNGDEINDEKS I NATIONALREGNSKABER
336
Det integrerede system af pris- og mængdeindeks
336
Andre pris- og mængdeindeks
337
GENERELLE PRINCIPPER FOR BEREGNING AF PRIS- OG MÆNGDEINDEKS
337
Definition af priser og mængder for markedsmæssige produkter
337
Kvalitet, pris og homogene produkter
338
Priser og mængde
339
Nye produkter
340
Principper for ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester
341
Principper for værditilvækst og BNP
342
SÆRLIGE PROBLEMER VED ANVENDELSEN AF PRINCIPPERNE
343
Skatter og subsidier på produkter og import
343
Andre skatter og subsidier på produktion
344
Forbrug af fast realkapital
344
Aflønning af ansatte
344
Beholdninger af producerede faste aktiver og lagerbeholdninger
344
MÅLING AF REALINDKOMST FOR DEN SAMLEDE ØKONOMI
345
GEOGRAFISKE PRIS- OG MÆNGDEINDEKS
346
KAPITEL 11
BEFOLKNING OG FORBRUG AF ARBEJDSKRAFT
347
DEN SAMLEDE BEFOLKNING
347
ERHVERVSAKTIV BEFOLKNING
348
BESKÆFTIGELSE
348
Lønmodtagere
349
Selvstændige
349
Beskæftigelse og hjemsted
350
ARBEJDSLØSHED
351
JOB
351
Job og bopæl
352
DEN IKKEOBSERVEREDE ØKONOMI
352
SAMLET ANTAL ARBEJDSTIMER
352
Fastsættelse af det faktiske antal arbejdstimer
352
FULDTIDSBESKÆFTIGELSE
354
FORBRUG AF ANSATTES ARBEJDSKRAFT OPGJORT I FASTE PRISER
354
PRODUKTIVITETSOPGØRELSER
354
KAPITEL 12
KVARTALSVISE NATIONALREGNSKABER
355
INDLEDNING
355
DE KVARTALSVISE NATIONALREGNSKABERS SÆRLIGE KARAKTERISTIKA
356
Registreringstidspunkt
356
Produkter under fremstilling
356
Aktiviteter, der udøves i bestemte perioder af året
357
Betalinger, der foretages med lav hyppighed
357
Flash-estimater
357
Afstemning og benchmarking af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber
357
Afstemning
358
Konsistens mellem kvartals- og årsregnskaber — benchmarking
358
Kædeindekserede målinger af pris- og mængdeændringer
358
Sæson- og kalenderkorrektion
359
Etaper i udarbejdelsen af sæsonkorrigerede kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser
360
KAPITEL 13
REGIONALREGNSKABER
361
INDLEDNING
361
DET REGIONALE OMRÅDE
362
ENHEDER OG REGIONALREGNSKABER
362
Institutionelle enheder
362
Lokale faglige enheder og regionale produktionsaktiviteter efter branche
363
METODER TIL REGIONAL OPDELING
363
AGGREGATER FOR PRODUKTIONSAKTIVITETER
365
Bruttoværditilvækst og bruttonationalprodukt efter region
365
Fordeling af FISIM på brugerbrancher
365
Beskæftigelse
365
Aflønning af ansatte
365
Fra regional bruttoværditilvækst til regionalt BNP
365
Mængdemæssige vækstrater for regional bruttoværditilvækst
366
REGIONALE INDKOMSTKONTI FOR HUSHOLDNINGSSEKTOREN
366
KAPITEL 14
INDIREKTE MÅLTE FINANSIELLE FORMIDLINGSTJENESTER (FISIM)
369
FISIM-BEGREBET OG EFFEKTEN PÅ HOVEDAGGREGATERNE AF FORDELINGEN AF FISIM PÅ BRUGERNE
369
BEREGNING AF PRODUKTIONEN AF FISIM FOR SEKTOR S.122 OG S.125
370
Databehov
370
Referencerenter
370
Intern referencerente
371
Eksterne referencerenter
371
Detaljeret underopdeling af FISIM efter institutionelle sektorer
371
Underopdeling af FISIM til husholdninger på forbrug i produktionen og forbrug
372
BEREGNING AF IMPORTERET FISIM
373
MÆNGDEMÅL FOR FISIM
373
BEREGNING AF FISIM EFTER BRANCHE
374
CENTRALBANKENS PRODUKTION
374
KAPITEL 15
KONTRAKTER, LEASINGKONTRAKTER OG LICENSER
375
INDLEDNING
375
SONDRINGEN MELLEM OPERATIONEL LEASING, RESSOURCELEASING OG FINANSIEL LEASING
375
Operationel leasing (udlejning)
377
Finansiel leasing
377
Ressourceleasing
378
Tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer
379
Tilladelser til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter
380
Offentlig-private partnerskaber
382
Koncessionskontrakter om tjenester
382
Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter (AN.221)
382
Eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester (AN.224)
382
KAPITEL 16
FORSIKRING
383
INDLEDNING
383
Direkte forsikring
383
Genforsikring
384
De involverede enheder
385
PRODUKTION VED DIREKTE FORSIKRING
385
Indtjente præmier
385
Tillægspræmier
386
Korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger og forfaldne ydelser
386
Korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger inden for skadesforsikring
386
Forfaldne livsforsikringsydelser
387
Forsikringstekniske reserver
387
Definition af forsikringsproduktionen
388
Skadesforsikring
388
Livsforsikring
389
Genforsikring
389
TRANSAKTIONER I FORBINDELSE MED SKADESFORSIKRING
389
Fordeling af forsikringsproduktionen på brugere
389
Forsikringstjenester til og fra udlandet
389
Regnskabsposteringer
390
TRANSAKTIONER INDEN FOR LIVSFORSIKRING
392
TRANSAKTIONER I FORBINDELSE MED GENFORSIKRING
394
TRANSAKTIONER I FORBINDELSE MED HJÆLPETJENESTER VEDRØRENDE FORSIKRING
395
LIVRENTER
395
BOGFØRING AF SKADESFORSIKRINGSERSTATNINGER
396
Behandling af korrigerede erstatninger
396
Behandling af tab ved katastrofer
396
KAPITEL 17
SOCIALFORSIKRING, DER OMFATTER PENSIONER
397
INDLEDNING
397
Socialforsikringsordninger, social bistand og individuelle forsikringsaftaler
397
Sociale ydelser
398
Sociale ydelser fra offentlig forvaltning og service
399
Sociale ydelser leveret af andre institutionelle enheder
399
Pensioner og andre former for ydelser
399
ANDRE SOCIALFORSIKRINGSYDELSER END PENSIONER
399
Andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger
399
Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger
400
Bogføring af beholdninger og strømme efter typen af ikkepensionsrelateret socialforsikringsordning
400
Socialsikringsordninger
400
Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ikkepensionsmæssige socialforsikringsordninger
400
PENSIONER
401
Typer af pensionsordninger
401
Socialsikringspensioner
402
Andre arbejdsmarkedspensioner
402
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
403
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger
403
Fiktive bidragsdefinerede ordninger og hybride ordninger
403
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger sammenlignet med bidragsdefinerede ordninger
403
Pensionsadministrator, pensionsmanager, pensionskasse og multiarbejdsgiver-pensionsordning
404
Bogføring af beholdninger og strømme efter arten af socialsikringspension
405
Transaktioner i forbindelse med socialsikringspensioner
405
Transaktioner i forbindelse med andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger
406
Transaktioner i forbindelse med bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger
406
Andre strømme i forbindelse med bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger
408
Transaktioner i forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger
409
SUPPLERENDE TABEL OVER PENSIONSRETTIGHEDER I SOCIALSIKRINGSORDNINGER
412
Den supplerende tabels udformning
412
Tabellens kolonner
414
Tabellens rækker
415
Primo- og ultimostatuskonti
416
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af transaktioner
416
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af andre økonomiske strømme
418
Beslægtede indikatorer
419
Aktuarmæssige antagelser
420
De til dato optjente rettigheder
420
Diskonteringssats
420
Lønvækst
420
Demografiske antagelser
421
KAPITEL 18
KONTI FOR UDLANDET
422
INDLEDNING
422
ØKONOMISK OMRÅDE
423
Hjemsted
423
INSTITUTIONELLE ENHEDER
423
FILIALER SOM BEGREB ANVENDT PÅ BETALINGSBALANCENS INTERNATIONALE KONTI
423
FIKTIVE RESIDENTE ENHEDER
424
FORETAGENDER, DER OPERERER I FLERE OMRÅDER
424
GEOGRAFISK OPDELING
424
DE INTERNATIONALE KONTI PÅ BETALINGSBALANCEN
425
SALDOPOSTER PÅ KONTIENE FOR LØBENDE TRANSAKTIONER I DE INTERNATIONALE KONTI
425
KONTIENE FOR SEKTOREN UDLANDET OG DERES SAMMENHÆNG MED DE INTERNATIONALE KONTI PÅ BETALINGSBALANCEN
426
Udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester
426
Værdiansættelse
429
Varer til videreforarbejdning
429
Merchanting
430
Merchantingvarer
430
Import og eksport af FISIM
431
Udlandskontoen for primær og sekundær indkomst
432
Konto for primær indkomst
433
Indkomst fra direkte investeringer
433
Kontoen for sekundær indkomst (løbende overførsler) i BPM6
433
Udlandskapitalkontoen
434
Udlandets finansielle konto og kapitalbalancen over for udlandet (international investeringsposition - IPP)
435
STATUSKONTI FOR SEKTOREN UDLANDET
437
KAPITEL 19
EUROPÆISKE REGNSKABER
439
INDLEDNING
439
FRA NATIONALE TIL EUROPÆISKE REGNSKABER
439
Omregning af data, der foreligger i forskellige valutaer
440
EU-institutionerne
440
Konto for udlandet
441
Afstemning af transaktioner
442
Pris- og mængdeopgørelser
442
Statuskonti
442
»Fra hvem til hvem«-matricer
442
BILAG 19.1:
EU-INSTITUTIONERNES REGNSKAB
443
Tilgang
443
Anvendelse
444
Konsolidering
444
KAPITEL 20
KONTI FOR OFFENTLIG FORVALTNING OG SERVICE
445
INDLEDNING
445
DEFINITION AF SEKTOREN OFFENTLIG FORVALTNING OG SERVICE
445
Enheder i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
445
Offentlige enheder
445
NPI'er, der henregnes til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
446
Andre enheder under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
446
Offentlig kontrol
447
Markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig
447
Begrebet økonomisk signifikante priser
447
Køberen af en offentlig producents produktion anvendt som kriterium
448
Produktionen sælges hovedsagelig til selskaber og husholdninger
448
Produktionen sælges udelukkende til det offentlige
448
Produktionen sælges til det offentlige og andre
448
Kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig.
448
Finansiel formidling og afgrænsningen af det offentlige
449
Grænsetilfælde
449
Offentlige hovedsæder
449
Pensionskasser
449
Kvasiselskaber
449
Omstruktureringsagenturer
450
Privatiseringsagenturer
450
Afviklingsselskaber
450
Special purpose entities (SPE'er)
451
Joint ventures
451
Markedsregulerende enheder
451
Overnationale myndigheder
452
Delsektorer under offentlig forvaltning og service
452
Statslig forvaltning og service
452
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
452
Kommunal forvaltning og service
453
Sociale kasser og fonde
453
STATISTIK OVER OFFENTLIGE FINANSER
453
Kontekst
453
Indtægter
455
Skatter og afgifter og bidrag til sociale ordninger
455
Salg
455
Andre indtægter
458
Udgifter
458
Aflønning af ansatte og forbrug i produktionen
458
Udgifter til sociale ydelser
459
Renter
459
Andre løbende udgifter
459
Kapitaludgifter
459
Relation til udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
460
Det offentliges udgifter efter formål (COFOG)
460
Saldoposter
461
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9)
461
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler (B.101)
461
Finansiering
461
Transaktioner i aktiver
462
Transaktioner i passiver
463
Andre økonomiske strømme
463
Omvurderingskonto
463
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
464
Statuskonti
464
Konsolidering
465
REGNSKABSMÆSSIGE SPØRGSMÅL I FORBINDELSE MED SEKTOREN OFFENTLIG FORVALTNING OG SERVICE
466
Skatteprovenu
466
Skatteprovenus karakter
466
Skattegodtgørelser
467
Beløb, der skal bogføres
467
Uerholdelige beløb
467
Registreringstidspunkt
467
Registrering efter optjeningstidspunkt
467
Registrering af skatter efter optjeningsprincippet
467
Renter
468
Obligationer til under pari og nulkuponobligationer
469
Indekspapirer
469
Finansielle derivater
469
Domstolsafgørelser
469
Militærudgifter
469
Forbindelser mellem sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og offentlige selskaber
470
Investering i kapitalandele i offentlige selskaber og udlodning af indtjening
470
Investering i kapitalandele
470
Kapitalindskud
470
Subsidier og kapitalindskud
470
Regler i særlige tilfælde
471
Finanspolitiske transaktioner
471
Udlodning fra offentlige selskaber
471
Udbytte kontra udtræk af kapital
471
Skat kontra udtræk af kapital
472
Privatisering og nationalisering
472
Privatisering
472
Indirekte privatiseringer
472
Nationalisering
472
Transaktioner med centralbanken
473
Omstruktureringer, fusioner og omklassificeringer
473
Gældstransaktioner
473
Gældsovertagelse, gældsannullering og gældsafskrivning
473
Gældsovertagelse og gældsannullering
473
Gældsovertagelse, der indebærer en overførsel af ikkefinansielle aktiver
474
Gældsafskrivning eller nedskrivning
474
Anden gældsomlægning
475
Køb af gæld over markedsværdien
475
Gældsneutralisering og redningspakker
475
Gældsgarantier
476
Garantier af derivattypen
476
Standardiserede garantier
477
Enkeltstående garantier
477
Securitisation
477
Definition
477
Kriterier for at betragte securitisation som salg
477
Registrering af strømme
478
Andre spørgsmål
478
Pensionsforpligtelser
478
Engangsbetalinger
478
Offentlig-private partnerskaber
479
Offentlig-private partnerskaber generelt
479
Økonomisk ejendomsret til aktivet og klassificering
479
Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål
480
Transaktioner med internationale og overnationale organisationer
481
Udviklingsbistand
482
DEN OFFENTLIGE SEKTOR
483
Offentlig kontrol
483
Centralbanker
484
Offentlige kvasiselskaber
485
SPE'er og ikkeresidenter
485
Joint ventures
485
KAPITEL 21
FORBINDELSER MELLEM VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER OG NATIONALREGNSKABER OG MÅLING AF VIRKSOMHEDERS AKTIVITETER
486
SPECIFIKKE REGLER OG METODER INDEN FOR VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER
486
Registreringstidspunkt
486
Dobbelt bogholderi/firdobbelt bogholderi
486
Værdiansættelse
486
Resultatopgørelse og balance
487
NATIONALREGNSKABER OG VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER: PRAKTISKE FORHOLD
487
OVERGANGEN FRA VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER TIL NATIONALREGNSKABER: IKKEFINANSIELLE VIRKSOMHEDER SOM EKSEMPEL
488
Begrebsmæssige tilpasninger
488
Tilpasninger for at opnå konsistens med andre sektorers regnskaber
488
Eksempler på tilpasninger med henblik på fuldstændighed
488
SÆRLIGE FORHOLD
488
Kapitalgevinster og -tab
488
Globalisering
489
Fusioner og overtagelser
489
KAPITEL 22
SATELLITREGNSKABER
490
INDLEDNING
490
Funktionelle klassifikationer
493
VIGTIGE KENDETEGN VED SATELLITREGNSKABER
496
Funktionelle satellitregnskaber
496
Særlige sektorregnskaber
499
Medtagelse af ikkemonetære data
503
Yderligere oplysninger og supplerende begreber
503
Andre grundbegreber
504
Anvendelse af modellering og medtagelse af forsøgsresultater
504
Udformning og udarbejdelse af satellitregnskaber
505
NI SPECIFIKKE SATELLITREGNSKABER
506
Landbrugsregnskaber
507
Miljøregnskaber
507
Sundhedsregnskaber
518
Regnskaber for husholdningernes produktion
520
Arbejdskraftregnskaber og SAM
523
Produktivitets- og vækstregnskaber
525
FoU-regnskaber
526
Regnskaber for social beskyttelse
528
Turismeregnskaber
531
KAPITEL 23
KLASSIFIKATIONSSYSTEMET
533
INDLEDNING
533
KLASSIFIKATION AF INSTITUTIONELLE SEKTORER (S)
533
KLASSIFIKATION AF TRANSAKTIONER OG ANDRE STRØMME
535
Produkttransaktioner (P)
535
Transaktioner i ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (NP-koder)
536
Fordelingstransaktioner (D)
537
Løbende overførsler i kontanter og i naturalier (D.5-D.8)
538
Transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver (F)
539
Andre ændringer i aktiver (K)
541
KLASSIFIKATION AF SALDOPOSTER OG NETTOFORMUE (B)
541
KLASSIFIKATION AF POSTER PÅ STATUSKONTOEN (L)
542
KLASSIFIKATION AF AKTIVER (A)
542
Ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN)
542
Finansielle aktiver (AF)
544
KLASSIFIKATION AF SUPPLERENDE STØRRELSER
545
Misligholdte lån
545
Kapitaltjenester
546
Pensionstabel
546
Varige forbrugsgoder
548
Udenlandske direkte investeringer
548
Betingede positioner
548
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
549
Klassifikation af gældsværdipapirer efter resterende løbetid
549
Noterede og unoterede gældsværdipapirer
549
Langfristede lån med en resterende løbetid på under et år og langfristede lån med sikkerhed i fast ejendom
549
Noterede og unoterede andele i investeringsforeninger
550
Restancer i rente- og afdragsbetalinger
550
Personlige og samlede pengeoverførsler
550
GRUPPERING OG KODNING AF BRANCHER (A) OG PRODUKTER (P)
550
KLASSIFIKATION AF DET OFFENTLIGES UDGIFTER EFTER FORMÅL (COFOG)
565
KLASSIFIKATION AF PRIVAT FORBRUG EFTER FORMÅL (Coicop)
568
KLASSIFIKATION EFTER FORMÅL AF NONPROFITINSTITUTIONER RETTET MOD HUSHOLDNINGER (COPNI)
570
KLASSIFIKATION AF PRODUCENTERNES UDGIFTER EFTER FORMÅL (COPP)
571
KAPITEL 24
KONTI
573
Tabel 24.1
Konto 0: Konto for varer og tjenester
573
Tabel 24.2
Samlede konti for den samlede økonomi
573
Tabel 24.3
Samlede konti for ikkefinansielle selskaber
593
Tabel 24.4
Samlede konti for finansielle selskaber
607
Tabel 24.5
Samlede konti for offentlig forvaltning og service
622
Tabel 24.6
Samlede konti for husholdninger
638
Tabel 24.7
Samlede konti for nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
654
KAPITEL 1
HOVEDTRÆK OG GRUNDPRINCIPPER
HOVEDTRÆK
1.01
Det europæiske regnskabssystem (i det følgende benævnt »ENS 2010« eller »NS«) er et internationalt kompatibelt regnskabssystem til systematisk og detaljeret beskrivelse af en samlet økonomi (f.eks. en region, et land eller en række lande), dens bestanddele og sammenhæng med andre samlede økonomier.
1.02
Forgængeren til ENS 2010, det europæiske regnskabssystem 1995 (ENS 95), blev offentliggjort i 1996 
(
1
)
. ENS 2010-metodologien som fastlagt i dette bilag har samme struktur som ENS 95-udgaven for de første 13 kapitler, men indeholder derudover 11 nye kapitler, som uddyber aspekter af systemet, der afspejler udviklingen i analysen af moderne økonomier eller i anvendelsen af ENS 95 i Den Europæiske Union (EU).
1.03
Denne manual er opbygget på følgende måde: Kapitel 1 dækker grundlæggende begrebsmæssige elementer og fastlægger principperne for ENS samt beskriver de grundlæggende statistiske enheder og deres grupperinger. Kapitlet giver et overblik over kontosystemet og en kortfattet beskrivelse af nøgleaggregaterne samt betydningen af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og input-output-tabellerne. Kapitel 2 beskriver de institutionelle enheder, der anvendes til opgørelse af økonomiens elementer, og hvordan disse enheder er klassificeret efter sektorer og andre grupper med henblik på at foretage analyser. Kapitel 3 beskriver alle produkttransaktioner (varer og tjenester) samt ikkeproducerede aktiver i ENS. Kapitel 4 beskriver alle transaktioner i økonomien, som fordeler og omfordeler indkomst og formue i økonomien. Kapitel 5 beskriver de finansielle transaktioner i økonomien. Kapitel 6 beskriver de ændringer, der kan forekomme i værdien af aktiver i forbindelse med ikkeøkonomiske begivenheder og prisændringer. Kapitel 7 beskriver statuskonti og aktiv- og passivposternes klassifikationsordning. I kapitel 8 gennemgås samtlige konti og saldoposter i forbindelse med de enkelte konti. Kapitel 9 beskriver tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og deres anvendelse til afstemning af tallene vedrørende indkomst, produktion og udgifter i økonomien. Kapitlet beskriver desuden de input-output-tabeller, der kan udledes af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne. Kapitel 10 beskriver det begrebsmæssige grundlag for opgørelsen af de pris- og mængdeændringer, der er forbundet med de nominelle værdier, som fremgår af regnskabet. Kapitel 11 beskriver de befolknings- og arbejdsmarkedstal, der kan anvendes sammen med tallene i nationalregnskaberne i økonomiske analyser. Kapitel 12 giver en kortfattet beskrivelse af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, og hvordan de adskiller sig fra årsregnskabet med hensyn til, hvad der lægges vægt på.
1.04
Kapitel 13 beskriver formål, begreber og problemer i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af et regionalregnskabssystem. Kapitel 14, der omhandler opgørelse af finansielle tjenester leveret af finansielle formidlere og finansieret gennem nettorenteindtægter, er resultatet af flere års forskning og udvikling i medlemsstaterne for at finde en opgørelsesmetode, som er pålidelig og harmoniseret i alle medlemsstaterne. Kapitel 15 om kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser er nødvendigt for at beskrive et område af stigende betydning i nationalregnskaberne. Kapitel 16 og 17 beskriver, hvordan forsikring, socialforsikring og pension behandles i nationalregnskaberne, idet spørgsmål om indkomstomfordeling får større og større betydning i takt med befolkningens aldring. Kapitel 18 omhandler konti for udlandet, som er nationalregnskabssystemets pendant til betalingsbalancens konti. Kapitel 19 om de europæiske regnskaber er også nyt og omhandler de aspekter af nationalregnskaberne, hvor de europæiske institutionelle foranstaltninger og handelsordninger rejser spørgsmål, der kræver en harmoniseret tilgang. Kapitel 20 beskriver regnskabet for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service — et område af særlig interesse, da medlemsstaternes stramme finanspolitik stadig er en vigtig bestanddel i gennemførelsen af den økonomiske politik i EU. Kapitel 21 beskriver forbindelsen mellem virksomhedsregnskaber og nationalregnskaber. Spørgsmålet får stadig større betydning, da multinationale selskaber tegner sig for en stigende andel af bruttonationalproduktet (BNP) i alle lande. Kapitel 22 beskriver forbindelsen mellem satellitregnskaber og hovedkontiene i nationalregnskabet. Kapitel 23 og 24 anvendes til referenceformål. Kapitel 23 indeholder de nomenklaturer, der anvendes for sektorerne, aktiviteterne og produkterne i ENS 2010, og kapitel 24 er et komplet kontosystem for den enkelte sektor.
1.05
ENS 2010 er struktureret i overensstemmelse med de internationale retningslinjer for opstilling af nationalregnskaber (»The System of National Accounts 2008« (SNA 2008)), bortset fra visse forskelle i præsentationen og en højere grad af præcision, når det gælder visse begreber, der anvendes til specifikke EU-formål i forbindelse med ENS 2010. Disse retningslinjer er i fællesskab udarbejdet af De Forenede Nationer (FN), Den Internationale Valutafond (IMF), Den Europæiske Unions Statistiske Kontor (Eurostat), Organisationen for Økonomisk Samarbejde og Udvikling (OECD) og Verdensbanken. ENS 2010 fokuserer på forholdene i EU og dennes databehov. Ligesom SNA 2008 er ENS 2010 afstemt efter de begreber og nomenklaturer, der bruges i mange andre social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker (for eksempel beskæftigelsesstatistik, produktionsstatistik og udenrigshandelsstatistik). ENS 2010 anvendes derfor som den centrale referenceramme i social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker i EU og dets medlemsstater.
1.06
ENS består af to hovedtyper af tabeller:
a)
institutionelle sektorregnskaber
b)
input-output-tabeller og konti efter branche.
1.07
Sektorregnskaberne beskriver systematisk efter institutionel sektor de forskellige stadier i den økonomiske proces: produktion, indkomstdannelse, indkomstfordeling, indkomstomfordeling, indkomstanvendelse og finansiel og ikkefinansiel akkumulation. Sektorregnskaberne indeholder også statuskonti, som viser beholdningerne af aktiver og passiver og nettoformue ved begyndelsen og slutningen af regnskabsperioden.
1.08
Input-output-tabellerne i form af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne giver en mere detaljeret beskrivelse af produktionsprocessen (omkostningsstruktur, indkomstdannelse og beskæftigelse) og vare- og tjenestestrømmene (produktion, import, eksport, forbrug, forbrug i produktionen og investeringer efter produktgruppe). To vigtige regnskabsidentiteter kan aflæses af disse tabeller: summen af indkomster, der frembringes i en branche, svarer til den værditilvækst, der er skabt af den pågældende branche, og for alle produkter eller produktgrupper er udbuddet lig med efterspørgslen.
1.09
ENS 2010 indeholder også definitioner af begreberne befolkning og beskæftigelse. Disse begreber er relevante for sektorregnskaberne, kontiene efter branche og tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
1.10
ENS 2010 begrænser sig ikke til årlige nationalregnskaber, men dækker også kvartalsregnskaber og regnskaber for kortere eller længere perioder, hvortil kommer regionalregnskaber.
1.11
ENS 2010 findes sideløbende med SNA 2008 på grund af anvendelsen af nationalregnskabstal i EU. Medlemsstaterne er ansvarlige for indsamling af data til og offentliggørelse af deres egne nationalregnskaber til beskrivelse af den økonomiske situation i deres lande. Medlemsstaterne udarbejder også regnskaber, der fremsendes til Kommissionen (Eurostat) som led i et obligatorisk dataindberetningsprogram til brug for beslutningstagningen inden for centrale sociale, arbejdsmarkedsmæssige, økonomiske og finanspolitiske områder i EU. ENS anvendes også til beregning af medlemsstaternes finansielle bidrag til EU-budgettet via den såkaldte »fjerde indtægtskilde«, strukturfondsstøtte til EU's regioner og overvågning af medlemsstaternes økonomiske resultater som led i proceduren i forbindelse med uforholdsmæssigt store underskud og stabilitets- og vækstpagten.
1.12
For at kunne beregne skatter og støttemidler ud fra de tal, der udarbejdes og offentliggøres efter helt ensartede retningslinjer, skal de økonomiske statistikker, der anvendes til disse formål, udarbejdes i henhold til samme begreber og regler. ENS 2010 er en forordning, der fastsætter regler, konventioner, definitioner og nomenklaturer, som medlemsstaterne skal anvende ved udarbejdelsen af de nationalregnskabsdata, der er omfattet af det dataindberetningsprogram, der er indeholdt i bilag B til denne forordning.
1.13
I betragtning af de meget store summer, der er involveret i EU's bidrags- og ydelsessystem, er det af afgørende betydning, at opgørelsessystemet anvendes på samme måde i alle medlemsstater. Det er derfor vigtigt at have en forsigtig tilgang til skøn, der ikke kan observeres direkte på markedet, så der undgås anvendelse af modelbaserede fremgangsmåder til beregning af data i nationalregnskaberne.
1.14
ENS 2010-begreberne er i adskillige tilfælde mere specifikke og præcise end begreberne i SNA 2008 for at sikre mest mulig konsistens mellem medlemsstaternes data, der udledes af nationalregnskaberne. Dette fundamentale krav om konsistente data er resulteret i et afgrænset sæt nationalregnskabskonti i EU. Hvis det ikke er muligt at sikre tilstrækkelig konsistens i medlemsstaternes data, indgår disse skøn i supplerende tabeller og satellitkonti, som ikke er omfattet af hovedkontiene.
1.15
Som eksempel på et område, hvor man i udformningen af ENS 2010 har fundet det nødvendigt at være forsigtig, kan nævnes pensionsforpligtelser. Der er gode grunde til at måle disse til støtte for økonomiske analyser, men det afgørende krav i EU om at udarbejde regnskaber, der er konsistente i tid og rum, har nødvendiggjort en forsigtig tilgang.
Globalisering
1.16
De økonomiske aktiviteters tiltagende globale omfang har øget den internationale handel i alle dens former og stillet landene over for større udfordringer, når de skal opgøre deres hjemlige økonomier i nationalregnskaberne. Globalisering er den dynamiske og flerdimensionale proces, hvor de nationale ressourcer bliver mere internationalt mobile, og de nationale økonomier bliver mere indbyrdes afhængige. Det aspekt af globaliseringen, som potentielt giver flest opgørelsesproblemer i forbindelse med nationalregnskaber, er de multinationale selskabers stigende andel af internationale transaktioner, hvor de grænseoverskridende transaktioner sker mellem moderselskaber, datterselskaber og affilierede selskaber. Der findes dog andre udfordringer, jf. følgende mere omfattende liste:
1)
interne afregningspriser mellem affilierede selskaber (værdiansættelse af import og eksport)
2)
det stigende omfang af lønarbejde, hvor varer krydser internationale grænser uden overdragelse af ejendomsretten (varer til videreforarbejdning), og merchanting
3)
international handel via internettet — både selskaber og husholdninger
4)
den verdensomspændende handel med og anvendelse af produkter omfattet af intellektuel ejendomsret
5)
arbejdstagere, som arbejder i udlandet og sender store beløb til familien i deres hjemland (arbejdstageres hjemsendelse af penge, som en del af personlige overførsler)
6)
multinationale selskaber, der organiserer deres forretningsaktiviteter på tværs af nationale grænser for at maksimere produktiviteten og minimere den samlede skattebyrde. Derved kan der opstå kunstige selskabsstrukturer, som i visse tilfælde ikke afspejler den økonomiske virkelighed
7)
benyttelse af offshorefinansieringsselskaber (special purpose entities og andre former) til finansiering af globale aktiviteter
8)
reeksport af varer og i EU transport af varer mellem medlemsstater efter indførsel i Unionen (kvasitransit)
9)
stigningen i de direkte udenlandske investeringer og nødvendigheden af at identificere og allokere de direkte investeringsstrømme.
1.17
Alle disse mere og mere almindelige aspekter af globaliseringen gør det til en stadig større udfordring for de nationale statistikere at indkredse og foretage en nøjagtig opgørelse af de grænseoverskridende strømme. Selv med et omfattende og pålideligt indsamlings- og målingssystem for posteringer i sektoren udlandet (og dermed også i de internationale konti på betalingsbalancen) vil globaliseringen øge behovet for en ekstra indsats for at sikre kvaliteten i nationalregnskaberne for alle økonomier og grupper af økonomier.
ANVENDELSE AF ENS 2010
Ramme for analyser og politikker
1.18
ENS-systemet kan bruges til analyse og vurdering af:
a)
Strukturen i en samlet økonomi. Som eksempler på måleenheder kan nævnes:
1)
værditilvækst og beskæftigelse efter erhverv
2)
værditilvækst og beskæftigelse efter region
3)
indkomstfordeling efter sektor
4)
import og eksport efter produktgruppe
5)
udgifter til forbrug efter formål og produktgruppe
6)
faste investeringer og realkapital efter erhverv
7)
sammensætningen af beholdninger og strømme af finansielle aktiver efter typen af aktiv og efter sektor.
b)
Specifikke dele eller aspekter af en økonomi. Som eksempler kan nævnes:
1)
bank- og finansvirksomhed i den nationale økonomi
2)
den rolle, offentlig forvaltning og service spiller, og dens finansielle stilling
3)
en bestemt regions økonomi (sammenlignet med den nationale økonomi)
4)
husholdningernes opsparing og gæld.
c)
Udviklingen i en økonomi over tid. Som eksempler kan nævnes:
1)
analyse af BNP-vækstrater
2)
analyse af inflationen
3)
analyse af sæsonsvingninger i husholdningernes udgifter på grundlag af kvartalsregnskaber
4)
analyse af den skiftende betydning af bestemte finansielle instrumenter over en periode, f.eks. den øgede udbredelse af finansielle derivater
5)
sammenligning af erhvervsstrukturer i den nationale økonomi over en længere periode.
d)
En samlet økonomi i forhold til andre økonomier. Som eksempler kan nævnes:
1)
offentlig forvaltning og services rolle og størrelse — en sammenligning mellem EU's medlemsstater
2)
analyse af den indbyrdes afhængighed mellem økonomierne i EU 
under hensyntagen til medlemsstaterne og deres regioner
3)
analyse af, hvordan eksporten fra EU er sammensat, og hvor den går hen
4)
sammenligning af BNP-vækstrater og disponibel indkomst per capita i EU og andre udviklede økonomier.
1.19
For EU og dets medlemsstater spiller ENS-tallene en vigtig rolle ved udformningen og forvaltningen af den økonomiske og sociale politik.
I det følgende er der vist eksempler på anvendelser af ENS:
a)
overvågning og styring af euroområdets makroøkonomiske og monetære politik og fastlæggelse af konvergenskriterierne for Den Økonomiske og Monetære Union (ØMU) på grundlag af nationalregnskabstal (f.eks. BNP-vækstrater)
b)
fastlæggelse af kriterierne for proceduren i forbindelse med uforholdsmæssigt store underskud: målinger af offentlig forvaltning og services underskud og gæld
c)
bevilling af økonomisk støtte til regioner i EU: fordelingen af midler til regionerne er baseret på regionalregnskabstal
d)
beregning af EU's egne indtægter, der i tre henseender bygger på nationalregnskabstallene:
1)
EU's samlede indtægter beregnes som en procentdel af summen af medlemsstaternes bruttonationalindkomst (BNI).
2)
EU's tredje indtægtskilde er momsindtægter. Størrelsen af medlemsstaternes bidrag til disse indtægter afhænger i høj grad af nationalregnskabstallene, fordi tallene bruges til at beregne den gennemsnitlige momsprocent.
3)
Den relative størrelse af medlemsstaternes bidrag til EU's fjerde indtægtskilde bygger på deres bruttonationalindkomstskøn. Disse skøn er beregningsgrundlaget for hovedparten af medlemsstaternes betalinger.
ENS 2010-begrebernes karakteristika
1.20
ENS 2010-begreberne har flere vigtige karakteristika, der skaber balance mellem databehov og datamuligheder: Regnskaberne:
a)
Er internationalt kompatible.
b)
Er harmoniseret med andre social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker.
c)
Er konsistente.
d)
Er direkte anvendelige — kan således måles i praksis.
e)
Er forskellige fra de fleste administrative begreber.
f)
Er veletablerede og fastsat for en lang periode.
g)
Tager sigte på at beskrive den økonomiske proces i monetære og let observerbare størrelser.
h)
Kan anvendes i forskellige situationer og til forskellige formål.
1.21
Begreberne i ENS 2010 er internationalt kompatible:
a)
ENS 2010 er konsistent med begreberne i de internationale retningslinjer for opstilling af nationalregnskaber (SNA 2008)
b)
For medlemsstaterne er ENS 2010 normen for indberetning af nationalregnskabstal til alle internationale organisationer.
c)
Begrebernes internationale kompatibilitet har stor betydning, når man skal sammenligne statistikker for forskellige lande.
1.22
Begreberne i ENS 2010 er harmoniseret med andre social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker, fordi der i ENS 2010 anvendes begreber og nomenklaturer (f.eks. den statistiske nomenklatur for økonomiske aktiviteter i Den Europæiske Union »NACE rev. 2« 
(
2
)
), som også bruges i andre social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker i medlemsstaterne, f.eks. i industristatistik, udenrigshandelsstatistik og beskæftigelsesstatistik; begrebsforskelle er holdt på et minimum. Disse begreber og nomenklaturer i ENS 2010 er endvidere harmoniseret med De Forenede Nationers begreber og nomenklaturer.
Denne harmonisering med social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker skaber sammenhæng mellem statistikkerne og letter sammenligninger. Dermed sikres kvaliteten af nationalregnskabstallene. Desuden kan oplysningerne i de mere specifikke statistikker bedre sammenlignes med de generelle statistikker over den nationale økonomi.
1.23
De fælles begreber, der anvendes i nationalregnskabssystemet og de andre social- og arbejdsmarkedsstatistikker og økonomiske statistikker, gør det muligt at udlede konsistente målinger. Følgende forholdstal kan f.eks. beregnes:
a)
produktivitetstal, såsom værditilvækst pr. udført arbejdstime (disse tal forudsætter konsistens mellem begreberne værditilvækst og udførte arbejdstimer)
b)
disponibel nationalindkomst per capita (dette forhold forudsætter konsistens mellem disponibel nationalindkomst og befolkningsdata)
c)
faste investeringer i procent af realkapitalen (dette forhold forudsætter konsistens i definitionen af disse strømme og beholdninger)
d)
underskud og gæld i offentlig forvaltning og service i procent af bruttonationalproduktet (denne beregning forudsætter konsistens mellem begreberne underskud og gæld i offentlig forvaltning og service og bruttonationalproduktet).
Begrebernes interne konsistens gør det muligt at udlede skøn på grundlag af residualer, f.eks. opsparing beregnet som forskellen mellem disponibel indkomst og udgifter til forbrug.
1.24
Begreberne i ENS 2010 er anvendt på en sådan måde, at de letter indsamlingen af statistiske data og opgørelsen af økonomiske størrelsesforhold. At begreberne er direkte anvendelige, fremgår i flere henseender af vejledningen i udarbejdelse af regnskaberne.
a)
Aktiviteter eller poster er kun beskrevet, hvis de har en signifikant størrelse. Eksempelvis registreres husholdningernes produktion for egen regning såsom vævning af stof og fremstilling af lervarer ikke som produktion, da denne form for produktion betragtes som insignifikant i EU-landene.
b)
Ved nogle begreber er der anvisning på, hvordan de skal opgøres. Forbrug af fast realkapital skal f.eks. opgøres på grundlag af lineær afskrivning. Til opgørelse af beholdningen af fast realkapital anvendes PIM-metoden (»Perpetual Inventory Method«), hvis der ikke foreligger direkte oplysninger om fast realkapital. Et andet eksempel er værdiansættelse af produktion for egen regning: Principielt anvendes basispriser, men om nødvendigt kan en tilnærmet værdi beregnes ved sammenlægning af de forskellige omkostninger ved fremstillingen.
c)
I nogle tilfælde er der fastsat konventioner. Eksempelvis klassificeres alle kollektive tjenester, der ydes af offentlig forvaltning og service, som udgifter til forbrug.
1.25
Det er imidlertid ikke altid let at indsamle de nødvendige nationalregnskabstal direkte, da de tilgrundliggende begreber almindeligvis afviger fra begreberne i administrative datakilder. Som eksempel på administrative kilder kan nævnes virksomhedsregnskaber, data om forskellige skatter (moms, indkomstskat, importafgifter osv.), socialsikringsdata og data fra bank- og forsikringstilsyn. Disse administrative data bruges til opstilling af nationalregnskaber. Almindeligvis tilpasses de begreberne i ENS.
Begreberne i ENS adskiller sig sædvanligvis fra de tilsvarende administrative begreber af følgende grunde:
a)
Administrative begreber er forskellige fra land til land og er derfor ikke internationalt kompatible.
b)
Administrative begreber ændres over tid og kan derfor ikke anvendes til sammenligninger over tid.
c)
Begreberne i de forskellige administrative datakilder er almindeligvis ikke indbyrdes konsistente. Sammenknytning og sammenligning af data, som er afgørende for sammenstilling af nationalregnskabstal, kan kun finde sted, hvis begreberne er konsistente
d)
De administrative begreber er som regel ikke de mest velegnede til økonomiske analyser og vurdering af økonomisk politik.
1.26
Administrative datakilder er dog særdeles egnede til nationalregnskaber og andre statistikker, fordi:
a)
begreber og nomenklaturer, som oprindeligt blev udformet til statistiske formål, også anvendes til administrative formål, f.eks. opdelingen af offentlige udgifter efter art
b)
administrative datakilder dækker specifikke behov for statistiske oplysninger; dette gælder f.eks. Intrastatsystemet til tilvejebringelse af data om samhandelen mellem medlemsstaterne.
1.27
De vigtigste begreber i ENS er veletablerede og fastsat for en lang periode, eftersom:
a)
man har vedtaget at anvende dem som internationale normer i mange år
b)
de fleste grundbegreber i tidens løb stort set er forblevet uændret i de successive internationale retningslinjer for nationalregnskaber.
Denne begrebsmæssige kontinuitet reducerer behovet for at omregne tidsserier. Endvidere bliver begreberne mindre påvirkelige over for nationalt og internationalt politisk pres. Af disse grunde har nationalregnskabstallene kunnet bruges som objektivt datagrundlag for økonomisk politik og analyse.
1.28
Begreberne i ENS 2010 tager sigte på at beskrive den økonomiske proces i monetære værdier ud fra let observerbare størrelser. Beholdninger og strømme, som ikke umiddelbart kan gøres op i pengeværdi, eller som ikke har en modpostering udtrykt i pengeværdi, registreres ikke i ENS.
Dette princip håndhæves ikke altid strengt, fordi der skal tages hensyn til kravet om konsistens og til brugernes behov. For eksempel skal værdien af tjenester produceret af offentlig forvaltning og service af hensyn til konsistensen registreres som produktion, fordi aflønning af ansatte og indkøb af alle former for varer og tjenester i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service umiddelbart kan gøres op i penge. Endvidere er det med henblik på økonomisk analyse og politik formålstjenligt for nationalregnskabet som helhed at beskrive kollektive tjenester produceret af offentlig forvaltning og service.
1.29
Med henblik på en yderligere afgrænsning af begreberne i ENS kan det være hensigtsmæssigt at nævne nogle vigtige grænsetilfælde.
Inden for rammerne af produktionsgrænsen i ENS registreres følgende (jf. 3.07-3.09):
a)
produktion af individuelle og kollektive tjenester i offentlig forvaltning og service
b)
boligtjenester, som ejere af egen bolig producerer for egen regning
c)
produktion af varer til eget forbrug, f.eks. landbrugsvarer
d)
byggeri for egen regning, herunder også husholdningernes byggeaktiviteter
e)
hus- og hjemmehjælp, som ydes af lønnet personale
f)
fiskeopdræt i fiskedamme
g)
produktion, som er forbudt i henhold til loven, i det omfang de pågældende enheder deltager frivilligt i transaktionen
h)
produktion, hvoraf indtægterne ikke i fuldt omfang opgives til skattemyndighederne, f.eks. hemmelig tekstilfabrikation.
1.30
Følgende falder uden for produktionsgrænsen og registreres ikke i ENS:
a)
hus- og hjemmehjælp, der produceres og forbruges inden for samme husholdning, f.eks. rengøring, madlavning, pasning af syge og ældre
b)
frivilligt arbejde, som ikke resulterer i produktion af varer, f.eks. pasning og rengøring uden betaling
c)
naturlig vækst i fiskeforekomsterne i åbent farvand.
1.31
Som hovedregel registrerer ENS al produktion inden for produktionskriteriet, dog ikke hjælpeaktiviteternes produktion. Input i hjælpeaktiviteterne betragtes som input i den aktivitet, de er knyttet til. Hvis en virksomhed, der udelukkende udøver hjælpeaktiviteter, er statistisk observerbar, eftersom der foreligger separate regnskaber for dens produktion, eller er beliggende i et andet geografisk område end de virksomheder, den servicerer, registreres den både i national- og regionalregnskaber som en separat enhed og henføres til den branche, der svarer til dens hovedaktivitet. Foreligger der ikke passende primærdata, kan hjælpeaktivitetens produktion estimeres ved at sammenlægge omkostningerne.
1.32
Hvis en aktivitet betragtes som produktion og dermed registreres, skal de dertil knyttede indkomster, beskæftigelse, forbrug osv. også registreres. Da boligtjenester, som ejere af egen bolig producerer for egen regning, registreres som produktion, registreres derfor også de heraf følgende indkomster og udgifter til forbrug. Da der pr. definition ikke er noget forbrug af arbejdskraft ved produktionen af boligtjenester i ejerboliger, registreres der ikke nogen beskæftigelse. Dermed er der konsistens med beskæftigelsesstatistikken, hvor der ikke registreres nogen beskæftigelse for ejere af egen bolig. Det omvendte er tilfældet, når en aktivitet ikke registreres som produktion: Hushjælp, som produceres og forbruges i samme husholdning, skaber ingen indkomst, udgifter til forbrug osv., og derfor er der ikke tale om beskæftigelse.
1.33
ENS fastlægger også konventioner vedrørende:
a)
værdiansættelse af produktionen i offentlig forvaltning og service
b)
værdiansættelse af produktionen af forsikringstjenester og indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester
c)
registrering af kollektive tjenester leveret af offentlig forvaltning og service som udgifter til forbrug og ikke som forbrug i produktionen.
Sektorklassifikation
1.34
Sektorregnskaber opstilles ved at henføre enhederne til sektorer, således at det er muligt at fordele transaktioner og saldoposter på sektorer, hvorved der fremkommer mange fundamentale data til brug for den økonomiske politik og finanspolitikken. De vigtigste sektorer er husholdningerne, offentlig forvaltning og service, selskaber (finansielle og ikkefinansielle), nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (NPISH) og udlandet.
Sondringen mellem markedsmæssig og ikkemarkedsmæssig aktivitet har stor betydning. En enhed, der kontrolleres af offentlig forvaltning og service, og som betragtes som et markedsmæssigt selskab, henføres til selskabssektoren uden for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. Selskabets underskud og gæld vil således ikke indgå i det offentliges underskud og gæld.
1.35
Det er af stor betydning, at der er fastlagt klare og robuste kriterier for klassificering af enhederne efter sektor.
Den offentlige sektor omfatter alle økonomiens residente institutionelle enheder, som kontrolleres af offentlig forvaltning og service. Den private sektor består af alle andre residente enheder.
Tabel 1.1 nedenfor indeholder kriterierne for sondringen mellem den offentlige og den private sektor og i den offentlige sektor sondringen mellem sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og sektoren offentlige selskaber og i den private sektor mellem NPISH og private selskaber.
Tabel 1.1
Kriterier
Kontrolleret af offentlig forvaltning og service
(den offentlige sektor)
Privat kontrolleret
(den private sektor)
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
Offentlig forvaltning og service
NPISH'er
Markedsmæssig produktion
Offentlige selskaber
Private selskaber
1.36
Kontrol defineres som beføjelser til at bestemme en institutionel enheds generelle politik eller strategi. Angående en mere detaljeret definition af kontrol henvises til 2.35-2.39.
1.37
Om en aktivitet er markedsmæssig eller ikkemarkedsmæssig, og dermed om offentlige enheder skal klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller i sektoren selskaber, afgøres på grundlag af følgende regel:
En aktivitet anses for at være markedsmæssig, når de tilsvarende varer og tjenester sælges på følgende betingelser:
1)
Sælgerne søger at opnå størst mulig fortjeneste på lang sigt og kan frit sælge varer og tjenester til enhver, der er parat til at betale den forlangte pris.
2)
Køberne søger i kraft af deres begrænsede midler at opnå størst mulig nytteværdi og køber kun de produkter, som bedst opfylder deres behov til den forlangte pris.
3)
Der findes velfungerende markeder, hvortil sælgere og købere har adgang. Et marked kan være velfungerende, selv om disse betingelser ikke er opfyldt i alle henseender.
1.38
Detaljerne i ENS-begreberne kan bruges fleksibelt: Nogle begreber er ikke eksplicit nævnt i ENS, men kan nemt afledes. Et eksempel herpå er at danne nye sektorer ved at omgruppere delsektorer i ENS.
1.39
Fleksibiliteten kommer også til udtryk ved, at der kan indføres yderligere kriterier, når de ikke strider mod principperne i systemet. Ved hjælp af sådanne kriterier kan der opstilles delsektorregnskaber på grundlag af antallet af ansatte i produktionsenheder eller størrelsen af indkomsten i en husholdning. Antallet af ansatte kan underopdeles efter uddannelse, alder og køn.
Satellitregnskaber
1.40
Til opfyldelse af nogle specifikke databehov bør der oprettes separate satellitkonti.
Som eksempler kan nævnes:
a)
samfundsmæssige regnskabsmatricer (SAM)
b)
turismens rolle i den nationale økonomi
c)
omkostninger til sundhedsvæsen og finansiering heraf
d)
forskning og udvikling anerkendt som investeringer i intellektuel ejendomsret
e)
human kapital anerkendt som aktiver i den nationale økonomi
f)
husholdningernes indkomster og udgifter på basis af mikroøkonomiske indkomst- og udgiftsbegreber
g)
samspillet mellem miljøet og økonomien
h)
husholdningernes produktion
i)
ændringer i velfærd
j)
forskellen mellem nationalregnskab og virksomhedsregnskaber og deres indflydelse på børs- og valutamarkederne
k)
skøn over skatteindtægter.
1.41
Satellitkonti dækker disse databehov ved at:
a)
gå i detaljer, hvor det er nødvendigt og udelade overflødige data
b)
udvide regnskabssystemets dækningsområde ved at tilføje oplysninger, som ikke indeholder værdiangivelser, f.eks. om forurening og miljømæssige aktiver
c)
ændre nogle grundbegreber, f.eks. ved at udvide begrebet investeringer ved at medregne udgifterne til uddannelse.
1.42
En samfundsmæssig regnskabsmatrix (SAM) er en matrixfremstilling, som kæder tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller sammen med sektorregnskaberne. Den giver flere oplysninger om omfanget og sammensætningen af beskæftigelsen ved at underopdele aflønningen af ansatte i kategorier af beskæftigede. Denne underopdeling gælder både anvendelsen af arbejdskraft fordelt på erhverv, som den fremgår af anvendelsestabellerne, og tilgangen af arbejdskraft fordelt på socioøkonomiske undergrupper, som det ses af kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst for husholdningssektorens delsektorer. Derved gives en systematisk oversigt over tilgang og anvendelse af forskellige kategorier af arbejdskraft.
1.43
I satellitregnskaberne bibeholdes alle grundbegreberne og klassifikationerne i ENS 2010-regnskabssystemets grundstruktur. Begreberne ændres kun, når formålet med satellitopgørelsen kræver det. I så fald bør satellitregnskabet også indeholde en tabel, der viser sammenhængen mellem henholdsvis satellitregnskabets og grundstrukturens vigtigste aggregater. På denne måde bibeholdes grundstrukturen som referenceramme, samtidig med at mere specielle behov tilgodeses.
1.44
I grundstrukturen indgår der almindeligvis ikke strømme og beholdninger, som ikke umiddelbart kan opgøres i pengeværdi (eller som ikke har et modstykke, der kan opgøres i pengeværdi). På grund af sådanne strømmes og beholdningers særlige karakter er det normalt også muligt at analysere dem ud fra statistikker, som ikke er pengeværdirelaterede, f.eks.:
a)
Husholdningernes produktion beskrives ved at opgøre antallet af timer anvendt til de forskellige formål.
b)
Uddannelse kan beskrives ud fra uddannelsens art, antallet af elever, uddannelsens gennemsnitlige varighed mv.
c)
Forurening beskrives bedst ved ændringer i antallet af levende plante- og dyrearter, skovenes tilstand, mængden af affald, omfanget af kulilteemission og bestråling mv.
1.45
Satellitregnskaber gør det muligt at kæde sådanne statistikker, som ikke indeholder pengeværdiangivelser, sammen med grundstrukturen i nationalregnskabssystemer. Sammenkædningen kan ske ved at anvende samme systematisering i ikkepengeværdirelaterede statistikker, som er anvendt i grundstrukturen, f.eks. klassifikation efter husholdningens art eller klassifikation efter branche. Derved opbygges en udvidet struktur, som er konsistent. Denne struktur kan således anvendes som grundlag for analyser og vurderinger af indbyrdes relationer mellem de forskellige variabler i henholdsvis grundstrukturen og den udvidede del.
1.46
Grundstrukturen og dens vigtigste aggregater beskriver ikke ændringer i velfærd. Der kan opstilles udvidede regnskaber, som også indeholder den imputerede værdi af f.eks.:
a)
hus- og hjemmehjælp produceret og forbrugt i samme husholdning
b)
ændringer vedrørende fritiden
c)
fordele og ulemper ved at bo i byen
d)
uligheden i indkomstfordelingen mellem enkeltpersoner.
1.47
I de udvidede regnskaber kan man også omklassificere beklagelige nødvendige udgifter (f.eks. til forsvaret) til forbrug i produktionen, dvs. som ikkebidragende til velfærd. På samme måde kan ødelæggelser ved oversvømmelser og andre naturkatastrofer klassificeres som forbrug i produktionen, dvs. som en forringelse af (den absolutte) velfærd. På denne måde kan man forsøge at skabe en meget grov og ufuldstændig indikator for velfærdsændringer. Men velfærd har mange dimensioner, og de fleste kan man dårligt gøre op i pengeværdi. Velfærd kan bedre måles ved at bruge separate indikatorer og måleenheder for de enkelte dimensioner. Egnede indikatorer kunne f.eks. være børnedødelighed, gennemsnitlig levetid, analfabetisme blandt voksne eller nationalindkomst per capita. Disse indikatorer vil kunne indarbejdes i en satellitkonto.
1.48
For at nå frem til en struktur, der er konsistent og internationalt kompatibel, anvendes der ikke administrative begreber i ENS. Til nationale formål kan det dog være nyttigt at råde over tal baseret på administrative begreber. Hvis man f.eks. skal opstille skøn over skatteindtægterne, er det nødvendigt at råde over statistikker over skattepligtig indkomst. Disse statistikker kan tilvejebringes ved at ændre lidt i nationalregnskabsstatistikkerne.
1.49
Samme indfaldsvinkel kan anvendes til en række begreber, der bruges i den nationale økonomiske politik, f.eks.:
a)
det inflationsmål, som bruges til at forhøje pensioner, arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse og aflønning af tjenestemænd
b)
skat, sociale bidrag, offentlig forvaltning og service og den kollektive sektor, som anvendes i diskussionen om den offentlige sektors mest hensigtsmæssige størrelse
c)
»strategisk« sektor/erhverv, som bruges i den nationale økonomiske politik eller i EU's økonomiske politik
d)
»erhvervsinvesteringer«, som anvendes i den nationale økonomiske politik
e)
en supplerende tabel, der viser en komplet registrering af pensioner.
Satellitregnskaber eller supplerende tabeller kan dække sådanne databehov.
ENS 2010 og SNA 2008
1.50
ENS 2010 er baseret på SNA fra 2008, som indeholder retningslinjer for opstilling af nationalregnskaber for alle verdens lande. Der er dog nogle forskelle mellem ENS 2010 og SNA 2008:
a)
Forskelle i præsentationen:
1)
ENS 2010 indeholder særskilte kapitler om produkttransaktioner, fordelingstransaktioner og finansielle transaktioner. I SNA 2008 derimod er disse transaktioner beskrevet i kapitler ordnet efter konto, f.eks. kapitler om produktionskonto, primærindkomstfordelingskonto, kapitalkonto og konto for udlandet.
2)
ENS 2010 beskriver et begreb ved at definere det og opremse, hvad der falder ind under det, og hvad der falder udenfor. SNA 2008 beskriver som regel begreberne mere generelt og begrunder de vedtagne konventioner.
b)
ENS 201-begreberne er i adskillige tilfælde mere konkrete og præcise end begreberne i SNA 2008:
1)
SNA 2008 indeholder ikke specifikke kriterier til sondring mellem produktion, som er markedsmæssig, til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig. I ENS er der derfor introduceret mere detaljerede regler for at sikre en ensartet tilgang.
2)
I ENS 2010 antages det, at varer, der produceres af husholdningerne, såsom vævning af stof og møbelfremstilling, ikke er signifikante i medlemsstaterne og derfor ikke behøver at blive registreret.
3)
I ENS 2010 henvises der til institutionelle ordninger i EU, som f.eks. Intrastatsystemet til registrering af varebevægelser inden for EU og medlemsstaternes bidrag til EU.
4)
ENS 2010 indeholder EU-specifikke nomenklaturer, f.eks. aktivitetstilknyttet produktklassifikation (CPA) 
(
3
)
 til produkter og NACE rev. 2 til brancher (begge er harmoniseret med FN's tilsvarende nomenklaturer).
5)
ENS 2010 indeholder en yderligere opdeling af alle transaktioner med udlandet; de opdeles i transaktioner mellem residenter i EU og transaktioner med residenter uden for EU.
6)
I ENS 2010 er sektoren finansielle selskaber opdelt i andre delsektorer end i SNA 2008 for at tilgodese ØMU'ens behov. ENS 2010 kan være mere konkret end SNA 2008, fordi ENS 2010 primært gælder for medlemsstaterne. Til dækning af Unionens behov, skal ENS nødvendigvis også være mere konkret.
ENS 2010 OG ENS 95
1.51
ENS 2010 afviger fra ENS 95 både med hensyn til omfang og begreber. De fleste af disse forskelle svarer til forskellene mellem SNA 1993 og SNA 2008. De vigtigste forskelle er:
a)
Anerkendelse af forskning og udvikling som investeringer, der fører til aktiver i form af intellektuel ejendomsret. Denne ændring registreres på en satellitkonto og opføres i kerneregnskabet, når det kan konstateres, at opgørelsesmetoderne er tilstrækkeligt pålidelige og harmoniserede medlemsstaterne imellem.
b)
Udgifterne til våbensystemer, der opfylder den generelle definition af aktiver, klassificeres som faste investeringer og ikke som udgifter til forbrug i produktionen.
c)
Det analytiske begreb kapitaltjenester er blevet indført for markedsmæssig produktion, således at der kan opstilles en supplerende tabel, hvor de opføres som en bestanddel af værditilvæksten.
d)
De finansielle aktiver er blevet udvidet til at omfatte en bredere vifte af finansielle derivater.
e)
Nye regler for registrering af pensionsrettigheder. Der er indført en supplerende tabel i regnskabet for at gøre det muligt at registrere skøn over alle rettigheder i både fondsbaserede og ikkefondsbaserede socialsikringsordninger. Alle nødvendige oplysninger til en omfattende analyse fremgår af denne tabel, som viser rettigheder og tilhørende strømme for alle private og offentlige fondsbaserede og ikkefondsbaserede pensionsordninger, herunder også socialsikringspensioner.
f)
Reglerne om overdragelse af ejendomsretten til varer anvendes generelt, hvilket medfører ændringer i registreringen af merchanting (transithandel) og varer sendt til forarbejdning både i udlandet og i hjemlandet. Dermed registreres varer sendt til forarbejdning i udlandet netto og ikke brutto som i SNA 1993 og ENS 95. Denne ændring har stor betydning for registreringen af sådanne aktiviteter i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
g)
Den nye version indeholder flere retningslinjer om finansielle selskaber i almindelighed og om SPE'er (special purpose entities) i særdeleshed. Behandlingen af offentligt kontrollerede SPE'er i udlandet er blevet ændret, således at SPE'ers gældsforpligtelser fremgår af offentlig forvaltning og services konti.
h)
Behandlingen af ekstraordinært store udbytter udbetalt af offentlige selskaber er blevet præciseret, dvs. at de betragtes som ekstraordinære betalinger og udtræk fra egenkapitalen.
i)
Principperne for behandlingen af offentlig-private partnerskaber er blevet fastlagt, og behandlingen af omstruktureringsagenturer er blevet udvidet.
j)
Transaktionerne mellem offentlig forvaltning og service og offentlige selskaber og med securitiseringsinstrumenter er blevet præciseret for at forbedre registreringen af størrelser, som kan få væsentlig indflydelse på den offentlige gæld.
k)
Behandlingen af lånegarantier er blevet præciseret, og der er indført en ændret behandling af standardiserede lånegarantier som f.eks. eksportkreditgarantier og studielånsgarantier. Den nye behandling består i, at det beløb, der kan forventes at blive udbetalt i forbindelse med garantierne, bør registreres som finansielt aktiv og passiv i regnskabet.
1.52
Ændringerne i ENS 2010 i forhold til ENS 95 er ikke kun af begrebsmæssig art. Der er store ændringer i dækningen, idet der er tilføjet nye kapitler om satellitregnskaber, regnskaber for offentlig forvaltning og service og konti for udlandet. Kapitlerne om kvartalsregnskaber og regionalregnskaber er også blevet udvidet betydeligt.
GRUNDPRINCIPPERNE I ENS 2010 SOM SYSTEM
1.53
Systemets hovedbestanddele er:
a)
de statistiske enheder og deres gruppering
b)
strømme og beholdninger
c)
kontosystemet og aggregaterne
d)
input-output-tabellerne.
De statistiske enheder og deres gruppering
1.54
I ENS 2010 anvendes to slags enheder og to tilsvarende måder at opdele økonomien på til to forskellige analyseformål.
1.55
Det første formål, som er at beskrive indkomst, udgifter og finansielle strømme og statuskonti, opfyldes ved at gruppere de institutionelle enheder i sektorer efter deres vigtigste funktioner, adfærd og mål.
1.56
Det andet formål, som er at beskrive produktionsprocesser og input-output-systemet, opfyldes ved at gruppere lokale faglige enheder i brancher på grundlag af arten af deres aktiviteter. En aktivitet er karakteriseret ved et input af produkter, en produktionsproces og et output af produkter.
Institutionelle enheder og sektorer
1.57
Institutionelle enheder er økonomiske enheder, som er i stand til at eje varer og aktiver, stifte gæld og udøve økonomiske aktiviteter og på egne vegne indgå transaktioner med andre enheder. I ENS 2010 opdeles de institutionelle enheder i fem gensidigt udelukkende indenlandske institutionelle sektorer bestående af:
a)
ikkefinansielle selskaber
b)
finansielle selskaber
c)
offentlig forvaltning og service
d)
husholdninger
e)
nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
De fem sektorer udgør tilsammen den samlede indenlandske økonomi. Hver sektor er igen opdelt i delsektorer. Ved hjælp af ENS 2010 er det muligt at opstille et komplet sæt strøm- og statuskonti for hver sektor og delsektor samt for den samlede økonomi. Ikkeresidente enheder kan indgå i et samspil med disse fem indenlandske sektorer, og samspillet vises mellem de fem indenlandske sektorer og en sjette institutionel sektor: udlandet.
Lokale faglige enheder og erhverv
1.58
Når institutionelle enheder udøver mere end én aktivitet, opdeles de efter aktivitetens art. Ved hjælp af lokale faglige enheder er dette muligt.
En lokal faglig enhed omfatter de dele af en producerende institutionel enhed, som er beliggende et sted eller flere tæt forbundne steder, og som bidrager til udøvelsen af en aktivitet på undergruppeniveau (fire cifre) i NACE rev. 2.
1.59
Lokale faglige enheder registreres for hver biaktivitet. Hvis de nødvendige regnskabsoplysninger til særskilt beskrivelse af disse aktiviteter imidlertid ikke foreligger, knyttes flere biaktiviteter til en lokal faglig enhed. Alle lokale faglige enheder, der udøver samme eller lignende aktiviteter, udgør tilsammen en branche.
En institutionel enhed omfatter en eller flere lokale faglige enheder. En lokal faglig enhed tilhører én og kun én institutionel enhed.
1.60
Til analyse af produktionsprocessen anvendes en analytisk produktionsenhed. Denne enhed kan kun observeres i de tilfælde, hvor den lokale faglige enhed fremstiller ét produkt og ikke har en biaktivitet. Denne enhed kaldes en homogen produktionsenhed. Grupperinger af sådanne enheder danner homogene brancher.
Residente og ikkeresidente enheder, den samlede økonomi og udlandet
1.61
Den samlede økonomi beskrives ud fra de residente enheder. En enhed er resident, når dens økonomiske hovedinteressecentrum ligger inden for landets økonomiske område — dvs. når den udøver økonomiske aktiviteter igennem længere tid (et år eller mere) på dette område. De institutionelle sektorer omtalt i 1.57 består af residente institutionelle enheder.
1.62
Residente enheder deltager i transaktioner med ikkeresidente enheder (dvs. med enheder, som er residente i andre økonomiske områder). Disse transaktioner er økonomiens udenlandske transaktioner og samles i kontoen for udlandet. Udlandet spiller således samme rolle som en institutionel sektor, selv om ikkeresidente enheder kun medregnes i det omfang, de deltager i transaktioner med residente institutionelle enheder.
1.63
Fiktive residente enheder betragtes i ENS 2010-systemet som institutionelle enheder og defineres således:
a)
de dele af ikkeresidente enheder, som har et økonomisk hovedinteressecentrum på landets økonomiske område (dvs. som i de fleste tilfælde foretager økonomiske transaktioner i et år eller derover)
b)
ikkeresidente enheder i deres egenskab af ejere af jord eller bygninger på landets økonomiske område, men kun hvad angår transaktioner vedrørende jord og bygninger.
Strømme og beholdninger
1.64
I ENS registreres to fundamentale typer data: strømme og beholdninger.
Strømme vedrører bevægelser og følger af begivenheder inden for en given periode, mens beholdninger vedrører situationen på et bestemt tidspunkt.
Strømme
1.65
Strømme er udtryk for skabelse, omdannelse, udveksling, overdragelse eller udslettelse af økonomiske værdier. De medfører ændring af værdien af en institutionel enheds aktiver og passiver. Der findes to slags økonomiske strømme: transaktioner og andre ændringer i aktiver.
Transaktioner forekommer på alle konti og i alle tabeller, der viser strømme, undtagen på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status og på omvurderingskontoen. Andre ændringer i status registreres kun på disse to konti.
Enkelttransaktioner og andre strømme grupperes i et forholdsvis begrænset antal kategorier efter deres art.
Transaktioner
1.66
En transaktion er en økonomisk strøm mellem institutionelle enheder efter gensidig aftale, eller en økonomisk strøm inden for en institutionel enhed, som med fordel kan betragtes som en transaktion, fordi enheden handler i to forskellige egenskaber. Transaktioner opdeles i fire hovedgrupper:
a)
Produkttransaktioner, som beskriver produkters oprindelse (indenlandsk produktion eller import) og anvendelse (forbrug i produktionen, forbrug, investeringer — herunder også forbrug af fast realkapital — eller eksport).
b)
Fordelingstransaktioner, som beskriver, hvordan værditilvækst, der skabes i produktionen, fordeles på arbejdskraften, kapitalen og sektoren for offentlig forvaltning og service og endvidere omfordelingen af indkomst og formue (indkomstskat, formueskat og andre overførsler).
c)
Finansielle transaktioner, som beskriver nettoændringer i de finansielle aktiver og passiver for hvert finansielt instrument. Sådanne transaktioner finder sted både som modstykke til ikkefinansielle transaktioner og som finansielle instrumenter.
d)
Transaktioner, som ikke falder ind under de tre ovennævnte grupper: anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver.
Transaktionernes karakteristika
Transaktioner mellem institutionelle enheder/transaktioner inden for enheden
1.67
De fleste transaktioner indebærer relationer mellem to eller flere institutionelle enheder. ENS 2010-systemet registrerer dog visse handlinger inden for de institutionelle enheder som transaktioner. Formålet med at registrere disse interne transaktioner er at give et mere analytisk brugbart billede af produktion, endelig anvendelse og omkostninger.
1.68
Forbrug af fast realkapital er en intern transaktion, der registreres i ENS 2010-systemet som en omkostning. De fleste af de andre transaktioner inden for enheden er produkttransaktioner, som typisk registreres, når den institutionelle enhed — i sin egenskab af både producent og forbruger — forbruger egne produkter. Dette gælder ofte husholdninger og offentlig forvaltning og service.
1.69
Al egenproduktion, der indgår som endelig anvendelse inden for samme institutionelle enhed, registreres. Egenproduktion til forbrug i produktionen inden for samme institutionelle enhed registreres kun, hvis produktion og forbrug i produktionen finder sted i forskellige lokale faglige enheder inden for samme institutionelle enhed. Produktion produceret og anvendt som forbrug i produktionen inden for samme lokale faglige enhed registreres ikke.
Monetære transaktioner/ikkemonetære transaktioner
1.70
Transaktioner er monetære transaktioner, hvis de pågældende enheder foretager eller modtager betalinger, påtager sig gældsforpligtelser eller modtager aktiver opgjort i valutaenheder.
Transaktioner, som ikke indebærer udveksling af kontantbeløb eller fordringer eller gældsforpligtelser opgjort i pengebeløb, er ikkemonetære transaktioner. Interne transaktioner er ikkemonetære transaktioner. Ikkemonetære transaktioner mellem to eller flere institutionelle enheder forekommer ved produkttransaktioner (byttehandel), fordelingstransaktioner (betaling i naturalier, overførsel i naturalier osv.) og andre transaktioner (byttehandel med ikkeproducerede, ikkefinansielle aktiver). ENS 2010-systemet registrerer alle transaktioner i pengeværdi. Når værdien af ikkemonetære transaktioner skal registreres, må den derfor opgøres indirekte eller estimeres.
Transaktioner med og uden modydelse
1.71
Mellem to eller flere enheder kan der være to slags transaktioner — enten tosidige eller ensidige transaktioner. Ved tosidige transaktioner deltager to institutionelle enheder, idet der leveres varer, tjenester eller aktiver med f.eks. penge som modydelse. Ved ensidige transaktioner er der typisk tale om ydelse af betaling i kontanter eller naturalier fra en institutionel enhed til en anden uden modydelse. De tosidige transaktioner finder sted inden for alle fire kategorier af transaktioner, mens ensidige transaktioner hovedsagelig er fordelingstransaktioner, f.eks. skatter, sociale bistandsydelser eller gaver. Sådanne ensidige transaktioner betegnes overførsler.
Ændret behandling af transaktionerne
1.72
Transaktionerne registreres på samme måde, som de opfattes af de involverede institutionelle enheder. Behandlingen af nogle transaktioner ændres imidlertid for at tydeliggøre de underliggende økonomiske relationer. Der kan være tale om tre former for ændringer: omkanalisering, opdeling og identifikation af transaktionens egentlige part.
Omkanalisering
1.73
En transaktion, som af de involverede enheder anses for at have fundet sted direkte mellem enhed A og C, kan registreres i regnskabet, som om den var foregået indirekte gennem en tredje enhed B. I så fald registreres transaktionen mellem A og C som to transaktioner: en mellem A og B, og en mellem B og C. Transaktionen er således omkanaliseret.
1.74
Et eksempel herpå er bogføringen af arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger indbetalt direkte til socialforsikringsfondene. I ENS registreres disse betalinger som to transaktioner: Arbejdsgiverne betaler arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger til de ansatte, og de ansatte betaler samme bidrag til socialforsikringsfondene. Som med alle former for omkanalisering er formålet at tydeliggøre de økonomiske relationer bag transaktionen. I dette tilfælde går det ud på at vise, at arbejdsgiverbidragene til sociale ordninger er bidrag, der betales til gunst for de ansatte.
1.75
En anden form for omkanalisering er de transaktioner, som i systemet registreres som foregået mellem to eller flere institutionelle enheder, selv om der ifølge de involverede parter ikke finder nogen transaktion sted. Et eksempel herpå er behandlingen af formueindkomst, der hidrører fra investering af visse forsikringstekniske reserver, og som tilbageholdes af forsikringsselskaberne. Systemet registrerer denne indkomst som betalt af forsikringsselskabet til forsikringstagerne, som derefter tilbagebetaler det samme beløb til selskabet som ekstrapræmier.
Opdeling af transaktioner
1.76
Når en transaktion, som de involverede parter betragter som en enkelt transaktion, registreres som to eller flere transaktioner i forskellige kategorier, er transaktionen opdelt. Opdeling medfører ikke, at yderligere enheder inddrages i transaktionen.
1.77
Betaling af skadesforsikringspræmier er et typisk eksempel på opdelte transaktioner. Selv om forsikringstagerne og forsikringsselskaberne betragter disse betalinger som én transaktion, opdeler ENS 2010-systemet dem i to helt forskellige transaktioner: betaling som modydelse for skadesforsikringstjenester og nettoskadesforsikringspræmier. Et andet eksempel på opdeling af transaktioner kan nævnes i forbindelse med salg af et produkt, hvor man ved registreringen adskiller salget af produktet fra handelsavancen.
Identifikation af den egentlige part i en transaktion
1.78
Når en enhed udfører en transaktion på en anden enheds vegne (den egentlige part), og transaktionen betales af denne, registreres transaktionen udelukkende på den egentlige parts konto. Man bør i reglen ikke gå videre end dette princip ved f.eks. at forsøge at fordele skatter og subsidier på de endelige betalere eller modtagere på grundlag af antagelser.
Et eksempel herpå er en offentlig enheds inddrivelse af skatter på vegne af en anden enhed. En skat henføres til den offentlige enhed, som udøver beføjelser til at opkræve skatten (enten som den egentlige part eller via de beføjelser, som den egentlige part har videredelegeret) og har endelige beføjelser til at fastsætte og ændre skatteprocenten.
Grænsetilfælde
1.79
Definitionen af en transaktion indebærer, at der skal foreligge en gensidig aftale mellem de pågældende institutionelle enheder. Når en transaktion finder sted efter gensidig aftale, er det underforstået, at de institutionelle enheder er bekendt med og indforstået med den pågældende transaktion. Betaling af skat og bøder sker efter fælles aftale, eftersom den betalende er borger i landet og underkastet dets love. Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse af aktiver regnes dog ikke for en transaktion, selv om den er pålagt ved lov.
Illegale økonomiske aktiviteter betragtes som transaktioner, hvis alle de involverede enheder deltager efter fælles aftale i aktiviteten. Således er køb og salg af samt byttehandel med narkotika og stjålne effekter transaktioner, mens tyveri ikke er.
Andre ændringer i status
1.80
Under andre ændringer i status registreres ændringer, som ikke følger af transaktioner. Det er:
a)
andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og passiver, eller
b)
kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og passiver
1.81
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og passiver inddeles i tre hovedkategorier:
a)
normal opståen og forsvinden af aktiver, som ikke er resultatet af transaktioner
b)
ændringer i aktiver og passiver som følge af ekstraordinære, uforudsete hændelser, som ikke er af økonomisk art
c)
klassifikations- og strukturændringer.
1.82
Eksempler på ændringer inden for den kategori, der henvises til i 1.81, litra a), er fund og udtømmelse af aktiver i undergrunden, og naturlig vækst af ikkeavlede/dyrkede biologiske ressourcer. Eksempler på ændringer inden for den kategori, der henvises til i 1.81, litra b), er tab af aktiver som følge af naturkatastrofer, krig eller alvorlige kriminelle handlinger. Ensidig annullering af gæld og ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse af aktiver hører også ind under kategori b). Et eksempel på en ændring inden for den kategori, der henvises til i 1.81, litra c), er omklassificering af en institutionel enhed fra en sektor til en anden.
Kapitalgevinster og -tab
1.83
Kapitalgevinster og -tab opstår, når der sker ændringer i værdien af aktiver. De forekommer i forbindelse med alle finansielle og ikkefinansielle aktiver og passiver. Kapitalgevinster og -tab tilfalder henholdsvis påføres ejerne af aktiver eller passiver udelukkende i kraft af, at de ejer disse aktiver eller passiver i en periode, og uden at de undergår nogen form for ændringer.
1.84
Kapitalgevinster og -tab opgjort på basis af gældende markedspriser kaldes nominelle kapitalgevinster/-tab. Disse kan opdeles i neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab, som afspejler ændringerne i det generelle prisniveau, og reale kapitalgevinster og -tab, som afspejler ændringer i priserne på aktiverne ud over de generelle prisændringer.
Beholdninger
1.85
Ved beholdninger forstås mængden af aktiver og passiver på et givet tidspunkt. Beholdninger opgøres ved begyndelsen og ved slutningen af hver regnskabsperiode og opføres på statuskonti.
1.86
Der foretages også beholdningsopgørelser over befolkning og arbejdskraft. Disse beholdninger opgøres imidlertid som gennemsnitsværdier igennem regnskabsperioden. Der foretages beholdningsopgørelser over alle aktiver inden for systemets rammer; dvs. over finansielle aktiver og passiver og ikkefinansielle aktiver, både producerede og ikkeproducerede. Dog medtages kun aktiver, som indgår i økonomiske aktiviteter, og som er underlagt ejerrettigheder.
1.87
Således opgøres ikke aktiver som menneskelig kapital og naturgivne ressourcer, der ikke har nogen ejer.
Inden for ENS 2010-systemets grænser er det udtømmende både med hensyn til strømme og beholdninger. Det betyder, at alle ændringer i beholdninger kan forklares fuldt ud med de registrerede strømme.
Kontosystem og aggregater
Bogføringsregler
1.88
På en konto registreres ændringer i værdien for en enhed eller sektor alt efter arten af de økonomiske strømme, der registreres på kontoen. Den er udformet som en tabel med to kolonner. På de løbende konti registreres data om produktion, indkomstdannelse, allokering, fordeling og omfordeling samt anvendelse af indkomst. Akkumulationskonti omfatter kapitalkonto, finansiel konto og konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer.
Kontosidernes betegnelser
1.89
I ENS 2010-systemet er der på kontiene for løbende transaktioner anført betegnelsen »tilgang« på kontoens højre side, der benyttes til registrering af forøgelser af en enheds eller sektors økonomiske værdier. Venstre side af kontoen betegnes »anvendelse« og viser de transaktioner, der reducerer de økonomiske værdier. Akkumulationskontienes højre side registrerer »ændringer i passiver og nettoformue« og venstre side »ændringer i aktiver«. Statuskontiene har »passiver og nettoformue« (forskellen mellem aktiver og passiver) på højre side og »aktiver« på venstre. En sammenligning af to på hinanden følgende statuskonti viser ændringerne i passiver og nettoformue og ændringerne i aktiver.
1.90
I ENS skelnes der mellem juridisk og økonomisk ejendomsret. Kriteriet for registrering af overførsler af varer fra en enhed til en anden er overdragelsen af den økonomiske ejendomsret fra den ene enhed til den anden. Den juridiske ejer er den enhed, som har en lovhjemlet ret til at nyde godt af de fordele, der er forbundet med besiddelsen. En juridisk ejer kan dog indgå en kontrakt med en anden enhed om, at denne mod et aftalt vederlag overtager de risici og fordele, der er forbundet med at anvende varerne i produktionen. Kontrakten er en aftale om finansiel leasing, hvor betalingerne blot er den modydelse, leasinggiveren kræver for at stille aktivet til rådighed for leasingtageren. Hvis en bank f.eks. er den juridiske ejer af et fly, men indgår en finansiel leasingaftale med et flyselskab om drift af flyet, er det ved registrering af transaktionerne i regnskabet flyselskabet, der betragtes som ejer. Når det i regnskabet registreres, at flyselskabet har købt flyet, imputeres der samtidigt et lån fra banken til flyselskabet. Lånet afspejler således de beløb, der i fremtiden forfalder til betaling for benyttelse af flyet.
Dobbelt bogholderi/firdobbelt bogholderi
1.91
For de enkelte enheder eller sektorer gælder i nationalregnskabet princippet om dobbelt bogholderi. Hver transaktion bogføres to gange, en gang som tilgang (eller ændringer i passiver) og en gang som anvendelse (eller ændringer i aktiver). Summen af transaktioner, der registreres som tilgang eller ændringer i passiver, skal være lig summen af transaktioner, der registreres som anvendelse eller ændringer i aktiver, hvorved kontienes konsistens kan kontrolleres.
1.92
Nationalregnskabet med alle enheder og sektorer bygger på princippet om firdobbelt bogholderi, eftersom de fleste transaktioner berører to institutionelle enheder. Hver transaktion registreres to gange af hver af de to parter. Eksempelvis registreres en kontant socialydelse fra en offentlig enhed til en husholdning i den offentlige enheds konti som anvendelse under overførsler og som en negativ anskaffelse af aktiver under sedler og mønt samt indskud. På husholdningssektorens konti registreres den som tilgang under overførsler og som anskaffelse af aktiver under sedler og mønt samt indskud.
1.93
Transaktioner inden for en enkelt enhed (som f.eks. en enheds forbrug af egen produktion) kræver kun to posteringer, hvis størrelse må beregnes.
Værdiansættelse
1.94
Med undtagelse af visse poster vedrørende befolkning og arbejdskraft opgør ENS 2010-systemet alle strømme og beholdninger i monetær værdi. Strømme og beholdninger opgøres efter deres markedsværdi, dvs. den værdi, strømmene og beholdningerne rent faktisk omsættes til eller kunne omsættes til i kontanter. Markedspriserne er derfor udgangspunkt for værdiansættelse i ENS.
1.95
Når der er tale om monetære transaktioner eller aktiver og passiver i kontanter, er de nødvendige værdier umiddelbart tilgængelige. I de fleste andre tilfælde foretages værdiansættelsen bedst ved sammenligning med markedsprisen for tilsvarende varer og tjenester eller aktiver. Denne metode benyttes f.eks. ved byttehandel og ved tjenester i forbindelse med ejerboliger. Når markedspriser for tilsvarende produkter ikke er tilgængelige, f.eks. ved ikkemarkedsmæssige ydelser produceret af offentlig forvaltning og service, foretages værdiansættelsen ved at sammenlægge produktionsomkostningerne. Hvis ikke der foreligger oplysninger om markedspriser og omkostninger, kan strømme og beholdninger vurderes til nutidsværdien af det forventede fremtidige afkast. Denne sidste metode bør dog kun benyttes som allersidste udvej.
1.96
Beholdninger værdiansættes til løbende priser på tidspunktet for opstilling af statuskontoen og ikke til de priser, der gjaldt på produktions- eller anskaffelsestidspunktet for de varer og aktiver, der indgår i statuskontoen. Det er nødvendigt at værdiansætte beholdninger til nedskrevet aktuel anskaffelsesværdi eller til produktionsomkostningerne.
Særlige regler for værdiansættelse af produkter
1.97
På grund af transportomkostninger, handelsavancer og produktskatter minus produktsubsidier opfatter producenten og forbrugeren ofte en given vares værdi forskelligt. For at ligge så tæt op ad de involverede parters opfattelse som muligt registrerer ENS 2010-systemet alle anvendelser i køberpriser, hvilket indbefatter transportomkostninger, handelsavancer og produktskatter minus produktsubsidier, mens produktionen registreres til basispriser, som ikke indeholder disse elementer.
1.98
Import og eksport af varer opgøres til værdien ved landegrænsen. Den samlede import og eksport ansættes til værdien ved eksportørens toldgrænse eller frit om bord (fob). Udenlandske enheders transport- og forsikringstjenester mellem importørens og eksportørens grænse medregnes ikke i varernes værdi, men registreres under tjenesteydelser. Da der ikke altid foreligger oplysninger om fob-priser for alle underopdelinger af produkter, viser de detaljerede tabeller over udenrigshandelen importen opgjort til værdien ved importørens toldgrænse (cif-værdi). Alle transport- og forsikringstjenester til importørens grænse medregnes i de importerede varers værdi. I det omfang disse tjenester ydes af indenlandske enheder, foretages der en generel fob/cif-korrektion i disse tal.
Værdiansættelse i faste priser
1.99
Værdiansættelse i faste priser består i at opgøre strømme og beholdninger i regnskabsperioden i en tidligere periodes priser. Formålet med at værdiansætte i faste priser er at opdele den pågældende periodes ændringer i værdien af strømme og beholdninger i prisændringer og mængdemæssige ændringer. Strømme og beholdninger i faste priser er mængdeopgørelser.
1.100
Mange strømme og beholdninger, f.eks. indkomst, har ikke selv nogen pris- og mængdedimension. Disse variablers købekraft kan dog beregnes ved at deflatere de løbende værdier med et passende prisindeks, f.eks. prisindekset for landets samlede endelige indenlandske anvendelse eksklusive lagerændringer. Deflaterede strømme og beholdninger opgøres også i reale værdier. Et eksempel er disponibel realindkomst.
Registreringstidspunkt
1.101
Strømme registreres efter optjeningstidspunktet, dvs. på det tidspunkt, hvor økonomiske værdier skabes, omdannes eller afvikles, eller når fordringer og gæld opstår, omdannes eller afvikles.
1.102
Produktion registreres på produktionstidspunktet, ikke når den betales af en køber. Salget af et aktiv registreres, når ejendomsretten overdrages, ikke når betalingen erlægges. Renter registreres i den regnskabsperiode, hvori de påløber, uanset om de betales i den periode eller ej. Registrering i overensstemmelse med optjeningstidspunktet gælder alle strømme, både monetære og ikkemonetære, såvel inden for en enhed som strømme mellem enheder.
1.103
Det kan imidlertid være nødvendigt at være fleksibel med hensyn til skatter og andre strømme i relation til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, som ofte registreres på kassebasis på denne sektors konti. Det kan være vanskeligt at ændre registreringen af sådanne strømme på kassebasis til registrering efter optjeningstidspunktet, og der kan derfor anvendes tilnærmede værdier.
1.104
Som en undtagelse fra de generelle regler for registrering af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, kan de enten registreres eksklusive den del, som ikke forventes at indgå, eller, hvis denne del er inkluderet, udlignes i samme regnskabsperiode gennem en kapitaloverførsel fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service til de relevante sektorer.
1.105
Strømme registreres samtidig for alle de involverede institutionelle enheder og på alle konti. Ikke alle institutionelle enheder bruger de samme bogføringsprincipper, og selv om de gør, kan der være forskelle i selve bogføringen af praktiske grunde som f.eks. forsinkelser i kommunikationen. Derfor sker det, at de involverede parter registrerer en transaktion på forskellige tidspunkter. Disse forskelle fjernes ved korrektioner.
Konsolidering og nettoficering
Konsolidering
1.106
Med konsolidering menes eliminering af transaktioner — både under tilgang og anvendelse — mellem enheder, som tilhører samme gruppe, og eliminering af gensidige finansielle aktiver og passiver. Dette forekommer almindeligvis, når konti for delsektorer under offentlig forvaltning og service kombineres.
1.107
Som generelt princip gælder, at strømme og beholdninger mellem enhederne inden for delsektorer og sektorer ikke konsolideres.
1.108
Der kan dog opstilles konsoliderede konti med henblik på supplerende beskrivelser og analyser. Oplysninger om en (del-)sektors transaktioner med andre sektorer og den tilsvarende finansielle stilling over for de andre sektorer kan være vigtigere end de globale bruttotal.
1.109
Endvidere giver konti og tabeller over kreditor/debitor-relationer et detaljeret billede af, hvordan økonomien finansieres, og disse opgørelser anses for meget nyttige for forståelsen af, gennem hvilke kanaler de finansielle overskud løber fra långiver til låntager.
Nettoficering
1.110
De enkelte enheder og sektorer kan have samme slags transaktioner både på anvendelsessiden og tilgangssiden (f. eks. både betaler og modtager de renter) og samme slags finansielle instrument både som aktiv og som passiv. I ENS registreres bruttostørrelserne bortset fra den nettoficering, der følger af nomenklaturerne.
1.111
Nettoficering ligger implicit i nogle kategorier af transaktioner, hvoraf det tydeligste eksempel er »lagerændringer«, som understreger den analytisk vigtige betydning af de samlede investeringer frem for de små daglige til- og afgange. Med få undtagelser viser den finansielle konto og kontoen for andre ændringer i status på samme måde nettostigningen i aktiver og passiver, således at det endelige resultat af disse strømme tydeligt kommer frem ved slutningen af regnskabsperioden.
Konti, saldoposter og aggregater
1.112
For enheder eller grupper af enheder registreres på forskellige konti transaktioner, som har relation til et aspekt af de økonomiske aktiviteter (f.eks. produktion). På produktionskontoen er der ikke balance mellem transaktionerne på anvendelses- og tilgangssiden, hvorfor der indsættes en saldopost. Der skal også indsættes en saldopost (nettoformue) mellem de samlede aktiver og samlede passiver i en institutionel enhed eller sektor. Saldoposter er i sig selv relevante størrelser til måling af økonomiske resultater. Når de gøres op for økonomien som helhed, er de betydningsfulde aggregater.
Kontosystemet
1.113
ENS 2010-systemet er bygget op omkring et system af indbyrdes forbundne konti. Et komplet sæt konti for institutionelle enheder og sektorer består af konti for løbende transaktioner, akkumulationskonti og statuskonti.
1.114
Kontiene for løbende transaktioner vedrører produktion, indkomstdannelse, indkomstfordeling og -omfordeling samt anvendelse af indkomsten til forbrug. Akkumulationskontiene registrerer ændringer i aktiver og passiver og ændringer i nettoformue (dvs. for hver institutionel enhed eller gruppe af enheder forskellen mellem dens aktiver og passiver). Statuskonti viser beholdningen af aktiver samt nettoformue.
1.115
Kontosystemet for lokale faglige enheder og brancher omfatter kun de første konti for løbende transaktioner: produktionskontoen og indkomstdannelseskontoen, hvis saldo er overskud af produktionen.
Konto for varer og tjenester
1.116
Kontoen for varer og tjenester viser for økonomien som helhed eller for produktgrupper den samlede tilgang (produktion og import) og anvendelse af varer og tjenester (forbrug i produktionen, forbrug, lagerændringer, faste bruttoinvesteringer, anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande, eksport). Denne konto er ikke samme type konto som de øvrige i kontosystemet, og der fremkommer ikke en saldopost, som overføres til næste konto i systemet. Det er snarere en regnskabsidentitet i tabelform, ifølge hvilken tilgang er lig anvendelse for alle produkter og produktgrupper i økonomien.
Konto for udlandet
1.117
Kontoen for udlandet dækker transaktioner mellem residente og ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder og de tilhørende aktiv- og passivbeholdninger.
Da udlandet i kontosystemet kan sidestilles med en institutionel sektor, er kontoen for udlandet opstillet ud fra udlandets synspunkt. En tilgang for udlandet er en anvendelse for den samlede økonomi og omvendt. Hvis en saldopost er positiv, svarer det til et overskud for udlandet og et underskud for landet og omvendt, hvis saldoposten er negativ.
Kontoen for udlandet afviger fra de andre sektorkonti derved, at den ikke viser alle transaktioner i udlandet, men kun de transaktioner, som har et modstykke i den indenlandske økonomi.
Saldoposter
1.118
En saldopost fremkommer ved at trække summen af posterne på den ene side af kontoen fra summen af posterne på den anden.
Saldoposter indeholder væsentlige informationer og er nogle af de vigtigste poster på kontiene, hvilket ses af følgende eksempler på saldoposter: værditilvækst, overskud af produktionen, disponibel indkomst, opsparing, fordringserhvervelse, netto.
I følgende figur er kontosystemet illustreret som strømme — saldoposterne er skrevet med fede typer.
Skematisk fremstilling af kontosystemet
Produktionskonto
Værditilvækst
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Overskud af produktionen/ blandet indkomst
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Primær indkomst
Sekundærindkomst fordelingskonto
Disponibel indkomst
Konto for indkomstfordeling via naturalieydelser
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Opsparing
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Opsparing
Primostatuskonto Nettoformue
Kapitalkonto
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
Finansiel konto
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver
Omvurderingskonto Nominelle kapitalgevinster/-tab
Ultimostatuskonto Nettoformue
1.119
Den første konto i systemet er produktionskontoen, der viser produktionen og forbruget i produktionen, og hvor værditilvæksten fremkommer som saldopost.
1.120
Værditilvæksten overføres til næste konto, som er indkomstdannelseskontoen. Her registreres aflønningen af ansatte i produktionsprocessen og de skatter, der i forbindelse med produktionen tilfalder offentlig forvaltning og service, således at overskud af produktionen (eller blandet indkomst for selvstændige i husholdningssektoren) kan beregnes som saldopost for hver sektor. Dette er nødvendigt, for at værditilvæksten i de producerende sektorer opgjort som overskud af produktionen eller blandet indkomst kan måles.
1.121
Herefter overføres værditilvæksten opdelt i aflønning af ansatte, skatter og overskud af produktionen/blandet indkomst til kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst. Opdelingen gør det muligt at henføre hver faktorindkomst til den modtagende sektor i modsætning til den producerende sektor. Eksempelvis fordeles al aflønning af ansatte på sektoren husholdninger og sektoren udlandet, mens overskud af produktionen forbliver i den selskabssektor, som har frembragt det. På denne konto registreres også formueindkomststrømme til og fra sektoren, således at saldoposten er primærindkomststrømme til sektoren.
1.122
På den næste konto registreres omfordelingen af disse indkomster via overførsler: sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Det vigtigste omfordelingsinstrument er offentlig forvaltning og services beskatning af og sociale ydelser til sektoren husholdninger. Saldoposten er disponibel indkomst.
1.123
Den næste i rækken af hovedkonti er kontoen for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst. Kontoen er relevant for sektoren husholdninger, eftersom det er her husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug registreres, og husholdningernes opsparing fremkommer her som saldopost.
1.124
Samtidig oprettes en parallel konto, nemlig kontoen for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser, der specifikt viser sociale overførsler i naturalier som en imputeret overførsel fra offentlig forvaltning og service til sektoren husholdninger, således at husholdningernes indkomst kan forøges med værdien af de individuelle naturalieoverførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service. På den næste konto, kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst, forøges husholdningernes anvendelse af disponibel indkomst med samme beløb, som om husholdningerne købte de individuelle tjenester af offentlig forvaltning og service. Disse to imputeringer udligner hinanden, således at saldoposten er opsparing og identisk med opsparingen i rækken af hovedkonti.
1.125
Opsparing overføres til kapitalkontoen, hvor opsparingen anvendes til finansiering af investeringer og dermed til kapitaloverførsler til og fra sektorerne. Anvendes for få eller for mange midler til anskaffelse af reale aktiver, fremkommer saldoposten fordringserhvervelse, netto. En positiv fordringserhvervelse, netto, er udtryk for et udlånsoverskud, mens en negativ fordringserhvervelse, netto, er udtryk for finansiering af et underskud.
1.126
Endelig er der den finansielle konto, hvor de enkelte sektorers udlåns- og låneaktiviteter er registreret, og hvor fordringserhvervelse, netto, fremkommer som saldopost. Dette beløb bør være helt identisk med saldoposten fordringserhvervelse, netto, på kapitalkontoen. En eventuel difference må skyldes en måleafvigelse mellem den reale og den finansielle registrering af den økonomiske aktivitet.
1.127
I den nederste række af figuren er der i venstre side primostatuskontoen, der viser alle reale og finansielle aktiver og passiver ved en bestemt periodes begyndelse. En økonomis velstand måles ved hjælp af dens nettoformue (aktiver minus passiver), og dette fremgår af tallet nederst på statuskontoen.
1.128
Fra venstre mod højre set fra primostatuskontoen registreres de forskellige ændringer i aktiver og passiver, der forekommer i kontoperioden. Kapitalkontoen og den finansielle konto viser de ændringer, der sker som følge af transaktioner i henholdsvis reale aktiver og finansielle aktiver og passiver. Er der ikke andre ændringer, vil det være muligt umiddelbart at beregne positionen ved periodens slutning ved at addere ændringerne til positionen ved periodens begyndelse.
1.129
Imidlertid kan der uden for produktions- og forbrugscyklussen ske ændringer, som vil få indflydelse på værdien af aktiver og passiver ved periodens slutning. En type ændring er mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver, dvs. reale ændringer i fast realkapital, som ikke skyldes økonomiske hændelser. Et eksempel herpå er tab efter katastrofer såsom et kraftigt jordskælv, hvor store mængder aktiver går tabt, uden at der er tale om økonomiske transaktioner. Dette tab registreres på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status for at tage højde for en mindre beholdning af aktiver end forventet udelukkende ud fra et økonomisk synspunkt. En anden måde, hvorpå aktiver (og passiver) kan ændre værdi, uden at der ligger en økonomisk transaktion til grund herfor, er prisændringer, som medfører kapitalgevinster eller -tab i beholdningen af aktiver. Disse ændringer registreres på omvurderingskontoen. Tages der højde for disse to yderligere påvirkninger af værdien af beholdningen af aktiver og passiver, er det muligt at estimere værdierne i ultimostatuskontoen ud fra positionen ved periodens begyndelse korrigeret for ændringerne i strømkontiene i den nederste række af figuren.
Aggregater
1.130
Aggregater er sammensatte tal, som viser resultaterne af den samlede økonomis aktiviteter, f.eks. produktion, værditilvækst, disponibel indkomst, forbrug, opsparing, investering mv. Selv om beregningen af aggregater hverken er det eneste formål eller hovedformålet i ENS, anerkendes deres betydning som summariske indikatorer og nøglestørrelser til brug for makroøkonomiske analyser og tidsmæssige og geografiske sammenligninger.
1.131
Der skelnes mellem to typer aggregater:
a)
aggregater, som har direkte relation til transaktioner i ENS 2010-systemet, såsom produktion af varer og tjenester, forbrug, faste bruttoinvesteringer, aflønning af ansatte mv.
b)
aggregater, som er saldoposter på kontiene, såsom BNP i markedspriser, den samlede økonomis overskud af produktionen, BNI, disponibel nationalindkomst, opsparing, løbende saldo over for udlandet samt den samlede økonomis nettoformue (nationalformuen).
1.132
Nationalregnskabsdata pr. capita anvendes til vigtige formål. En del aggregater såsom BNP, nationalindkomst og husholdningernes forbrug, sættes i relation til befolkningstallet (den residente befolkning). Når man skal opdele kontiene eller dele af husholdningssektorens konti i delsektorer, anvendes tillige oplysninger om antallet af husholdninger og antallet af personer i hver delsektor.
BNP: et vigtigt aggregat
1.133
BNP er et vigtigt aggregat i ENS. BNP er et mål for den samlede økonomiske aktivitet inden for et økonomisk område, som fører til en produktion, der imødekommer efterspørgslen i økonomien. Der er tre måder, hvorpå BNP kan opgøres i markedspriser:
1)
fra produktionssiden som summen af al værditilvækst inden for alle aktiviteter, som producerer varer og tjenester, plus produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
2)
fra anvendelsessiden som summen af udgifter til forbrug af økonomiens produktion eller til forøgelse af nationalformuen plus eksport minus import af varer og tjenester
3)
fra indkomstsiden som summen af alle indkomster i forbindelse med produktion af varer og tjenester, plus produktions- og importskatter minus produktsubsidier.
1.134
Disse tre fremgangsmåder til opgørelse af BNP afspejler også de forskellige måder, hvorpå man kan anskue BNP's bestanddele. Værditilvæksten kan underopdeles efter institutionel sektor og efter den type aktivitet eller det erhverv, som bidrager til den samlede værditilvækst, f.eks. landbruget, fremstillingsindustrien, bygge- og anlægssektoren, servicesektoren mv.
Endelige anvendelser kan opdeles efter type: husholdningernes forbrug, NPISH'ernes forbrug, offentlig forvaltning og services forbrug, lagerændringer, faste investeringer og eksport, minus import.
Samlede indkomster kan opdeles efter indkomsttype: aflønning af ansatte og overskud af produktionen.
1.135
For at BNP-skønnet kan være så pålideligt som muligt, er det god praksis at indsætte elementerne i disse tre fremgangsmåder i et sæt tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller. Derved er det muligt at afstemme værditilvækst- og indkomstskøn efter erhverv og skabe balance mellem udbud og efterspørgsel. Denne integrerede fremgangsmåde sikrer konsistens mellem bestanddelene i BNP og et mere pålideligt skøn over BNP end ved anvendelse af kun en af de tre metoder. Ved at trække forbruget af fast realkapital fra BNP fås nettonationalproduktet i markedspriser (NNP).
Input-output-tabeller
1.136
I input-output-tabellerne samles bestanddelene i bruttoværditilvæksten, erhvervenes input og produktion, udbuddet af og efterspørgslen efter produkter og sammensætningen af anvendelser og tilgang på tværs af de institutionelle sektorer. I tabellerne opdeles økonomien for at præsentere transaktioner med alle varer og tjenester mellem erhvervene og forbrugerne for en bestemt periode (f.eks. et kvartal eller et år). Oplysningerne kan præsenteres på to måder:
a)
tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller
b)
symmetriske input-output-tabeller.
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller
1.137
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne viser hele økonomien opdelt efter erhverv (f.eks. automobilindustrien) og produkter (f.eks. sportsartikler). Tabellerne viser forbindelserne mellem bestanddelene i bruttoværditilvæksten, erhvervenes input og output samt udbuddet af og efterspørgslen efter produkter. Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne kombinerer forskellige institutionelle sektorer (f.eks. offentlige selskaber) med detaljerede oplysninger om import og eksport af varer og tjenester, offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter, husholdningernes og NPISH'ernes udgifter og investeringer.
1.138
Ved hjælp af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller er det muligt at analysere konsistensen og sammenhængen i nationalregnskabets komponenter i et enkelt detaljeret tabelsystem, og ved at integrere komponenterne fra de tre metoder til opgørelse af BNP (dvs. produktion, indkomst og anvendelser) kan man udarbejde et BNP-skøn.
1.139
Ved en integreret afstemning af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne sikres også sammenhæng og konsistens ved at forbinde komponenterne i følgende tre konti:
1)
kontoen for varer og tjenester
2)
produktionskontoen (efter erhverv og institutionel sektor), og
3)
indkomstdannelseskontoen (efter erhverv og institutionel sektor).
Symmetriske input-output-tabeller
1.140
De symmetriske input-output-tabeller er afledt af dataene fra tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og andre kilder med henblik på tilvejebringelse af grundlaget for efterfølgende analyser.
1.141
Disse tabeller indeholder symmetriske tabeller (af typen produkt x produkt eller branche x branche), Leontiefinverterede tabeller og andre diagnostiske analyser som output-multiplikatorer. Disse tabeller viser særskilt forbruget af indenlandsk producerede og importerede varer og tjenester og tilvejebringer de teoretiske rammer for yderligere strukturel analyse af økonomien, herunder sammensætningen og virkningerne af ændringer i efterspørgslen for økonomien.
(
1
)
  Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 2223/96 af 25. juni 1996 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Det Europæiske Fællesskab (
EFT L 310 af 30.11.1996, s. 1
).
(
2
)
  Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 1893/2006 af 20. december 2006 om oprettelse af den statistiske nomenklatur for økonomiske aktiviteter NACE rev. 2 (
EUT L 393 af 30.12.2006, s. 1
).
(
3
)
  Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 451/2008 af 23. april 2008 om oprettelse af en ny statistisk aktivitetstilknyttet produktklassifikation (CPA) (
EUT L 145 af 4.6.2008, s. 65
).
KAPITEL 2
ENHEDER OG DERES GRUPPERING
2.01
Et lands økonomi er et system, hvor institutioner og mennesker indgår i et samspil gennem udveksling og overførsler af varer, tjenester og betalingsmidler (f.eks. penge) med henblik på produktion og forbrug af varer og tjenester.
I økonomien er de enheder, der indgår i samspillet, økonomiske enheder, der kan eje aktiver, stifte gæld og udøve økonomiske aktiviteter og indgå transaktioner med andre enheder. De kaldes institutionelle enheder.
Det tjener flere formål at definere de enheder, der anvendes i nationalregnskabet. For det første er enhederne vigtige grundelementer, når økonomierne skal defineres i geografisk forstand, f.eks. stater, regioner og grupper af stater såsom monetære eller politiske unioner. For det andet er enhederne vigtige grundelementer, når der skal foretages en gruppering efter institutionelle sektorer. For det tredje er de afgørende ved fastlæggelsen af, hvilke strømme og beholdninger der skal registreres. Transaktioner mellem forskellige dele af den samme institutionelle enhed registreres i princippet ikke i nationalregnskabet.
2.02
De enheder og grupperinger af enheder, som anvendes i nationalregnskabet, skal defineres under henvisning til den type økonomisk analyse, de er beregnet til, og ikke ud fra de typer af enheder, der normalt anvendes i statistiske undersøgelser. Sidstnævnte enheder (f.eks. foretagender, holdingselskaber, faglige enheder, lokale enheder, offentlige forvaltningsenheder, nonprofitinstitutioner, husholdninger osv.) er undertiden ikke hensigtsmæssige til brug inden for nationalregnskabet, idet de er baseret på traditionelle kriterier af juridisk, administrativ eller regnskabsmæssig art.
Statistikerne skal tage hensyn til definitionerne af de analyseenheder, der er fastlagt i ENS 2010, med henblik på at sikre, at alle oplysninger, der er nødvendige for at opstille data baseret på de analyseenheder, der anvendes i ENS 2010, efterhånden kommer til at indgå i de undersøgelser, hvor dataene indsamles.
2.03
Karakteristisk for ENS 2010-systemet er, at der anvendes typer af enheder svarende til tre måder at opdele økonomien på:
1)
for at kunne analysere strømme og beholdninger er det vigtigt at vælge enheder, der gør det muligt at undersøge adfærdsmønstrene hos de økonomiske aktører
2)
for at kunne analysere produktionsprocessen er det væsentligt at vælge enheder, der kan belyse sammenhænge af teknisk-økonomisk art, eller som afspejler lokale aktiviteter
3)
for at kunne foretage regionale analyser er det nødvendigt med enheder, der afspejler lokale aktiviteter.
Institutionelle enheder er defineret, så de opfylder den første af disse målsætninger. Adfærdsmønstre, jf. nr. 1) ovenfor, kræver enheder, der afspejler alle deres institutionelle økonomiske aktiviteter.
Produktionsprocesserne, de teknisk-økonomiske sammenhænge og regionale analyser, jf. nr. 2) og 3) ovenfor, kræver enheder som f.eks. lokale faglige enheder. Disse enheder beskrives senere i dette kapitel.
Før der gives en definition af de enheder, der anvendes i ENS 2010, er det nødvendigt at afgrænse den nationale økonomi.
AFGRÆNSNING AF DEN NATIONALE ØKONOMI
2.04
De enheder, som udgør et lands økonomi, og hvis strømme og beholdninger registreres i ENS 2010, er de residente enheder, dvs. de enheder, der har hjemsted i økonomien. Hver institutionel enheds hjemsted er det økonomiske område, hvor enheden har sit økonomiske interessecentrum. Disse enheder kaldes residente enheder uanset nationalitet, juridisk form eller tilstedeværelse på det pågældende lands økonomiske område på det tidspunkt, hvor transaktionen gennemføres.
2.05
Det økonomiske område består af følgende:
a)
det geografiske område, som faktisk administreres og kontrolleres økonomisk af en enkelt regering
b)
toldfri zoner, herunder toldfri lagre og fabrikker under toldopsyn
c)
det nationale luftrum, territorialfarvand og den del af kontinentalsoklen, der ligger i det internationale farvand, som er under landets overhøjhed
d)
territoriale enklaver — dvs. geografiske områder beliggende i udlandet, og som i henhold til internationale traktater eller aftaler mellem stater anvendes af landets offentlige myndigheder (såsom ambassader, konsulater, militærbaser, videnskabelige baser osv.)
e)
forekomster af olie, naturgas osv. i internationalt farvand uden for landets kontinentalsokkel, som udnyttes af enheder, der er residente i landets område som defineret i litra a)-d).
Fiskerfartøjer, andre skibe, flydende platforme og luftfartøjer behandles i ENS som mobilt udstyr, hvad enten de ejes og/eller drives af residente enheder i landet eller ejes af ikkeresidente enheder og drives af residente enheder. Transaktioner vedrørende ejendomsret (faste bruttoinvesteringer) og brug (udlejning, forsikring osv.) af mobilt udstyr henregnes til økonomien i det land, hvor henholdsvis ejeren og/eller operatøren er resident. Finansiel leasing betragtes som en overdragelse af ejendomsretten.
Det økonomiske område kan være større eller mindre end det, der er defineret ovenfor. Som eksempel på et større område kan nævnes en valutaunion som Den Europæiske Monetære Union, og som et eksempel på et mindre område kan nævnes en del af et land, f.eks. en region.
2.06
Det økonomiske område omfatter ikke eksterritoriale enklaver.
Området omfatter heller ikke dele af landets eget geografiske område, der anvendes af følgende organisationer:
a)
andre landes offentlige myndigheder
b)
Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer, og
c)
internationale organisationer i henhold til internationale traktater mellem stater.
Områder, der anvendes af Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer og internationale organisationer, er særskilte økonomiske områder. Karakteristisk for sådanne områder er, at det kun er institutionerne, der er residente.
2.07
»Økonomisk interessecentrum« angiver, at der findes en placering inden for et lands økonomiske område, hvor en enhed udøver økonomiske aktiviteter og transaktioner i betydeligt omfang, enten tidsubegrænset eller over en længere, tidsbegrænset periode (et år eller mere). Ejendomsret til jord og bygninger inden for det økonomiske område betragtes som tilstrækkeligt til, at ejeren har et økonomisk interessecentrum på området.
Foretagender er næsten altid tilknyttet én enkelt økonomi. Skattemæssige og andre juridiske krav medfører ofte, at der anvendes en særskilt juridisk enhed for aktiviteterne i hvert juridisk område. Derudover anvendes en selvstændig institutionel enhed til statistiske formål, når en enkelt juridisk enhed har væsentlige aktiviteter på to eller flere områder (f.eks. i forbindelse med filialer, ejendomsret til jord og foretagender, der opererer i flere områder). Når sådanne juridiske enheder splittes op, er hjemstedet for hvert af de foretagender, der herefter regnes med, klart. Økonomisk interessecentrum betyder ikke, at enheder med væsentlige aktiviteter i to eller flere områder ikke længere bør splittes op.
Hvis et foretagende ikke har nogen fysisk dimension, bestemmes dets hjemsted ud fra det økonomiske område, efter hvis lovgivning foretagendet er oprettet eller registreret.
2.08
Enheder, der anses for residente i et givet land, opdeles i følgende grupper:
a)
enheder, hvis aktivitet er produktion, finansiering, forsikring eller omfordeling, for så vidt angår alle deres transaktioner, undtagen transaktioner vedrørende ejendomsret til jord og bygninger
b)
enheder, hvis hovedaktivitet er forbrug, for så vidt angår alle deres transaktioner, undtagen transaktioner vedrørende ejendomsret til jord og bygninger
c)
alle enheder i deres egenskab af ejere af jord eller bygninger, med undtagelse af ejere af eksterritoriale enklaver, der udgør en del af andre landes økonomiske område, eller som er selvstændige stater.
2.09
For andre enheder end husholdninger kan der med hensyn til alle deres transaktioner undtagen dem, der vedrører ejendomsret til jord og bygninger, skelnes mellem følgende to tilfælde:
a)
Aktiviteterne udøves udelukkende på landets økonomiske område: Enheder, der udøver sådanne aktiviteter, er residente enheder i det pågældende land.
b)
Aktiviteterne udøves i et år eller derover, i flere landes økonomiske områder: Kun den del af enheden, der har et økonomisk interessecentrum inden for landets økonomiske område, anses for at være en resident enhed i det pågældende land.
En resident institutionel enhed kan være en fiktiv resident enhed, for så vidt angår den aktivitet, der udøves i landet i mere end et år, af en enhed, der er resident i et andet land. Hvis aktiviteten udføres i mindre end et år, forbliver aktiviteten en del af de aktiviteter, der udføres af den producerende institutionelle enhed, og der registreres ikke en særskilt institutionel enhed. Hvis aktiviteten er ubetydelig, selv om den varer længere end et år, og vedrører installation af udstyr i udlandet, registreres der ikke nogen separat enhed, og aktiviteterne registreres som hørende under den producerende institutionelle enhed.
2.10
Husholdninger, undtagen i deres egenskab af ejere af jord og bygninger, er residente enheder i det økonomiske område, hvor de har et økonomisk interessecentrum. De er residente, selv om de opholder sig i udlandet i perioder på under et år. Disse omfatter navnlig følgende grupper:
a)
grænsearbejdere, dvs. personer, som dagligt krydser grænsen for at arbejde i et naboland
b)
sæsonarbejdere, dvs. personer, som forlader landet i adskillige måneder alt efter årstiden, men i mindre end et år, for at arbejde i et andet land
c)
turister, patienter, studerende, embedsmænd på tjenesterejse, forretningsfolk, sælgere, kunstnere, og besætningsmedlemmer, som rejser i udlandet
d)
lokalt ansatte, der arbejder i eksterritoriale enklaver i udlandet
e)
ansatte ved Den Europæiske Unions institutioner samt ved internationale civile eller militære organisationer, som har hovedkvarter i eksterritoriale enklaver
f)
officielle repræsentanter, civile eller militære, for landets regering (herunder disses husholdninger), der er bosat i territoriale enklaver.
Studerende betragtes altid som residenter, uanset varigheden af deres studier i udlandet.
2.11
Alle enheder i deres egenskab af ejere af jord og/eller bygninger, som udgør en del af det økonomiske område, er residente enheder eller fiktive residente enheder i det land, hvor den pågældende jord eller de pågældende bygninger er beliggende.
DE INSTITUTIONELLE ENHEDER
2.12
Definition:
 En institutionel enhed er en økonomisk enhed, der er kendetegnet ved fri beslutningsret i udøvelsen af dens hovedfunktion. En resident enhed betragtes som en institutionel enhed i det økonomiske område, hvor den har sit økonomiske interessecentrum, hvis den har fri beslutningsret og enten fører et fuldstændigt regnskab eller kan udarbejde et fuldstændigt regnskab.
En enhed har fri beslutningsret, hvad angår dens hovedfunktion, hvis den:
a)
har ret til at eje varer eller aktiver for egen regning og vil kunne overdrage og få overdraget ejendomsretten til varer og aktiver i transaktioner med andre institutionelle enheder
b)
kan træffe økonomiske beslutninger og udøve økonomiske aktiviteter, som den selv har det direkte juridiske ansvar for
c)
kan stifte gæld på egne vegne, påtage sig andre eller yderligere forpligtelser samt indgå aftaler, og
d)
kan føre et fuldstændigt regnskab, hvori der foretages en regnskabsmæssig registrering af alle transaktioner, som har fundet sted i regnskabsperioden, samt opstille en statuskonto for aktiver og passiver.
2.13
Nedenstående principper er gældende, hvor en enhed ikke opfylder kriterierne for institutionelle enheder:
a)
Husholdninger anses for at have fri beslutningsret, hvad angår deres hovedfunktion, og er derfor institutionelle enheder, selv om de ikke fører et fuldstændigt regnskab.
b)
Enheder, der ikke fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, og som ikke i givet fald kan udarbejde et fuldstændigt regnskab, er ikke institutionelle enheder.
c)
Enheder, som, selv om de fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, ikke har fri beslutningsret, henregnes under de enheder, de er underlagt.
d)
Enheder behøver ikke at offentliggøre regnskaber for at være institutionelle enheder.
e)
Enheder, der er en del af en gruppe af enheder, som beskæftiger sig med produktion, og som fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, betragtes som institutionelle enheder, selv om de har overdraget dele af deres frie beslutningsret til en central organisation (hovedsædet) med ansvar for den overordnede ledelse af gruppen. Selve hovedsædet betragtes som en separat institutionel enhed uafhængig af de enheder, den styrer.
f)
Kvasiselskaber er enheder, der fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, og som ikke er juridiske enheder. Deres økonomiske og finansielle adfærd er imidlertid forskellig fra deres ejeres og svarer til den, der kendetegner selskaber. De betragtes som havende fri beslutningsret og som separate institutionelle enheder.
Hovedsæder og holdingselskaber
2.14
Hovedsæder og holdingselskaber er institutionelle enheder. Der er tale om følgende to typer:
a)
Et hovedsæde er en enhed, der udøver ledelsesmæssig kontrol over sine filialer. Hovedsæder henregnes til den del af sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber, som deres filialer overvejende henhører under, medmindre alle eller de fleste af deres filialer er finansielle selskaber; i så fald behandles de pr. konvention som finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126) i sektoren finansielle selskaber.
Hvis der både er tale om ikkefinansielle og finansielle filialer, bestemmes sektorklassifikationen ud fra, hvor værditilvæksten er størst.
Hovedsæder er beskrevet i international standardklassifikation af al erhvervsmæssig virksomhed revidering (ISIC Rev. 4), section M, class 7010 (NACE rev. 2, hovedafdeling M, undergruppe 70.10):
Denne undergruppe omfatter tilsyn med og forvaltning af andre af selskabets eller foretagendets enheder; varetagelse af strategisk eller organisatorisk planlægning og beslutningstagning i selskabet eller foretagendet; udførelse af den driftsmæssige kontrol og daglige administration af de relaterede enheder.
b)
Et holdingselskab, der ejer aktiverne i datterselskaber, men som ikke udøver forvaltningsaktiviteter, er en koncerntilknyttet finansiel institution (S.127) og klassificeres som et finansielt selskab.
Holdingselskaber er beskrevet som følger i ISIC Rev. 4, Section K, class 6420 (NACE rev. 2, hovedafdeling K, undergruppe 64.20):
Denne undergruppe omfatter aktiviteter udøvet af holdingselskaber, dvs. enheder, der ejer aktiverne (en kontrollerende andel) i en gruppe datterselskaber, og hvis hovedaktivitet er at eje gruppen. Holdingselskaberne i denne undergruppe udfører ikke andre tjenester for de virksomheder, som de har andel i, dvs. de forvalter eller leder ikke andre enheder.
Grupper af selskaber
2.15
Større grupper af selskaber opstår, når et moderselskab kontrollerer flere datterselskaber, som så igen kan kontrollere deres egne datterselskaber og så fremdeles. Hvert medlem af gruppen behandles som en separat institutionel enhed, hvis den opfylder definitionen af en institutionel enhed.
2.16
En af fordelene ved ikke at behandle grupper af selskaber som en enkelt institutionel enhed, er, at grupper ikke altid er stabile over tid og heller ikke lette at identificere i praksis. Det kan være vanskeligt at indhente oplysninger om grupper, hvis aktiviteter ikke er tæt integrerede. Mange grupper er for store og heterogene til at blive behandlet som enkelte enheder, og deres størrelse og sammensætning kan ændre sig i tidens løb som følge at fusioner og overtagelser.
SPE'er
2.17
En SPE (special purpose entity) eller SPV (special purpose vehicle) er normalt et selskab med begrænset ansvar eller et kommanditselskab, der er oprettet for at opfylde begrænsede, særlige eller midlertidige målsætninger og for at isolere en økonomisk risiko og en bestemt skattemæssig risiko eller reguleringsmæssig usikkerhed.
2.18
Der er ingen fælles definition på en SPE, men følgende kendetegn er typiske:
a)
De har ingen ansatte og ingen ikkefinansielle aktiver.
b)
Deres fysiske tilstedeværelse er begrænset til et postkasseselskab som bekræftelse på deres registreringssted.
c)
De er altid tilknyttet et andet selskab, ofte som datterselskab.
d)
De er residente i et andet område end de tilknyttede selskaber. Hvis et foretagende ikke har nogen fysisk tilstedeværelse, er det det økonomiske område, i henhold til hvis lovgivning foretagendet er registreret, der er bestemmende for, hvor det er resident.
e)
De ledes af ansatte i et andet selskab, som kan være tilknyttet eller ej. SPE'en betaler gebyrer for de tjenester, den får, og forlanger til gengæld et gebyr af sit moderselskab eller et andet tilknyttet selskab til dækning af disse omkostninger. Dette er den eneste produktion, SPE'en er involveret i, selv om den ofte påtager sig gældsforpligtelser på sin ejers vegne og sædvanligvis modtager investeringsindkomst og kapitalgevinster af de aktiver, den ejer.
2.19
Uanset om en enhed har alle disse kendetegn eller ingen af dem, og uanset om den betegnes som en SPE eller noget lignende eller ej, behandles den på samme måde som enhver anden institutionel enhed, idet den henregnes til en sektor eller en branche efter dens hovedaktivitet, medmindre SPE'en ikke har nogen selvstændig handleevne.
2.20
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner, kunstige datterselskaber og SPE'er under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service uden selvstændig handleevne henregnes således til den sektor, som det organ, der kontrollerer dem, henhører under. Dette gælder dog ikke, hvis de er ikkeresidente; i så fald er de oprettet adskilt fra det organ, der kontrollerer dem. I forbindelse med offentlig forvaltning og service skal datterselskabets aktiviteter dog fremgå af regnskaberne for offentlig forvaltning og service.
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner
2.21
Et holdingselskab, der blot ejer aktiverne i datterselskaber er et eksempel på en koncerntilknyttet finansiel institution.
Som eksempler på andre
enheder, der behandles som koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner, kan nævnes enheder, der har SPE'ers kendetegn som beskrevet ovenfor, herunder investeringsforeninger og pensionskasser og enheder, der anvendes til at besidde og forvalte formuegoder for enkeltpersoner eller familier, udstede gældsværdipapirer på vegne af tilknyttede selskaber (et sådant selskab kan kaldes et conduitselskab eller et gennemstrømningsselskab) samt
udføre
andre finansielle opgaver.
2.22
Graden af uafhængighed af moderselskabet kan fremgå af muligheden for at udøve en reel kontrol over dets aktiver og passiver, dvs. i hvilket omfang enheden bærer risikoen og høster fordelene ved aktiverne og passiverne. Sådanne enheder klassificeres i sektoren finansielle selskaber.
2.23
En enhed af denne type, der ikke kan handle uafhængigt at sit moderselskab og blot passivt besidder aktiver og passiver (beskrives sommetider som værende på autopilot), behandles kun som en separat institutionel enhed, hvis den er resident i en anden økonomi end moderselskabets. Hvis den er resident i samme økonomi som moderselskabet, behandles den som et »kunstigt datterselskab« som beskrevet nedenfor.
Kunstige datterselskaber
2.24
Et datterselskab, der ejes 100 procent af et moderselskab, kan oprettes for at yde tjenester over for moderselskabet eller andre selskaber i samme gruppe, for at undgå skat, for at minimere forpligtelser i tilfælde af konkurs eller for at opnå andre tekniske fordele i henhold til den gældende skatte- eller selskabslovgivning i et bestemt land.
2.25
Generelt opfylder disse typer enheder ikke definitionen på en institutionel enhed, fordi de mangler evnen til at handle uafhængigt af deres moderselskab og kan være underlagt restriktioner for besiddelse af eller transaktioner med aktiver, der er opført på deres statuskonti. Omfanget af deres produktion og den pris, de får for den, bestemmes af moderselskabet, som (eventuelt sammen med andre selskaber i samme gruppe) er deres eneste kunde. De behandles således ikke som separate institutionelle enheder, men behandles som en integreret del af moderselskabet, og deres regnskaber konsolideres med moderselskabets, medmindre de er residente i et andet økonomisk område end moderselskabet.
2.26
Der sondres mellem kunstige datterselskaber, som beskrevet ovenfor, og enheder, der kun udøver hjælpeaktiviteter. Hjælpeaktiviteter er begrænset til den type servicefunktioner, som så at sige alle foretagender har brug for i et vist omfang, f.eks. rengøring, føring af lønregnskab eller tilvejebringelse af it-infrastrukturen for foretagendet (jf. 1.31 i kapitel 1).
SPE'er (special purpose entities) under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
2.27
Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service kan også oprette særlige enheder med kendetegn og funktioner, der svarer til koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioners og kunstige datterselskabers. Sådanne enheder har ikke bemyndigelse til at handle uafhængigt, og det er begrænset, hvilke transaktioner de kan involvere sig i. De bærer ikke risikoen og høster ikke fordelene ved de aktiver og passiver, de besidder. Hvis sådanne enheder er residente, behandles de som en integrerende del af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og ikke som separate enheder. Hvis de ikke er residente, behandles de som separate enheder. De transaktioner, som de gennemfører i udlandet, afspejles i tilsvarende transaktioner med den offentlige forvaltning og service. En enhed, der optager lån i udlandet, anses derfor for at låne det samme beløb til den offentlige forvaltning og service og på de samme betingelser som det oprindelige lån.
2.28
Sammenfattende konsolideres regnskaberne for SPE'er uden selvstændig handleevne med moderselskabet, medmindre de er residente i en anden økonomi end moderselskabet. Der er en enkelt undtagelse fra denne generelle regel, nemlig når en ikkeresident SPE oprettes af den offentlige forvaltning og service.
2.29
Ved fiktive residente enheder forstås:
a)
de dele af ikkeresidente enheder, som har et økonomisk interessecentrum på landets økonomiske område (dvs. enheder, som i de fleste tilfælde foretager økonomiske transaktioner i et år eller derover)
b)
ikkeresidente enheder i deres egenskab af ejere af jord og/eller bygninger på landets økonomiske område, men kun hvad angår transaktioner vedrørende jord og bygninger.
Fiktive residente enheder behandles som institutionelle enheder, selv om de kun fører delvise regnskaber og ikke altid har fri beslutningsret.
2.30
Følgende anses for at være institutionelle enheder:
a)
enheder, som har fri beslutningsret og fører et fuldstændigt regnskab:
1)
private og offentlige selskaber
2)
kooperativer eller interessentskaber med status af selvstændige juridiske enheder
3)
offentlige producenter, som i henhold til særlig lovgivning har status af juridiske enheder
4)
nonprofitinstitutioner med status af juridiske enheder
5)
offentlige forvaltningsenheder
b)
enheder, der fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, og som betragtes som havende fri beslutningsret, selv om de ikke er oprettet som selskaber adskilt fra moderselskabet: kvasiselskaber
c)
enheder, som ikke nødvendigvis fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, men som pr. konvention betragtes som havende fri beslutningsret, dvs.:
husholdninger
fiktive residente enheder.
DE INSTITUTIONELLE SEKTORER
2.31
Ved en makroøkonomisk analyse betragtes hver institutionel enheds aktiviteter ikke særskilt — det er de aggregerede aktiviteter udøvet af ensartede institutioner, der analyseres. Enhederne kombineres derfor i grupper med betegnelsen institutionelle sektorer, hvoraf nogle igen opdeles i delsektorer.
Tabel 2.1 —
   
Sektorer og delsektorer
Sektorer og delsektorer
Offentlige
Private nationalt kontrollerede
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.11
S.11001
S.11002
S.11003
Finansielle selskaber
S.12
Monetære finansielle institutioner (MFI'er)
Centralbanken
S.121
Andre monetære finansielle institutioner
Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken
S.122
S.12201
S.12202
S.12203
Pengemarkedsforeninger
S.123
S.12301
S.12302
S.12303
Finansielle selskaber, undtagen MFI'er og forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
S.124
S.12401
S.12402
S.12403
Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
S.125
S.12501
S.12502
S.12503
Finansielle hjælpeenheder
S.126
S.12601
S.12602
S.12603
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere
S.127
S.12701
S.12702
S.12703
Forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
Forsikringsselskaber
S.128
S.12801
S.12802
S.12803
Pensionskasser
S.129
S.12901
S.12902
S.12903
Offentlig forvaltning og service
S.13
Statslig forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde)
S.1311
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde)
S.1312
Kommunal forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde)
S.1313
Sociale kasser og fonde
S.1314
Husholdninger
S.14
Arbejdsgivere samt selvstændige uden ansatte
S.141+S.142
Ansatte
S.143
Modtagere af formueindkomst og overførselsindkomster
S.144
Modtagere af formueindkomst
S.1441
Pensionsmodtagere
S.1442
Modtagere af andre overførsler
S.1443
Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
S.15
Udlandet.
S.2
Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer
S.21
Den Europæiske Unions medlemsstater
S.211
Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer
S.212
Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union
S.22
2.32
Hver af sektorerne og delsektorerne omfatter de institutionelle enheder, der har en ensartet økonomisk adfærd.
Figur 2.1 —
   
Fordeling af enheder på sektorer
Er enheden resident?
Nej
Ja
Udlandet
Husholdninger
Er enheden en husholdning?
Er enheden en ikke-markedproducent?
Producerer enheden finansielle tjenester?
Er enheden kontrolleret af det offentlige?
NPISH
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Kontrolleres enheden af offentlig forvaltning og service?
Kontrolleres enheden af offentlig forvaltning og service?
Offentlige ikke-finansielle selskaber
Private ikke-finansielle selskaber
Private finansielle selskaber
Offentlige finansielle selskaber
Nej
Ja
Nej
Ja
Nej
Nej
Nej
Nej
Ja
Ja
Ja
Ja
2.33
De institutionelle enheder er grupperet i sektorer efter producenttype og den hovedaktivitet og hovedfunktion, som anses for at være repræsentativ for deres økonomiske adfærd.
2.34
Figur 2.1 viser, hvordan enhederne fordeles på hovedsektorer. For at bestemme, til hvilken sektor en enhed, der er resident, og som ikke er en husholdning, henregnes ifølge figuren, er det nødvendigt at bestemme, om den kontrolleres af den offentlige forvaltning og service eller ej, og om den er markedsproducent eller ikkemarkedsproducent.
2.35
Kontrol over et finansielt eller ikkefinansielt selskab defineres som muligheden for at fastlægge selskabets overordnede politik, f.eks. ved om nødvendigt at vælge passende direktører.
2.36
En enkelt institutionel enhed — et andet selskab, en husholdning en nonprofitinstitution eller en offentlig enhed — har kontrol over et selskab eller kvasiselskab, når den pågældende enhed ejer mere end halvdelen af aktierne med stemmeret eller på anden måde kontrollerer mere end halvdelen af aktionærernes stemmer.
2.37
For at have kontrol over mere end halvdelen af aktionærernes stemmer behøver en institutionel enhed ikke selv at eje nogen af aktierne med stemmeret. Et selskab C kan være datterselskab til et andet selskab B, hvor et tredje selskab A ejer hovedparten af aktier med stemmeret. Selskab C betragtes som et datterselskab til selskab B, når selskab B enten kontrollerer mere end halvdelen af aktionærernes stemmer i selskab C eller er aktionær i C med ret til at udpege eller afsætte et flertal af direktørerne i C.
2.38
En offentlig forvaltnings- eller serviceenhed kan have kontrollen over et selskab som følge af en særlig lov eller administrativ bestemmelse, hvori den pågældende enhed bemyndiges til at fastlægge selskabets politik. De følgende indikatorer er de hovedfaktorer, der skal tages i betragtning ved afgørelsen af, om et selskab er kontrolleret af den offentlige forvaltning og service:
a)
det offentlige besidder hovedparten af stemmerettighederne
b)
det offentlige har kontrollerende indflydelse i bestyrelsen eller det styrende organ
c)
det offentlige har kontrollerende indflydelse på udnævnelse og afskedigelse af ledende personale
d)
det offentlige har kontrollerende indflydelse i centrale udvalg i enheden
e)
det offentlige besidder en gylden aktie
f)
særlige bestemmelser
g)
det offentlige er største kunde
h)
lån fra det offentlige.
En enkelt indikator kan i nogle tilfælde være nok til, at enheden er kontrolleret, men i andre tilfælde er det et antal separate indikatorer, der tilsammen peger på, at enheden er kontrolleret.
2.39
I forbindelse med nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, skal følgende fem faktorer tages i betragtning ved afgørelsen af, om der foreligger kontrol:
a)
udnævnelse af ledende personale
b)
bestemmelserne i forretningsgrundlaget
c)
kontraktmæssige aftaler
d)
finansieringsgraden
e)
graden af risiko, som det offentlige påtager sig.
I lighed med selskaber kan en enkelt indikator i nogle tilfælde være nok til, at enheden er kontrolleret, men i andre tilfælde er det et antal separate indikatorer, der tilsammen peger på, at enheden er kontrolleret.
2.40
Sondringen mellem markedsmæssig og ikkemarkedsmæssig og dermed for offentlige enheders vedkommende mellem sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og sektoren selskaber afhænger af de kriterier, der er beskrevet i 1.37.
2.41
En sektor opdeles i delsektorer i henhold til de kriterier, der er relevante for den pågældende sektor; for eksempel kan offentlig forvaltning og service opdeles i statslig forvaltning og service, offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau, kommunal forvaltning og service og sociale kasser og fonde. Det gør det muligt at give en mere præcis beskrivelse af enhedernes økonomiske adfærd.
I regnskaberne for sektorer og delsektorer registreres alle de pågældende institutionelle enheders aktiviteter, hvad enten der er tale om hovedaktiviteter eller biaktiviteter.
Hver institutionel enhed kan kun høre ind under én sektor eller delsektor.
2.42
Hvis den institutionelle enheds hovedfunktion er produktion af varer og tjenesteydelser, må producenttypen først bestemmes, før enheden kan henføres til en sektor.
2.43
Tabel 2.2 viser de producenttyper samt de hovedaktiviteter og -funktioner, der kendetegner de enkelte sektorer:
Tabel 2.2 —
   
Producenttyper samt hovedaktiviteter og -funktioner klassificeret efter sektor
Producent
Hovedaktivitet og -funktion
Sektor
Markedsproducent
Produktion af markedsmæssige varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
Ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11)
Markedsproducent
Finansiel formidling inkl. forsikring
Finansielle hjælpetjenester
Finansielle selskaber (S.12)
Offentlig ikkemarkedsproducent
Produktion og levering af ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion til kollektivt og individuelt forbrug samt transaktioner, der har til formål af omfordele nationalindkomsten og nationalformuen
Offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13)
Markedsproducent eller privat producent af produkter til eget brug
Forbrug
Produktion af markedsmæssig produktion og produktion til eget brug
Husholdninger (S.14)
i deres egenskab af forbrugere
i deres egenskab af erhvervsdrivende
Privat ikkemarkedsproducent
Produktion og levering af ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion til individuelt forbrug
Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (S.15)
2.44
Sektoren udlandet (S.2) omfatter strømme og beholdninger mellem residente og ikkeresidente enheder — de ikkeresidente enheder er ikke karakteriseret ved ensartede målsætninger og adfærdsmønstre, men kun gennem deres strømme og beholdninger i forhold til residente enheder.
Ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11)
2.45
Definition:
 Sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11) består af institutionelle enheder med status af selvstændige juridiske enheder og markedsproducenter, hvis hovedaktivitet er produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester. Sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber omfatter også ikkefinansielle kvasiselskaber (Jf. 2.13, litra f).
2.46
Der er tale om følgende institutionelle enheder:
a)
private og offentlige selskaber, som er markedsproducenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
b)
kooperativer og interessentskaber, der har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er markedsproducenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
c)
offentlige producenter, der har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er markedsproducenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
d)
nonprofitinstitutioner eller sammenslutninger rettet mod ikkefinansielle selskaber, der har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er markedsproducenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
e)
hovedsæder, der kontrollerer en gruppe af selskaber, som er markedsproducenter, hvis hovedaktiviteten for gruppen af selskaber som helhed 
—
 målt på grundlag af værditilvækst 
—
 er produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
f)
SPE'er, hvis hovedaktivitet er levering af varer eller ikkefinansielle tjenester
g)
private og offentlige kvasiselskaber, som er markedsproducenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester.
2.47
Ved »ikkefinansielle kvasiselskaber« forstås alle enheder, der ikke har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, som er markedsproducenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester, og som falder ind under definitionen for kvasiselskaber (jf. 2.13, litra f)).
Ikkefinansielle kvasiselskaber skal være i besiddelse af tilstrækkelige oplysninger til, at der kan føres et fuldstændigt regnskab, og drives som selskaber. De facto-forholdet til ejeren svarer til det forhold, et selskab har til sine aktionærer.
Ikkefinansielle kvasiselskaber, som ejes af husholdninger, af offentlige enheder eller af nonprofitinstitutioner, grupperes sammen med ikkefinansielle selskaber i sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber og ikke i den sektor, som ejeren henhører under.
2.48
At markedsproducenterne fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, herunder opstiller balancer, er ikke tilstrækkeligt til, at de behandles som institutionelle enheder som f.eks. kvasiselskaber. Interessentskaber og offentlige producenter, der ikke falder ind under 2.46, litra a), b), c) og f), samt enkeltmandsvirksomheder er — selv om de fører et fuldstændigt regnskab — normalt ikke separate institutionelle enheder, eftersom de ikke har fri beslutningsret, idet de ledes af de husholdninger, nonprofitinstitutioner eller statslige myndigheder, der ejer dem.
2.49
Ikkefinansielle selskaber omfatter også fiktive residente enheder, der behandles som kvasiselskaber.
2.50
Sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber er opdelt i tre delsektorer:
a)
offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11001)
b)
private nationalt kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11002)
c)
udenlandsk kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11003).
2.51
Definition:
 Delsektoren offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber består af alle ikkefinansielle selskaber, kvasiselskaber og nonprofitinstitutioner, der har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er markedsproducenter, der kontrolleres af offentlige enheder.
2.52
Offentlige kvasiselskaber er kvasiselskaber, der ejes direkte af offentlige enheder.
Delsektoren private nationalt kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11002)
2.53
Definition:
 Delsektoren private nationalt kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber består af alle ikkefinansielle selskaber, kvasiselskaber og nonprofitinstitutioner, der har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er markedsproducenter, der kontrolleres af offentlige enheder eller af ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder.
Denne delsektor omfatter også selskaber og kvasiselskaber, der er genstand for direkte udenlandske investeringer, og som ikke hører under delsektoren udenlandsk kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11003).
Delsektoren udenlandsk kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11003)
2.54
Definition:
 Delsektoren udenlandsk kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber består af alle ikkefinansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, der kontrolleres af ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder.
Denne delsektor omfatter:
a)
alle datterselskaber af ikkeresidente selskaber
b)
alle selskaber, som kontrolleres af en ikkeresident institutionel enhed, der ikke udgør et selskab i sig selv; for eksempel et selskab, der kontrolleres af en udenlandsk regering. Den omfatter også selskaber, der kontrolleres af en gruppe af ikkeresidente enheder, der handler i fællesskab
c)
alle filialer eller andre afdelinger, som ikke er etableret i selskabsform, af ikkeresidente selskaber eller producenter uden selskabsform, som er fiktive residente enheder.
Finansielle selskaber (S.12)
2.55
Definition:
 Sektoren finansielle selskaber (S.12) består af institutionelle enheder, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder og markedsproducenter, hvis hovedaktivitet er produktion af finansielle tjenester. Sådanne institutionelle enheder omfatter alle selskaber eller kvasiselskaber, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med:
a)
finansiel formidling (finansielle formidlere), og/eller
b)
finansielle hjælpetjenester (finansielle hjælpeenheder).
Omfatter også institutionelle enheder, der yder finansielle tjenester, hvis hovedparten af deres aktiver eller passiver ikke er genstand for transaktioner på frie markeder.
2.56
Finansiel formidling er den aktivitet, hvor en institutionel enhed erhverver finansielle aktiver og indgår forpligtelser for egen regning ved at foretage finansielle transaktioner på markedet. Finansielle formidleres aktiver og passiver transformeres eller ompakkes f.eks. for så vidt angår løbetid, omfang, risiko etc. under finansformidlingsprocessen.
Finansielle hjælpetjenester er aktiviteter, der, uden selv at være finansiel formidling, er forbundet med denne aktivitet.
Finansielle formidlere
2.57
Finansiel formidling består i at overføre midler mellem tredjemand med overskud af midler og tredjemand, der mangler midler. En finansiel formidler fungerer ikke blot som befuldmægtiget for andre institutionelle enheder, men tager selv en risiko ved at erhverve finansielle aktiver og indgå forpligtelser for egen regning.
2.58
Finansiel formidling kan omfatte alle typer af passiver, med undtagelse af kategorien andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8). De finansielle aktiver, der indgår i finansiel formidling, kan være af alle kategorier, undtagen kategorien forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6), men inklusive kategorien andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender. Finansielle formidlere kan investere deres midler i ikkefinansielle aktiver, herunder fast ejendom. For at blive betragtet som finansiel formidler skal et selskab imidlertid indgå forpligtelser på finansmarkederne og omdanne midler. Ejendomsselskaber er ikke finansielle formidlere.
2.59
Forsikringsselskabers og pensionskassers hovedfunktion består i sammenlægning af risici i puljer. Disse institutioners passiver er forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6). Modstykket til passiver er investeringer, som foretages af forsikringsselskaberne og pensionskasserne, som fungerer som finansielle formidlere.
2.60
Investeringsforeninger, herunder pengemarkedsforeninger, indgår navnlig forpligtelser gennem udstedelse af andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.52). De omdanner disse midler ved at erhverve finansielle aktiver og/eller fast ejendom. Investeringsforeninger klassificeres som finansielle formidlere. Enhver ændring i værdien af deres aktiver og passiver, bortset fra deres egne andelsbeviser, afspejles i egenkapitalen (jf. 7.07). Eftersom egenkapitalen svarer til værdien af investeringsforeningens andele, vil enhver ændring i værdien af foreningens aktiver og passiver blive afspejlet i disse andeles markedsværdi. Investeringsforeninger, der investerer i fast ejendom, er finansielle formidlere.
2.61
Finansiel formidling er begrænset til erhvervelse af aktiver og indgåelse af forpligtelser over for offentligheden eller bestemte og forholdsvis store udsnit af denne. Når aktiviteten er begrænset til mindre grupper af personer eller familier, er der ikke tale om finansiel formidling.
2.62
Der kan findes undtagelser fra den generelle regel om, at finansiel formidling omfatter finansielle transaktioner på markedet. Eksempler herpå er kommunale låne- og sparebanker med tilknytning til den pågældende kommune, eller finansielle leasingselskaber, der er underlagt en moderkoncern i forbindelse med erhvervelse eller investering af midler. Disse enheders udlåns- eller indskudsaktiviteter skal være uafhængige af henholdsvis den pågældende kommune eller moderkoncernen, for at enhederne kan klassificeres som finansielle formidlere.
Finansielle hjælpeenheder
2.63
Finansielle hjælpetjenester omfatter hjælpeaktiviteter i forbindelse med gennemførelse af transaktioner i finansielle aktiver eller passiver eller omdannelsen eller ompakningen af midlerne. Finansielle hjælpeenheder løber ikke selv nogen risiko gennem erhvervelse af aktiver eller indgåelse af forpligtelser. De letter kun den finansielle formidling. Hovedsæder, hvis datterselskaber alle eller for størstedelen er finansielle selskaber, er finansielle hjælpeenheder.
Andre finansielle selskaber end finansielle formidlere og finansielle hjælpeenheder
2.64
Andre finansielle selskaber end finansielle formidlere og finansielle hjælpeenheder er institutionelle enheder, der yder finansielle tjenester, hvor størstedelen af enten deres aktiver eller passiver ikke er genstand for transaktioner på det frie marked.
Institutionelle enheder, som indgår i sektoren finansielle selskaber
2.65
Sektoren finansielle selskaber (S.12) omfatter følgende institutionelle enheder:
a)
Private eller offentlige selskaber, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og/eller finansielle hjælpetjenester.
b)
Kooperativer og interessentskaber, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og/eller finansielle hjælpetjenester.
c)
Offentlige producenter, som har status af juridiske enheder, og som hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og/eller finansielle hjælpetjenester.
d)
Nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af juridiske enheder, og som hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og/eller finansielle hjælpetjenester, eller som er rettet mod finansielle selskaber.
e)
Hovedsæder, når alle eller hovedparten af deres datterselskaber som finansielle selskaber har finansiel formidling og/eller finansielle hjælpetjenester som hovedaktivitet. Disse hovedsæder klassificeres som finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126).
f)
Holdingselskaber, hvor selskabets hovedopgave er at eje aktiver i en gruppe datterselskaber. Gruppen kan være finansiel eller ikkefinansiel — dette påvirker ikke klassificeringen af holdingselskaber som koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner (S.127).
g)
SPE'er, hvis hovedaktivitet er levering af finansielle tjenester.
h)
Investeringsforeninger, som ikke er etableret i selskabsform, med investeringsporteføljer, der ejes af medlemmerne, og som normalt administreres af andre finansielle selskaber. Sådanne investeringsforeninger er institutionelle enheder, som er adskilt fra det administrerende finansielle selskab.
i)
Enheder, som ikke er etableret i selskabsform, og som hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling, og som er underlagt regulering og tilsyn (i de fleste tilfælde henregnet til delsektoren pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken, eller delsektoren forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser), betragtes som havende fri beslutningsret og selvstændig ledelse uafhængigt af deres ejere; deres økonomiske og finansielle adfærd svarer til finansielle selskabers. De behandles i så fald som separate institutionelle enheder. Eksempler herpå er filialer af ikkeresidente finansielle selskaber.
Delsektorer under sektoren finansielle selskaber
2.66
Sektoren finansielle selskaber er opdelt i følgende delsektorer:
a)
centralbanken (S.121)
b)
pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122)
c)
pengemarkedsforeninger (S.123)
d)
investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (S.124)
e)
andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125)
f)
finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126)
g)
koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (S.127)
h)
forsikringsselskaber (S.128)
i)
pensionskasser (S.129).
Kombinering af delsektorer under sektoren finansielle selskaber
2.67
Monetære finansielle institutioner (MFI'er) som defineret af ECB består af alle institutionelle enheder, der indgår i delsektorerne centralbanken (S.121), pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122), og pengemarkedsforeninger (S.123).
2.68
Andre monetære finansielle institutioner omfatter de finansielle formidlere, hvorigennem virkningerne af centralbankens (S.121) monetære politik overføres til de andre enheder i økonomien. Det drejer sig om pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122), og pengemarkedsforeninger (S.123).
2.69
Finansielle formidlere, der beskæftiger sig med sammenlægning af risici i puljer, er forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser. De består af delsektorerne forsikringsselskaber (S.128) og pensionskasser (S.129).
2.70
Finansielle selskaber, undtagen monetære finansielle institutioner og forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser, består af delsektorerne investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (S.124), andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125), finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126) og koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (S.127).
Opdeling af delsektorerne under finansielle selskaber i offentlige, private nationalt og udenlandsk kontrollerede finansielle selskaber
2.71
Med undtagelse af delsektor S.121 opdeles hver enkelt delsektor i:
a)
offentlige finansielle selskaber
b)
private nationalt kontrollerede finansielle selskaber
c)
udenlandsk kontrollerede finansielle selskaber.
Kriterierne for denne underopdeling er de samme som for ikkefinansielle selskaber (jf. 2.51-2.54).
Tabel 2.3 —
   
Sektoren finansielle selskaber og dens delsektorer
Sektorer og delsektorer:
Offentlige
Private nationalt kontrollerede
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
Finansielle selskaber
S.12
Monetære finansielle institutioner (MFI'er)
Centralbanken
S.121
Andre monetære finansielle institutioner
Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken
S.122
S.12201
S.12202
S.12203
Pengemarkedsforeninger
S.123
S.12301
S.12302
S.12303
Finansielle selskaber, undtagen MFI'er og forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
S.124
S.12401
S.12402
S.12403
Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
S.125
S.12501
S.12502
S.12503
Finansielle hjælpeenheder
S.126
S.12601
S.12602
S.12603
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere
S.127
S.12701
S.12702
S.12703
Forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
Forsikringsselskaber
S.128
S.12801
S.12802
S.12803
Pensionskasser
S.129
S.12901
S.12902
S.12903
Centralbanken (S.121)
2.72
Definition:
 Delsektoren centralbanken (S.121) består af alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, hvis hovedfunktion består i at udstede penge, opretholde den indenlandske og udenlandske værdi af den nationale valuta samt at opbevare alle landets internationale reserver eller en del heraf.
2.73
Delsektor S.121 omfatter følgende finansielle formidlere:
a)
den nationale centralbank, også hvor den indgår i Det Europæiske System af Centralbanker
b)
centrale monetære organer hovedsagelig i offentligt regi (f.eks. organer, der forvalter udenlandsk valuta eller udsteder penge), som fører et fuldstændigt regnskab og har fri beslutningsret i forhold til de statslige forvaltnings- og servicemyndigheder. Når disse aktiviteter udøves enten inden for statslig forvaltning og service eller inden for centralbanken, findes der ikke nogen separate institutionelle enheder.
2.74
Delsektor S.121 omfatter ikke myndigheder og organer (bortset fra centralbanken), som regulerer eller fører tilsyn med finansielle selskaber eller finansmarkederne. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122)
2.75
Definition:
 Delsektoren pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122) omfatter alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber — med undtagelse af enheder klassificeret under delsektorerne centralbanken og pengemarkedsforeninger — der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling, og hvis aktiviteter består i at modtage indskud
og/eller indlånslignende indskud
fra andre institutionelle enheder
end monetære finansielle institutioner
og for egen regning at yde lån og/eller foretage investeringer i værdipapirer.
2.76
Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken, kan ikke uden videre benævnes »banker«, for de kan eventuelt omfatte nogle finansielle selskaber, som ikke kalder sig banker, eller nogle finansielle selskaber, som ikke må kalde sig banker i visse lande, mens andre finansielle selskaber, der betegner sig selv som banker, måske slet ikke er pengeinstitutter. Følgende finansielle formidlere klassificeres i delsektor S.122:
a)
forretningsbanker, »universal«-banker og andre ikkespecialiserede banker
b)
sparekasser (herunder sparekasser, som forvalter båndlagte midler, samt låne- og sparekasser)
c)
postgiroinstitutioner, postbanker, girobanker
d)
lånekasser, herunder landbrugslånekasser
e)
andelskasser, andelslånekasser o.l.
f)
specialiserede banker (f.eks. erhvervsbanker, emissionskonsortier, privatkundebanker)
g)
elektroniske pengeinstitutter, som beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling.
2.77
Følgende finansielle formidlere klassificeres i delsektor S.122, når deres aktivitet består i fra offentligheden at modtage midler, der skal tilbagebetales, enten i form af indskud eller under andre former, såsom løbende udstedelse af langfristede gældsinstrumenter.
a)
selskaber, der formidler lån mod pant i fast ejendom (realkreditinstitutioner som f.eks. kreditforeninger, hypotekbanker o.l.)
b)
kommunale lånekasser.
Ellers klassificeres finansielle formidlere i delsektor S.124.
2.78
Delsektor S.122 omfatter ikke:
a)
hovedsæder, som fører tilsyn med og leder andre enheder i en gruppe bestående hovedsagelig af pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken, men som ikke selv er pengeinstitutter. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126
b)
nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er rettet mod pengeinstitutter, men som ikke beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126, og
c)
elektroniske pengeinstitutter, som ikke har finansiel formidling som hovedaktivitet.
Pengemarkedsforeninger (S.123)
2.79
Definition:
 Delsektoren pengemarkedsforeninger (S.123) som kollektive investeringsordninger omfatter alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber — med undtagelse af enheder klassificeret under delsektorerne centralbanken og penge- og finansieringsinstitutter — der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Deres aktiviteter består i at udstede investeringsandele i pengemarkedsforeninger som nære substitutter for indskud fra institutionelle enheder og for egen regning at foretage investeringer hovedsagelig i andele i pengemarkedsforeninger, kortfristede gældsværdipapirer og/eller indskud.
2.80
Følgende finansielle formidlere klassificeres i delsektor S.123: investeringsforeninger, investeringsselskaber og andre former for kollektiv investering, hvis andele anses for nære substitutter for indskud.
2.81
Delsektor S.123 omfatter ikke:
a)
hovedsæder, som fører tilsyn med og leder en gruppe bestående hovedsagelig af pengemarkedsforeninger, men som ikke selv er pengemarkedsforeninger. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126
b)
nonprofitinstitutioner med status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, som er rettet mod pengemarkedsforeninger, men som ikke beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (S.124)
2.82
Definition:
 Delsektoren investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (S.124) omfatter alle kollektive investeringsordninger — med undtagelse af enheder klassificeret under delsektoren pengemarkedsforeninger — der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Deres aktiviteter består i at udstede andele i investeringsforeninger, som ikke er nære substitutter for indskud, fra institutionelle enheder og for egen regning at foretage investeringer hovedsagelig i andre finansielle aktiver end kortfristede finansielle aktiver og i ikkefinansielle aktiver (sædvanligvis fast ejendom).
2.83
Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger omfatter investeringsselskaber og andre former for kollektiv investering, hvis andele ikke anses for nære substitutter for indskud.
2.84
Følgende finansielle formidlere klassificeres i delsektor S.124:
a)
investeringsforeninger, der har åbent for tilgang af nye investeringsbeviser, og hvis andele på indehavernes forlangende tilbagekøbes eller indløses direkte eller indirekte af foretagendets aktiver
b)
investeringsforeninger, der har lukket for tilgang af nye investeringsbeviser, og som har en fast foreningskapital, og hvor investorer, der ønsker at indtræde i eller forlade foreningen, må købe eller sælge eksisterende andele
c)
investeringsforeninger, der investerer i fast ejendom
d)
investeringsforeninger, der investerer i andre foreninger (»funds of funds«)
e)
hedgefonde, der omfatter en række kollektive investeringsordninger med store minimumsinvesteringer, begrænset regulering og et bredt spektrum af investeringsstrategier.
2.85
Delsektor S.124 omfatter ikke:
a)
pensionskasser, der henhører under delsektoren pensionskasser
b)
formålsbestemte statsejede investeringsfonde. En formålsbestemt statsejet investeringsfond klassificeres som en koncerntilknyttet finansiel institution, hvis den henhører under finansielle selskaber. Om en »formålsbestemt statsejet investeringsfond« skal klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller i sektoren finansielle selskaber, afgøres ud fra de kriterier, der er fastsat i 2.27
c)
hovedsæder, som fører tilsyn med og leder en gruppe bestående hovedsagelig af investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, men som ikke selv er investeringsforeninger. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126
d)
nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er rettet mod investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, men som ikke beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125)
2.86
Definition:
 Delsektoren andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125) omfatter alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling ved at indgå forpligtelser, undtagen i form af penge, indskud eller andele i investeringsforeninger eller i tilknytning til forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier fra institutionelle enheder.
2.87
Delsektor S.125 omfatter finansielle formidlere, især dem, der hovedsagelig er beskæftiget med langfristet finansiering. I de fleste tilfælde er det den ofte lange løbetid, som adskiller denne delsektor fra delsektoren andre monetære finansielle institutioner (S.122 og S.123). Eftersom der ikke er tale om passiver i form af andele i investeringsforeninger, som ikke anses for nære substitutter for indskud, eller forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier er det muligt af afgrænse denne delsektor i forhold til delsektorerne investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (S.124), forsikringsselskaber (S.128) og pensionskasser (S.129).
2.88
Delsektoren andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125) underopdeles i delsektorer bestående af FVC'er (financial vehicle corporations), der deltager i securitiseringstransaktioner, forhandlere af værdipapirer og derivater, finansielle selskaber med udlånsvirksomhed og specialiserede finansielle selskaber. Dette fremgår af tabel 2.4.
Tabel 2.4 —
   
Delsektoren andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125) og underopdelingen heraf
Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
FVC'er (financial vehicle corporations), der deltager i securitiseringstransaktioner
Forhandlere af værdipapirer og derivater
Finansielle selskaber med udlånsvirksomhed
Specialiserede finansielle selskaber
2.89
Delsektor S.125 omfatter ikke nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er rettet mod andre finansielle formidlere, men som ikke beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
FVC'er (financial vehicle corporations), der deltager i securitiseringstransaktioner
2.90
Definition:
 FVC'er, der deltager i securitiseringstransaktioner, er foretagender, der udfører securitiseringstransaktioner. FVC'er, der opfylder kriterierne for en institutionel enhed, klassificeres i S.125. I modsat fald behandles de som en integrerende del af moderselskabet.
Forhandlere af værdipapirer og derivater, finansielle selskaber med udlånsvirksomhed og specialiserede finansielle selskaber.
2.91
Forhandlere af værdipapirer og derivater (for egen regning) er finansielle formidlere, der handler for egen regning.
2.92
Finansielle selskaber med udlånsvirksomhed omfatter f.eks. finansielle formidlere, der beskæftiger sig med:
a)
finansiel leasing
b)
formidling af afbetalingskreditter og finansiering til personlige eller erhvervsmæssige formål, eller
c)
factoring.
2.93
Specialiserede finansielle selskaber er finansielle formidlere som f.eks.:
a)
venture- og udviklingsselskaber
b)
eksport/importfinansieringsselskaber, eller
c)
finansielle formidlere, der udelukkende modtager indskud og/eller nære substitutter for indskud fra eller optager lån hos monetære finansielle institutioner; disse finansielle formidlere omfatter også clearingcentraler, der fungerer som central modpart, og som udfører transaktioner på grundlag af genkøbsaftaler mellem monetære finansielle institutioner.
2.94
Hovedsæder, der fører tilsyn med og leder en gruppe af datterselskaber, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og/eller finansielle hjælpetjenester, klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
Finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126)
2.95
Definition:
 Delsektoren finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126) består af alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, der hovedsagelig udfører aktiviteter, der er nært knyttet til finansiel formidling, men som ikke selv er finansielle formidlere.
2.96
Følgende finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber klassificeres i delsektor S.126:
a)
forsikringsmæglere, bjærgnings- og havariadministratorer, forsikrings- og pensionsrådgivere, osv.
b)
lånemæglere, værdipapirhandlere, investeringsrådgivere, osv.
c)
selskaber, der forestår udstedelse af værdipapirer
d)
selskaber, hvis hovedfunktion består i at kautionere for forskellige former for kortfristede værdipapirer ved endossement
e)
selskaber, der tilvejebringer finansielle derivater og kurssikringsinstrumenter, såsom swaps, optioner og futures (uden selv at udstede disse)
f)
selskaber, der stiller infrastruktur til rådighed for finansmarkederne
g)
centrale myndigheder, der fører tilsyn med finansielle formidlere og finansmarkeder, når der er tale om selvstændige institutionelle enheder
h)
pensionskasseadministratorer, investeringsforeningsadministratorer, osv.
i)
selskaber, der udfører handel med værdipapirer og forsikringer
j)
nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af juridiske enheder, og som er rettet mod finansielle selskaber, men som ikke selv er beskæftiget med finansiel formidling (jf. 2.46, litra d))
k)
betalingsinstitutter (der formidler betalinger mellem køber og sælger).
2.97
Delsektor S.126 omfatter også hovedsæder, hvis datterselskaber alle eller for størstedelens vedkommende er finansielle selskaber.
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (S.127)
2.98
Definition:
 Delsektoren koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (S.127) omfatter alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, som hverken beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling eller yder finansielle hjælpetjenester, forudsat at hovedparten af deres aktiver eller passiver ikke er genstand for transaktioner på frie markeder.
2.99
Delsektor S.127 omfatter navnlig følgende finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber:
a)
enheder med status af juridiske enheder som f.eks. fonde, fondsforvaltere eller postkasseselskaber
b)
holdingselskaber, der ejer en kontrollerende andel af egenkapitalen i en gruppe datterselskaber, og hvis hovedaktivitet er at eje gruppen uden at yde andre tjenester til de virksomheder, som de ejer andele i, dvs. de forvalter eller leder ikke andre enheder
c)
SPE'er, som har status af institutionelle enheder, og som på åbne markeder skaffer midler, der skal anvendes af deres moderselskab
d)
enheder, som yder finansielle tjenester udelukkende med egne midler eller midler stillet til rådighed af en sponsor over for en række kunder, og som bærer den økonomiske risiko ved debitors eventuelle misligholdelse. Som eksempler kan nævnes pengeudlånere, selskaber med udlånsvirksomhed (f.eks. studielån, import/eksportlån) på grundlag af midler modtaget fra en sponsor, f.eks. en offentlig enhed eller en nonprofitinstitution, og pantelånere, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med udlånsvirksomhed
e)
formålsbestemte statsejede investeringsfonde, hvis de klassificeres som finansielle selskaber.
Forsikringsselskaber (S.128)
2.100
Definition:
 Delsektoren forsikringsselskaber (S.128) består af alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling som følge af sammenlægning af risici i puljer, hovedsagelig i form af direkte forsikring eller genforsikring (jf. 2.59).
2.101
Forsikringsselskaber yder tjenester inden for:
a)
livs- og skadesforsikring af individuelle enheder eller grupper af enheder
b)
genforsikring over for andre forsikringsselskaber.
2.102
Skadesforsikringsselskaber kan yde tjenester i form af:
a)
brandforsikring (herunder af erhvervsejendomme og private ejendomme)
b)
ansvarsforsikring
c)
motorkøretøjsforsikring (kaskoforsikring og ansvarsforsikring)
d)
sø-, luftfarts- og transportforsikring (herunder trusler mod energiforsyningen)
e)
ulykkes- og sundhedsforsikring, eller
f)
forsikring mod finansielle risici (garantistillelse o.l.).
Forsikringsselskaber, der forsikrer mod finansielle risici, herunder kreditforsikringsselskaber, stiller garantier for securitiseringsprodukter og andre kreditprodukter.
2.103
Forsikringsselskaber er normalt aktieselskaber eller gensidige enheder. Enheder i form af aktieselskaber ejes af aktionærerne, og mange er børsnoteret. Gensidige enheder ejes af forsikringstagerne og sender overskuddet tilbage til forsikringstagerne i form af dividender eller bonusser. Koncerninterne forsikringsselskaber (»captives«) ejes normalt af et ikkefinansielt selskab og forsikrer hovedsagelig deres aktionærers risici.
Boks 2.1 —
   
Forsikringstyper
Forsikringstype
Sektor/Delsektor
Direkte forsikring
Livsforsikring
Forsikringstageren foretager regelmæssige eller enkeltstående indbetalinger til et forsikringsselskab, til gengæld for hvilke forsikringsselskabet garanterer forsikringstageren at udbetale et aftalt beløb eller en livrente til denne på et fastlagt tidspunkt eller tidligere
Forsikringsselskaber
Skadesforsikring
Forsikring til dækning af risici som ulykker, sygdom, brand, kreditter osv.
Forsikringsselskaber
Genforsikring
Forsikring, som et forsikringsselskab tegner for at beskytte sig mod et uventet stort antal krav eller usædvanligt store krav
Forsikringsselskaber
Socialforsikring
Social sikring
Deltagerne forpligtes af offentlig forvaltning og service til at forsikre sig mod visse sociale risici
Sociale sikringspensioner
Sociale kasser og fonde
Anden social sikring
Anden arbejdsmarkedsrelateret socialforsikring end social sikring
Arbejdsgiverne kan gøre det til et ansættelsesvilkår, at de ansatte forsikrer sig mod visse sociale risici
Arbejdsmarkedsrelateret pension
Arbejdsgivers sektor for arbejdsgivere, forsikringsselskaber, pensionskasser eller nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Anden arbejdsmarkedsrelateret socialforsikring
2.104
Delsektor S.128 omfatter ikke:
a)
institutionelle enheder, som opfylder begge kriterierne i 2.117. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.1314
b)
hovedsæder, som fører kontrol med og forvalter en gruppe bestående hovedsagelig af forsikringsselskaber, men som ikke selv er forsikringsselskaber. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126
c)
nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er rettet mod forsikringsselskaber, men som ikke beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
Pensionskasser (S.129)
2.105
Definition:
 Delsektoren pensionskasser (S.129) består af alle finansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling som følge af sammenlægning af sociale risici og de forsikrede personers behov (socialforsikring) i puljer. Pensionskasser udbetaler i deres egenskab af socialforsikringsordninger pensionsindkomst (og ofte ydelser ved død og invaliditet).
2.106
Delsektor S.129 omfatter kun de pensionskasser, som er institutionelle enheder og adskilt fra de enheder, der har oprettet dem. Selvstændige pensionskasser er pensionskasser, der har fri beslutningsret og fører et fuldstændigt regnskab. Ikkeselvstændige pensionskasser er ikke institutionelle enheder og betragtes som en del af den institutionelle enhed, der har oprettet dem.
2.107
Som eksempler på deltagere i sådanne pensionskasseordninger kan nævnes ansatte i en enkelt virksomhed eller en gruppe af virksomheder, ansatte inden for en bestemt branche samt personer med samme profession. De ydelser, der er fastsat i forsikringsaftalen, kan være:
a)
ydelser, der udbetales til enken/enkemanden og den forsikredes børn efter dennes død
b)
ydelser, der udbetales ved tilbagetrækning fra arbejdsmarkedet, eller
c)
ydelser, der udbetales, hvis den forsikrede bliver invalid.
2.108
I nogle lande dækkes alle disse former for risici på samme måde af forsikringsselskaber og af pensionskasser. I andre lande kræves det, at nogle af disse risikokategorier dækkes af livsforsikringsselskaber. I modsætning til livsforsikringsselskaber er pensionskasser ved lov forbeholdt bestemte grupper af lønmodtagere og selvstændige.
2.109
Pensionsordninger kan organiseres af arbejdsgiverne eller af den offentlige forvaltning og service. De kan også organiseres af forsikringsselskaber på vegne af arbejdstagere, eller der kan oprettes selvstændige institutionelle enheder, der ejer og forvalter de aktiver, der skal anvendes til at indfri pensionsforpligtelserne, og udbetaler pensionerne.
2.110
Delsektor S.129 omfatter ikke:
a)
institutionelle enheder, som opfylder begge kriterierne i 2.117. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.1314
b)
hovedsæder, som fører kontrol med og forvalter en gruppe bestående hovedsagelig af pensionskasser, men som ikke selv er pensionskasser. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126
c)
nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er rettet mod pensionskasser, men som ikke beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling. Disse klassificeres i delsektor S.126.
Offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13)
2.111
Definition:
 Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13) består af institutionelle enheder, som er ikkemarkedsproducenter, hvis produktion er bestemt for individuelt og kollektivt forbrug og finansieret af obligatoriske betalinger foretaget af enheder, som henhører under andre sektorer, og institutionelle enheder, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med omfordeling af nationalindkomsten og -formuen.
2.112
Blandt de institutionelle enheder, der er omfattet af sektor S.13 kan nævnes følgende:
a)
offentlige enheder, der er oprettet ved lov, som har retlige beføjelser over andre enheder på det økonomiske område, og som administrerer og finansierer en række aktiviteter, navnlig levering af ikkemarkedsmæssige varer og tjenester, til gavn for almenvellet
b)
et selskab eller kvasiselskab, som er en offentlig enhed, hvis dets produktion hovedsagelig er ikkemarkedsmæssig, og hvis det er kontrolleret af en offentlig enhed
c)
nonprofitinstitutioner, som har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, og som er ikkemarkedsproducenter, og som kontrolleres af den offentlige forvaltning og service
d)
selvstændige pensionskasser, hvis der er en juridisk bidragsforpligtelse, og hvis den offentlige forvaltning og service forvalter midlerne hvad angår indbetaling og godkendelse af bidrag og ydelser.
2.113
Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service opdeles i fire delsektorer:
a)
statslig forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1311)
b)
offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1312)
c)
kommunal forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1313)
d)
sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314).
Statslig forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1311)
2.114
Definition:
 Denne delsektor omfatter alle statslige administrative organer og andre centrale organer, hvis kompetenceområde normalt dækker hele det økonomiske område med undtagelse af forvaltning af sociale kasser og fonde.
Delsektor S.1311 omfatter ligeledes nonprofitinstitutioner, som kontrolleres af de centrale myndigheder, og hvis kompetenceområde dækker hele det økonomiske område.
Markedsregulerende organisationer, som enten udelukkende eller hovedsagelig fungerer som fordelere af subsidier, klassificeres under S.1311. Organisationer, som udelukkende eller hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med opkøb, oplagring og salg af landbrugsprodukter eller fødevarer, klassificeres under S.11.
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1312)
2.115
Definition:
 Denne delsektor omfatter de former for offentlig forvaltning, der fungerer som separate institutionelle enheder, der udøver visse regeringsfunktioner, med undtagelse af forvaltning af sociale kasser og fonde, på et niveau under de centrale myndigheder og over de offentlige institutionelle enheder på lokalt plan.
Delsektor S.1312 omfatter ligeledes nonprofitinstitutioner, der kontrolleres af delstatsmyndigheder, og hvis kompetenceområde er begrænset til delstaternes økonomiske område.
Kommunal forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde) (S.1313)
2.116
Definition:
 Denne delsektor omfatter de former for offentlig forvaltning, hvis kompetenceområde kun dækker et lokalt udsnit af det økonomiske område, med undtagelse af lokale afdelinger af sociale kasser og fonde.
Delsektor S.1313 omfatter ligeledes nonprofitinstitutioner, der kontrolleres af de lokale myndigheder, og hvis kompetenceområde er begrænset til de lokale myndigheders økonomiske område.
Sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
2.117
Definition:
 Delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde omfatter institutionelle enheder på centralt, delstats- og lokalt niveau, hvis hovedaktivitet er at levere sociale ydelser, og som opfylder følgende to kriterier:
a)
visse grupper af befolkningen er ved lov eller administrative bestemmelser forpligtet til at være medlem af ordningen eller til at indbetale bidrag, og
b)
ansvaret for institutionens forvaltning, hvad angår indbetaling og godkendelse af bidrag og ydelser, påhviler den offentlige forvaltning og service, uafhængigt af dens rolle som tilsynsførende organ eller arbejdsgiver.
Der er sædvanligvis ingen direkte forbindelse mellem de bidrag, der indbetales af et medlem, og den risiko, som den pågældende er udsat for.
Husholdninger (S.14)
2.118
Definition:
 Sektoren husholdninger (S.14) omfatter enkeltpersoner eller grupper af enkeltpersoner både i deres egenskab af forbrugere og i deres egenskab af erhvervsdrivende, som producerer markedsmæssige varer og ikkefinansielle og finansielle tjenester (markedsproducenter), forudsat at produktionen af varer og tjenester ikke udøves af selvstændige enheder med status af kvasiselskaber. Sektoren omfatter ligeledes enkeltpersoner eller grupper af enkeltpersoner i deres egenskab af producenter af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester udelukkende til eget brug.
Husholdninger i deres egenskab af forbrugere kan defineres som mindre grupper af personer, der deler samme bolig, der sammenlægger deres indkomst og formue, og som forbruger visse former for varer og tjenester kollektivt, navnlig bolig og fødevarer.
Husholdningers vigtigste tilgange er:
a)
aflønning af ansatte
b)
formueindkomst
c)
overførsler fra andre sektorer
d)
indtægter fra salg af markedsmæssige produkter
e)
imputerede indtægter som følge af produktion til eget brug.
2.119
Sektoren husholdninger omfatter:
a)
enkeltpersoner eller grupper af enkeltpersoner, hvis hovedfunktion er forbrug
b)
personer, der til stadighed opholder sig på institutioner, og som har begrænset eller ingen handlefrihed eller beslutningsfrihed i økonomiske anliggender (f.eks. medlemmer af religiøse samfund, der bor i klostre, langtidsindlagte patienter på hospitaler, langtidsindsatte i fængsler, ældre, der har fast bopæl på alderdomshjem). Disse personer behandles som en enkelt institutionel enhed: en enkelt husholdning
c)
enkeltpersoner eller grupper af enkeltpersoner, hvis hovedfunktion er forbrug, og som producerer varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester udelukkende til eget brug. Systemet omfatter kun to kategorier af tjenester, som produceres til eget brug: boligtjenester i ejerboliger samt tjenester i hjemmet, som ydes af ansat medhjælp
d)
enkeltmandsvirksomheder og interessentskaber, som ikke er juridiske enheder — med undtagelse af enheder, der behandles som kvasiselskaber — og som er markedsproducenter
e)
nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger, som ikke har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder, samt institutioner med status af juridiske enheder, men som kun har ringe betydning.
2.120
I ENS 2010 underopdeles sektorens husholdninger i de følgende delsektorer:
a)
Arbejdsgivere (S.141) og selvstændige uden ansatte (S.142)
b)
Lønmodtagere (S.143)
c)
Modtagere af formueindkomst (S.1441)
d)
Pensionsmodtagere (S.1442)
e)
Modtagere af andre overførselsindkomster (S.1443).
2.121
Husholdningerne fordeles på de forskellige delsektorer på grundlag af den største indkomstkategori (arbejdsgiverindtægter, aflønning af ansatte osv.) for husholdningen som helhed. Hvis en husholdning modtager mere end én indkomst fra en bestemt kategori, baseres klassifikationen på den samlede husstandsindtægt for hver enkelt kategori.
Arbejdsgivere (S.141) og selvstændige uden ansatte (S.142)
2.122
Definition:
 Delsektoren arbejdsgivere og selvstændige uden ansatte består af den gruppe af husholdninger, hvor de (blandede) indkomster (B.3), som tilflyder ejerne af personlige foretagender tilhørende husholdningen fra deres aktiviteter som producenter af markedsmæssige varer og tjenester med eller uden brug af lønnet personale, udgør den største indtægtskilde for husholdningen som helhed, selv om den ikke udgør mere end halvdelen af husholdningens samlede indkomst.
Lønmodtagere (S.143)
2.123
Definition:
 Delsektoren lønmodtagere består af den gruppe af husholdninger, hvor indkomsten fra aflønning af ansatte (D.1) udgør den største indtægtskilde for husholdningen som helhed.
Modtagere af formueindkomst (S.1441)
2.124
Definition:
 Delsektoren modtagere af formueindkomst består af den gruppe af husholdninger, hvor formueindkomst (D.4) udgør den største indtægtskilde for husholdningen som helhed.
Pensionsmodtagere (S.1442)
2.125
Definition:
 Delsektoren pensionsmodtagere består af den gruppe af husholdninger, hvor indkomsten fra pensioner udgør den største indtægtskilde for husholdningen som helhed.
Pensionshusholdninger er husholdninger, hvor den største indtægtskilde består af folkepension eller andre pensioner, herunder pensioner fra tidligere arbejdsgivere.
Modtagere af andre overførselsindkomster (S.1443)
2.126
Definition:
 Delsektoren modtagere af andre overførsler består af den gruppe af husholdninger, hvor indkomsten fra løbende overførsler udgør den største indtægtskilde for husholdningen som helhed.
Ved andre løbende overførsler forstås alle andre løbende overførsler end formueindkomster, pensioner og indtægter, der tilfalder personer, som bor permanent på institutioner.
2.127
Hvis oplysninger om fordelingen af indtægtskilderne for husholdningen som helhed ikke foreligger til brug ved opdelingen i sektorer, benyttes referencepersonens indkomst til klassificeringen. Referencepersonen i en husholdning er den person, der har den største indkomst. Hvis sidstnævnte oplysning ikke er til rådighed, foretages fordelingen på delsektorer på grundlag af indkomsten for den person, der erklærer, at vedkommende er referencepersonen.
2.128
Andre kriterier for underopdeling af husholdningerne i delsektorer kan anvendes, f.eks. en aktivitetsbaseret opdeling af husholdningerne i deres egenskab af erhvervsdrivende: landbrugshusholdninger og ikkelandbrugshusholdninger.
Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (S.15)
2.129
Definition:
 Sektoren nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (NPISH) (S.15) omfatter nonprofitinstitutioner, der er selvstændige juridiske enheder, som leverer varer og tjenester til husholdninger, og som er private ikkemarkedsproducenter. Deres vigtigste tilgange stammer fra frivillige bidrag i form af penge eller naturalier fra husholdninger i deres egenskab af forbrugere, fra betalinger fra den offentlige forvaltning og service samt fra formueindkomst.
2.130
Når disse institutioner ikke er af særlig stor betydning, medtages de ikke i sektoren NPISH, men i sektoren husholdninger (S.14), idet deres transaktioner ikke kan skelnes fra enheder i denne sektor. Ikkemarkedsmæssige NPISH'er, der kontrolleres af den offentlige forvaltning og service, klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13).
NPISH-sektoren omfatter f.eks. følgende hovedgrupper af NPISH'er, der leverer ikkemarkedsmæssige varer og tjenester til husholdningerne:
a)
fagforeninger, faglige foreninger, forbrugersammenslutninger, politiske partier, kirker eller religiøse samfund (herunder også de, der finansieres, men ikke kontrolleres af staten) samt sociale og kulturelle klubber, fritids- og sportsklubber, og
b)
velgørende organisationer og nødhjælpsorganisationer, der finansieres gennem frivillige overførsler i form af penge eller naturalier fra andre institutionelle enheder.
Sektor S.15 omfatter velgørende organisationer og nødhjælpsorganisationer, der virker til gavn for ikkeresidente enheder, men omfatter ikke enheder, hvor medlemskabet giver ret til et bestemt udbud af varer og tjenester.
Udlandet (S.2)
2.131
Definition:
 Sektoren udlandet (S.2) er en gruppering af enheder uden karakteristiske funktioner og tilgange. Sektoren består af ikkeresidente enheder, for så vidt disse foretager transaktioner med residente institutionelle enheder eller har andre økonomiske forbindelser med residente enheder. Kontiene for denne sektor giver et overblik over de økonomiske forbindelser, der knytter den nationale økonomi sammen med udlandet. EU-institutionerne og internationale organisationer henhører under denne sektor.
2.132
Udlandet er ikke en sektor, for hvilken der skal føres et fuldstændigt regnskab, men det er hensigtsmæssigt at beskrive udlandet som en sektor. Sektorer oprettes ved at opdele den samlede økonomi med henblik på at nå frem til mere homogene grupper af residente institutionelle enheder, der svarer til hinanden, for så vidt angår økonomisk adfærd, mål og funktioner. Dette er ikke tilfældet for sektoren udlandet: For denne sektor registreres transaktioner og andre strømme, som foretages af ikkefinansielle og finansielle selskaber, nonprofitinstitutioner, husholdninger og den offentlige forvaltning og service med ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder og andre økonomiske forbindelser mellem residente og ikkeresidente enheder, f.eks. residente enheders fordringer på ikkeresidente enheder.
2.133
Kontiene for udlandet omfatter kun transaktioner, som finder sted mellem residente institutionelle enheder og ikkeresidente enheder, dog med følgende undtagelser:
a)
transporttjenester (til eksportlandets grænse), som leveres af residente enheder i forbindelse med importerede varer, registreres på kontiene for udlandet som import til fob-priser, selv om de produceres af residente enheder
b)
transaktioner i udenlandske aktiver mellem residente enheder, der hører ind under forskellige sektorer i den indenlandske økonomi, registreres i de detaljerede finansielle konti for udlandet. Disse transaktioner påvirker ikke landets finansielle stilling i forhold til udlandet. De påvirker de enkelte sektorers finansielle stilling i forhold til udlandet
c)
transaktioner i landets passiver mellem ikkeresidente enheder, der tilhører forskellige geografiske zoner, registreres i den geografiske opdeling af kontiene for udlandet. Selv om disse transaktioner ikke påvirker landets samlede passiver set i forhold til udlandet, påvirkes passiverne set i forhold til forskellige dele af verden.
2.134
Sektoren udlandet (S.2) opdeles i:
a)
Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (S.21):
1)
Den Europæiske Unions medlemsstater (S.211)
2)
Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (S.212)
b)
Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i EU (S.22)
Sektormæssig klassificering af producerende enheder efter juridisk form
2.135
I følgende oversigt og i 2.31 til 2.44 gøres der rede for principperne for klassificeringen af producerende enheder i sektorer i henhold til den standardterminologi, der anvendes til beskrivelse af de vigtigste typer institutioner.
2.136
Private og offentlige selskaber, som er markedsproducenter klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester: i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber)
b)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og finansielle hjælpetjenester: i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber).
2.137
Kooperativer og interessentskaber, som har status af juridiske enheder og er markedsproducenter, klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester: i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber)
b)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og finansielle hjælpetjenester: i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber).
2.138
Offentlige producenter, der i henhold til særlig lovgivning har status af juridiske enheder, klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester: i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber)
b)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og finansielle hjælpetjenester: i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber).
2.139
Offentlige producenter, der ikke har status af juridiske enheder og er markedsproducenter, klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
Hvis de er kvasiselskaber:
1)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester: i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber)
2)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og finansielle hjælpetjenester: i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber).
b)
Hvis de ikke er kvasiselskaber: i sektor S.13 (offentlig forvaltning og service), da de forbliver en integreret del af de enheder, der kontrollerer dem.
2.140
Nonprofitinstitutioner (foreninger, fonde og stiftelser), som har status af juridiske enheder, klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
hvis de er markedsproducenter og hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester: i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber)
b)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og finansielle hjælpetjenester: i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber).
c)
Hvis de er ikkemarkedsproducenter, klassificeres de:
1.
i sektor S.13 (offentlig forvaltning og service), hvis de er offentlige producenter, der kontrolleres af den offentlige forvaltning og service
2.
i sektor S.15 (nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger), hvis de er private producenter.
2.141
Enkeltmandsvirksomheder og interessentskaber, der ikke har status af juridiske enheder og er markedsproducenter, klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
Hvis de er kvasiselskaber:
1)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester: i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber)
2)
hvis de hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling og finansielle hjælpetjenester: i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber).
b)
Hvis de ikke er kvasiselskaber, klassificeres de i sektor S.14 (husholdninger).
2.142
Hovedsæder klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
i sektor S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber), hvis hovedaktiviteten i gruppen af selskaber, som er markedsproducenter, som helhed er produktion af varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester (jf. 2.46, litra e))
b)
i sektor S.12 (finansielle selskaber), hvis hovedaktiviteten i gruppen af selskaber som helhed er finansiel formidling (jf. 2.65, litra e)).
Holdingselskaber, som ejer aktiverne i en gruppe af datterselskaber, behandles altid som finansielle selskaber. Holdingselskaber ejer aktiverne i en gruppe af selskaber, men er ikke involveret i ledelsesaktiviteter i forhold til gruppen.
2.143
I tabel 2.3 vises i skematisk form de forskellige tilfælde, der er nævnt ovenfor.
Tabel 2.5 —
   
Sektormæssig klassificering af producerende enheder efter juridisk form
Producent
Almindelig juridisk betegnelse
Markedsproducenter (varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester)
Markedsproducenter (finansiel formidling)
Ikkemarkedsproducenter
Offentlige producenter
Private producenter
Private og offentlige selskaber
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12 finansielle selskaber
Kooperativer og interessentskaber med status af selvstændige juridiske enheder
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12 finansielle selskaber
Offentlige producenter, som i henhold til særlig lovgivning har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12 finansielle selskaber
Offentlige producenter, der ikke har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder
med samme kendetegn som kvasiselskaber
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12 finansielle selskaber
øvrige
S.13 offentlig forvaltning og service
Nonprofitinstitutioner med status af selvstændige juridiske enheder
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12 finansielle selskaber
S.13 offentlig forvaltning og service
S.15 nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Interessentskaber, der ikke har status af selvstændige juridiske enheder
Enkeltmandsvirksomheder
med samme kendetegn som kvasiselskaber
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12 finansielle selskaber
øvrige
S.14 husholdninger
S.14 husholdninger
Hovedsæder, hvor hovedaktiviteten i den af holdingselskaberne kontrollerede gruppe selskaber er produktion af:
varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester
S.11 ikkefinansielle selskaber
finansielle tjenester
S.12 finansielle selskaber
LOKALE FAGLIGE ENHEDER OG ERHVERV
2.144
De fleste institutionelle enheder, der producerer varer og tjenester, udøver en kombination af aktiviteter på samme tid. Foruden deres hovedaktivitet kan de udøve forskellige biaktiviteter og hjælpeaktiviteter.
2.145
Der er tale om udøvelse af en aktivitet, når tilgange, såsom udstyr, arbejdskraft, produktionsteknikker, informationsnetværk eller produkter, bringes sammen, så der skabes bestemte varer eller tjenester. En aktivitet er karakteriseret ved et input af produkter, en produktionsproces og et output af produkter.
Aktiviteter kan defineres med henvisning til et bestemt niveau i NACE rev. 2.
2.146
Hvis en enhed udøver mere end én aktivitet, rangeres alle aktiviteter, der ikke er hjælpeaktiviteter (jf. 3.12 i kapitel 3), i overensstemmelse med bruttoværditilvæksten. Det er således muligt at skelne mellem hovedaktivitet og biaktiviteter på grundlag af bruttoværditilvæksten for de forskellige aktiviteter.
2.147
For at kunne analysere de strømme, der optræder i produktionsprocessen og forbruget af varer og tjenester, er det nødvendigt at vælge enheder, som gør det muligt at belyse de teknisk-økonomiske sammenhænge. Dette krav indebærer, at institutionelle enheder som regel skal opdeles i mindre og mere homogene enheder efter arten af produktionen. Det er hensigten, at de lokale faglige enheder skal opfylde dette krav som en umiddelbart anvendelig tilgang.
Den lokale faglige enhed
2.148
Definition:
 Den lokale faglige enhed er den del af en faglig enhed, der svarer til en lokal enhed. Den lokale faglige enhed hedder i SNA 2008 og ISIC Rev. 4 »establishment« (arbejdssted). En faglig enhed omfatter alle dele af en institutionel enhed i dens egenskab af producent, der bidrager til udøvelsen af en aktivitet på undergruppeniveau (4 cifre) i henhold til NACE rev. 2, og som svarer til en eller flere funktionelle underopdelinger af den institutionelle enhed. I forbindelse med institutionelle enheder skal der for hver enkelt lokal faglig enhed mindst kunne angives eller beregnes følgende: værdi af produktionen, forbrug i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, overskud af produktionen, antallet af ansatte samt faste bruttoinvesteringer.
Den lokale enhed er en institutionel enhed eller en del af en institutionel enhed, der producerer varer eller tjenester på en geografisk identificeret lokalitet.
En lokal faglig enhed kan svare til en institutionel enhed i dennes egenskab af producent; på den anden side kan den aldrig tilhøre to forskellige institutionelle enheder.
2.149
Hvis en institutionel enhed, der producerer varer eller tjenester, har en hovedaktivitet samt en eller flere biaktiviteter, opdeles den i et dertil svarende antal faglige enheder, og biaktiviteterne klassificeres i en anden kategori end hovedaktiviteten. Hjælpeaktiviteterne adskilles ikke fra hovedaktiviteten og biaktiviteterne. Men faglige enheder, der falder inden for en bestemt kategori i klassificeringssystemet, kan fremstille produkter, der falder uden for den homogene gruppe som et resultat af dermed sammenhængende biaktiviteter, som ikke kan identificeres særskilt ud fra de foreliggende regnskaber. En faglig enhed kan således udøve en eller flere biaktiviteter.
Branchen
2.150
Definition:
 En branche består af en gruppe lokale faglige enheder, der udøver samme eller næsten samme form for aktivitet. På det mest detaljerede klassificeringsniveau består en branche af alle de lokale faglige enheder, der hører under en enkelt undergruppe (4 cifre) i NACE Rev. 2, og som derfor udøver samme aktivitet som defineret i NACE Rev. 2.
Brancher omfatter både lokale faglige enheder, der producerer markedsmæssige varer og tjenester, og lokale faglige enheder, der producerer ikkemarkedsmæssige varer og tjenester. En branche består pr. definition af en gruppe af lokale faglige enheder, der udøver samme type produktionsaktivitet, uanset om de institutionelle enheder, de tilhører, fremstiller markedsmæssige eller ikkemarkedsmæssige produkter.
2.151
Brancher klassificeres i tre kategorier:
a)
brancher, der producerer markedsmæssige varer og tjenester (markedsmæssige brancher) samt varer og tjenester til eget brug. Tjenester til eget brug omfatter kun boligtjenester i ejerboliger og tjenester i hjemmet, som ydes af ansat medhjælp
b)
brancher, der producerer ikkemarkedsmæssige varer og tjenester under den offentlige forvaltning og service: ikkemarkedsmæssige brancher tilhørende den offentlige forvaltning og service
c)
brancher, der producerer NPISH'ers ikkemarkedsmæssige varer og tjenester: NPISH'ers ikkemarkedsmæssige brancher.
Klassificering af brancher
2.152
Til gruppering af lokale faglige enheder i brancher anvendes NACE rev. 2.
HOMOGENE PRODUKTIONSENHEDER OG HOMOGENE BRANCHER
2.153
Den enhed, som er mest velegnet til analyse af produktionsprocessen, er den homogene produktionsenhed. Denne enhed er kendetegnet ved, at den udøver en enkelt aktivitet, som identificeres ud fra dens input, produktionsproces og produktion.
Den homogene produktionsenhed
2.154
Definition:
 En homogen produktionsenhed udøver en enkelt aktivitet, som identificeres ud fra dens input, produktionsproces og produktion. De produkter, der udgør input og produktion, kendetegnes ved deres beskaffenhed og forarbejdningsgrad og ved den anvendte produktionsteknik. De kan identificeres ved hjælp af en produktklassifikation (aktivitetstilknyttet produktklassifikation — CPA). CPA er en produktklassifikation, som er struktureret i henhold til kriteriet om industriel oprindelse, som findes defineret i NACE rev. 2.
Den homogene branche
2.155
Definition:
 Den homogene branche består af en gruppe homogene produktionsenheder. Den række aktiviteter, som en homogen branche dækker, beskrives under henvisning til en produktklassifikation. Den homogene branche producerer de varer og tjenester, der specificeres i klassifikationen, og kun dem.
2.156
Homogene brancher er enheder, der er oprettet med henblik på økonomiske analyser. Homogene produktionsenheder kan normalt ikke observeres direkte; data indsamlet fra de enheder, der anvendes i statistiske undersøgelser, skal nyordnes, således at de udgør homogene brancher.
KAPITEL 3
PRODUKTTRANSAKTIONER OG TRANSAKTIONER I IKKEPRODUCEREDE AKTIVER
PRODUKTTRANSAKTIONER GENERELT
3.01
Definition
: Produkter er alle varer og tjenester, der produceres i henhold til produktionsafgrænsningen. Produktion er defineret under 3.07.
3.02
I ENS opereres der med følgende hovedkategorier inden for produkttransaktioner:
Transaktionskategorier
Kode
Produktion
P.1
Forbrug i produktionen
P.2
Udgifter til forbrug
P.3
Faktisk forbrug
P.4
Bruttoinvesteringer
P.5
Eksport af varer og tjenester
P.6
Import af varer og tjenester
P.7
3.03
Produkttransaktioner posteres på følgende vis:
a)
på kontoen for varer og tjenester posteres produktion og import som tilgang, de øvrige produkttransaktioner posteres som anvendelse
b)
på produktionskontoen posteres produktion som tilgang, forbrug i produktionen som anvendelse; bruttoværditilvæksten er saldoposten for disse to produkttransaktioner
c)
på kontoen for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst posteres udgifter til forbrug som anvendelse
d)
på kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst posteres faktisk forbrug som anvendelse
e)
på kapitalkontoen posteres bruttoinvesteringer som anvendelse (ændringer i de ikkefinansielle aktiver)
f)
på udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester posteres import af varer og tjenester som tilgang, eksport af varer og tjenester som anvendelse.
Mange større saldoposter i kontosystemet som f.eks. værditilvækst, bruttonationalprodukt, nationalindkomst og disponibel indkomst, er defineret ud fra produkttransaktioner. Definitionen af produkttransaktioner dækker derfor disse saldoposter.
3.04
I tilgangstabellen (jf. 1.136) registreres produktion og import som tilgang. I anvendelsestabellen registreres forbrug i produktionen, bruttoinvesteringer, udgifter til forbrug og eksport som anvendelse. I den symmetriske input-output-tabel registreres produktion og import som tilgang og øvrige produkttransaktioner som anvendelse.
3.05
Tilgangen af produkter opgøres i basispriser (jf. 3.44). Anvendelsen af produkter opgøres i køberpriser (jf. 3.06). For nogle former for tilgang og anvendelse, f.eks. ved import og eksport af varer, benyttes mere specifikke værdiansættelsesprincipper.
3.06
Definition
:
Køberprisen er den pris, som køberen betaler for produkterne. Køberprisen omfatter følgende:
a)
produktskatter minus produktsubsidier (men ekskl. fradragsberettigede skatter på produkterne som f.eks. moms)
b)
transportudgifter, der betales separat af køberen for levering på ønsket tid og sted
c)
fradrag af alle mængde-, sæsonrabatter osv. på standardpriser og -takster.
Køberprisen omfatter ikke følgende:
a)
renter og gebyrer, der betales i henhold til låne- og kreditordninger
b)
ekstraomkostninger som følge af forsinket betaling, hvor forsinket betaling betyder manglende overholdelse af den betalingsfrist, der blev aftalt på købstidspunktet.
Dersom anvendelsestidspunktet ikke er sammenfaldende med købstidspunktet, korrigeres der for prisændringer i den mellemliggende periode i overensstemmelse med prisændringerne for lagerbeholdningerne. Sådanne justeringer har stor betydning, hvis priserne for de pågældende produkter ændrer sig væsentligt i løbet af regnskabsperioden.
PRODUKTIV AKTIVITET OG PRODUKTION
3.07
Definition
: Produktiv aktivitet er en aktivitet, der udøves under kontrol, ansvar og ledelse af en institutionel enhed, som anvender arbejdskraft, kapital, varer og tjenester til at producere varer og tjenester.
Aktiviteten omfatter ikke naturlige processer, der finder sted uden menneskets medvirken eller ledelse, som f.eks. vækst i fiskeforekomsterne i internationalt farvand, men produktiv aktivitet omfatter fiskeavl.
3.08
Den produktive aktivitet omfatter:
a)
produktion af alle individuelle eller kollektive varer og tjenester, der leveres til andre enheder end dem, der har produceret dem
b)
produktion for egen regning af alle varer, som producenten beholder til eget forbrug eller anvender til faste bruttoinvesteringer.
Eksempler på produktion for egen regning med henblik på faste bruttoinvesteringer er produktion af faste aktiver såsom byggeri, udvikling af software eller mineralefterforskning med henblik på egne faste bruttoinvesteringer. Begrebet faste bruttoinvesteringer er beskrevet i 3.124-3.138.
Husholdningers produktion af varer for egen regning vedrører almindeligvis:
1)
opførelse af boliger for egen regning
2)
produktion og oplagring af landbrugsprodukter
3)
forarbejdning af landbrugsprodukter som f.eks. formaling af korn til mel, konservering af frugt ved tørring eller henkogning, produktion af mejeriprodukter som smør og ost samt produktion af øl, vin og spirituosa
4)
produktion af andre ikkeforædlede produkter ved f.eks. saltudvinding, tørveskæring eller transport af vand
5)
andre former for videreforarbejdning såsom vævning, keramik- og møbelfremstilling
c)
boligtjenester, som ejere af egen bolig producerer for egen regning
d)
tjenester i hjemmet, som ydes af ansat medhjælp
e)
frivillige aktiviteter, som resulterer i produktion af varer, f.eks. opførelse af en bolig, en kirke eller anden form for bygning; frivillige, uproduktive aktiviteter som f.eks. ulønnet pasning og rengøring medtages ikke.
Ovennævnte aktiviteter i litra a)-e) betragtes som produktion, uanset om de foregår ulovligt eller uden registrering hos skattemyndigheder, sociale myndigheder, statistiske og andre offentlige myndigheder.
En husholdnings produktion af varer for egen regning registreres, hvis produktionen er signifikant, dvs. dersom produktionen har kvantitativ betydning i forhold til det samlede udbud af den pågældende vare i et land.
Den eneste form for husholdningernes produktion for egen regning, der er omfattet, er opførelse af boliger og produktion, oplagring og forarbejdning af landbrugsprodukter.
3.09
Den produktive aktivitet omfatter ikke tjenester i hjemmet, når de produceres og forbruges inden for samme husholdning. Eksempler på tjenester i hjemmet, som er produceret af husholdningerne selv, og som ikke er omfattet, er:
a)
rengøring, indretning og vedligeholdelse af boligen, for så vidt som disse aktiviteter også er almindelige for lejere
b)
rengøring, vedligeholdelse og reparation af husholdningens varige forbrugsgoder
c)
tilberedning og servering af måltider
d)
pasning, oplæring og undervisning af børn
e)
pasning af syge, invalide og gamle, og
f)
transport af husholdningens medlemmer eller deres ejendele.
Tjenester i hjemmet, som ydes af en ansat medhjælp, og boligtjenester i ejerboliger er omfattet af den produktive aktivitet.
Hoved-, bi- og hjælpeaktivitet
3.10
Definition
: En lokal faglig enheds hovedaktivitet er den aktivitet, der giver større værditilvækst end alle andre aktiviteter i samme enhed. Hovedaktiviteten klassificeres i henhold til NACE Rev. 2, først på nomenklaturens højeste niveau og derefter på mere detaljerede niveauer.
3.11
Definition
: En biaktivitet er en aktivitet, der udøves parallelt med hovedaktiviteten i samme lokale faglige enhed. Resultatet af biaktiviteten er et biprodukt.
3.12
Definition
: En hjælpeaktivitet er en aktivitet, hvis produktion er beregnet for anvendelse inden for et foretagende.
En hjælpeaktivitet er en støtteaktivitet inden for foretagendet med det formål at skabe forudsætningerne for de lokale faglige enheders hoved- og biaktiviteter. Materialer, arbejdskraft, fast realkapital osv., der forbruges af hjælpeaktiviteten, betragtes som input i den hoved- eller biaktivitet, den er knyttet til.
Eksempler på hjælpeaktiviteter:
a)
køb
b)
salg
c)
markedsføring
d)
regnskab
e)
databehandling
f)
transport
g)
oplagring
h)
vedligeholdelse
i)
rengøring
j)
sikkerhedstjenester.
Foretagenderne har valget mellem selv at påtage sig hjælpeaktiviteterne eller købe dem på markedet hos specialiserede producenter af disse tjenesteydelser.
Produktion af kapitalgoder for egen regning er ikke en hjælpeaktivitet.
3.13
Hjælpeaktiviteter udskilles ikke som selvstændige enheder eller adskilles fra hovedaktiviteten eller biaktiviteterne eller de enheder, de servicerer. Derfor skal hjælpeaktiviteter integreres i den lokale faglige enhed, de servicerer.
Hjælpeaktiviteter kan udføres på separate driftssteder i en region forskellig fra den lokale faglige enhed, de servicerer. Anvendes den regel, der er omhandlet i første afsnit, for så vidt angår hjælpeaktiviteternes geografiske tilhørsforhold i snæver forstand, vil det resultere i en undervurdering af aggregaterne i de regioner, hvor hjælpeaktiviteterne er koncentreret. Derfor skal hjælpeaktiviteterne i henhold til hjemstedsprincippet henregnes til den region, hvor de finder sted, og de forbliver i samme branche som den lokale faglige enhed, de servicerer.
Produktion (P.1)
3.14
Definition
: Produktion omfatter alle de produkter, der frembringes i regnskabsperioden.
Som eksempler på produktion kan nævnes følgende:
a)
varer og tjenester, som en lokal faglig enhed leverer til en anden lokal faglig enhed, når de begge hører til samme institutionelle enhed
b)
varer, som produceres af en lokal faglig enhed, og som stadig befinder sig på dennes lager ved slutningen af den regnskabsperiode, hvor de er produceret, uanset senere anvendelse. Varer eller tjenester, der produceres og forbruges inden for samme regnskabsperiode og i samme lokale faglige, enhed udskilles ikke. De registreres ikke som en del af produktionen eller forbrug i produktionen i den pågældende lokale faglige enhed.
3.15
Når en institutionel enhed omfatter mere end én lokal faglig enhed, er den institutionelle enheds produktion summen af de til den hørende lokale faglige enheders produktion, samt summen af produktioner, der leveres mellem de lokale faglige enheder.
3.16
Der opereres med tre former for produktion i ENS 2010:
a)
markedsmæssig produktion (P.11)
b)
produktion til eget brug (P.12)
c)
ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.13).
Sondringen anvendes også i forbindelse med lokale faglige enheder og institutionelle enheder:
a)
markedsproducenter
b)
producenter af produkter til eget brug
c)
ikkemarkedsproducenter.
Sondringen mellem markedsmæssig, til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig er af fundamental betydning af to grunde:
a)
den har indflydelse på værdiansættelsen af produktionen og størrelser som f.eks. værditilvækst, bruttonationalprodukt samt offentlig forvaltning og services og NPISH’ernes udgifter til forbrug
b)
den har indflydelse på klassificeringen af de institutionelle enheder efter sektor, f.eks. hvilke enheder der er omfattet af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, og hvilke der ikke er.
Sondringen er bestemmende for, hvilke principper der skal lægges til grund for værdiansættelse af produktionen. Den markedsmæssige produktion og produktionen til eget brug værdiansættes i basispriser. Ikkemarkedsproducenternes samlede produktion værdiansættes ved at lægge produktionsomkostningerne sammen. En institutionel enheds produktion værdiansættes ud fra dens lokale faglige enheders produktion og afhænger således også af sondringen mellem markedsmæssig produktion, produktion til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion.
Desuden anvendes sondringen til klassificering af institutionelle enheder efter sektor. Ikkemarkedsproducenter klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller sektoren private nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
Sondringen foretages efter top-down-princippet, dvs. der foretages først en sondring for de institutionelle enheder, herefter for lokale faglige enheder og endelig for deres produktion.
På produktniveau klassificeres produktionen som markedsmæssig produktion, produktion til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion på grundlag af de karakteristika, der gør sig gældende for den institutionelle enhed og den lokale faglige enhed, som producerer disse produkter.
3.17
Definition
: Markedsmæssig produktion omfatter de produkter, der afsættes på markedet, eller som er beregnet for afsætning på markedet.
3.18
Markedsmæssig produktion omfatter:
a)
produkter, der er solgt til økonomisk signifikante priser
b)
produkter, der indgår i en byttehandel
c)
produkter, der anvendes som betaling (herunder aflønning af ansatte i naturalier samt blandet indkomst i naturalier)
d)
produkter, der leveres af en lokal faglig enhed til en anden inden for samme institutionelle enhed som forbrug i produktionen eller som endelig anvendelse
e)
produkter, som tilføres lagre af færdigvarer eller produkter under fremstilling bestemt for en af ovenstående anvendelser (inkl. naturlig vækst hos dyr og planteafgrøder og ufuldendte bygge- og anlægsarbejder med endnu ukendt køber).
3.19
Definition
: Økonomisk signifikante priser er priser, som har en væsentlig indflydelse på de mængder af produkter, som producenterne er villige til at levere, og på de mængder af produkter, som køberne ønsker at aftage. Der er tale om sådanne priser, når følgende to forudsætninger er opfyldt:
a)
producenten har et incitament til at tilpasse udbuddet enten med det formål at opnå fortjeneste på lang sigt eller som minimum at få dækket sine kapitalomkostninger og andre omkostninger, og
b)
forbrugerne kan frit vælge, om de vil købe eller ikke og træffe deres valg på grundlag af de krævede priser.
Ikkeøkonomisk signifikante priser kan forventes at blive opkrævet for at sikre en vis indtægt eller mindske den uforholdsmæssigt store efterspørgsel, der kan forekomme, når tjenester tilbydes helt gratis.
Den økonomisk signifikante pris på et produkt defineres ud fra den institutionelle enhed og den lokale faglige enhed, som har produceret produkterne. For eksempel gælder, at al produktion, som personlige foretagender ejet af husholdninger sælger til andre institutionelle enheder, sælges til økonomisk signifikante priser, dvs. betragtes som markedsmæssig produktion. For en række andre institutionelle enheders produktion gælder, at for at fastslå om en markedsmæssig aktivitet udføres til økonomisk signifikante priser, anvendes et kvantitativt kriterium (50 %-kriteriet) baseret på forholdet mellem omsætning og produktionsomkostninger. For at være markedsproducent skal enhedens omsætning dække mindst 50 % af dens omkostninger over en sammenhængende flerårig periode.
3.20
Definition
: Produktion til eget brug omfatter varer eller tjenester, som beholdes til eget brug eller til investeringer i samme institutionelle enhed.
3.21
Produkter, der beholdes til eget forbrug, kan kun produceres i husholdningssektoren. Som eksempler på produkter, der beholdes til eget brug, kan nævnes:
a)
landbrugsprodukter, der beholdes af landmænd
b)
boligtjenester, der produceres af ejere af egen bolig
c)
tjenester i hjemmet, der produceres af ansat medhjælp.
3.22
Produkter, der anvendes til egne investeringer, kan produceres af en hvilken som helst sektor. Som eksempel herpå kan nævnes:
a)
værktøjsmaskiner produceret af maskinfabrikker
b)
boliger og tilbygninger, der produceres af husholdningerne
c)
byggeaktiviteter for egen regning inkl. fælles projekter, der gennemføres af grupper af husholdninger
d)
software for egen regning
e)
forskning og udvikling for egen regning; forsknings- og udviklingsudgifter skal kun registreres som faste investeringer, når medlemsstaternes skøn er tilstrækkeligt pålidelige og sammenlignelige.
3.23
Definition
: Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion er produktion, der stilles til rådighed for andre enheder, enten gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante.
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.13) er opdelt i: »Betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion« (P.131), som består af forskellige gebyrer og skatter og »Anden ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion« (P.132), som er produktion, der leveres gratis.
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion produceres af følgende grunde:
a)
Det kan være teknisk umuligt at lade enkeltpersoner betale for kollektive tjenester, fordi deres forbrug heraf ikke kan overvåges og kontrolleres. Produktionen af kollektive tjenester organiseres i offentlige enheder og finansieres over skatter eller anden offentlig indkomst, og ikke af salgsindtægter.
b)
Offentlige enheder og NPISH'er kan også producere og levere varer og tjenester til individuelle husholdninger, og for hvilke de kunne kræve betaling, men vælger ikke at gøre det som led i en socialpolitik eller en økonomisk politik. Eksempler herpå er levering af uddannelses- og sundhedstjenester, gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante.
3.24
Definition
: Markedsproducenter er lokale faglige enheder eller institutionelle enheder, hvis produktion hovedsagelig er markedsmæssig.
Hvis en lokal faglig enhed eller institutionel enhed er markedsproducent, er dens hovedproduktion pr. definition markedsmæssig, da begrebet markedsmæssig produktion defineres, efter at den lokale faglige enhed og den institutionelle enhed, som har produceret produkterne, er blevet klassificeret efter kriterierne markedsmæssig, til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion.
3.25
Definition
: Producenter af produkter til eget brug er lokale faglige enheder, eller institutionelle enheder, hvis produktion hovedsagelig er til eget brug inden for samme institutionelle enhed.
3.26
Definition
: Ikkemarkedsproducenter er lokale faglige enheder eller institutionelle enheder, hvis produktion hovedsagelig leveres gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante.
Institutionelle enheder: sondring mellem markedsmæssig, til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig
3.27
For institutionelle enheder som producenter er sondringen mellem markedsmæssig, til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig skitseret i tabel 3.1. Klassificeringen efter sektor fremgår også af nedenstående.
Tabel 3.1 —
   
Sondringen mellem markedsproducenter, producenter af produkter til eget brug og ikkemarkedsproducenter i relation til institutionelle enheder
Institutionel enhed
Klassificering
Privat eller offentlig?
NPI eller ej?
Markedsproducent?
Producent
Sektor(er)
1.
Private producenter
1.1
Personlige foretagender, der ejes af husholdninger (ekskl. kvasiselskaber, der ejes af husholdninger)
1.1 = Markedsmæssig eller til eget brug
Husholdninger
1.2
Andre private producenter (inkl. kvasiselskaber, der ejes af husholdninger)
1.2.1
Private NPI'er
1.2.1.1
Ja
1.2.1.1 = Markedsmæssig
Selskaber
1.2.1.2
Nej
1.2.1.2 = Ikkemarkedsmæssig
NPISH'er
1.2.2
Andre private producenter ikke NPI'er
1.2.2 = Markedsmæssig
Selskaber
2.
Offentlige producenter
2.1
Ja
2.1 = Markedsmæssig
Selskaber
2.2
Nej
2.2 = Ikkemarkedsmæssig
Offentlig forvaltning og service
3.28
Det fremgår af tabel 3.1, at man for at fastslå, om en institutionel enhed klassificeres som markedsproducent, producent af produkter til eget brug eller ikkemarkedsproducent, skal foretage flere på hinanden følgende sondringer. Den første sondring er mellem private og offentlige producenter. En offentlig producent er en producent, der kontrolleres af offentlig forvaltning og service, og hvor kontrollen er som beskrevet i 2.38.
3.29
Som det fremgår af tabel 3.1, figurerer private producenter i alle sektorer undtagen offentlig forvaltning og service. Derimod findes de offentlige producenter kun i sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber, sektoren finansielle selskaber og sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
3.30
En særlig kategori af private producenter er personlige foretagender, der ejes af husholdninger. Disse er markedsproducenter eller producenter af produkter til eget brug. Det sidste er tilfældet, når der er tale om boligtjenester i ejerboliger og produktion af varer for egen regning. Alle personlige foretagender, der ejes af husholdninger, tilhører sektoren husholdninger undtagen kvasiselskaber, der ejes af husholdninger. Disse er markedsproducenter og tilhører sektorerne ikkefinansielle selskaber og finansielle selskaber.
3.31
For andre private producenters vedkommende sondres der mellem private nonprofitinstitutioner og andre private producenter.
Definition
: En privat nonprofitinstitution (NPI) er en juridisk eller social enhed, der er oprettet med henblik på at producere varer og tjenester, men hvis status indebærer, at den ikke må tilvejebringe indkomst, fortjeneste eller anden økonomisk gevinst for de enheder, som har oprettet, kontrollerer eller finansierer den. Hvis dens produktive aktiviteter giver overskud, kan sådanne overskud ikke overtages af andre institutionelle enheder.
En privat NPI tilhører sektorerne ikkefinansielle selskaber og finansielle selskaber, hvis den er markedsproducent.
En privat NPI tilhører NPISH-sektoren, hvis den er ikkemarkedsproducent, undtagen hvis den kontrolleres af offentlig forvaltning og service. Hvis en privat NPI kontrolleres af det offentlige, tilhører den sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
Alle andre private producenter, som ikke er NPI'er, er markedsproducenter. De tilhører sektorerne ikkefinansielle selskaber og finansielle selskaber.
3.32
Ved sondring mellem markedsmæssig og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion samt mellem markedsproducenter og ikkemarkedsproducenter finder flere kriterier anvendelse. De omtalte markeds- og ikkemarkedskriterier (jf. 3.19 om definitionen af økonomisk signifikante priser) har til formål at vurdere, om der er tale om markedsmæssig produktion, og om producentens adfærd er tilstrækkelig markedsmæssig. I henhold til det kvantitative markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige kriterium bør indtægten ved salg af produkter til økonomisk signifikante priser dække mindst størsteparten af produktionsomkostningerne.
3.33
I forbindelse med anvendelsen af dette kvantitative markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige kriterium defineres omsætningen og produktionsomkostningerne på følgende måde:
a)
Omsætningen omfatter omsætningen eksklusive produktskatter, men inklusiv alle betalinger fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller EU-institutionerne til alle producenttyper inden for denne aktivitet, dvs. alle betalinger, som har relation til produktionens størrelse eller værdi medregnes, men betalinger til dækning af et generelt underskud eller gæld, der skal afvikles, medregnes ikke.
Definitionen af omsætningen svarer til definitionen af produktionen i basispriser bortset fra, at:
1)
produktionen i basispriser defineres, efter at det er fastslået, om produktionen er markedsmæssig eller ikkemarkedsmæssig: omsætningen anvendes kun ved værdiansættelse af den markedsmæssige produktion; ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion værdiansættes ud fra produktionsomkostningerne
2)
betalinger fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service til dækning af offentlige selskabers og kvasiselskabers generelle underskud betragtes som andre produktsubsidier som defineret i 4.35, litra c); som følge heraf omfatter markedsmæssig produktion i basispriser også disse betalinger, som sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service foretager til dækning af et generelt underskud
b)
Omsætningen omfatter ikke andre indtægtskilder som f.eks. kapitalgevinster (selv om de kunne være en normal og forventet del af erhvervsindtægten), investeringstilskud, andre kapitaloverførsler (f.eks. gældsindfrielse) og køb af ejerandele.
c)
Ved anvendelsen af dette kriterium opgøres produktionsomkostningerne som summen af forbruget i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, forbrug af fast realkapital, andre produktionsskatter og kapitalomkostninger. Andre produktionssubsidier fratrækkes ikke. For at sikre, at begreberne »omsætning« og »produktionsomkostninger« er konsistente, når det kvantitative markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige kriterium anvendes, omfatter »produktionsomkostninger« ikke omkostninger i forbindelse med investeringer for egen regning. For nemheds skyld kan kapitalomkostninger almindeligvis anslås ved hjælp af de faktiske nettorentebetalinger. For leverandører af finansielle tjenester tages der imidlertid højde for renteomkostningerne, dvs. at der korrigeres for indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM).
Det kvantitative markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige kriterium anvendes ved at betragte produktionen over en årrække. Mindre udsving i omsætningen fra det ene år til det andet kræver ikke omklassificering af de institutionelle enheder (og deres lokale faglige enheder og deres produktion).
3.34
Omsætningen kan omfatte flere elementer, f.eks. i forbindelse med hospitalsbehandling:
a)
arbejdsgivernes indkøb, der registreres som indkomst i naturalier, udbetalt til de ansatte og som de ansattes udgifter til forbrug
b)
private forsikringsselskabers indkøb
c)
sociale kasser og fondes og offentlig forvaltning og services indkøb, der klassificeres som sociale ydelser i naturalier
d)
husholdningernes ikkerefunderede indkøb (udgifter til forbrug).
Kun andre produktionssubsidier og gaver (f.eks. fra velgørenhed) betragtes ikke som omsætning.
På samme måde kan et foretagendes salg af transporttjenester f.eks. betragtes som producenters forbrug i produktionen, indkomst i naturalier udbetalt af arbejdsgiveren, sociale ydelser i naturalier fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og husholdningernes ikkerefunderede indkøb.
3.35
Private nonprofit institutioner rettet mod virksomhederne er et særligt tilfælde. De finansieres normalt af de pågældende virksomheders bidrag eller kontingenter. Kontingenterne betragtes ikke som overførsler, men som betalinger for tjenester, dvs. som salg. Disse NPI'er er derfor markedsproducenter og tilhører sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber eller sektoren finansielle selskaber.
3.36
Ved anvendelse af kriteriet med sammenligning af salg med omkostninger for private eller offentlige NPI'er kan det i visse tilfælde være misvisende at medregne alle betalinger i relation til produktionens omfang i omsætningen. Dette gælder f.eks. i forbindelse med finansieringen af private og offentlige skoler. Betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service kan have relation til antallet af elever, men kan være resultatet af forhandlinger med denne sektor. I dette tilfælde registreres disse betalinger ikke som omsætning, selv om de kan have en direkte relation til produktionens omfang, f.eks. antallet af elever. Dette indebærer, at en skole, der hovedsagelig finansieres ved sådanne betalinger, er en ikkemarkedsproducent.
3.37
Offentlige producenter kan være markedsproducenter eller ikkemarkedsproducenter. Markedsproducenter tilhører sektorerne ikkefinansielle selskaber og finansielle selskaber. Hvis den institutionelle enhed er en ikkemarkedsproducent, tilhører den sektoren for offentlig forvaltning og service.
3.38
Lokale faglige enheder kan i deres egenskab af markedsproducenter og producenter af produkter til eget brug ikke have ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion. Deres produktion kan således kun registreres som markedsmæssig produktion eller produktion til eget brug og værdiansættes i overensstemmelse hermed (jf. 3.42-3.53).
3.39
Lokale faglige enheder i egenskab af ikkemarkedsproducenter kan som biproduktion have markedsmæssig produktion og produktion til eget brug. Produktion til eget brug består i investeringer for egen regning. For at fastslå om der er tale om markedsmæssig produktion, anvendes principielt det kvalitative og kvantitative markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige kriterium i forbindelse med de enkelte produkter. En sådan markedsmæssig biproduktion af ikkemarkedsproducenter kan f.eks. forekomme, når offentlige hospitaler beregner økonomisk signifikante priser for nogle af deres tjenesteydelser.
3.40
Andre eksempler herpå er offentlige museers salg af reproduktioner og meteorologiske institutters salg af vejrudsigter.
3.41
Ikkemarkedsproducenter kan også have indtægter fra salg af deres ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, f.eks. museets entréindtægter. Disse indtægter vedrører ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion. Hvis begge former for indtægter (entréindtægter og indtægter fra salg af plakater og postkort) er vanskelige at sondre imellem, kan de betragtes enten som indtægter fra markedsmæssig produktion eller indtægter fra ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion. Valget mellem disse to registreringsmuligheder afhænger af den formodede relative betydning af de to former for indtægter (entréindtægter over for indtægter fra salg af plakater og postkort).
Produktionens registreringstidspunkt og værdiansættelse
3.42
Produktionen registreres og værdiansættes på det tidspunkt, hvor den frembringes.
3.43
Al produktion værdiansættes i basispriser, men der gælder særlige regler for:
a)
værdiansættelse af ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
b)
værdiansættelse af en ikkemarkedsproducents (lokal faglig enheds) samlede produktion
c)
værdiansættelse af den samlede produktion i en institutionel enhed, hvortil hører en lokal faglig enhed, som er ikkemarkedsproducent.
3.44
Definition
: Basisprisen er den pris, producenterne kan opnå hos køberne for en vare- eller tjenesteenhed, de har produceret, minus skatter (dvs. produktskatter) på produktionen eller salget heraf, plus subsidier (dvs. produktsubsidier) til produktionen eller salget heraf. Transportudgifter, som producenten fakturerer separat, er ikke inkluderet. Kapitalgevinster og -tab på finansielle og ikkefinansielle aktiver er heller ikke inkluderet.
3.45
Produktion til eget brug (P.12) værdiansættes i basispriser for tilsvarende produkter, der sælges på markedet. Derved kan der fremkomme et nettooverskud eller blandet indkomst i forbindelse med en sådan produktion. Som eksempel herpå kan nævnes tjenester i forbindelse med ejerboliger, der skaber nettooverskud. Hvis basispriserne for tilsvarende produkter ikke er tilgængelige, bør produktion til eget brug værdiansættes efter produktionsomkostningerne med tillæg (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter) af nettooverskud eller blandet indkomst.
3.46
Lagerforøgelser af produkter under fremstilling værdiansættes efter den løbende basispris på det færdige produkt.
3.47
For på forhånd at vurdere værdien af en produktion, der betragtes som produkter under fremstilling, baseres værdien på de faktisk påløbne omkostninger med tillæg (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter) af et skønnet overskud af produktionen eller en skønnet blandet indkomst. Det foreløbige skøn erstattes senere af tal, der beregnes ved en fordeling af de færdige produkters faktiske værdi (når den bliver bekendt) i den periode, hvor produkterne er under fremstilling.
Værdien af de færdige produkter er summen af værdierne af:
a)
færdige produkter, der er solgt eller er indgået i byttehandel
b)
tilgang af færdige produkter til lager minus afgang fra lager
c)
færdige produkter til eget brug.
3.48
For bygninger og anlæg, som anskaffes inden færdiggørelse, fastsættes værdien skønsmæssigt ud fra de påløbne omkostninger frem til anskaffelsestidspunktet med tillæg af et overskud af produktionen eller blandet indkomst. Dette tillæg beregnes ud fra værdien, som skønnes på basis af priser på tilsvarende bygninger og anlæg. Summen af delbetalinger kan tages som udgangspunkt for en omtrentlig værdiansættelse af køberens faste bruttoinvesteringer efter hver etape, under forudsætning af at køberen ikke er i restance eller betaler forud.
Hvis byggearbejder for egen regning ikke færdiggøres i løbet af en enkelt regnskabsperiode, skønnes værdien af produktionen efter følgende metode. Forholdet mellem omkostningerne for den pågældende periode og de samlede omkostninger for hele opførelsesperioden beregnes. Dette forhold ganges med den skønnede samlede produktion opgjort i løbende basispriser. Hvis værdien af de færdige byggearbejder ikke kan beregnes ud fra de løbende basispriser, anslås værdien ud fra de samlede produktionsomkostninger med tillæg (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter) af et beløb til nettooverskud af produktionen eller blandet indkomst. Hvis arbejdet eller en del heraf udføres vederlagsfrit, (f.eks. hvis husholdninger i fællesskab udfører byggearbejder), skal der i skønnet over de samlede produktionsomkostninger indgå et skøn over værdien af dette arbejde beregnet ud fra lønbetalinger for tilsvarende arbejde.
3.49
En ikkemarkedsproducents (en lokal faglig enheds) samlede produktion værdiansættes som de samlede produktionsomkostninger, dvs. summen af:
a)
forbrug i produktionen (P.2)
b)
aflønning af ansatte (D.1)
c)
forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c)
d)
andre produktionsskatter (D.29) minus andre produktionssubsidier (D.39).
Renteudgifter (med undtagelse af FISIM) er ikke inkluderet i omkostningerne ved ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion. Disse omkostninger omfatter heller ikke en imputeret nettoforrentning af kapital eller en imputeret lejeværdi af egne erhvervsbygninger, der anvendes i ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion.
3.50
En institutionel enheds samlede produktion er summen af tilhørende lokale faglige enheders produktion. Dette gælder også for institutionelle enheder, som er ikkemarkedsproducenter.
3.51
Hvis ikkemarkedsproducenter ikke har nogen markedsmæssig biproduktion, værdiansættes ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion til produktionsomkostningerne. Hvis ikkemarkedsproducenter har en markedsmæssig biproduktion, værdiansættes ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion som en residualpost, dvs. som de samlede produktionsomkostninger minus indtjeningen fra den markedsmæssige produktion.
3.52
Ikkemarkedsproducenters markedsmæssige produktion værdiansættes i basispriser. Den samlede produktion i en ikkemarkedsmæssig lokal faglig enhed, der har en markedsmæssig og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion samt en produktion til eget brug, værdiansættes på grundlag af de samlede produktionsomkostninger. Den markedsmæssige produktion værdiansættes efter salgsindtægterne fra de markedsmæssige produkter, idet værdien af ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion beregnes residualt som forskellen mellem værdien af den samlede produktion og summen af den markedsmæssige produktion og produktionen til eget brug. Salgsindtægterne fra ikkemarkedsmæssige varer eller tjenester til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, indgår ikke i disse beregninger — de indgår som en del af værdien af dens ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion.
3.53
I det følgende er der nævnt en række undtagelser og præciserende oplysninger vedrørende registreringstidspunkt og værdiansættelse opstillet efter CPA-hovedafdelinger.
Produkter fra landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri (Afdeling A)
3.54
Produktionen af landbrugsprodukter registreres som en kontinuerlig produktion over hele produktionsperioden (og ikke kun når afgrøderne høstes eller dyrene slagtes).
Afgrøder og tømmer på roden samt bestande af fisk eller dyr, der opdrættes med henblik på produktion af fødevarer, registreres under processen som beholdninger af produkter under fremstilling, og når processen er slut, som lagre af færdige produkter.
I produktionen indgår ikke ændringer i ikkeavlede/dyrkede naturressourcer, f.eks. vildtlevende dyrs, fugles og fisks vækst og vildtvoksende skoves vækst.
Færdigvarer (Afdeling C); Bygge- og anlægsarbejder (Afdeling F)
3.55
Ved opførelse af en bygning eller udførelse af anlægsarbejde, hvor arbejdet strækker sig over flere regnskabsperioder, betragtes den produktion, der produceres i de enkelte perioder, som solgt til køberen ved udgangen af perioden, dvs. den registreres som faste investeringer af bygherren og ikke som produkter under fremstilling i bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed. Produktionen betragtes som værende solgt etapevis til bygherren. Når kontrakten indeholder bestemmelse om delbetalinger, kan værdien af produktionen fastsættes tilnærmelsesvis efter værdien af betalinger, der falder ved udgangen af de enkelte perioder. Hvis bygherren ikke er kendt, registreres den uafsluttede produktion for de enkelte perioder som produkter under fremstilling.
Engros- og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler (Afdeling G)
3.56
Engros- og detailhandelens produktion opgøres som den avance, der indtjenes på varer, der indkøbes med videresalg for øje.
Definition
: En handelsavance er forskellen mellem den faktiske eller imputerede salgspris, der opnås for en vare, der er indkøbt med henblik på videresalg, og den pris en handlende skulle have betalt for at erstatte varen på det tidspunkt, hvor den sælges eller på anden måde videregives.
Handelsavancer på visse varer kan være negative, hvis salgspriserne nedsættes. Handelsavancer er negative på varer, der ikke bliver solgt, fordi de går til spilde eller stjæles. Handelsavancer på varer anvendt til aflønning i naturalier eller til ejernes eget brug, er lig nul.
Kapitalgevinster og -tab er ikke inkluderet i handelsavancen.
En grossists eller detailhandlers produktion beregnes på følgende måde:
produktionens værdi =
omsætningens værdi
plus
 værdien af varer indkøbt til videresalg og anvendt til forbrug i produktionen, aflønning i naturalier samt blandet indkomst i naturalier
minus
 værdien af varer indkøbt til videresalg
plus
 værdien af tilgang til lagre af varer til videresalg
minus
 værdien af afgang fra lagre af varer til videresalg
minus
 værdien af løbende tab som følge af almindeligt omfang af svind, tyveri eller hændelig beskadigelse.
Transport og oplagring (Afdeling H)
3.57
Produktionen af transporttjenester opgøres som værdien af de beløb, der opkræves for at transportere gods eller personer. Transport til eget brug inden for en lokal faglig enhed betragtes som en hjælpeaktivitet; den hverken angives eller registreres separat.
3.58
Produktionen af oplagringstjenester opgøres som værdien af en forøgelse af produkter under fremstilling. Prisstigninger på oplagrede varer betragtes ikke som produkter under fremstilling og produktion, men behandles som kapitalgevinster. Hvis værdistigningen afspejler en prisstigning uden ændringer i kvaliteten, er der ikke tale om yderligere produktion i den pågældende periode ud over udgifter til oplagring eller eksplicit køb af en oplagringstjeneste. I følgende tre tilfælde betragtes værdistigningen som produktion:
a)
varens kvalitet kan forbedres med tiden, dette gælder f.eks. vin; kun i tilfælde, hvor modningen er en del af den normale produktionsproces, betragtes forbedring af varens kvalitet som produktion
b)
sæsonbetingede faktorer, der påvirker udbuddet af eller efterspørgslen efter en bestemt vare, og som fører til normale, forudsigelige variationer i prisen i løbet af et år, selv om varens fysiske egenskaber ikke nødvendigvis er ændret
c)
produktionsprocessen er tilstrækkelig lang til, at en produktion, der er udført markant længe før levering, ganges med diskonteringsfaktorer.
3.59
De fleste prisændringer for oplagrede varer er ikke forøgelser af produkter under fremstilling. For at vurdere værdistigningen for oplagrede varer ud over oplagringsomkostningerne, er det muligt at anvende den forventede værdistigning, der ligger over den generelle inflationsrate i en forud fastsat periode. Enhver gevinst, der opnås uden for den forud fastsatte periode, registreres fortsat som en kapitalgevinst eller et kapitaltab.
Oplagringstjenester omfatter ikke prisændringer i forbindelse med finansielle aktiver, værdigenstande eller andre ikkefinansielle aktiver som jord og bygninger.
3.60
Produktionen af rejsebureautjenester opgøres som værdien af gebyrer til bureauer (honorarer og provisioner) og ikke de samlede udgifter, bureauerne afholder for de rejsende, herunder udgifter til transport med tredjemand.
3.61
Produktionen af turoperatørtjenester opgøres ud fra de samlede udgifter, turoperatøren afholder for de rejsende.
3.62
Forskellen mellem rejsebureauers og turoperatørers virksomhed består i, at rejsebureauerne kun optræder som formidlere for de rejsende, mens turoperatørerne skaber et nyt produkt, en »tur«, der er sammensat af komponenter som rejse, hotel og underholdning.
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester (Afdeling I)
3.63
I værdien af hotellers, restauranters og caféers produktion medregnes værdien af den mad og de drikkevarer osv., der forbruges.
Bank- og finanstjenester, forsikring: centralbankens produktion (Afdeling K)
Centralbanken leverer følgende tjenester:
a)
tjenester vedrørende den monetære politik
b)
finansielle formidlingstjenester
c)
tjenester i form af tilsyn med finansielle selskaber.
Centralbankens produktion opgøres som summen af dens omkostninger.
Bank- og finanstjenester (Afdeling K), forsikring: finansielle tjenester generelt
Finansielle tjenesteydelser består af følgende tjenester:
a)
finansiel formidling (inklusive forsikrings- og pensionstjenester)
b)
finansielle hjælpeenheders tjenester
c)
andre finansielle tjenester.
3.64
Finansiel formidling omfatter finansiel risikostyring og omdannelse af likviditet. Selskaber, som udøver sådanne aktiviteter, tilvejebringer midler ved f.eks. at modtage indskud og udstede kortfristede værdipapirer, obligationer og andre værdipapirer. Disse og egne midler anvendes til at anskaffe finansielle aktiver ved at yde lån til andre og købe kortfristede værdipapirer, obligationer og andre værdipapirer. Finansiel formidling omfatter forsikrings- og pensionsforsikring.
3.65
Finansielle hjælpeenheder letter risikostyring og omdannelse af likviditet. Finansielle hjælpeenheder handler på vegne af andre enheder og påtager sig ikke selv risici ved at indgå forpligtelser og erhverve finansielle aktiver som led i en formidlingstjeneste.
3.66
Andre finansielle tjenester omfatter overvågningstjenester som f.eks. overvågning af aktie- og obligationsmarkedet, sikkerhedstjenester som f.eks. opbevaring af kostbare smykker og vigtige dokumenter samt handelstjenester som f.eks. valutahandel og handel med værdipapirer.
3.67
Finansielle tjenester produceres næsten udelukkende af finansielle institutioner på grund af det strenge tilsyn med disse tjenester. Hvis en detailhandler f.eks. ønsker at tilbyde sine kunder kredit, tilbydes kreditten normalt via et finansielt datterselskab af detailhandleren eller en anden specialiseret finansiel institution.
3.68
Finansielle tjenester kan betales direkte eller indirekte. I nogle transaktioner i finansielle aktiver kan der forekomme både direkte og indirekte gebyrer. Finansielle tjenester leveres og betales hovedsagelig på fire måder:
a)
finansielle tjenester, for hvilke der opkræves direkte betaling
b)
finansielle tjenester betalt via renter
c)
finansielle tjenester i forbindelse med anskaffelse og afhændelse af finansielle aktiver og passiver på de finansielle markeder
d)
finansielle tjenester i forbindelse med forsikrings- og pensionsordninger, hvor aktiviteterne finansieres gennem forsikringspræmier og forrentning af opsparing.
Finansielle tjenester, for hvilke der opkræves direkte betaling
3.69
Disse finansielle tjenester, for hvilke der opkræves eksplicitte gebyrer, dækker en lang række tjenester, som kan leveres af forskellige typer finansielle institutioner. Følgende eksempler illustrerer, hvilken type tjeneste der opkræves direkte gebyr for:
a)
banker afkræver husholdninger betaling for at yde et realkreditlån, forvalte en investeringsportefølje og administrere en ejendom
b)
specialiserede institutioner afkræver ikkefinansielle selskaber betaling for at organisere en overtagelse eller en omstrukturering af en gruppe selskaber
c)
kreditkortselskaber afkræver betaling af enheder, som accepterer kreditkort, normalt en procentdel af hvert salgsbeløb
d)
en kortindehaver pålægges et eksplicit gebyr, almindeligvis hvert år, for indehavelse af kortet.
Finansielle tjenester betalt via renter
3.70
Som led i finansiel formidling modtager en finansiel institution som f.eks. en bank indskud fra en enhed, der ønsker at modtage renter af midler, som enheden ikke umiddelbart har brug for, og låner dem til en anden enhed, hvis midler ikke er tilstrækkelige til at opfylde dens behov. Banken skaber således forudsætninger for, at den første enhed kan låne penge til den anden enhed. Begge parter betaler et gebyr til banken for den udførte tjeneste. Den enhed, der udlåner midlerne, betaler ved at acceptere en lavere rente end »referencerenten«, mens den enhed, der låner midlerne, betaler ved at acceptere en højere rente end »referencerenten«. Forskellen mellem den rente, der betales til bankerne af lånerne, og den rente, der reelt betales til indskyderne, er et gebyr for FISIM.
3.71
Det er sjældent tilfældet, at den finansielle institutions udlånte midler nøjagtigt svarer til de midler, de modtager som indskud. Nogle midler kan være modtaget som indskud, men de er endnu ikke udlånt. Nogle lån kan være finansieret af bankens egenkapital og ikke af lånte midler. Uanset hvilken finansieringskilde, der er tale om, er der leveret en tjeneste for de tilbudte lån og indskud. FISIM imputeres i forbindelse med alle lån og indskud. Sådanne indirekte gebyrer beregnes kun for lån og indskud, der ydes eller modtages af finansielle institutioner.
3.72
Referencerenten ligger mellem bankrenten på henholdsvis lån og indskud. Den svarer ikke til et aritmetisk gennemsnit af renterne på lån og indskud. Den rente, der primært benyttes for lån og udlån mellem banker er velegnet. Der er imidlertid behov for forskellige referencerenter for hver valuta, som lån og indskud er udtrykt i, navnlig når en ikkeresident finansiel institution er involveret.
FISIM er nærmere beskrevet i kapitel 14.
Finansielle tjenester bestående af anskaffelse og afhændelse af finansielle aktiver og passiver på de finansielle markeder
3.73
Når en finansiel institution udbyder et værdipapir (f.eks. en veksel eller en obligation) til salg, opkræves et gebyr. Købsprisen (salgskursen) er værdipapirets estimerede markedsværdi plus en margen. Et andet gebyr opkræves, når et værdipapir sælges, og den pris, der tilbydes sælger (købskursen), svarer til markedsværdien minus en margen. Margenerne mellem købs- og salgspriserne beregnes også ved aktier, andele i investeringsforeninger og fremmed valuta. Disse margener er betaling for ydelse af finansielle tjenester.
Finansielle tjenester i forbindelse med forsikrings- og pensionsordninger, hvor aktiviteterne finansieres gennem forsikringspræmier og forrentning af opsparing
3.74
Følgende finansielle tjenester henhører under dette punkt. De resulterer hver især i en omfordeling af midler.
a)
Skadesforsikringsvirksomhed. Ved en skadesforsikringsaftale modtager forsikringsselskabet en præmie fra en kunde og beholder den, indtil der fremsættes et erstatningskrav, eller indtil forsikringsperioden udløber. Forsikringsselskabet investerer præmien, og den herved fremkomne formueindkomst er en ekstra finansieringskilde. Formueindkomsten repræsenterer indkomst, som kunden har givet afkald på, og behandles som et implicit tillæg til den faktiske præmie. Forsikringsselskabet fastsætter de faktiske præmier således, at summen af præmierne plus den tjente formueindkomst minus de forventede erstatningskrav resulterer i en margen, som forsikringsselskabet beholder som sin produktion.
Produktionen af skadesforsikringstjenester beregnes som:
indtjente præmier i alt
plus
 implicitte tillægspræmier (lig formueindkomst fra tekniske reserver)
minus
 korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger.
Forsikringsselskabet råder over reserver bestående af ikkeindtjente præmier (faktiske præmier, som vedrører næste regnskabsperiode) og udestående erstatninger. Udestående erstatninger er erstatningskrav, som endnu ikke er blevet anmeldt, som er blevet anmeldt, men endnu ikke afgjort, eller som er blevet anmeldt og afgjort, men endnu ikke betalt. Sådanne reserver benævnes tekniske reserver og har til at formål at skabe investeringsindkomst. Kapitalgevinster og -tab betragtes ikke som indkomst fra investering af forsikringstekniske reserver. Forsikringstekniske reserver kan investeres i forsikringsselskabets biaktiviteter, f.eks. udlejning af ejendomme til beboelse eller kontorer. Nettooverskuddet af produktionen af disse biaktiviteter er indkomst fra forsikringstekniske reserver.
Omfanget af erstatningskrav, som er passende for beregning af produktionen, kaldes »korrigerede erstatninger«, og disse kan fastsættes på to måder. I henhold til forventningsmetoden estimeres omfanget af korrigerede erstatninger ud fra en model baseret på tidligere mønstre i erstatninger, som selskabet har betalt. Den anden metode anvender regnskabsoplysninger: Korrigerede erstatninger beregnes efterfølgende som faktiske forfaldne erstatninger plus ændringer i udjævningshensættelser, dvs. midler, som er lagt til side til opfyldelse af uventet store krav. Hvis udjævningshensættelserne ikke er tilstrækkelige til at bringe de korrigerede fordringer tilbage til et normalt niveau, lægges midler fra egenkapitalen til ved opgørelsen af korrigerede erstatninger. Fælles for begge metoder er, at uventet store erstatninger ikke fører til volatile og negative produktionstal.
Ændringer i tekniske reserver og udjævningshensættelser som følge af ændringer i den finansielle regulering registreres som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver. De er uden betydning for beregningen af produktionen. Hvis ingen af de to metoder til estimering af korrigerede erstatninger er mulige som følge af manglende oplysninger, kan det være nødvendigt i stedet at estimere produktionen på grundlag af summen af omkostninger med tillæg af et beløb til normalt overskud.
Sker der ændringer i bonusreserverne, fratrækkes ændringerne ved beregningen af produktionen.
b)
En livsforsikring er en form for opsparingsordning. Forsikringstageren betaler i en årrække præmier til forsikringsselskabet, der til gengæld garanterer udbetaling af ydelser på et tidspunkt i fremtiden. Størrelsen af ydelserne kan beregnes i forhold til de indbetalte præmier eller kan afhænge af, hvor god forsikringsselskabet er til at investere midlerne. Metoden til beregning af produktionen ved livsforsikringsvirksomhed følger samme generelle principper som ved anden skadesforsikring. På grund af tidsintervallerne mellem tidspunktet for modtagelsen af præmierne og udbetalingen af ydelserne skal der tages særlig højde for ændringer i de tekniske reserver. For livsforsikringsvirksomhed beregnes produktionen som:
indtjente præmier
plus
 tillægspræmier, 
minus
 forfaldne ydelser
minus
 forøgelse (plus formindskelse) af de tekniske reserver for livsforsikring
Præmier defineres nøjagtigt på samme måde for livsforsikring og for skadesforsikring. Tillægspræmier er af større betydning for livsforsikring end for skadesforsikring. Ydelser registreres, når de tildeles eller udbetales. Der er ingen grund til at foretage et korrigeret skøn over ydelserne i forbindelse med en livsforsikring, da der ikke er samme uventede volatilitet i betalingerne ved en livsforsikring. De tekniske reserver for livsforsikring øges hvert år, da nye præmier indbetales og ny investeringsindkomst tildeles forsikringstagerne (som de dog ikke hjemtager) og mindskes, fordi der udbetales ydelser. Det er således muligt at beregne produktionen for livsforsikringsvirksomhed som forskellen mellem den samlede investeringsindkomst fra de tekniske reserver for livsforsikring med fradrag af den del af investeringsindkomsten, som rent faktisk er tildelt forsikringstagerne og lagt til de forsikringstekniske reserver.
Hvis denne metode ikke er mulig på grund af manglende oplysninger eller ikke giver meningsfulde resultater, beregnes produktionen for livsforsikringsvirksomhed som summen af produktionsomkostningerne plus et beløb til »normalt overskud«.
c)
Produktionen for genforsikring beregnes på nøjagtig samme måde som for skadesforsikring, uanset om det er tale livsforsikringer eller skadesforsikringer, der genforsikres.
d)
En socialforsikringsordnings produktion afhænger af, hvordan den er organiseret. Følgende er eksempler på, hvordan sådanne ordninger organiseres:
1)
Socialsikringsordninger er socialforsikringsordninger, som dækker hele samfundet, og som indføres og kontrolleres af offentlig forvaltning og service. De har til formål at levere ydelser til borgerne for at opfylde behov i forbindelse med alderdom, invaliditet og død, sygdom, arbejdsskader, arbejdsløshed, familie- og sundhedspleje osv. Hvis der opereres med separate enheder, beregnes deres produktion i lighed med al ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion som summen af omkostningerne. Hvis der ikke opereres med separate enheder, medregnes socialsikringsordningernes produktion i produktionen på det niveau i offentlig forvaltning og service, den opererer på.
2)
Hvis en arbejdsgiver selv administrerer en socialforsikringsordning, beregnes værdien af produktionen som summen af omkostningerne inklusive et skønnet afkast af al fast realkapital, der anvendes til administration af ordningen. Værdien af produktionen opgøres på samme måde, hvis arbejdsgiveren etablerer en separat pensionskasse til forvaltning af ordningen.
3)
Hvis en arbejdsgiver anvender et forsikringsselskab til at forvalte ordningen på sine vegne, er værdien af produktionen det gebyr, der opkræves af forsikringsselskabet.
4)
For ordninger med flere arbejdsgivere opgøres værdien af produktionen som for livsforsikringer: Det er investeringsindkomst modtaget af ordningerne med fradrag af det beløb, der afsættes til reserver.
e)
Opgørelse af produktionen fra ordninger med standardiserede lånegarantier afhænger af, hvilken type producent der er involveret. Hvis en ordning med standardiserede lånegarantier opererer som markedsproducent, beregnes værdien af produktionen på samme måde som for skadesforsikring. Hvis en ordning opererer som ikkemarkedsproducent, beregnes værdien af produktionen som summen af omkostningerne.
Fast ejendom (Afdeling L)
3.75
Produktion af boligtjenester, der produceres af ejere af egen bolig værdiansættes som den anslåede værdi af den leje, en lejer ville betale for samme bolig, idet der tages hensyn til faktorer som beliggenhed, faciliteter i nabolaget osv., samt selve boligens størrelse og kvalitet. For fritliggende garager, der anvendes af ejeren til eget brug i forbindelse med benyttelse af boligen, foretages der en lignende beregning. Lejeværdien af ejerboliger i udlandet som f.eks. ferieboliger registreres ikke som en del af den indenlandske produktion, men som import af tjenester og som primær indkomst fra udlandet. For ejerboliger, der ejes af udlændinge, foretages der tilsvarende registreringer. Ved timesharelejligheder skal en del af servicegebyret registreres på denne måde.
3.76
Stratifikationsmetoden benyttes til estimering af værdien af tjenester i forbindelse med ejerboliger. Den samlede boligmasse stratificeres efter placering, boligtype og andre faktorer, som påvirker lejen. Oplysninger om faktisk leje for udlejningsboliger anvendes til beregning af lejeværdien for den samlede boligmasse. Den gennemsnitlige faktiske leje pr. stratum anvendes på alle boliger i dette stratum. Hvis oplysningerne om lejebetalinger hidrører fra stikprøveundersøgelser, er opregningen til lejen for den samlede boligmasse baseret på både en del af udlejningsboligerne og alle ejerboliger. Den detaljerede beregning af lejen pr. stratum foretages for et basisår, og dette resultat ekstrapoleres herefter til efterfølgende perioder.
3.77
Den leje, der skal anvendes i forbindelse med ejerboliger ved stratificeringsmetoden, defineres som den leje, der på det private marked betales for retten til at benytte en umøbleret bolig. Leje for umøblerede boliger fra alle lejekontrakter på det private marked anvendes til at beregne den imputerede lejeværdi. Leje, som på det private marked holdes på et lavt niveau på grund af offentlig regulering, medregnes. Hvis lejeren er kilden til oplysningerne, korrigeres den observerede leje ved at tillægge eventuelle lejetillæg, der betales direkte til ejeren. Hvis stikprøvens størrelse med hensyn til den observerede leje som beskrevet ovenfor ikke er stor nok, kan den observerede leje for møblerede boliger anvendes til imputeringen, forudsat at den korrigeres for møbler. Undtagelsesvis kan forhøjet leje for offentligt ejede boliger også anvendes. Billig leje for boliger, der udlejes til slægtninge eller ansatte, bør ikke anvendes.
3.78
Stratificeringsmetoden anvendes til opregning til alle udlejningsboliger. Den gennemsnitlige leje til brug for imputeringen som beskrevet ovenfor kan være uegnet for visse segmenter af lejemarkedet. Eksempelvis er formindskede lejer for møblerede boliger eller forhøjede offentlig lejer ikke egnet til de respektive faktisk udlejede boliger. I så tilfælde kræves der separate strata af faktisk lejede møblerede eller sociale boliger kombineret med passende gennemsnitslejer.
3.79
Er der ikke et tilstrækkelig stort lejemarked, hvor boligmarkedet er karakteriseret ved ejerboliger, anvendes omkostningsmetoden i forbindelse med ejerboliger.
I omkostningsmetoden er produktionen af boligtjenester summen af forbruget i produktionen, forbruget af fast realkapital, andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier og nettooverskud af produktionen.
Nettooverskuddet af produktionen opgøres ved at gange nettoværdien af den samlede ejerboligmasse i løbende priser (genanskaffelsesomkostninger) med en fast årlig realafkastprocent.
3.80
Produktion af ejendomstjenester vedrørende erhvervsbygninger opgøres som værdien af forfalden leje.
Liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester (Afdeling M); Administrative tjenester og hjælpetjenester (Afdeling N)
3.81
Produktion af tjenester i forbindelse med operationel leasing som f.eks. udlejning af maskiner og udstyr opgøres som den leasingafgift, der betales. Operationel leasing adskiller sig fra finansiel leasing på følgende måde: Finansiel leasing er finansiering af anskaffelsen af faste aktiver, hvor leasinggiveren yder et lån til leasingtageren. Ved finansiel leasing består leasingafgiften af afdrag og renter med et mindre gebyr for direkte tjenester (jf. kapitel 15: Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser).
3.82
Forskning og udvikling (FoU) er kreativt arbejde, der udføres systematisk for at forøge videngrundlaget og anvende dette til opfindelse og udvikling af nye produkter, herunder forbedring af udformningen af eksisterende produkter og af disses egenskaber samt udvikling af nye eller mere effektive produktionsprocesser. FoU af signifikant omfang i forhold til hovedaktiviteten registreres som den lokale faglige enheds biaktivitet. Der opereres med en separat lokal faglig enhed for FoU, når det er muligt.
3.83
Produktionen af FoU-tjenester opgøres på følgende måde:
a)
FoU leveret af specialiserede erhvervsmæssige forskningslaboratorier eller -institutter værdiansættes som indtægter fra salg, kontrakter, provisioner, gebyrer osv. på sædvanlig måde.
b)
Produktion af FoU, som anvendes inden for samme foretagende, værdiansættes på basis af de anslåede basispriser, der ville blive betalt for forskningen, dersom den blev udført på kontraktbasis. Hvis der ikke findes et marked for outsourcing af FoU af lignende art, værdiansættes produktionen som summen af produktionsomkostningerne med tillæg af et beløb (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter) til nettooverskud af produktionen eller blandet indkomst.
c)
FoU leveret af offentlige enheder, universiteter og ikkeerhvervsmæssige forskningsinstitutter værdiansættes på grundlag af produktionsomkostningerne. Indtægter fra salg af FoU-tjenester, ydet af ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter af FoU registreres som indtægter af sekundær markedsmæssig produktion.
Der skelnes mellem udgifter til FoU og udgifter til uddannelse og erhvervsuddannelse. Udgifter til FoU inkluderer ikke omkostninger til udvikling af software som hoved- eller biaktivitet.
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar, lovpligtig socialsikring (Afdeling O)
3.84
Offentlig forvaltning, forsvarstjenester og lovpligtig socialsikring ydes som ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester og skal værdiansættes derefter.
Undervisning (Afdeling P); Sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger (Afdeling Q)
3.85
I forbindelse med undervisning, sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger skelnes der tydeligt mellem markedsmæssige og ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter og mellem deres markedsmæssige og ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion. Offentlige institutioner (eller andre institutioner, som modtager specifikke subsidier) kan f.eks. opkræve mindre gebyrer for nogle typer uddannelse og lægebehandling, medens de for andre uddannelser og speciallægebehandlinger kan opkræve kommercielle takster. Et andet eksempel er, at den samme type tjeneste (f.eks. højere uddannelse) leveres både af offentlig forvaltning og service og af kommercielle institutioner.
Undervisning og sundhedsvæsen samt sociale foranstaltninger omfatter ikke FoU-aktiviteter; sundhedsvæsen omfatter ikke uddannelse i sundhedspleje f.eks. på universitetshospitaler.
Kultur, forlystelser og sport (Afdeling R); Andre tjenester (Afdeling S)
3.86
Produktion af bøger, indspilninger, film, software, bånd, plader osv. er en proces i to etaper og opgøres som sådan:
1)
Produktion af originalværker — produkter omfattet af intellektuel ejendomsret — opgøres ud fra den pris, der betales for et tilsvarende originalværk, hvis det sælges, eller ud fra produktionsomkostningerne (med tillæg af et beløb til nettooverskud af produktionen) eller den tilbagediskonterede værdi af den forventede indkomst ved anvendelse heraf i produktionen.
2)
Ejeren af dette aktiv kan anvende det direkte eller producere kopier i efterfølgende perioder. Hvis ejeren har givet andre producenter licens til at anvende originalværket i produktionen, udgør de gebyrer, provisioner, royalties osv., han har modtaget for licenserne, produktionen af tjenester. Salg af originalværket er en negativ, fast investering.
Private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp (Afdeling T)
3.87
Produktionen af tjenester i hjemmet udført af lønnet personale opgøres ud fra personalets aflønning; den inkluderer også al aflønning i naturalier, som f.eks. kost og logi.
FORBRUG I PRODUKTIONEN (P.2)
3.88
Definition
: Forbrug i produktionen er varer og tjenester, der forbruges som input i en produktionsproces, bortset fra faste aktiver (forbruget heraf registreres som forbrug af fast realkapital). Disse varer og tjenester forædles eller forbruges i produktionsprocessen.
3.89
Forbrug i produktionen omfatter følgende tilfælde:
a)
varer og tjenester, der anvendes som input i hjælpeaktiviteter. Typiske eksempler er indkøb, salg, markedsføring, regnskab, databehandling, transport, oplagring, vedligeholdelse, sikkerhed osv. Der skelnes ikke mellem disse varer og tjenester og dem, der forbruges i en lokal faglig enheds hovedaktivitet (eller biaktivitet)
b)
varer og tjenester, som modtages fra en anden lokal faglig enhed, der hører til samme institutionelle enhed
c)
leje af faste aktiver, f.eks. ved operationel leasing af maskiner eller biler, software og originalværker inden for underholdning
d)
betalinger for kortfristede kontrakter, leasing og licenser registreret som ikkeproducerede aktiver, undtagen direkte køb af sådanne ikkeproducerede aktiver
e)
abonnementer, bidrag eller kontingenter til nonprofit-erhvervssammenslutninger (jf. 3.35)
f)
poster, der ikke behandles som bruttoinvesteringer som f.eks.:
1)
værktøj, der ikke er særlig kostbart, og som anvendes til almindeligt brug, f.eks. save, spader, knive, økser, hamre, skruetrækkere, skruenøgler og andet håndværktøj; småapparater som lommeregnere. Alle udgifter til sådanne varige forbrugsgoder registreres som forbrug i produktionen
2)
regelmæssig vedligeholdelse og reparation af faste aktiver anvendt i produktionen
3)
personaleuddannelse, markedsundersøgelser og lignende aktiviteter, der købes udefra eller leveres af en separat, lokal faglig enhed inden for den samme institutionelle enhed
4)
udgifter til FoU betragtes som faste investeringer, når medlemsstaternes skøn er tilstrækkeligt pålidelige og sammenlignelige
g)
ansattes udgifter, der refunderes af arbejdsgiveren, til anskaffelser, der er nødvendige i produktionen, f.eks. værktøj eller sikkerhedsbeklædning, som den ansatte i henhold til ansættelseskontrakten selv er forpligtet til at indkøbe
h)
udgifter, som er afholdt af arbejdsgiveren til egen eller de ansattes fordel, og som er nødvendige i produktionen. Som eksempler kan nævnes:
1)
refusion af ansattes udgifter til rejser, dobbelt husførelse, flytning og repræsentation i forbindelse med jobbet
2)
etablering af faciliteter på arbejdspladsen.
En liste over relevante udgifter findes i afsnittet om aflønning af ansatte (D.1) (jf. 4.07).
i)
Forsikringstjenester betalt af lokale faglige enheder i forbindelse med tegning af skadesforsikringer (jf. kapitel 16: Forsikring). For kun at registrere udgiften til forsikringstjenester som forbrug i produktionen, reduceres skadesforsikringspræmierne med f.eks. udbetalte skadeserstatninger og nettoændringer i de aktuarmæssige reserver. Nettoændringen af de aktuarmæssige reserver henføres til de lokale faglige enheder i forhold til de indbetalte forsikringspræmier
j)
FISIM købt af residente producenter
k)
Centralbankens ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion henføres i fuldt omfang til andre finansielle formidleres forbrug i produktionen.
3.90
Forbrug i produktionen omfatter ikke:
a)
størrelser, der behandles som bruttoinvesteringer som f.eks.:
1)
værdigenstande
2)
mineralefterforskning
3)
større forbedringer ud over dem, der kræves for at sikre, at faste aktiver er funktionsdygtige; eksempler herpå er renovering, ombygning og udvidelse
4)
indkøbt software eller software udviklet for egen regning
5)
militære våben og udstyr til affyring af dem
b)
udgifter, der betragtes som køb af ikkeproducerede aktiver. Eksempler herpå er langfristede kontrakter, leasing og licenser (jf. kapitel 15)
c)
udgifter afholdt af arbejdsgivere til aflønning af ansatte i naturalier
d)
offentlige enheders kollektive tjenester, som anvendes af markedsmæssige producenter eller producenter af produkter til eget brug (og som af offentlig forvaltning og service behandles som udgifter til kollektivt forbrug)
e)
varer og tjenester produceret og forbrugt i samme regnskabsperiode inden for samme lokale faglige enhed (de registreres heller ikke som produktion)
f)
betalinger for de tilladelser fra og gebyrer til myndighederne, der behandles som andre produktionsskatter
g)
betalinger for tilladelser til anvendelse af naturressourcer (f.eks. jord), der betragtes som jordrente, dvs. som betaling af formueindkomst.
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af forbrug i produktionen
3.91
Produkter, der forbruges i produktionen, registreres og værdiansættes på det tidspunkt, hvor de indgår i produktionsprocessen. De værdiansættes til køberpris for tilsvarende varer på anvendelsestidspunktet.
3.92
Producentenheder registrerer ikke anvendelse af varer i produktionen direkte. De registrerer indkøb med henblik på anvendelse som input minus stigningen i mængden af sådanne varer på lager.
FORBRUG (P.3, P.4)
3.93
Der anvendes to begreber inden for forbrug:
a)
udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
b)
faktisk forbrug (P.4).
Udgifter til forbrug er udgifter til varer og tjenester, der anvendes af husholdninger, NPISH’er og offentlig forvaltning og service til opfyldelse af individuelle og kollektive behov. Til forskel herfra refererer faktisk forbrug til anskaffelse af forbrugsvarer og - tjenester. Forskellen mellem disse to begreber ligger i behandlingen af visse varer og tjenester, der er betalt af offentlig forvaltning og service eller NPISH'er, men leveret til husholdningerne som sociale overførsler i naturalier.
Udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
3.94
Definition
: Udgifter til forbrug består af udgifter, som residente institutionelle enheder har til varer eller tjenester, der anvendes til direkte dækning af individuelle eller kollektive behov for samfundets medlemmer.
3.95
Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug omfatter følgende eksempler:
a)
boligtjenester i ejerboliger
b)
indkomst i naturalier såsom:
1)
varer og tjenester, som ansatte modtager som indkomst i naturalier
2)
varer og tjenester, der er produceret af personlige foretagender ejet af husholdninger, og som husholdningernes medlemmer beholder til eget brug; eksempler er madvarer og andre landbrugsprodukter, boligtjenester produceret af ejere af egen bolig og tjenester i hjemmet produceret af ansat medhjælp (tjenere, kokke, gartnere, chauffører, osv.)
c)
størrelser, der ikke behandles som forbrug i produktionen, såsom:
1)
materialer til småreparationer i boligen og indretning af en art, der udføres af lejere såvel som ejere
2)
materialer til reparationer og vedligeholdelse af varige forbrugsgoder inkl. køretøjer
d)
størrelser, der ikke behandles som investering, herunder navnlig varige forbrugsgoder, der fortsætter med at fungere over flere regnskabsperioder; hertil medregnes overdragelse af ejendomsretten til visse varige goder fra et foretagende til en husholdning
e)
finansielle tjenester, for hvilke der opkræves betaling straks, og den del af FISIM, der anvendes til husholdningernes forbrug
f)
forsikringstjenester opgjort som den implicitte værdi af tjenesterne
g)
pensionskassers tjenester opgjort som den implicitte værdi af tjenesterne
h)
husholdningernes betalinger for licenser, tilladelser osv., som betragtes som køb af tjenester (jf. 4.79 og 4.80)
i)
køb af produktion til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, f.eks. entré til museer.
3.96
Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug omfatter ikke:
a)
sociale overførsler i naturalier såsom udgifter, som i første omgang afholdes af husholdningerne, men som senere refunderes af socialsikringen, f.eks. udgifter til lægebehandling
b)
størrelser, der behandles som forbrug i produktionen eller bruttoinvesteringer, såsom:
1)
udgifter afholdt i erhvervsøjemed af husholdninger, der ejer personlige foretagender — f.eks. til varige goder som køretøjer, møbler, el-udstyr (faste bruttoinvesteringer), eller forbrugsvarer som brændsel (betragtes som forbrug i produktionen)
2)
udgifter, som ejere af egen bolig afholder til indretning, vedligeholdelse og reparation af boligen, og som ikke normalt udføres af lejere (betragtes som forbrug i produktionen af boligtjenester)
3)
køb af boliger (faste bruttoinvesteringer)
4)
udgifter til værdigenstande (bruttoinvesteringer)
c)
poster, der betragtes som anskaffelse af ikkeproducerede aktiver, herunder navnlig køb af jord
d)
alle betalinger fra husholdningerne, der betragtes som skatter. (jf. 4.79 og 4.80)
e)
husholdningernes abonnementer og kontingenter til NPISH'er, som f.eks. fagforeninger, faglige foreninger, forbrugersammenslutninger, kirker, selskabelige og kulturelle foreninger, fritidsklubber og idrætsklubber
f)
husholdningernes frivillige bidrag i form af penge eller naturalier til velgørende formål og til hjælpeorganisationer.
3.97
NPISH'ers udgifter til forbrug omfatter to forskellige kategorier:
a)
værdien af varer og tjenester produceret af NPISH'er undtagen investeringer produceret for egen regning og eksklusive udgifter afholdt af husholdninger og andre enheder
b)
NPISH'ers udgifter til varer og tjenester produceret af markedsmæssige producenter og uden omdannelse leveret til forbrug i husholdningerne som sociale overførsler i naturalier.
3.98
Offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter til forbrug (P.3) omfatter to kategorier, som kan sidestilles med NPISH'ernes:
a)
værdien af varer og tjenester, som er produceret af offentlig forvaltning og service selv (P.1), undtagen investeringer for egen regning (der svarer til P.12), markedsmæssig produktion (P.11) og betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.131)
b)
offentlig forvaltning og services køb af varer og tjenester, som produceres af markedsmæssige producenter og uden omdannelse leveres til husholdningerne som sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.632). Offentlig forvaltning og service betaler for disse varer og tjenester, som sælgerne leverer til husholdningerne.
3.99
Selskaber har ingen udgifter til forbrug. Deres køb af varer og tjenester, som husholdningerne bruger til forbrug, anvendes enten som forbrug i produktionen eller gives til de ansatte som aflønning af ansatte i naturalier, dvs. imputerede udgifter til forbrug for husholdningerne.
Faktisk forbrug (P.4)
3.100
Definition
: Faktisk forbrug består af de varer og tjenester, der erhverves af residente institutionelle enheder til direkte opfyldelse af menneskelige behov, såvel individuelle som kollektive.
3.101
Definition
: Varer og tjenester til individuelt forbrug (»individuelle varer og tjenester«) er varer og tjenester, der erhverves af en husholdning og anvendes til opfyldelse af husholdningens behov og ønsker. Individuelle varer og tjenester karakteriseres således:
a)
det skal være muligt at observere og registrere en individuel husholdnings eller et husholdningsmedlems anskaffelse af varen eller tjenesten samt tidspunktet for anskaffelsen
b)
husholdningen er indforstået med leveringen af den pågældende vare eller tjeneste og tager de nødvendige skridt for at forbruge den, f.eks. ved at gå i skole eller tage på hospitalet
c)
varen eller tjenesten skal opfylde den betingelse, at når den er erhvervet af en husholdning eller person, eller af en gruppe mennesker, kan den ikke erhverves af andre husholdninger eller personer.
3.102
Definition
: Kollektive tjenester er tjenester til kollektivt forbrug, der leveres samtidig til alle medlemmer i fællesskabet eller særlige dele af fællesskabet såsom husholdninger, der bor i et bestemt område. Kollektive tjenester karakteriseres således:
a)
de kan leveres samtidig til hvert medlem i fællesskabet eller til bestemte dele af fællesskabet som f.eks. et bestemt geografisk område
b)
anvendelsen af sådanne tjenester er normalt passiv og kræver ikke alle berørte individers samtykke eller aktive deltagelse
c)
ydelse af en kollektiv tjeneste til en enkeltperson reducerer ikke den mængde, der er til rådighed for en anden enkeltperson i samme fællesskab eller del af fællesskabet.
3.103
Alle udgifter til forbrug i en husholdning er individuelle. Alle varer og tjenester, der leveres af NPISH'er, betragtes som individuelle udgifter.
3.104
Grænsen mellem individuelle og kollektive varer og tjenester, der leveres af offentlig forvaltning og service, er fastlagt på basis af formålsklassifikationen for offentlig forvaltning og service (COFOG).
Alle offentlige udgifter til forbrug under hvert af følgende områder betragtes som udgifter til individuelt forbrug:
a)
7.1
Medicinske produkter, apparater og udstyr
7.2
Ambulant behandling
7.3
Hospitalstjenester
7.4
Offentligt sundhedsvæsen
b)
8.1
Fritids- og sportstjenester
8.2
Kulturtjenester
c)
9.1
Førskoleundervisning og primær undervisning
9.2
Sekundær undervisning
9.3
Undervisning på niveauet mellem sekundær undervisning og tertiær undervisning
9.4
Tertiær undervisning
9.5
Undervisning uden for niveauplacering
9.6
Hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med undervisning
d)
10.1
Sygdom og invaliditet
10.2
Alderdom
10.3
Efterlevende
10.4
Familie og børn
10.5
Arbejdsløshed
10.6
Bolig
10.7
Sociale ydelser i.a.n.
3.105
Alternativt kan offentlige udgifter til individuelt forbrug henregnes til hovedgruppe 14 i klassifikationen af individuelt konsum efter formål (Coicop), som omfatter følgende grupper:
14.1
Bolig (svarende til COFOG-gruppe 10.6)
14.2
Sundhedsvæsen (svarende til COFOG-gruppe 7.1-7.4)
14.3
Fritid og kultur (svarende til COFOG-gruppe 8.1 og 8.2)
14.4
Undervisning (svarende til COFOG-gruppe 9.1-9.6)
14.5
Sociale foranstaltninger (svarende til COFOG-gruppe 10.1-10.5 og gruppe 10.7).
3.106
Kollektive udgifter til forbrug er den resterende del af offentlige udgifter til forbrug.
Omfatter følgende COFOG-grupper:
a)
Generelle offentlige tjenester (hovedgruppe 1)
b)
Forsvar (hovedgruppe 2)
c)
Offentlig orden og sikkerhed (hovedgruppe 3)
d)
Økonomiske anliggender (hovedgruppe 4)
e)
Miljøbeskyttelse (hovedgruppe 5)
f)
Bolig og offentlige faciliteter (hovedgruppe 6)
g)
Offentlig forvaltning, fastsættelse af bestemmelser, formidling af generel information og statistik (alle hovedgrupper)
h)
Forskning og udvikling (alle hovedgrupper).
3.107
Det indbyrdes forhold mellem de forskellige begreber inden for forbrug vises i tabel 3.2:
Tabel 3.2 —
   
Sektor
Offentlig forvaltning og service
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Anskaffelser i alt
Individuelt forbrug
X (= sociale overførsler i naturalier)
X (= sociale overførsler i naturalier)
X
Husholdningers faktiske individuelle forbrug
Kollektivt forbrug
X
0
0
Offentlig forvaltning og services faktiske kollektive forbrug
I alt
Offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter til forbrug
NPISH'ers udgifter til faktisk forbrug
Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug
Faktisk forbrug = Samlede udgifter til forbrug
X: finder anvendelse
0: finder ikke anvendelse
3.108
NPISH'ers udgifter til forbrug er alle individuelle. Det samlede, faktiske forbrug er lig med summen af husholdningernes og offentlig forvaltning og services faktiske forbrug.
3.109
Sociale overførsler i naturalier til udlandet eksisterer ikke (mens der til denne sektor foretages pengeoverførsler). Det samlede, faktiske forbrug er lig med de samlede udgifter til forbrug.
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af udgifter til forbrug
3.110
Udgiften til en vare registreres på tidspunktet for ejendomsrettens overgang. Udgiften til en tjeneste registreres, når leveringen af den er tilendebragt.
3.111
Udgiften til en vare, der anskaffes ved køb på afbetaling eller lignende kreditaftale, også finansiel leasing, registreres på varens leveringstidspunkt, selv om der ikke på dette stadium er tale om overgang af ejendomsretten.
3.112
Forbrug af egne produkter registreres, når produktion til eget forbrug er produceret.
3.113
Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug registreres til køberpriser. Det er den pris, som køberen faktisk betaler for produkterne på købstidspunktet. En mere detaljeret definition fremgår af 3.06.
3.114
Varer og tjenester leveret som aflønning i naturalier værdiansættes til basispriser, når de produceres af arbejdsgiveren og til køberpriser, dersom de købes af arbejdsgiveren.
3.115
Varer og tjenester, der beholdes til eget forbrug, værdiansættes til basispriser.
3.116
Offentlig forvaltning og services eller NPISH'ers udgifter til forbrug af de produkter, de selv har produceret, registreres på produktionstidspunktet, som også er tidspunktet for offentlig forvaltning og services eller NPISH'ers levering af sådanne tjenester. Udgifter til forbrug af varer og tjenester, der leveres af markedsmæssige producenter, registreres på leveringstidspunktet.
3.117
Offentlig forvaltning og services eller NPISH'ers udgifter til forbrug (P.3) er lig med summen af deres produktion (P.1) p
lus
 udgifter til produkter, der leveres til husholdninger gennem markedsmæssige producenter, som er en del af sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.632) 
minus
 betaling fra andre enheder, markedsmæssig produktion (P.11) og betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.131) 
minus
 investeringer for egen regning (P.12).
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af faktisk forbrug
3.118
Varer og tjenester anskaffes af institutionelle enheder, når disse får ejendomsretten over varerne, og når leveringen af tjenester til dem er tilendebragt.
3.119
Anskaffelser — faktisk forbrug — værdiansættes til køberpriser for de enheder, der afholder udgifterne.
3.120
Bortset fra sociale overførsler i naturalier fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller en NPISH, behandles overførsler i naturalier, som om de var pengeoverførsler. Således registreres værdien af varer og tjenester som udgifter for de institutionelle enheder eller sektorer, der anskaffer dem.
3.121
De to aggregater, udgifter til forbrug og faktisk forbrug, har samme værdi. Varer og tjenester anskaffet af residente husholdninger gennem sociale overførsler i naturalier værdiansættes til samme priser som dem, de værdiansættes til i udgiftsaggregaterne.
BRUTTOINVESTERINGER (P.5)
3.122
Bruttoinvesteringer omfatter:
a)
faste bruttoinvesteringer (P.51g):
1)
forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c)
2)
faste nettoinvesteringer (P.51n)
b)
lagerændringer (P.52)
c)
anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande (P.53).
3.123
Bruttoinvesteringer omfatter forbrug af fast realkapital. Nettoinvesteringer beregnes ved at trække forbrug af fast realkapital fra bruttoinvesteringerne.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer (P.51g)
3.124
Definition
: Faste bruttoinvesteringer (P.51) er residente producenters anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver i en given periode, plus visse tillæg til værdien af ikkeproducerede aktiver, tilvejebragt gennem en producents eller institutionelle enheders produktive aktivitet. Faste bruttoinvesteringer er producerede aktiver, der anvendes i produktionen i mere end ét år.
3.125
Faste bruttoinvesteringer omfatter både positive og negative værdier:
a)
positive værdier:
1)
køb af nye eller eksisterende faste aktiver
2)
faste aktiver, der produceres og beholdes til producentens eget brug (inkl. produktion for egen regning af faste aktiver, der endnu ikke er færdige eller klar til brug)
3)
nye eller eksisterende faste aktiver, der anskaffes gennem en byttehandel
4)
nye eller eksisterende faste aktiver modtaget som kapitaloverførsel i naturalier
5)
nye eller eksisterende faste aktiver anskaffet af brugeren ved finansiel leasing
6)
større forbedringer på faste aktiver og eksisterende historiske monumenter
7)
naturlig vækst hos de naturlige aktiver, der frembringer en løbende produktion
b)
negative værdier (f.eks. afhændelse af faste aktiver, der registreres som negative anskaffelser):
1)
salg af eksisterende faste aktiver
2)
eksisterende faste aktiver, der afhændes i en byttehandel
3)
eksisterende faste aktiver, der afhændes som kapitaloverførsel i naturalier.
3.126
Afhændelse af faste aktiver omfatter ikke:
a)
forbrug af fast realkapital (som inkluderer forventet normal skade som følge af uheld)
b)
ekstraordinære tab, som f.eks. skyldes tørke eller andre naturkatastrofer (der registreres som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status).
3.127
Der skelnes mellem følgende former for faste bruttoinvesteringer:
1)
boliger
2)
andre bygninger og anlæg (omfatter også større forbedringer af jordarealer)
3)
maskiner og udstyr som f.eks. skibe, biler og computere
4)
våbensystemer
5)
dyrkede/avlede naturressourcer, f.eks. træer og husdyr
6)
omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver som jord, kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
7)
FoU, herunder produktion af frit tilgængelig FoU; udgifter til FoU betragtes først som faste investeringer, når medlemsstaternes skøn er tilstrækkeligt pålidelige og sammenlignelige
8)
mineralefterforskning og -evaluering
9)
computersoftware og databaser
10)
originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst
11)
andre intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder.
3.128
Større forbedringer af jordarealer omfatter:
a)
indvinding af jord fra havet ved bygning af diger, bølgebrydere og dæmninger specielt til dette formål
b)
rydning af skov, klippeblokke osv. for at inddrage ny jord i produktionen
c)
dræning af marsk eller overrisling af ørken ved bygning af diger, gravning af grøfter og vandingskanaler; forebyggelse af oversvømmelse eller erosion fra hav og floder ved bygning af bølgebrydere, læmoler og stormflodsdæmninger.
Disse aktiviteter kan resultere i opførelse af store anlæg som f.eks. bølgebrydere, stormflodsdæmninger og dæmninger, som dog ikke anvendes i produktionen af andre varer og tjenester, men til indvinding og forbedring af jordarealer, og det er jorden, et ikkeproduceret aktiv, der indgår i produktionen. Eksempelvis har en dæmning, der bygges for at producere elektricitet, et helt andet formål end en dæmning, der bygges som værn mod havet. Kun sidstnævnte dæmning klassificeres som forbedring af jordarealer.
3.129
Faste bruttoinvesteringer omfatter følgende grænsetilfælde:
a)
anskaffelse af husbåde, pramme, husvogne og campingvogne, der anvendes som bolig for husholdninger, samt alle andre tilhørende bygninger og anlæg som f.eks. garager
b)
anlæg og udstyr, der anvendes af militæret
c)
lette våben og pansrede køretøjer, der anvendes af ikkemilitære enheder
d)
forskydninger i husdyrbesætninger, der indgår i produktionen år efter år, som f.eks. avlskvæg, malkekvæg, uldfår og trækdyr
e)
ændringer i bestanden af træer, der dyrkes år efter år, f.eks. frugttræer, vinstokke, gummitræer, palmer osv.
f)
forbedringer af eksisterende faste aktiver, som er mere omfattende end almindelig vedligeholdelse og reparation
g)
anskaffelse af faste aktiver ved finansiel leasing
h)
afviklingsudgifter, dvs. store udgifter forbundet med bortskaffelse, f.eks. udgifter til nedlukning af atomkraftværker eller til rensning af deponeringsanlæg.
3.130
Faste bruttoinvesteringer omfatter ikke:
a)
transaktioner, som indgår i forbrug i produktionen:
1)
køb af håndværktøj til produktionsformål
2)
almindelig vedligeholdelse og reparation
3)
køb af faste aktiver med henblik på anvendelse i henhold til en kontrakt om operationel leasing (jf. også kapitel 15: Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser); for det foretagende, der anvender det faste aktiv, betragtes leasingafgiften som forbrug i produktionen; for indehaveren af aktivet registreres anskaffelsesomkostningerne som faste bruttoinvesteringer
b)
transaktioner, der registreres som lagerændringer:
1)
slagtedyr inklusive fjerkræ
2)
træer til produktion af tømmer (produkter under fremstilling)
c)
husholdningers anskaffelser af maskiner og udstyr til forbrug
d)
kapitalgevinster og -tab på faste aktiver
e)
tab på faste aktiver som følge af katastrofer, f.eks. destruktion af dyrkede aktiver og husdyrbesætninger efter sygdomme, som normalt ikke dækkes af nogen forsikring eller skader efter oversvømmelser, stormskader eller skovbrande af ekstraordinært omfang
f)
midler, som er lagt til side eller hensat til reserve uden at være bundet til faktisk køb eller faktisk bygning/anlæg af et specifikt kapitalgode, f.eks. en offentlig infrastrukturfond.
3.131
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i form af forbedringer på eksisterende faste aktiver registreres under anskaffelse af nye faste aktiver af samme art.
3.132
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder er resultatet af forskning og udvikling, analysearbejde eller innovation, der fører til viden, hvis anvendelse er begrænset i henhold til loven eller andre beskyttelsesmidler.
Eksempler på aktiver omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder:
a)
resultater af FoU
b)
resultater af mineralefterforskning beregnet som omkostningerne ved udførte prøveboringer, overflyvninger og lignende undersøgelser, transportomkostninger mv.
c)
computersoftware og store databaser, der skal anvendes i produktionen i mere end ét år
d)
originaler til manuskripter inden for underholdning, litterære og kunstneriske manuskripter, modeller, film, lydoptagelser osv.
3.133
For både faste aktiver og ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver består omkostninger ved ejerskifte, der påhviler den ny ejer, i følgende:
a)
omkostninger i forbindelse med levering af aktivet (nyt eller eksisterende) på ønsket sted og tid som f.eks. udgifter til transport, opstilling, montage osv.
b)
honorarer og provisioner til f.eks. landmålere, ingeniører, sagførere, vurderingsmænd osv. samt ejendomsmægler- og auktionsholdersalær mv.
c)
skatter, der skal betales af den nye ejer, når aktivet skifter ejer; disse skatter betragtes som skatter på formidlernes tjenester og skatter ved ejerskifte, og ikke som skatter på de købte aktiver.
Alle disse omkostninger registreres som faste bruttoinvesteringer hos den nye ejer.
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af faste bruttoinvesteringer
3.134
Bruttoinvesteringer registreres, når ejendomsretten til de faste aktiver overdrages til den institutionelle enhed, der har til hensigt at anvende dem i produktionen.
Denne regel er ændres for:
a)
finansiel leasing, når et ejerskifte fra leasinggiveren til leasingtageren imputeres
b)
faste bruttoinvesteringer for egen regning, som registreres, når de produceres.
3.135
Faste bruttoinvesteringer værdiansættes til køberpris inkl. installationsomkostninger og andre omkostninger ved ejerskifte. Produktion for egen regning værdiansættes til basispriser for tilsvarende faste aktiver og, hvis disse priser ikke kan oplyses, til produktionsomkostningerne med tillæg af et beløb (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter) til nettooverskud af produktionen eller blandet indkomst.
3.136
Anskaffelse af produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder værdiansættes på forskellig måde:
a)
mineralefterforskning: som omkostningerne ved udførelse af prøveboringer samt de omkostninger, der medgår for at gøre det muligt at foretage disse (som overflyvning og andre undersøgelser)
b)
computersoftware: som køberprisen, når softwaren indkøbes på markedet, og til en anslået basispris, og hvis der ikke findes oplysninger om basispris, til produktionsomkostningerne med tillæg af et beløb til nettooverskud (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter), når softwaren udvikles inden for huset
c)
originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst: værdiansættes til den pris, køber betaler, når de sælges, og hvis de ikke sælges, godkendes følgende værdiansættelsesmetoder:
i)
til den basispris, der betales for tilsvarende originalværker
ii)
summen af produktionsomkostningerne med tillæg af et beløb (undtagen for ikkemarkedsproducenter) til nettooverskud
iii)
den tilbagediskonterede værdi af den forventede indtjening.
3.137
Afhændelse af eksisterende faste aktiver ved salg værdiansættes til basispriser med fradrag af eventuelle omkostninger for sælgeren ved ejerskiftet.
3.138
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten vedrører både producerede aktiver, herunder faste aktiver, og ikkeproducerede aktiver som jord.
Disse omkostninger indgår i køberprisen, når det drejer sig om faste aktiver. Er der tale om jord og andre ikkeproducerede aktiver, udskilles de fra selve købet og salget og registreres under en selvstændig kategori ved klassificeringen af bruttoinvesteringer.
Forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c)
3.139
Definition
: Forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c) er værdiforringelsen af faste aktiver som følge af normalt slid og forældelse. I den estimerede værdiforringelse indgår et beløb hensat til dækning af tab af faste aktiver som følge af skadestilfælde, der kan dækkes gennem forsikring. Forbrug af fast realkapital omfatter forventede afviklingsudgifter som f.eks. udgifter til nedlukning af atomkraftværker eller demontering af olieplatforme eller til rensning af deponeringsanlæg. Sådanne afviklingsudgifter registreres som forbrug af fast realkapital i slutningen af brugslevetiden, dvs. når afviklingsudgifterne bogføres som faste bruttoinvesteringer.
3.140
Forbrug af fast realkapital beregnes for alle faste aktiver (undtagen dyr), herunder intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, væsentlige forbedringer af jordarealer og omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten i forbindelse med ikkeproducerede aktiver.
3.141
Forbrug af fast realkapital adskiller sig fra de skattemæssige afskrivninger eller afskrivninger i virksomhedsregnskaber. Forbrug af fast realkapital værdiansættes på grundlag af værdien af beholdningen af faste aktiver og den sandsynlige gennemsnitlige økonomiske levetid for de forskellige kategorier af disse goder. Til værdiansættelse af beholdningen af faste aktiver anvendes perpetual inventory-metoden (PIM - en metode, der er baseret på kumulerede investeringer), hvis der ikke foreligger direkte oplysninger om værdien af beholdningen af faste aktiver. Beholdningen af faste aktiver værdiansættes i de køberpriser, der er gældende i den pågældende periode.
3.142
Tab af faste aktiver som følge af skadestilfælde, der kan dækkes gennem forsikring, tages i betragtning ved beregningen af den gennemsnitlige levetid for de pågældende goder. For økonomien som helhed vil indtræden af skadestilfælde inden for en given regnskabsperiode være lig med eller omtrent lig med gennemsnittet. Når der er tale om individuelle enheder og grupper af enheder, kan hyppigheden af de faktiske skadestilfælde variere fra gennemsnittet. I dette tilfælde, hvor der er tale om sektorer, registreres eventuelle forskelle som andre mængdeændringer i faste aktiver.
3.143
Forbruget af fast realkapital beregnes efter den lineære afskrivningsmetode, dvs. at den værdi, der skal afskrives, fordeles ligeligt over hele godets levetid.
3.144
I nogle tilfælde anvendes den geometriske afskrivningsmetode, når mønsteret i forringelsen af et fast aktiv kræver det.
3.145
I nationalregnskabssystemet registreres forbruget af fast realkapital under hver enkelt saldopost, som angives brutto og netto. At registrere »brutto« vil sige, at man ikke fratrækker forbruget af fast realkapital, hvorimod at registrere »netto« vil sige, at man fratrækker forbruget af fast realkapital.
Lagerændringer (P.52)
3.146
Definition
: Lagerændringer opgøres som værdien af tilgange til lagrene minus værdien af afgange fra lagrene samt eventuelt svind.
3.147
Svind kan opstå på grund af fysisk forringelse, skader, som skyldes uheld, eller tyveri i forbindelse med alle slags lagerførte varer:
a)
svind i materialer
b)
svind i produkter under fremstilling
c)
svind i færdigvarer
d)
svind i handelsvarer (f.eks. butikstyveri).
3.148
Lagerbeholdninger omfatter følgende kategorier:
a)
materialer:
omfatter alle varer, der opbevares på lager med henblik på, at de senere skal indgå som forbrug i produktionen, herunder også varer på offentlige lagre; guld, diamanter osv. henregnes til materialer, dersom de er bestemt for industri- eller anden produktion
b)
produkter under fremstilling:
omfatter den uafsluttede produktion og registreres i producentens lagerbeholdninger; følgende eksempler kan nævnes:
1)
afgrøder på roden
2)
træer og husdyr under opvækst
3)
ikke færdiggjorte bygge- og anlægsarbejder (bortset fra dem, der produceres i henhold til en forlods indgået kontrakt eller for egen regning; de behandles begge som faste bruttoinvesteringer)
4)
ikke færdiggjorte andre faste aktiver, f.eks. skibe og olieplatforme
5)
delvis færdiggjorte undersøgelser i forbindelse med juridisk eller anden rådgivning
6)
delvis færdiggjorte filmproduktioner
7)
delvis færdiggjorte computerprogrammer.
Produkter under fremstilling registreres for hver produktionsproces, der ikke er afsluttet ved udgangen af perioden. Dette har betydning for kvartalsregnskaber, f.eks. for landbrugsafgrøder, der ikke kan vokse færdige på et kvartal.
Reduktion i produkter under fremstilling finder sted, når produktionsprocessen er tilendebragt. På dette tidspunkt omdannes produkter under fremstilling til færdige produkter.
c)
færdigvarer:
der indgår i lagerbeholdningerne, består af produktion, som producenten ikke agter at forarbejde yderligere inden levering til andre institutionelle enheder
d)
handelsvarer:
varer, der anskaffes med henblik på videresalg i samme tilstand.
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af lagerændringer
3.149
Registreringstidspunkt for og værdiansættelse af lagerændringer gøres på samme måde som for de øvrige produkttransaktioner. Det gælder især forbrug i produktionen (f.eks. for materialer), produktion (f.eks. produkter under fremstilling og produktion i forbindelse med oplagring af landbrugsprodukter) og faste bruttoinvesteringer (f.eks. produkter under fremstilling). Hvis varer forarbejdes udenlands, og dette medfører overdragelse af den økonomiske ejendomsret, henregnes de til eksporten (og senere importen). Eksporten registreres som en reduktion af lagerbeholdningerne, og den senere import som en forøgelse af lagerbeholdningerne, forudsat at den ikke straks sælges eller anvendes.
3.150
Ved opgørelse af lagerændringer værdiansættes tilgang af varer på tidspunktet for lagertilgangen, og afgang af varer værdiansættes på tidspunktet for lagerafgangen.
3.151
Priserne, der anvendes til at værdiansætte lagerændringer, er som følger:
a)
produktionen af færdigvarer, der tilføres producentens lagerbeholdninger, værdiansættes, som om de blev solgt på det tidspunkt og til løbende basispriser
b)
tilgang af produkter under fremstilling værdiansættes i forhold til den skønnede løbende basispris på det færdige produkt
c)
afgang af produkter under fremstilling, dvs. varer, der fraføres lageret, når produktionen er afsluttet, værdiansættes i løbende basispriser for de ikke færdigfremstillede produkter
d)
varer, der fraføres lagrene med salg for øje, værdiansættes til basispriser
e)
handelsvarer, der tilføres engros- og detailhandleres lagre, værdiansættes til de faktiske eller skønnede køberpriser
f)
handelsvarer, der fraføres lagrene, værdiansættes til den køberpris, hvortil de kan genanskaffes på det tidspunkt, hvor de fraføres lagrene og ikke til prisen på anskaffelsestidspunktet.
3.152
Tab som følge af fysisk forringelse, forsikringsskade eller tyveri registreres og værdiansættes som følger:
a)
materialer: som faktisk fraført lageret til brug i produktionen (forbrug i produktionen)
b)
produkter under fremstilling: værdiansættes som fradrag i forøgelser, der hidrører fra produktionen i samme periode
c)
færdigvarer og handelsvarer: behandles som om de var udtaget af lageret til løbende priser for ikkebeskadigede varer.
3.153
Hvis der ikke foreligger oplysninger, anvendes følgende approksimationsmetoder til beregning af lagerændringer:
a)
Når mængdeændringerne er regelmæssige, kan en acceptabel approksimationsmetode bestå i at gange lagerændringerne med gennemsnitspriserne i den pågældende periode. Køberpriser anvendes i forbindelse med lagre hos brugere, engros- eller detailhandlere; basispriser anvendes i forbindelse med lagre hos producenterne.
b)
Når priserne på de pågældende varer er konstante, er det på trods af svingende mængdeændringer i lagrene muligt at anvende den approksimationsmetode til værdiansættelse af lagerændringer, der består i at gange lagerændringerne med gennemsnitsprisen.
c)
Når både mængde og priser svinger meget inden for regnskabsperioden, kræves mere komplicerede beregningsmetoder, f.eks. en kvartalsvis værdiansættelse af lagerbevægelserne eller anvendelse af informationer om fordelingen af svingningerne inden for regnskabsperioden (svingningerne kan f.eks. være størst i slutningen af kalenderåret, i høsttiden osv.).
d)
Når værdierne kan oplyses for begyndelsen og slutningen af perioden (f.eks. inden for engros- og detailhandel, hvor lagrene ofte består af mange forskellige produkter), men hvor der ikke foreligger separate oplysninger om priser og mængder, estimeres mængdeændringerne mellem begyndelsen og afslutningen af perioden. En måde at estimere mængdeændringerne på er at estimere konstante omsætningshastigheder pr. produkttype.
Sæsonbetingede prisændringer kan være et udtryk for en kvalitetsændring, f.eks. udsalgspriser eller priser uden for sæsonen for frugt og grøntsager. Disse ændringer i kvaliteten betragtes som mængdeændringer.
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande (P.53)
3.154
Definition
: Værdigenstande er ikkefinansielle varer, der ikke primært anvendes til produktion eller forbrug. Under normale forhold forringes de ikke (fysisk) med tiden, og de anskaffes og beholdes primært som værdianbringelser.
3.155
Værdigenstande omfatter følgende typer varer:
a)
ædelstene og -metaller som f.eks. diamanter, ikkemonetært guld, platin, sølv osv.
b)
antikviteter og andre kunstgenstande som f.eks. malerier, skulpturer osv.
c)
andre værdigenstande som f.eks. smykker tilvirket af ædelstene og ædle metaller samt samlerobjekter.
3.156
Sådanne varetyper registreres som anskaffelser eller afhændelser af værdigenstande, dersom:
a)
centralbanker og andre finansielle formidlere anskaffer eller afhænder ikkemonetært guld, sølv osv.
b)
foretagender, hvis hoved- eller biaktivitet ikke omfatter fremstilling af eller handel med sådanne varer, anskaffer eller afhænder sådanne varetyper; anskaffelser eller afhændelser heraf indgår ikke i disse foretagenders forbrug i produktionen eller faste investeringer
c)
husholdningerne anskaffer eller afhænder sådanne varer; disse anskaffelser er ikke omfattet af husholdningers udgifter til forbrug.
I ENS registreres pr. konvention også følgende tilfælde som anskaffelse eller afhændelse af værdigenstande:
a)
juvelerers og kunsthandleres anskaffelse eller afhændelse af disse varer (ifølge den generelle definition af værdigenstande skal juvelerers og kunsthandleres anskaffelse eller afhændelse registreres som lagerændringer)
b)
museers anskaffelse eller afhændelse af disse varer (ifølge den generelle definition af værdigenstande skal museers anskaffelse af disse varer registreres som faste investeringer).
Denne konvention forhindrer hyppige omklassificeringer inden for de tre hovedformer for faste investeringer, dvs. anskaffelse minus afhændelse af værdigenstande, faste investeringer og lagerændringer (f.eks. ved transaktioner med sådanne varer mellem husholdninger og kunsthandlere).
3.157
Produktion af værdigenstande værdiansættes til basispriser. Alle andre anskaffelser af værdigenstande værdiansættes til den køberpris, der betales for dem, inkl. eventuelle gebyrer og provisioner til agenter samt avancer, når der købes fra handlere. Afhændelse af værdigenstande værdiansættes til de priser, der opnås af sælgerne, efter fradrag af eventuelle gebyrer og provisioner til agenter eller andre formidlere. Anskaffelser og afhændelser mellem residente sektorer udligner hinanden, således at kun agenters og handleres avancer bliver tilbage.
EKSPORT OG IMPORT AF VARER OG TJENESTER (P.6 OG P.7)
3.158
Definition
: Eksport af varer og tjenester omfatter vare- og tjenestetransaktioner (salg, byttehandel og gaver) fra residente til ikkeresidente enheder.
3.159
Definition
: Import af varer og tjenester omfatter vare- og tjenestetransaktioner (salg, byttehandel og gaver) fra ikkeresidente til residente enheder.
3.160
Eksport og import af varer og tjenester omfatter ikke:
a)
establishment trade, dvs.:
1)
levering af varer og tjenester til ikkeresidente enheder fra ikkeresidente afdelinger af residente foretagender, f.eks. salg til udlandet fra udenlandske afdelinger af et multinationalt foretagende, der ejes eller kontrolleres af residente enheder
2)
levering af varer og tjenester til residente enheder fra residente afdelinger af ikkeresidente foretagender, f.eks. salg fra indenlandske afdelinger af et udenlandsk multinationalt foretagende
b)
strømme af primær indkomst til og fra udlandet, såsom aflønning af ansatte, renter og indtægter fra direkte investeringer. Indtægter fra direkte investeringer kan indeholde en uidentificerbar andel, der er betaling for forskellige tjenester som f.eks. uddannelse af medarbejdere, virksomhedsledelse og anvendelse af patenter og varemærker.
c)
grænseoverskridende køb og salg af finansielle aktiver eller ikkeproducerede aktiver som jord.
3.161
Vedrørende import og eksport af varer og tjenester skelnes mellem:
a)
levering af varer og tjenester inden for EU
b)
import og eksport uden for EU.
Begge typer betegnes import og eksport.
Eksport og import af varer (P.61 og P.71)
3.162
Import og eksport af varer forekommer, når den økonomiske ejendomsret til varer overdrages mellem residente og ikkeresidente enheder, og uanset om varerne fysisk krydser grænserne.
3.163
Leverancer mellem affilierede selskaber (filialer, datterselskaber eller udenlandske afdelinger): overdragelse af den økonomiske ejendomsret skal imputeres, når varer leveres mellem affilierede selskaber. Dette gælder kun, hvis virksomheden, der modtager varerne, påtager sig ansvaret for at træffe afgørelse om omfanget af og priserne for de varer, der bringes på markedet.
3.164
Eksport af varer sker, uden at varerne på noget tidspunkt passerer en landegrænse i følgende eksempler:
a)
varer som produceres af residente enheder, der opererer i internationalt farvand, og som sælges direkte til ikkeresidente enheder i udlandet, f.eks. olie, naturgas, fiskevarer og bjærgninger på havet
b)
transportmidler og andet mobilt udstyr, der ikke er bundet af et fast sted
c)
varer, der efter overdragelse af ejendomsretten bortkommer eller ødelægges, før de når at passere eksportlandets grænse
d)
merchanting, dvs. en residents køb af en vare fra en ikkeresident og efterfølgende videresalg af varen til en anden ikkeresident, uden at varen når ind i mellemhandlerens økonomi.
Lignende eksempler kan gives for import af varer.
3.165
Import og eksport af varer omfatter transaktioner mellem residente og ikkeresidente enheder med:
a)
ikkemonetært guld
b)
ikkemonetært sølv, diamanter og andre ædle metaller og ædelstene
c)
pengesedler og mønter ikke i omløb og ikkeudstedte værdipapirer (værdiansat som varer, ikke til pålydende værdi)
d)
elektricitet, gas og vand
e)
husdyr, der drives over landegrænser
f)
postpakker
g)
eksporterede varer fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service inkl. varer finansieret gennem støtte og lån
h)
varer, der overgår til eller fra et stødpudelager
i)
varer, som et resident foretagende har leveret til sine ikkeresidente affilierede selskaber, undtagen varer, der skal forædles
j)
varer, som et resident foretagende har modtaget fra sine ikkeresidente affilierede selskaber, undtagen varer, der skal forædles
k)
smuglede varer eller produkter, for hvilke der ikke betales skatter som importskatter og moms
l)
andre ikkeregistrerede forsendelser, f.eks. gaver eller varer under en bestemt minimumsværdi.
3.166
Import og eksport af varer omfatter ikke følgende varer, som ikke desto mindre kan passere landegrænser:
a)
varer i transit gennem et land
b)
varer sendt til eller fra et lands egne ambassader, militærbaser eller andre »enklaver« inden for et andet lands nationale grænser
c)
transportmidler og andet mobilt udstyr, som forlader landet midlertidigt, uden overdragelse af den økonomiske ejendomsret (f.eks. udstyr til bygge- eller montagearbejde i udlandet)
d)
udstyr og andre varer, der sendes til udlandet til forarbejdning, vedligeholdelse eller reparation; dette gælder også for varer, der forarbejdes i udlandet og derved undergår væsentlige fysiske ændringer
e)
andre varer, der midlertidigt forlader et land, og som generelt returneres inden for et år i deres oprindelige tilstand, og uden at den økonomiske ejendomsret overdrages.
Eksempler herpå er varer, der sendes til udlandet til udstillinger eller underholdning, varer som er genstand for operationel leasing, herunder leasingaftaler for flere år, samt varer, der returneres uden at blive solgt til en ikkeresident
f)
varer i konsignation, som er gået tabt efter grænsepassagen, men før overgangen af ejendomsretten har fundet sted.
3.167
Import og eksport af varer registreres, når overdragelse af ejendomsretten finder sted. Overdragelse af ejendomsretten anses for at ske på det tidspunkt, hvor transaktionens parter registrerer dette i deres bøger eller regnskaber, hvilket ikke nødvendigvis falder sammen med de forskellige etaper af kontraktens indgåelse som f.eks.:
a)
forpligtelsen indgås (kontraktdato)
b)
varer og tjenester leveres, modtagelse af betalingskrav (leveringsdato)
c)
kravet om betaling indfries (betalingsdato).
3.168
Importerede og eksporterede varer værdiansættes »frit om bord« ved eksportlandets grænse (fob). Denne værdi er:
a)
varernes værdi til basispris
b)
plus transport og distribution frem til det pågældende sted ved grænsen inkl. prisen for (eventuel) omladning til en transportør for den videre befordring
c)
plus eventuelle skatter minus subsidier på eksporterede varer; for leverancer inden for EU omfatter dette moms og andre skatter på varer, der er betalt i eksportlandet.
I tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og de symmetriske input-output-tabeller benyttes en anden værdiansættelse for import af varer (produktgrupper), nemlig cif-prisen ved importlandets grænse.
3.169
Definition
: Cif-prisen er prisen for en vare leveret til importlandets grænse eller prisen for en tjenesteydelse leveret til en resident før betaling af told eller andre importskatter eller handels- og transportavancer i det pågældende land.
3.170
Under visse omstændigheder kan det være nødvendigt at erstatte fob-værdien med tilnærmede eller alternative værdier, det gælder f.eks.:
a)
byttehandel, hvor varerne værdiansættes til de basispriser, man ville have opnået ved betaling i kontanter
b)
transaktioner mellem affilierede selskaber, hvor de faktiske overførselsværdier anvendes som hovedregel. Er disse forskellige fra markedspriserne, erstattes de dog af en skønnet pris, der svarer til markedsprisen
c)
varer overført i forbindelse med finansiel leasing, hvor varernes værdi ansættes på basis af køberprisen betalt af leasinggiveren og ikke den samlede værdi af lejebetalingerne
d)
import af varer, der værdiansættes på grundlag af toldoplysninger (ved handel med tredjelande) eller Intrastatoplysninger (ved handel inden for EU). Ingen af disse to kilder anvender fob-værdien, men cif-værdien ved hhv. EU-grænsen og den nationale grænse. Da fob-værdierne kun anvendes på det mest aggregerede niveau og cif-værdierne på produktgruppeniveau, foretages disse ændringer også først på det mest aggregerede niveau, og ændringen betegnes cif/fob-korrektionen
e)
import og eksport af varer, der skønsmæssigt værdiansættes på basis af undersøgelsesdata eller forskellige typer ad hoc-oplysninger. I disse tilfælde kan den samlede værdi af salgene opdelt pr. produkt oplyses. Skønnet er baseret på køberpriser og ikke på fob-værdier.
Eksport og import af tjenester (P.62 og P.72)
3.171
Definition
: Eksport af tjenester omfatter alle tjenester, der ydes af residente til ikkeresidente enheder.
3.172
Definition
: Import af tjenester omfatter alle tjenester, der ydes af ikkeresidente til residente enheder.
3.173
Eksport af tjenester omfatter også følgende tilfælde:
a)
transport af eksporterede varer fra eksportlandets grænse, når transporten varetages af en resident transportør (eksempel 2 og 3 i tabel 3.3)
b)
transport af importerede varer, når en resident transportør varetager transporten
1)
frem til eksportlandets grænser, når varerne er opgjort fob for at udligne værdien af transporttjenesterne, som er inkluderet i fob-værdien (eksempel 3 i tabel 3.4)
2)
frem til importlandets grænser, når varerne er opgjort cif for at udligne værdien af transporttjenesterne, som er inkluderet i cif-værdien (eksempel 3 og 2 i tabel 3.4)
c)
transport af varer, der varetages af residente for ikkeresidente enheder, og som ikke indebærer import eller eksport af varerne (f.eks. transport af varer, der ikke forlader landet som eksport, eller transport af varer uden for det nationale område)
d)
transport af passagerer, når en resident transportør varetager transporten for en ikkeresident transportør
e)
forarbejdnings- og reparationsaktiviteter på vegne af ikkeresidente enheder; disse aktiviteter registreres netto, dvs. som eksport af tjenester ekskl. værdien af de forarbejdede eller reparerede varer
f)
opstilling af udstyr i udlandet, når der er tale om et projekt, der ifølge sagens natur er af begrænset varighed
g)
finansielle tjenester ydet af residente til ikkeresidente enheder, herunder både det eksplicitte og det implicitte gebyr som FISIM
h)
forsikringstjenester leveret af residente enheder til ikkeresidente enheder opgjort ud fra det implicitte gebyr
i)
ikkeresidente turisters og forretningsfolks udgifter, der klassificeres som tjenester; en opdeling efter produkt er nødvendig til brug for tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller og de symmetriske input-output-tabeller
j)
ikkeresidenters udgifter til sundheds- og undervisningstjenester leveret af residente enheder, uanset om disse tjenester ydes på det nationale område eller i udlandet
k)
tjenester i forbindelse med feriehuse, der benyttes af ikkeresidente ejere (jf. 3.77)
l)
royalties og licenser som modydelse for tilladelse til at anvende intellektuel ejendomsret som f.eks. patenter, copyrights, varemærker, industriprocesser, franchises osv., samt anvendelse i henhold til licensaftaler af fremstillede originalværker eller prototyper, såsom manuskripter, malerier osv. betalt af ikkeresidente til residente enheder.
3.174
Der er import af tjenester svarende til spejlbilledet af listen over eksport af tjenester i 3.173, og kun følgende import af tjenester kræver yderligere beskrivelse.
3.175
Import af transporttjenester omfatter følgende tilfælde:
a)
transport af eksporterede varer frem til eksportlandets grænse, når transporten varetages af en ikkeresident transportør for at udligne værdien af transporttjenesterne, som er inkluderet i fob-værdien af de eksporterede varer (eksempel 4 i tabel 3.3)
b)
transport af importerede varer, når en ikkeresident transportør varetager transporten:
1)
frem til eksportlandets grænse som en særskilt transporttjeneste, når importerede varer er opgjort fob (eksempel 4 og 5 fob i tabel 3.4)
2)
fra importlandets grænse som en særskilt transporttjeneste, når importerede varer er opgjort cif (i dette tilfælde er værdien af transporttjenesten mellem eksportlandets og importlandets grænser allerede inkluderet i varernes cif-værdi; eksempel 4 i tabel 3.4)
c)
transport af varer, der varetages af ikkeresidente enheder for residente enheder, og som ikke indebærer import eller eksport af varer (men f.eks. transport af varer i transit eller transport uden for det nationale område)
d)
international eller indenlandsk transport af passagerer, som varetages af ikkeresidente transportører for residente enheder.
Import af transporttjenester omfatter ikke transport af eksporterede varer, efter at de har passeret eksportlandets grænse, når transporten varetages af en ikkeresident transportør (eksempel 5 og 6 i tabel 3.3). Eksport af varer opgøres fob, og alle sådanne transporttjenester betragtes som transaktioner mellem ikkeresidente enheder, dvs. mellem en ikkeresident transportør og en ikkeresident importør. Dette gælder, når transporttjenesterne betales af eksportøren i henhold til cif-eksportkontrakter.
3.176
Import i betydningen residente enheders direkte køb i udlandet dækker alle køb af varer og tjenester, der foretages af residenter på rejse i udlandet, både private rejser og forretningsrejser. To kategorier bør dog udskilles, da de registreres på anden måde:
a)
alle forretningsudgifter afholdt af forretningsrejsende er forbrug i produktionen
b)
alle andre udgifter, uanset om de er afholdt af forretningsrejsende eller andre rejsende, er husholdningens udgifter til forbrug.
3.177
Import og eksport af tjenester registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor de ydes, og dette er sammenfaldende med produktionstidspunktet. Importerede tjenester værdiansættes til køberpris, eksporterede tjenester til basispris.
Tabel 3.3 —
   
Registrering af transport af eksporterede varer
Det nationale område
Territoriet mellem
Importlandets område
1.
resident transportør
2.
resident transportør
3.
resident transportør
4.
ikkeresident transportør
5.
ikkeresident transportør
6.
ikkeresident transportør
Eksport af varer (fob)
Eksport af tjenester
Import af varer (cif/fob)
Import af tjenester
1.
x
—
—
—
2.
—
x
—
—
3.
—
x
—
—
4.
x
—
—
x
5.
—
—
—
—
6.
—
—
—
—
3.178
Forklaring til tabellen: Første del af tabellen viser, at der er seks muligheder for transport af eksporterede varer afhængigt af, om transportøren er resident eller ikke og afhængigt af, hvor transporten finder sted: fra et sted inden for det nationale område til den nationale grænse, fra den nationale grænse til importlandets grænse eller fra importlandets grænse til et sted i importlandet. I tabellens anden del er det for hver af de seks muligheder angivet, om transportudgifterne registreres som eksport af varer, eksport af tjenester, import af varer eller import af tjenester.
Tabel 3.4 —
   
Registrering af transport af importerede varer
Det nationale område
Territoriet mellem
Eksportlandets område
1.
resident transportør
2.
resident transportør
3.
resident transportør
4.
ikkeresident transportør
5.
ikkeresident transportør
6.
ikkeresident transportør
Værdiansættelse af importerede varer
Import af varer
Import af tjenester
Eksport af varer (fob)
Eksport af tjenester
1.
CIF/FOB
—
—
—
—
2.
FOB
CIF
—
x
—
—
—
—
—
x
3.
CIF/FOB
x
—
—
x
4.
CIF/FOB
—
x
—
—
5.
FOB
CIF
—
x
x
—
—
—
—
—
6.
CIF/FOB
x
—
—
—
3.179
Forklaring til tabellen: Første del af tabellen viser, at der er seks muligheder for transport af importerede varer afhængigt af, om transportøren er resident eller ikke og afhængigt af, hvor transporten finder sted: fra et sted i eksportlandet til eksportlandets grænse, fra eksportlandets grænse til importlandets grænse og fra importlandets grænse til et sted på det nationale område. I tabellens anden del er det for hver af de seks muligheder angivet, om transportudgifterne registreres som import af varer, import af tjenester, eksport af varer eller import af tjenester. I nogle tilfælde (eksempel 2 og 5) afhænger denne registrering af principperne for værdiansættelse af de importerede varer. Bemærk at overgangen fra importerede varer opgjort cif til fob består i:
a)
tilpasning af cif/fob, dvs. fra 2 cif til 2 fob (reducerer den samlede import og eksport)
b)
omklassificering af cif/fob, dvs. fra 5 cif til 5 fob (samlet import og eksport forbliver uændret).
TRANSAKTIONER MED EKSISTERENDE VARER
3.180
Definition
: Eksisterende varer er varer, der allerede har haft en bruger (dog ikke et lager).
3.181
Eksisterende varer omfatter:
a)
bygninger og anden fast realkapital, der er solgt af producentenheder til andre enheder:
1)
til genbrug i samme tilstand
2)
til nedrivning eller skrotning; de derved fremkomne produkter er råvarer (f.eks. jernskrot), der anvendes til fremstilling af nye varer (f.eks. stål)
b)
værdigenstande, der er solgt af en enhed til en anden
c)
varige forbrugsgoder, der er solgt af husholdninger eller militæret til andre enheder:
1)
til genbrug i samme tilstand
2)
til skrotning og omdannelse til genbrugsmaterialer
d)
ikkevarige goder (f.eks. papiraffald, klude, brugt tøj, flasker osv.), der er solgt af en hvilken som helst enhed, enten til genbrug eller som råmaterialer til fremstilling af nye varer.
Overdragelse af eksisterende varer registreres som en negativ udgift (anskaffelse) for sælgeren og som en positiv udgift (anskaffelse) for køberen.
3.182
Denne definition af eksisterende varer har følgende konsekvenser:
a)
når salget af et eksisterende fast aktiv eller en eksisterende værdigenstand finder sted mellem to residente producenter, udlignes de positive og negative værdier, registreret som faste bruttoinvesteringer i økonomien som helhed, bortset fra omkostningerne ved ejerskiftet
b)
når et eksisterende, ikkemobilt fast aktiv (f.eks. en bygning) sælges til en ikkeresident enhed, bliver denne registreret som køber af et finansielt aktiv, dvs. som ejerandele i en fiktiv, resident enhed. Denne fiktive residente enhed betragtes derefter som køber af aktivet. Køb og salg af det faste aktiv finder sted mellem residente enheder
c)
når et eksisterende, mobilt fast aktiv (f.eks. skib eller fly) eksporteres, posteres ingen fast bruttoinvestering andetsteds i økonomien til udligning af sælgerens negative bruttoinvestering
d)
varige goder som f.eks. køretøjer kan klassificeres som faste aktiver eller som varige forbrugsgoder, alt efter ejer og hvad de bruges til. Hvis ejendomsretten til en sådan vare overdrages fra et foretagende til en husholdning, hvor det skal anvendes til forbrug, registreres en negativ bruttoinvestering i foretagendet og en positiv udgift til forbrug i husholdningen. Hvis ejendomsretten til en sådan vare overdrages fra en husholdning til et foretagende, registreres for husholdningen en negativ udgift til forbrug, og for foretagendet registreres en positiv fast bruttoinvestering
e)
transaktioner i eksisterende værdigenstande registreres af køberen som anskaffelse af en værdigenstand (positiv bruttoinvestering) og af sælgeren som afhændelse af en værdigenstand (negativ bruttoinvestering). I tilfælde af transaktioner med udlandet skal import eller eksport af en vare registreres. En husholdnings salg af en værdigenstand skal ikke registreres som negativ udgift til forbrug.
f)
Når offentlig forvaltning og service sælger eksisterende varigt militært udstyr til udlandet, registreres dette som eksport af varer og endvidere som negativ fast investering for offentlig forvaltning og service.
3.183
Transaktioner med eksisterende varer registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor ejendomsretten overdrages. Værdiansættelsen foretages efter de principper, som anvendes for de pågældende typer produkttransaktioner.
ANSKAFFELSER MINUS AFHÆNDELSER AF IKKEPRODUCEREDE AKTIVER (NP)
3.184
Definition
: Ikkeproducerede aktiver omfatter aktiver, som ikke er produceret inden for produktionsgrænsen, og som kan anvendes til produktion af varer og tjenester.
3.185
Der skelnes mellem tre kategorier af anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver:
a)
Anskaffelser minus afhændelse af naturressourcer (NP.1)
b)
Anskaffelser minus afhændelse af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser (NP.2)
c)
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver (NP.3)
3.186
Naturressourcer omfatter følgende kategorier:
a)
Jord
b)
Mineral- og energiforekomster
c)
Ikkeavlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
d)
Vandressourcer
e)
Radiofrekvenser
f)
Andre naturressourcer
Naturressourcer omfatter ikke det producerede aktiv avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer. Køb eller salg af avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer registreres ikke som anskaffelse minus afhændelse af naturressourcer, men registreres som faste investeringer. Betalinger for midlertidig anvendelse af naturressourcer registreres heller ikke som anskaffelse af naturressourcer; de registreres som jordrente, dvs. formueindkomst. (jf. kapitel 15: Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser).
3.187
Ved jord forstås selve jorden, inklusive jordoverfladen og tilhørende overfladevand. Det tilhørende overfladevand omfatter alle indenlandske vandarealer (opdæmmede søer, søer, floder osv.), over hvilke der kan udøves ejendomsret.
3.188
Følgende betragtes ikke som jord:
a)
bygninger eller andre anlæg på jorden eller gennem den (f.eks. veje og tunneller)
b)
vinmarker, frugtplantager eller andre plantager med træer og alle andre afgrøder på jorden, osv.
c)
underjordiske aktiver
d)
ikkeavlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
e)
vandressourcer under jorden.
Litra a) og b) er producerede faste aktiver, mens litra c), d) og e) falder ind under ikkeproducerede aktiver.
3.189
Anskaffelser og afhændelser af jord og andre naturressourcer værdiansættes i de løbende markedspriser, der er gældende på anskaffelses- eller afhændelsestidspunktet. Transaktioner med naturressourcer registreres til samme værdi på købers og i sælgers konti. Denne værdi omfatter ikke udgifter til overdragelse af ejendomsretten til naturressourcen. Disse udgifter betragtes som faste bruttoinvesteringer.
3.190
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser som ikkeproducerede aktiver består af følgende kategorier:
a)
Operationelle leasingkontrakter, der kan handles
b)
Tilladelser til at anvende naturressourcer, f.eks. fiskekvoter
c)
Tilladelser til at udføre specifikke aktiviteter, f.eks. udstedelse af tilladelser og licenser til et begrænset antal kasinoer eller til at drive taxivirksomhed i visse områder
d)
Eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester, f.eks. en fodboldspillers kontrakter og en udgivers eneret til at udgive nye værker af en bestemt forfatter
3.191
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser i kategorien ikkeproducerede aktiver omfatter ikke operationel leasing af de underliggende aktiver; betalinger for operationel leasing registreres som forbrug i produktionen.
Værdien af anskaffelser og afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser omfatter ikke omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten. Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten er en del af faste bruttoinvesteringer.
3.192
Definition
: Værdien af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver er forskellen mellem den værdi, der betales for et foretagende i drift og summen af dets aktiver minus summen af dets passiver. Til beregning af den samlede værdi af aktiver minus passiver opføres og værdiansættes det enkelte aktiv og passiv separat.
3.193
Goodwill registreres kun, hvis dens værdi kan dokumenteres ved en markedsmæssig transaktion, f.eks. ved salg af hele selskabet. Hvis markedsføringsaktiver sælges enkeltvis og adskilt fra hele selskabet, registreres et sådant salg under denne post.
3.194
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver registreres på sektorernes, den samlede økonomis og udlandets kapitalkonto.
KAPITEL 4
FORDELINGSTRANSAKTIONER
4.01
Definition:
 Fordelingstransaktioner er transaktioner til fordeling af værditilvæksten i produktionsleddet på arbejdskraft, kapital og myndigheder samt til omfordeling af indkomst og formue.
Der skelnes mellem løbende overførsler og kapitaloverførsler, hvor kapitaloverførsler er en omfordeling af opsparing eller formue (og i mindre grad af indkomst).
AFLØNNING AF ANSATTE (D.1)
4.02
Definition:
 Aflønning af ansatte (D.1) omfatter de samlede ydelser i kontanter og naturalier, som arbejdsgiverne betaler de ansatte for det arbejde, de har leveret i en regnskabsperiode.
Aflønning af ansatte består af følgende elementer:
a)
løn (D.11):
—
løn i kontanter
—
løn i naturalier
b)
arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.12):
—
faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.121)
—
faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
—
faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.1212)
—
imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.122)
—
imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1221)
—
imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.1222).
Løn (D.11)
Løn i kontanter
4.03
Løn i kontanter omfatter bidrag til sociale ordninger, indkomstskat og andre betalinger, som påhviler de ansatte, også sådanne, som tilbageholdes af arbejdsgiverne for direkte indbetaling til socialforsikringsordninger, skattemyndigheder mv. på de ansattes vegne:
Løn i kontanter omfatter følgende ydelser:
a)
direkte løn, der udbetales regelmæssigt
b)
tillæg for f.eks. overtid, nat- og weekendarbejde samt for særlige ulemper eller farligt arbejde
c)
dyrtidstillæg samt sted- og udlandstillæg
d)
bonusser eller andre ekstraordinære beløb, der udbetales under en præmieringsordning i forhold til foretagendets driftsresultat; bonusordninger baseret på produktivitet eller driftsresultat, jule- og nytårsgratialer eksklusive sociale ydelser til den ansatte (jf. 4.07, litra c)); »13.-14. månedsløn«, også kaldet ekstra månedsløn
e)
godtgørelse for transport til og fra arbejdsplads eksklusive tillæg eller godtgørelser af ansattes udlæg til rejseaktivitet, udstationering, flytning eller repræsentation i forbindelse med udøvelsen af deres funktioner (jf. 4.07, litra a))
f)
søgnehelligdagsbetaling og feriepenge
g)
provisioner, drikkepenge, møde- og bestyrelseshonorarer udbetalt til de ansatte
h)
arbejdsgiverbidrag til opsparingsordninger for ansatte
i)
særlig fratrædelsesgodtgørelse til ansatte, når udbetalingen ikke sker i henhold til en kollektiv overenskomst
j)
kontant boligtilskud fra arbejdsgivere til ansatte.
Løn i naturalier
4.04
Definition:
 Løn i naturalier består af varer, tjenester eller andre naturalieydelser, som leveres gratis eller til nedsat pris af arbejdsgiverne, og som kan anvendes af de ansatte i fritiden og i ubegrænset omfang til opfyldelse af egne og husholdningens behov eller ønsker.
4.05
Løn i naturalier er f.eks.:
a)
forplejning inklusive måltider og drikkevarer indtaget på forretningsrejser, men eksklusive særlige måltider og drikkevarer, der skyldes ekstraordinære arbejdsbetingelser. Lavere priser i gratis eller subventionerede kantiner eller ved køb af spisebilletter henregnes ligeledes til løn i naturalier
b)
egne eller købte boligtjenester eller logi af en art, som kan bruges af alle i den ansattes husholdning
c)
uniformer og anden form for specialbeklædning, som de ansatte anvender hyppigt både på og uden for arbejdspladsen
d)
anvendelse af køretøjer og andre varige forbrugsgoder, der stilles til rådighed for de ansatte til privat brug
e)
varer og tjenester fra arbejdsgiverens egen produktion som f.eks. gratis rejser for ansatte ved jernbaner og luftfartsselskaber, gratis kul til minearbejdere eller gratis fødevarer til ansatte i landbruget
f)
sports-, fritids- eller feriefaciliteter for ansatte og deres familier
g)
gratis transport til og fra arbejdet (bortset fra transport i arbejdstiden), fri parkering, som der ellers skulle være betalt for
h)
pasningsordninger for ansattes børn
i)
arbejdsgivernes betalinger til bedriftsråd og lignende organer til fordel for ansatte
j)
friaktier, der udloddes til de ansatte
k)
rentebegunstigede lån til de ansatte. Værdien af denne ydelse beregnes som forskellen mellem det beløb, de ansatte ellers skulle have betalt i rente på markedsvilkår, og den rente, der reelt betales. Den registreres som løn på indkomstdannelseskontoen, og den tilsvarende imputerede rente, som den ansatte betaler til arbejdsgiveren, registreres på primærindkomstfordelingskontoen
l)
aktieoptioner, hvorved en arbejdsgiver giver en ansat mulighed for at købe aktier eller andele til en bestemt pris på et tidspunkt i fremtiden (jf. 4.168 til 4.178)
m)
indkomster, der dannes ved ikkeobserverede aktiviteter i selskabssektorerne og overføres til de ansatte, der deltager i disse aktiviteter, til privat brug.
4.06
Varer og tjenester leveret til ansatte som løn i naturalier værdiansættes i basispriser, når de produceres af arbejdsgiveren, og i køberpriser, dersom de købes af arbejdsgiveren. Når de leveres gratis, beregnes den fulde værdi af løn i naturalier ud fra basisprisen (eller arbejdsgiverens køberpris, hvis de er købt af ham) på de pågældende varer og tjenester. Når varer og tjenester leveres til nedsat pris (ikke gratis), reduceres denne værdi med det beløb, der betales af den ansatte.
4.07
Løn omfatter ikke:
a)
udgifter, som afholdes af arbejdsgiverne som led i produktionsprocessen. For eksempel:
1)
tillæg eller godtgørelse til de ansatte for udgifter i forbindelse med rejser, udstationering, flytning og repræsentation i forbindelse med udøvelse af deres funktioner
2)
udgifter til etablering af faciliteter på arbejdspladsen, arbejdshygiejniske lægeundersøgelser og arbejdsbeklædning, der anvendes i arbejdstiden
3)
indlogeringsfaciliteter på arbejdspladsen af en sådan karakter, at de ikke kan anvendes af de ansattes husholdninger, som f.eks. skurvogne, sovesale, hjem for arbejdere, hytter mv.
4)
særlige måltider eller drikkevarer som følge af ekstraordinære arbejdsbetingelser
5)
godtgørelse til de ansatte for indkøb af værktøj, udstyr og specialbeklædning, som de har brug for i forbindelse med arbejdet, eller den del af deres løn, som de ansatte selv i henhold til ansættelsesvilkårene skal bidrage med til sådanne indkøb. Hvis de ansatte i henhold til deres ansættelseskontrakt skal købe værktøj, udstyr, specialbeklædning mv., og ikke får fuld godtgørelse herfor, trækkes den del af udgifterne, de selv skal afholde, fra den løn, de modtager, og arbejdsgivernes forbrug i produktionen forhøjes tilsvarende.
Udgifter til varer og tjenester, som arbejdsgiverne er forpligtet til at stille til rådighed for de ansatte, således at de kan udføre deres arbejde, behandles af arbejdsgiverne som forbrug i produktionen
b)
løn, som arbejdsgiverne midlertidig udbetaler til de ansatte i tilfælde af sygdom, barsel, arbejdsskade, invaliditet mv. Sådanne beløb behandles som andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser (D.6222), og de samme beløb registreres som imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.1222)
c)
andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede sociale forsikringsydelser i form af f.eks. børnetilskud, husstandstillæg, familietillæg, uddannelsestillæg og andre ydelser til forsørgelsesberettigede, samt i form af fri lægehjælp (ud over lægehjælp i relation til arbejdet) til ansatte eller deres familie
d)
skatter, som pålægges arbejdsgiveren af den udbetalte lønsum, som f.eks. skat på antallet af ansatte. Sådanne skatter, som betales af foretagender, ansættes enten som en del af den udbetalte løn eller som et fast beløb pr. beskæftiget. De behandles som andre produktionsskatter
e)
betalinger til hjemmearbejdere efter akkordsatser. Når hjemmearbejderens indkomst afhænger af værdien af resultaterne af en produktionsproces, for hvilken den pågældende er ansvarlig, uanset arbejdsindsatsens omfang, indebærer denne form for aflønning, at arbejdstageren er selvstændig.
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.12)
4.08
Definition:
 Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger er sociale bidrag, som betales af arbejdsgiverne til socialsikringsordninger eller andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger med henblik på at sikre de ansatte sociale ydelser.
Et beløb svarende til de bidrag til sociale ordninger, der påhviler arbejdsgiverne til sikring af de ansattes ret til sociale ydelser, registreres under aflønning af ansatte. Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger kan være faktiske eller imputerede.
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.121)
4.09
Definition:
 Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.121) er arbejdsgivernes betalinger til fordel for de ansatte til sikringsinstitutionerne (socialsikringsordninger og andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger). Sådanne betalinger dækker lovbefalede, overenskomstmæssige, kontraktmæssige og frivillige bidrag til sikring mod sociale risici og til opfyldelse af sociale behov.
Selv om arbejdsgiverne betaler disse bidrag direkte til sikringsinstitutionerne, betragtes de alligevel som en del af aflønningen af ansatte. De registreres derefter som betalt af de ansatte til sikringsinstitutionerne.
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger består af to kategorier, bidrag til pensionsordninger og bidrag til andre ydelser, der registreres som henholdsvis:
a)
faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
b)
faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.1212).
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger er bidrag til dækning af sociale risici og behov, undtagen til pensionsordninger, f.eks. sygdom, barsel, arbejdsskade, invaliditet, afskedigelse mv.
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.122)
4.10
Definition
: Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.122) er modstykket til andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.622) (minus eventuelle lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger), som betales direkte af arbejdsgiverne til deres ansatte eller tidligere ansatte samt andre ydelsesberettigede uden om forsikringsselskaber eller selvstændige pensionskasser og uden at oprette særlige fonde eller separate reserver til formålet.
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger er opdelt i to kategorier:
a)
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1221)
Socialforsikringspensioner klassificeres som bidragsdefinerede ordninger eller ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
I en bidragsdefineret ordning afhænger ydelserne af de bidrag, der indbetales til ordningen, og af de afkast, der opnås på investeringen af midlerne. Når en ansat går på pension, påtager han sig alle risici med hensyn til de ydelser, der kommer til udbetaling. I forbindelse med sådanne ordninger er der ingen imputerede bidrag, medmindre arbejdsgiveren selv administrerer ordningen. I så fald behandles administrationsomkostningerne til ordningen som et imputeret bidrag, der betales til den ansatte som en del af aflønningen af ansatte. Dette beløb registreres også som husholdningernes forbrugsudgifter til finansielle tjenester.
I en ydelsesdefineret ordning er de ydelser, der kommer til udbetaling til medlemmerne, fastlagt i reglerne for ordningen, dvs. at de beregnes ved hjælp af en formel, eller består af et minimumsbeløb. I en typisk ydelsesdefineret ordning indbetaler både arbejdsgivere og ansatte bidrag, og den ansattes bidrag, der er obligatorisk, beregnes som en procentdel af lønnen. Arbejdsgiveren bærer ansvaret for alle omkostninger til dækning af de beregnede ydelser. Det er arbejdsgiveren, der påtager sig risikoen for udbetaling af ydelserne.
I en ydelsesdefineret ordning beregnes et imputeret arbejdsgiverbidrag som følger:
Det imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag er lig med:
stigningen i ydelsen som følge af den aktuelle periodes beskæftigelse
minus
summen af arbejdsgiverens faktiske bidrag
minus
summen af den ansattes eventuelle bidrag
plus
omkostningerne til administration af ordningen.
Visse ordninger kan betegnes som bidragsfri, fordi hverken arbejdsgiveren eller den ansatte indbetaler egentlige bidrag. Alligevel beregnes der et imputeret arbejdsgiverbidrag som netop angivet.
I tilfælde, hvor pensionsrettigheder i forbindelse med ordninger for offentligt ansatte ikke registreres i hovedkontiene, skal de offentlige arbejdsgiveres imputerede bidrag beregnes aktuarmæssigt. I tilfælde, hvor de aktuarmæssige beregninger ikke giver et tilstrækkeligt pålideligt resultat, og kun i sådanne tilfælde, kan offentlige arbejdsgiveres imputerede bidrag til pensionsordninger beregnes på en af følgende måder:
1)
på grundlag af en rimelig procentdel af den løn, der udbetales til nuværende ansatte, eller
2)
som forskellen mellem de i den løbende periode udbetalte ydelser og de faktisk (af både de ansatte og den offentlige arbejdsgiver) indbetalte bidrag.
b)
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.1222)
Selv om visse sociale ydelser betales direkte af arbejdsgiverne og ikke gennem sociale fonde eller kasser eller andre sikringsinstitutioner, skal de ikke desto mindre registreres som sociale ydelser. Da de samlede udgifter til disse ydelser indgår i arbejdsgivernes arbejdskraftomkostninger, henhører de også under aflønning af ansatte. Der imputeres derfor en aflønning af disse ansatte svarende til værdien af de samlede bidrag til sociale ordninger, som er nødvendige for, at de kan opnå rettigheder til disse sociale ydelser. Sådanne beløb indbefatter arbejdsgiverens og den ansattes faktiske bidrag og afhænger ikke blot af ydelsernes størrelse, men også af den fremtidige udvikling i arbejdsgivernes forpligtelser i forbindelse med sådanne ordninger som følge af faktorer som forventede ændringer i antallet af, aldersfordelingen af og middellevetiden for de ansatte og tidligere ansatte. Grundlaget for imputeringen af bidraget er de samme aktuarmæssige beregninger, som ligger til grund for de præmier, som forsikringsselskaber beregner.
I praksis kan det imidlertid være vanskeligt at beregne præcist, hvor store sådanne imputerede bidrag skal være. Arbejdsgiveren kan selv foretage skøn, eventuelt på basis af de bidrag, der betales til lignende fondsbaserede ordninger, og således beregne sine sandsynlige forpligtelser i fremtiden, og sådanne skøn kan anvendes, når de foreligger. En anden acceptabel metode er at anvende en rimelig procentdel af den løn, der betales til nuværende ansatte. Ellers er det eneste praktiske alternativ at anvende de ikkefondsbaserede ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser, som arbejdsgiveren betaler i samme regnskabsperiode, som grundlag for skønnet vedrørende den imputerede aflønning, der er nødvendig for at dække de imputerede bidrag. De faktisk betalte ydelser i denne periode er et acceptabelt beregningsgrundlag for bidragene og den tilhørende imputerede aflønning.
4.11
På sektorkontiene figurerer udgifter til direkte sociale ydelser først som anvendelse på indkomstdannelseskontoen som en del af aflønningen af ansatte, dernæst som anvendelse på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen som sociale ydelser. For at få denne konto til at balancere går man ud fra, at de ansattes husholdninger tilbagebetaler arbejdsgivernes imputerede bidrag til sociale ordninger, der (sammen med eventuelle lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger) finansierer de direkte sociale ydelser, som de samme arbejdsgivere yder til de ansatte. Dette fiktive kredsløb kan sidestilles med kredsløbet for de faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger, der passerer gennem husholdningernes konti, og som formodes at blive betalt af husholdningerne til sikringsinstitutionerne.
4.12
Registreringstidspunkt for aflønning af ansatte:
a)
Løn (D.11) registreres i den periode, hvor arbejdet udføres. Dog registreres ekstraordinære bonusser og beløb såsom 13. månedsløn mv., når de forfalder til betaling. Registreringstidspunktet for aktieoptioner fordeles over perioden mellem tildelingstidspunktet og retserhvervelsestidspunktet. Hvis oplysningerne er utilstrækkelige, registreres optionens værdi på retserhvervelsestidspunktet.
b)
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.121) registreres i den periode, hvor arbejdet udføres.
c)
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.122) registreres som følger:
1)
Når de er modpostering til obligatoriske, direkte sociale ydelser, registreres de i den periode, hvor arbejdet udføres.
2)
Når de er modpostering til frivillige, direkte sociale ydelser, registreres de, når ydelserne præsteres.
4.13
Aflønning af ansatte består af følgende elementer:
a)
residente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af residente ansatte
b)
ikkeresidente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af residente ansatte
c)
residente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af ikkeresidente ansatte.
Elementerne opført i litra a)-c) registreres som følger:
1)
Residente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af residente og ikkeresidente ansatte samler elementerne opført i litra a) og c) og registreres som anvendelse på indkomstdannelseskontoen for de sektorer og brancher, hvortil arbejdsgiverne hører.
2)
Residente og ikkeresidente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af residente ansatte samler elementerne opført i litra a) og b) og registreres som tilgang på husholdningernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst.
3)
I forbindelse med det i litra b) omhandlede element registreres ikkeresidente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af residente ansatte som anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
4)
I forbindelse med det i litra c) omhandlede element registreres residente arbejdsgiveres aflønning af ikkeresidente ansatte som tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
PRODUKTIONS- OG IMPORTSKATTER (D.2)
4.14
Definition:
 Produktions- og importskatter (D.2) er obligatoriske, ensidige betalinger i kontanter eller naturalier, som opkræves af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller Den Europæiske Unions institutioner på produktion og import af varer og tjenester, beskæftigelse af arbejdskraft samt ejendomsret eller brugsret til jord, bygninger eller andre aktiver, der anvendes i produktionen. Sådanne skatter betales uanset fortjeneste.
4.15
Produktions- og importskatter omfatter følgende elementer:
a)
produktskatter (D.21):
1)
moms (D.211)
2)
importskatter og told eksklusive moms (D.212)
—
told mv. (D.2121)
—
importskatter eksklusive moms og told (D.2122)
3)
produktskatter eksklusive moms og importskatter (D.214)
b)
andre produktionsskatter (D.29).
Produktskatter (D.21)
4.16
Definition:
 Produktskatter (D.21) betales pr. enhed af en bestemt vare eller tjeneste, som indgår i en transaktion. Skatterne beregnes som et bestemt pengebeløb pr. mængdeenhed af varen eller tjenesten eller som en bestemt procentdel af varens og tjenestens enhedspris eller værdi. Uanset hvilken institutionel enhed der skal betale, henhører skatter, der pålægges et produkt, under produktskatterne, medmindre de specifikt henføres til en anden kategori.
Moms (D.211)
4.17
Definition:
 En merværdiafgift (moms) er en afgift på varer eller tjenester, der opkræves successivt af foretagenderne, og som til sidst opkræves samlet hos de endelige købere.
Denne kategori omfatter den merværdiafgift, der opkræves af offentlig forvaltning og service, og som lægges på nationale og importerede produkter, samt andre fradragsberettigede afgifter, der anvendes efter regler, der kan sidestilles med reglerne for moms. Alle momslignende afgifter kaldes i det følgende »moms«. Fælles for al moms er, at producenter kun er forpligtet til at betale det offentlige differencen mellem moms på salg og moms på indkøb til forbrug i produktionen og faste bruttoinvesteringer.
Moms registreres netto i den forstand, at:
a)
produktion af varer og tjenester samt import værdiansættes eksklusive faktureret moms
b)
køb af varer og tjenester registreres inklusive ikkefradragsberettiget moms. Momsen registreres ikke som afholdt af sælgerne, men af køberne, og kun af købere, der ikke kan fratrække momsen. Hovedparten af al moms registreres som betalt på endelig anvendelse, navnlig på forbrug i husholdningerne.
I den samlede økonomi er momsen lig med forskellen mellem al faktureret moms og al fradragsberettiget moms (jf. 4.27).
Importskatter og told eksklusive moms (D.212)
4.18
Definition:
 Importskatter og told eksklusive moms (D.212) er obligatoriske betalinger, der opkræves af offentlig forvaltning og service eller Den Europæiske Unions institutioner på importerede varer eksklusive moms, inden disse frit kan omsættes på det økonomiske område, samt på tjenester, der leveres til residente enheder af ikkeresidente enheder.
De obligatoriske betalinger omfatter:
a)
told mv. (D.2121): består af told eller andre importskatter, der skal betales i henhold til toldtariffer på særlige typer varer, når de indføres til anvendelse på brugerlandets økonomiske område
b)
importskatter eksklusive moms og told mv. (D.2122).
Denne kategori omfatter:
1)
afgifter på importerede landbrugsprodukter
2)
monetære udligningsbeløb på import
3)
forbrugsskatter og særlige afgifter på visse importerede produkter, såfremt samme skatter og afgifter på lignende produkter af indenlandsk oprindelse betales af den producerende branche selv
4)
almindelige omsætningsafgifter på import af varer og tjenester
5)
skatter på specifikke tjenester ydet af ikkeresidente foretagender til residente enheder inden for det økonomiske område
6)
fortjenester, som offentlige foretagender har opnået ved udøvelse af et monopol på import af bestemte varer eller tjenester, og som overføres til staten.
Nettoskatter og -told på import eksklusive moms beregnes ved at trække importsubsidier (D.311) fra importskatter og told eksklusive moms (D.212).
Produktskatter eksklusive moms og importskatter (D.214)
4.19
Definition:
 Produktskatter eksklusive moms og importskatter (D.214) omfatter skatter, der skal betales i forbindelse med produktion, eksport, salg, overdragelse, leasing eller levering af varer og tjenester, eller i forbindelse med disses anvendelse til eget forbrug eller egne investeringer.
4.20
Denne kategori omfatter især:
a)
forbrugsskatter og andre afgifter bortset fra dem, der hører ind under importafgifter og told
b)
punktafgifter på salg af særlige produkter, som f.eks. alkoholiske drikke og tobak, samt stempelafgifter på juridiske dokumenter eller checks
c)
skatter på finans- og kapitaltransaktioner, der betales ved køb eller salg af ikkefinansielle og finansielle aktiver inklusive fremmed valuta. De opkræves ved ejerskifte i forbindelse med jord eller andre aktiver undtagen som følge af kapitaloverførsler (hovedsagelig arv og gaver), hvor de behandles som skatter på formidlernes tjenester
d)
registreringsafgifter for biler
e)
forlystelsesskatter.
f)
skatter på lotteri og spil, undtagen skatter på gevinster
g)
skatter på forsikringspræmier
h)
andre skatter på bestemte tjenester som hoteller eller andre overnatningsfaciliteter, boligtjenester, restauranter, transport, kommunikation, reklame
i)
generelle skatter på salg (undtagen moms), som omfatter skatter på fabrikanters engros- og detailsalg og omsætningsskatter
j)
fiskale monopolers udbytte, som overføres til staten, dog med undtagelse af monopoler på import af en given vare eller tjeneste (inkluderet i D.2122). Fiskale monopoler er offentlige foretagender, som ifølge loven har fået monopol på produktion eller distribution af en særlig vare eller tjeneste med henblik på at skaffe offentlige midler og ikke for at fremme den økonomiske politik eller socialpolitikken. Når et offentligt foretagende får tildelt monopolrettigheder i henhold til en vedtagen økonomisk politik eller socialpolitik og på grund af varens eller tjenestens egenart eller produktionsteknologi — f.eks. offentlige værker, postvæsen, telekommunikation, jernbaner mv. — betragtes det ikke som et fiskalt monopol
k)
eksportskatter og monetære udligningsbeløb opkrævet på eksport.
4.21
Nettoproduktskatter beregnes ved at trække produktsubsidier (D.31) fra produktskatter (D.21).
Andre produktionsskatter (D.29)
4.22
Definition
: Andre produktionsskatter (D.29) er alle skatter, som foretagenderne skal betale i forbindelse med deres produktionsaktiviteter, uanset værdien og mængden af de producerede eller solgte varer og tjenester.
Andre produktionsskatter kan opkræves på jord, faste aktiver eller arbejdskraft i produktionen og på visse aktiviteter eller transaktioner.
4.23
Andre produktionsskatter (D.29) omfatter:
a)
skatter på jord, bygninger og anlæg (eller brugsretten hertil), som foretagender anvender i produktionen (inklusive ejere af egne boliger)
b)
skatter på brugen af faste aktiver (f.eks. køretøjer, maskiner og udstyr) til produktion, uanset om de ejes eller lejes
c)
skatter på udbetalt lønsum og antal ansatte
d)
skatter på internationale transaktioner (f.eks. udenlandsrejser, betalinger til udlandet eller lignende transaktioner med ikkeresidente enheder) i produktionssammenhæng
e)
skatter, som foretagender betaler for erhvervsmæssige tilladelser, dersom disse udstedes automatisk mod betaling af det krævede gebyr. I så fald er de sandsynligvis en måde at skaffe offentlige midler på, selv om offentlig forvaltning og service som modydelse kan udstede en attest eller en tilladelse. Hvis offentlig forvaltning og service derimod knytter en form for kontrol til udstedelsen af tilladelser, f.eks. hvis den foretager kontrol af erhvervslokalernes egnethed eller sikkerhed, det anvendte udstyrs pålidelighed eller sikkerhed, det ansatte personales faglige kompetence eller de producerede varers og tjenesters kvalitet eller standarder og stiller disse parametre som betingelse for udstedelse af tilladelsen, betragtes beløbene som udgifter til ydede tjenester, medmindre disse beløb er helt ude af proportioner med omkostningerne ved den offentlige kontrol.
f)
miljøafgifter på produktionsaktiviteter opkrævet i forbindelse med udslip eller udledning af skadelige luftarter, væsker eller andre skadelige stoffer. De omfatter ikke betaling for offentlig forvaltning og services indsamling og bortskaffelse af affald eller skadelige stoffer, idet disse beløb indgår i foretagendernes forbrug i produktionen
g)
for lav momsgodtgørelse som følge af de standardsatser, der ofte anvendes i landbruget.
4.24
Andre produktionsskatter omfatter ikke skat på husholdningernes egen anvendelse af køretøjer mv., som registreres under løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
Produktions- og importafgifter til den europæiske unions institutioner
4.25
Produktions- og importskatter til Den Europæiske Unions institutioner omfatter følgende skatter, der opkræves af de nationale myndigheder på vegne af Den Europæiske Unions institutioner: fra den fælles landbrugspolitik: afgifter på importerede landbrugsprodukter, monetære udligningsbeløb på eksport og import, sukkerafgifter og afgift på isoglucose, medansvarsafgifter på mælk og korn fra handelen med tredjelande: told opkrævet efter den integrerede tarif for De Europæiske Fællesskaber (Taric).
Produktions- og importskatter til Den Europæiske Unions institutioner omfatter ikke den momsbaserede tredje indtægt, der henhører under andre løbende overførsler i kategorien »moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter« (D.76) (jf. 4.140).
Produktions- og importskatter: registreringstidspunkt og beløb, der skal registreres
4.26
Registrering af produktions- og importskatter: Produktions- og importskatter registreres, når de skattepligtige aktiviteter, transaktioner eller andre begivenheder finder sted.
4.27
Nogle økonomiske aktiviteter, transaktioner eller begivenheder, som medfører skattepligt, kommer ikke til skattemyndighedernes kendskab. Sådanne økonomiske aktiviteter, transaktioner eller begivenheder skaber ikke finansielle aktiver og passiver i form af fordringer eller gæld. Kun beløb, der skal betales i henhold til skatteansættelser, selvangivelser eller andet, der definerer skatteyderens pligt til at betale, registreres. Skatter, hvor der ikke ligger en officiel skatteansættelse til grund, imputeres ikke.
De skatter, der registreres i regnskaberne, udledes af to kilder, nemlig beløb, som fremgår af skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser og indbetalinger.
a)
Anvendes skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser som kilde, justeres beløbene ved hjælp af en koefficient, der gør det muligt at tage hensyn til ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb. En alternativ behandling består i, at en kapitaloverførsel (D.995) som beskrevet i 4.165, litra j)) til de relevante sektorer registreres svarende til den samme justering. For at afspejle de ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb beregnes koefficienterne på grundlag af tidligere erfaringer og nuværende forventninger. Koefficienterne er specifikke for de forskellige typer skatter.
b)
Anvendes indbetalinger som kilde, periodeafgrænses disse, således at de pågældende beløb henføres til det tidspunkt, hvor den virksomhed, der har givet anledning til indbetalingspligten, har fundet sted. Afgrænsningen baseres på det gennemsnitlige tidsinterval mellem den pågældende virksomhed og indbetalingen.
4.28
Værdien af de samlede skatter, som registreres, inkluderer renter af skatterestancer og bøder pålagt af skattemyndighederne, hvis disse renter og bøder ikke kan holdes ude fra hinanden. Værdien af de samlede skatter omfatter også gebyrer, som pålægges i forbindelse med opkrævning eller inddrivning af skatter, som ikke er betalt. Den samlede skatteværdi nedsættes, hvis offentlig forvaltning og service har foretaget skattenedsættelser som led i den økonomiske politik, eller hvis for meget indbetalt skat tilbagebetales.
4.29
I ENS registreres produktions- og importskatter (D.2) som følger:
a)
som anvendelse på den samlede økonomis indkomstdannelseskonto
b)
som tilgang på sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services konto for allokering af primær indkomst og på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Produktskatter registreres som tilgang på den samlede økonomis konto for varer og tjenester. Herved kan der opnås balance mellem tilgangen af varer og tjenester — værdiansat eksklusive produktskatter — og anvendelsen, der værdiansættes inklusive sådanne skatter.
Andre produktionsskatter (D.29) registreres som anvendelse på indkomstdannelseskontoen for de brancher eller sektorer, der betaler disse skatter.
SUBSIDIER (D.3)
4.30
Definition
: Subsidier (D.3) er løbende, ensidige overførsler, som det offentlige eller Den Europæiske Unions institutioner betaler til residente producenter.
Følgende er eksempler på formålet med subsidier:
a)
at påvirke produktionsmængden
b)
at påvirke produktpriserne
c)
at påvirke aflønningen af produktionsfaktorerne.
Ikkemarkedsproducenter kan kun modtage andre produktionssubsidier, hvis disse udbetales i henhold til generelle ordninger, som gælder for både markeds- og ikkemarkedsproducenter.
Der registreres ikke produktsubsidier for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.13).
4.31
Subsidier fra Den Europæiske Unions institutioner omfatter kun de løbende overførsler, der sker direkte til residente produktionsenheder.
4.32
Subsidier kan opdeles på følgende måde:
a)
produktsubsidier (D.31)
1)
importsubsidier (D.311)
2)
andre produktsubsidier (D.319)
b)
andre produktionssubsidier (D.39).
Produktsubsidier (D.31)
4.33
Definition:
 Produktsubsidier (D.31) er subsidier, der betales pr. enhed af producerede eller importerede varer eller tjenester.
Værdien af produktsubsidier kan anføres på følgende måder:
a)
som et bestemt pengebeløb pr. mængdeenhed af varen eller tjenesten
b)
som en bestemt procentdel af enhedsprisen
c)
som forskellen mellem en indikativpris og den pris, som køberen betaler på markedet.
Et produktsubsidie udbetales normalt, når varen produceres, sælges eller importeres, men kan også udbetales under andre omstændigheder, f.eks. når varen overdrages, leases, leveres eller anvendes til eget forbrug eller egne investeringer.
Produktsubsidier tildeles kun markedsmæssig produktion (P.11) eller produktion til eget brug (P.12).
Importsubsidier (D.311)
4.34
Definition:
 Importsubsidier (D.311) er subsidier til varer og tjenester, der udbetales, når varerne passerer grænsen med henblik på anvendelse på det økonomiske område, eller når tjenesterne leveres til residente institutionelle enheder.
Importsubsidier omfatter tab, som opstår, når offentlige handelsorganisationer i overensstemmelse med den vedtagne politik køber produkter fra ikkeresidente og sælger dem til lavere priser til residente enheder.
Andre produktsubsidier (D.319)
4.35
Andre produktsubsidier (D.319) omfatter:
a)
subsidier til produkter, der anvendes i den indenlandske økonomi, dvs. subsidier, der betales til residente producenter for deres produktion, når den anvendes eller forbruges inden for det økonomiske område
b)
tab som opstår, når offentlige handelsorganisationer i overensstemmelse med den vedtagne økonomiske og sociale politik køber produkter fra residente producenter og derefter sælger dem til lavere priser til residente enheder eller ikkeresidente enheder
c)
subsidier til offentlige selskaber eller kvasiselskaber til dækning af vedvarende tab på produktionsaktiviteterne, fordi der beregnes priser, som er lavere end de gennemsnitlige produktionsomkostninger i overensstemmelse med den i hjemlandet eller EU vedtagne økonomiske politik og socialpolitik
d)
direkte eksportsubsidier udbetalt direkte til residente producenter, når varerne forlader det økonomiske område eller tjenesterne leveres til ikkeresidente enheder, dog med undtagelse af tilbagebetaling ved toldgrænsen af tidligere betalte produktskatter eller fritagelse for de skatter, der ville forfalde, hvis varerne skulle sælges eller anvendes på det økonomiske område.
Andre produktionssubsidier (D.39)
4.36
Definition:
 Andre produktionssubsidier (D.39) består af subsidier, undtagen produktsubsidier, som residente produktionsenheder kan få tildelt, når de påbegynder en produktion.
Ikkemarkedsproducenter kan kun modtage andre produktionssubsidier til deres ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion, hvis disse betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service foretages som led i generelle ordninger, som gælder for både markedsproducenter og ikkemarkedsproducenter.
4.37
Andre produktionssubsidier (D.39) omfatter bl.a.:
a)
subsidier til lønninger eller arbejdskraft, dvs., tilskud, der betales i relation til de samlede lønudgifter eller den samlede arbejdskraft, eller beskæftigelse af særlige kategorier af mennesker som f.eks. fysisk handicappede eller langtidsledige, eller i relation til omkostninger ved uddannelsesordninger, som etableres eller finansieres af foretagenderne
b)
subsidier til forureningsbekæmpelse: Disse tilskud er løbende subsidier til hel eller delvis dækning af omkostningerne ved ekstra foranstaltninger for at mindske eller undgå udledning af forurenende stoffer i miljøet
c)
rentetilskud til residente produktionsenheder, også selv om formålet er at fremme investeringer. Et tilskud, der har til formål både at finansiere nedskrivningen af en gæld og betalingen af renterne, og hvor en fordeling på de to komponenter er umulig, behandles samlet som et investeringstilskud. Rentetilskud er løbende overførsler som skal reducere producenternes omkostninger. De betragtes som subsidier til de begunstigede producenter, også når renteforskellen betales direkte af offentlig forvaltning og service til det pågældende kreditinstitut
d)
For høj momsgodtgørelse som følge af de standardsatser, der ofte anvendes i f.eks. landbruget.
4.38
Nedenstående betragtes ikke som subsidier (D.3):
a)
løbende overførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service til husholdningerne i deres egenskab af forbrugere. Disse overførsler registreres enten som sociale ydelser (D.62 eller D.63) eller som diverse løbende overførsler (D.75)
b)
løbende overførsler mellem forskellige dele af offentlig forvaltning og service i deres egenskab af producenter af ikkemarkedsmæssige varer og tjenester, undtagen andre produktionssubsidier (D.39). Løbende overførsler registreres som løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service (D.73)
c)
investeringstilskud (D.92)
d)
ekstraordinære betalinger til sociale forsikringsfonde, hvis formålet med sådanne betalinger er at øge fondenes aktuarmæssige reserver. Disse beløb registreres som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
e)
overførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service til ikkefinansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber til dækning af tab akkumuleret over flere regnskabsår eller ekstraordinære tab af årsager, der ligger uden for foretagendets kontrol. Disse overførsler registreres som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
f)
eftergivelse af producentenheders gæld til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (f.eks. offentlige lån til et ikkefinansielt foretagende, som har akkumuleret driftstab over flere regnskabsår). Sådanne transaktioner behandles som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
g)
skadeserstatninger fra offentlig forvaltning og service eller udlandet for skade eller tab på kapitalgoder som følge af krigshandlinger, andre politiske begivenheder eller nationale katastrofer. Disse beløb registreres som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
h)
aktier og andre ejerandele, som offentlig forvaltning og service har opkøbt i selskaber. Disse beløb registreres som ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5)
i)
betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service, når den har overtaget ansvaret for ekstraordinært høje pensionsudgifter, der påhviler et offentligt foretagende. Disse betalinger registreres som diverse løbende overførsler (D.75)
j)
Betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service til markedsproducenter til hel eller delvis betaling af varer og tjenester, som de pågældende markedsproducenter leverer direkte og individuelt til husholdningerne til dækning af udgifter forbundet med sociale risici eller behov (jf. 4.84), og som husholdningerne har ret til. Disse betalinger registreres som offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter til individuelt forbrug (P.31) og herefter som sociale overførsler i naturalier – markedsmæssig produktion indkøbt af offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er (D.632) og husholdningernes faktiske individuelle forbrug (P.41).
4.39
Registreringstidspunkt: Subsidier (D.3) registreres, når den pågældende transaktion eller begivenhed (produktion, salg, import mv.) finder sted.
Følgende er særlige tilfælde:
a)
subsidier i form af differencen mellem køberprisen og den salgspris, et offentligt handelsforetagende forlanger, registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor varerne købes af det offentlige
b)
subsidier til dækning af en producents tab registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor det offentlige beslutter at dække tabet.
4.40
Subsidier (D.3) registreres som:
a)
negativ anvendelse på den samlede økonomis indkomstdannelseskonto
b)
negativ tilgang på sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services konto for allokering af primær indkomst og på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Produktsubsidier registreres som negativ tilgang på den samlede økonomis konto for varer og tjenester.
Andre produktionssubsidier (D.39) registreres som tilgang på indkomstdannelseskontoen for de brancher eller sektorer, der modtager dem.
Et system med valutadifferentiering har følgende indvirkning på produktions- og importskatter og subsidier (multiple valutakurser anvendes ikke i øjeblikket blandt medlemsstaterne):
a)
implicitte importskatter registreres som importskatter eksklusive moms og told (D.2122)
b)
implicitte eksportskatter registreres som produktskatter eksklusive moms og importskatter (D.214)
c)
implicitte subsidier til import registreres som importsubsidier (D.311)
d)
implicitte subsidier til eksport registreres som andre produktsubsidier (D.319).
FORMUEINDKOMST (D.4)
4.41
Definition:
 Formueindkomst (D.4) optjenes, når ejere af finansielle aktiver og naturressourcer stiller disse til rådighed for andre institutionelle enheder. Den indkomst, der betales for anvendelsen af finansielle aktiver, kaldes investeringsindkomst, mens den, der betales for anvendelsen af naturressourcer, kaldes jordrente mv. Formueindkomst er summen af investeringsindkomst og jordrente mv.
Formueindkomster klassificeres på følgende måde:
a)
renter (D.41)
b)
udloddet selskabsudbytte (D.42)
1)
udbytte (D.421)
2)
udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber (D.422)
c)
reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43)
d)
anden investeringsindkomst (D.44):
1)
investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere (D.441)
2)
investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere (D.442)
3)
investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger (D.443)
e)
jordrente mv. (D.45).
Renter (D.41)
4.42
Definition:
 Renter (D.41) er formueindkomst, der tilfalder ejere af et finansielt aktiv for at stille det finansielle aktiv til rådighed for en anden institutionel enhed. Det finder anvendelse for så vidt angår følgende finansielle aktiver:
a)
indskud (AF.2)
b)
gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
c)
lån (AF.4)
d)
andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8).
Indkomst fra SDR-beholdninger og –tildelinger og guldkonti (ikkeallokeret guld) behandles som renter. Finansielle aktiver, der giver anledning til renter, er kreditorers fordringer på debitorer. Når kreditorer låner midler til debitorer, oprettes et af ovenstående finansielle instrumenter.
Renter på indskud og lån
4.43
De renter, der betales til og modtages fra finansielle institutioner på indskud og lån, omfatter en korrektion for en margen svarende til den implicitte betaling for de tjenester, de finansielle institutioner leverer, når de yder lån og modtager indskud. Betaling eller modtagelse opdeles i en del svarende til tjenestedelen og en del svarende til nationalregnskabets rentebegreb. De faktiske betalinger til eller fra finansielle institutioner, der betegnes bankrenter, skal opdeles således, at nationalregnskabets rentebegreb og tjenestedelen kan registreres hver for sig. De nationalregnskabsrenter, som låntagerne betaler til de finansielle institutioner, ligger under bankrenten, hvor forskellen svarer til den estimerede værdi af de tjenester, der skal betales, mens de nationalregnskabsrenter, som indskyderne modtager, ligger over bankrenten, hvor forskellen svarer til de tjenester, der skal betales. Værdien af tjenesterne registreres som salg af tjenester på de finansielle institutioners produktionskonti og som anvendelse på deres kunders konti.
Renter på gældsværdipapirer
4.44
Renter på gældsværdipapirer omfatter renter på kortfristede instrumenter samt renter på obligationer.
Renter på kortfristede instrumenter
4.45
Forskellen mellem den pålydende værdi og prisen ved udstedelsen (dvs. underkursen) er et mål for den rente, der skal betales i instrumentets levetid. Stigningen i instrumentets værdi, der skyldes påløbne renter, er ikke nogen kapitalgevinst, idet den skyldes en forhøjelse af lånebeløbet og ikke en ændring i aktivets pris. Andre ændringer i instrumentets værdi registreres som kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Renter på obligationer
4.46
Obligationer er langfristede værdipapirer, der giver ihændehaveren ubetinget ret til et fast eller et kontraktmæssigt fastsat variabelt afkast i form af kuponudbetalinger, eller et nærmere angivet fast beløb udbetalt på en eller flere forud fastsatte datoer, når værdipapiret indløses, eller en kombination af begge systemer.
a)
Nulkuponobligationer: Her finder ingen kuponudbetalinger sted. Renten baseres på differencen mellem indløsningskursen og udstedelseskursen og fordeles over hele obligationens løbetid. Den årlige rente reinvesteres i obligationen af ihændehaveren, således at der på den finansielle konto må foretages modposteringer svarende til værdien af de akkumulerede renter, der registreres som ihændehavers erhvervelse af yderligere obligationer og som udsteders eller debitors udstedelse af yderligere obligationer (dvs. en stigning i den oprindelige obligationsmasse).
b)
Andre obligationer, herunder obligationer udstedt til under pari. Her har renten to komponenter:
1)
summen af kuponudbetalinger i hver periode
2)
summen af påløbne renter i hver periode baseret på differencen mellem indløsningskursen og udstedelseskursen og beregnet på samme måde som for nulkuponobligationerne.
c)
Indekspapirer
1)
Her er beløbene for kuponudbetalinger og/eller restlånebeløb knyttet til et generelt prisindeks. En ændring i restlånebeløbet mellem begyndelsen og slutningen af en bestemt regnskabsperiode, der skyldes bevægelser i det pågældende indeks, registreres som påløbne renter i perioden og lægges til de andre af periodens forfaldne renter.
2)
De beløb, der skal betales ved udløb, er knyttet til et smalt indeks, der indeholder et incitament til kapitalgevinst. Påløbne renter beregnes på grundlag af en rentesats fastsat på udstedelsestidspunktet. Renterne er således på udstedelsestidspunktet lig med forskellen mellem udstedelsesprisen og markedsforventningen for alle de betalinger, debitor skal foretage; dette beløb registreres som renter, der påløber i hele instrumentets løbetid. Ved denne fremgangsmåde registreres den effektive rente ved udstedelsen, hvori indgår resultaterne af indeksreguleringen som forventet ved instrumentets oprettelse, som indkomst. Enhver afvigelse i det underliggende indeks i forhold til de oprindelige forventninger medfører kapitalgevinster eller -tab, som normalt ikke udlignes i instrumentets løbetid.
Renter, der påløber som følge af indeksreguleringen, reinvesteres reelt i værdipapiret og skal dermed registreres på både ihændehavers og udsteders finansielle konto.
Renteswaps og forwardaftaler
4.47
Betalinger som led i swapforretninger registreres som transaktioner i finansielle derivater på den finansielle konto, ikke som renter, der registreres som formueindkomst. Transaktioner som led i forwardaftaler registreres som transaktioner i finansielle derivater på den finansielle konto, ikke som formueindkomst.
Renter på finansiel leasing
4.48
Finansiel leasing er en metode til finansiering af f.eks. køb af maskiner og udstyr. Leasinggiveren indkøber udstyret, og leasingtageren forpligter sig til at betale leje, således at leasinggiveren i kontraktens løbetid får dækket sine omkostninger inklusive rentetab på det beløb, der er anvendt til at købe udstyret.
Leasinggiveren betragtes som långiver i forhold til leasingtageren for et beløb svarende til køberprisen for aktivet, således at lånet tilbagebetales i løbet af leasingperioden. Den leje, som leasingtageren betaler i hver periode, betragtes derfor som bestående af to komponenter, nemlig afdrag og renter. Renten på det imputerede lån bestemmes ud fra forholdet mellem den samlede leje for hele leasingperioden og aktivets køberpris. Rentens andel af lejen bliver mindre, efterhånden som lånet afdrages. Leasingtagerens oprindelige lån registreres sammen med de efterfølgende afdrag på lånet på leasingtagers og leasinggivers finansielle konto. Rentebetalingerne registreres som renter på primærindkomstfordelingskontoen.
Andre renter
4.49
Andre renter omfatter
a)
renter på bankovertræk
b)
ekstrarenter på indskud, der henstår længere end aftalt
c)
udtrukne præmier fra præmieobligationer.
Registreringstidspunkt
4.50
Renter registreres ud fra optjeningstidspunktet, dvs. at renter af det skyldige lånebeløb tilskrives kreditor løbende. Den rente, der påløber i hver regnskabsperiode, registreres, uanset om den rent faktisk udbetales eller lægges til det skyldige lånebeløb. Udbetales den ikke, registreres forhøjelsen af det skyldige beløb på kreditors finansielle konto som en anskaffelse af et finansielt aktiv og hos debitor som en lige så stor anskaffelse af et passiv.
4.51
Renter registreres inden fradrag af skatter. Renteindtægter og renteudgifter registreres inklusive rentetilskud, uanset om dette betales direkte til de finansielle institutioner eller til modtageren (jf. 4.37).
Da værdien af de finansielle formidleres tjenester fordeles blandt de forskellige kunder, korrigeres de faktiske rentebetalinger til eller fra de finansielle formidlere for at eliminere de margener, der svarer til de finansielle formidleres indirekte tjenester. De renter, som låntagerne betaler til de finansielle formidlere, reduceres med den estimerede værdi af de tjenester, der skal betales, og indskydernes renteindtægter forhøjes tilsvarende. Værdien af disse tjenester betragtes som betaling for tjenester, der ydes af de finansielle formidlere til deres kunder, og ikke som rentebetalinger.
4.52
I ENS registreres renter som:
a)
tilgang og anvendelse på sektorernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst
b)
tilgang og anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Udloddet selskabsudbytte (D.42)
Udbytte (D.421)
4.53
Definition:
 Udbytte (D.421) er en form for formueindkomst, som aktieejere (AF.5) har ret til, når de f.eks. stiller kapital til rådighed for selskaber.
Udvidelse af selskabskapital ved udstedelse af aktier er en måde, hvorpå der kan rejses kapital. Til forskel fra lånt kapital skaber aktiekapital ikke nogen gældsforpligtelse af en bestemt størrelse, ej heller giver den aktionærerne i et selskab ret til et fast eller forudbestemt afkast. Udbytte er alle former for udbytteudlodning fra selskaber til deres aktionærer eller ejere.
4.54
Udbytte omfatter også:
a)
aktier udstedt til aktionærer som udbyttebetaling for regnskabsåret. Fondsaktier, som er en kapitalisering af egne midler i form af reserver og ikkeudloddet udbytte, og som giver anledning til udstedelse af nye aktier til aktionærerne i forhold til deres aktieandele, er ikke inkluderet
b)
indkomst betalt til offentlig forvaltning og service af offentlige foretagender, som anerkendes som uafhængige, juridiske enheder, men som ikke er oprettet som egentlige selskaber
c)
indkomst, der dannes ved ikkeobserverede aktiviteter og overføres til de selskabsejere, der deltager i sådanne aktiviteter, til deres private brug.
4.55
Udbytte (D.421) omfatter ikke ekstraordinært store udbytter (superdividender).
Ekstraordinært store udbytter er udbytter, som set på baggrund af niveauet for nylige udbytter og nylig indtjening er store. For at vurdere, om et udbytte er stort, anvendes begrebet indkomst, der kan udloddes. Den del af et selskabs indkomst, der kan udloddes, er virksomhedsindkomsten plus alle modtagne løbende overførsler, minus alle betalte løbende overførsler, og minus korrektionen for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder. Forholdet i den nærmeste fortid mellem udbytte og indkomst, der kan udloddes, anvendes til at vurdere, om størrelsen af det aktuelle udbytte er plausibelt. Hvis det deklarerede udbytte er uforholdsmæssigt stort, behandles den overskydende del som finansielle transaktioner og klassificeres som »superdividender«. Sådanne superdividender registreres som udtræk af egenkapital fra selskabet (F.5). Dette gælder for selskaber, såvel aktieselskaber som kvasiselskaber, og uanset om de er underlagt privat kontrol i udlandet eller hjemlandet.
4.56
Når det drejer sig om offentlige selskaber, er superdividender store ad hoc-betalinger eller betalinger, der overstiger virksomhedsindkomsten i den relevante regnskabsperiode, og som er finansieret af akkumulerede reserver eller salg af aktiver. Offentlige selskabers superdividender skal registreres som udtræk af egenkapital (F.5) i et omfang svarende til forskellen mellem betalingerne og virksomhedsindkomsten i den relevante regnskabsperiode (jf. 20.206).
Foreløbigt udbytte er omhandlet i 20.207.
4.57
Registreringstidspunkt: Selv om udbytte er en del af en indkomst, som er optjent over en længere periode, registreres den ikke efter optjeningstidspunkt. I en kort periode efter, at et udbytte er deklareret, men inden det kommer til udbetaling, kan der sælges aktier »ex udbytte«, hvilket betyder, at udbyttet skal betales til den, der var indehaver af aktierne på tidspunktet for udbyttedeklarationen, og ikke til den, der er indehaver på betalingstidspunktet. En aktie, der sælges »ex udbytte«, er derfor mindre værd end en aktie, der sælges uden dette forbehold. Registreringstidspunktet for udbyttet er det tidspunkt, fra hvilket aktieprisen noteres ex udbytte (ikke inklusive udbytte).
Udbytte registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst for de sektorer, hvori selskaberne er klassificeret
b)
tilgang på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst for de sektorer, hvori aktionærerne er klassificeret
c)
anvendelse og tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber (D.422)
4.58
Definition:
 Ejeres udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber (D.422) er de beløb, som ejerne trækker ud til egen anvendelse af overskuddet fra de kvasiselskaber, de ejer.
Sådanne beløb registreres før fradrag af løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv., som anses for altid at skulle betales af ejerne.
Når et kvasiselskab har et driftsoverskud, kan ejerne vælge at lade en del af eller hele overskuddet blive i selskabet, især til investeringer. Den indkomst, som bliver stående i kvasiselskaberne, fremstår som disses egenopsparing; kun de beløb, der rent faktisk hæves af ejerne, registreres som udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber.
4.59
Når residente foretagenders udenlandske filialer, agenturer mv. har driftsoverskud, registreres tilbageholdt overskud — forudsat at disse filialer og agenturer anses for ikkeresidente enheder — som reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43). Kun indkomst, der rent faktisk overføres til moderselskabet, registreres som udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber fra udlandet. Samme princip anvendes for de udenlandsk ejede filialer, agenturer mv., som opererer inden for det økonomiske område, og det ikkeresidente moderselskab, de er knyttet til.
4.60
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber omfatter endvidere den nettoleje, som residenter modtager som ejere af jord eller bygninger i udlandet, eller som ikkeresidenter modtager som ejere af jord og bygninger inden for det berørte økonomiske område. I forbindelse med transaktioner i jord og bygninger, som ikkeresidente enheder foretager på et lands økonomiske område, oprettes der fiktive residente enheder, hvor de ikkeresidente enheder står som ejere af kapitalen.
Lejeværdien af ejerboliger i udlandet registreres som import af tjenester og det tilsvarende nettooverskud af produktionen som primær indkomst fra udlandet. Lejeværdien af ejerboliger, som tilhører ikkeresidenter, registreres som eksport af tjenester og det tilsvarende nettooverskud af produktionen som primær indkomst betalt til udlandet.
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber omfatter også indkomst, der dannes ved kvasiselskabers ikkeobserverede aktiviteter, og som overføres til de ejere, der deltager i sådanne aktiviteter, til privat brug.
4.61
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber omfatter ikke de beløb, som ejerne modtager fra:
a)
salg af eksisterende realkapitalgoder
b)
salg af jord og andre ikkeproducerede aktiver
c)
udtræk af egenkapital.
Sådanne beløb registreres som udtræk af egenkapital på den finansielle konto, da de repræsenterer en hel eller delvis afvikling af ejerandele i kvasiselskabet. Dersom kvasiselskabet ejes af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, og det drives med løbende driftstab som led i den vedtagne økonomiske politik eller socialpolitik, registreres alle normale overførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service til foretagendet til dækning af tabene som subsidier.
4.62
Registreringstidspunkt: Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor ejerne trækker beløbet ud.
4.63
I ENS opføres udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber som:
a)
anvendelse på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst for de sektorer, hvori kvasiselskaberne er klassificeret
b)
tilgang på ejersektorernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst
c)
anvendelse og tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43)
4.64
Definition:
 Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43) er lig med overskud af produktionen i det foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer
Plus
eventuelle modtagne formueindkomster eller løbende overførsler
Minus
eventuelle betalte formueindkomster eller løbende overførsler inklusive faktiske overførsler til udenlandske, direkte investorer og det pågældende foretagendes eventuelle løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
4.65
Et foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, er et foretagende oprettet i selskabsform eller et personligt foretagende, i hvilket en ikkeresident investor ejer mindst 10 % af stamaktierne eller af stemmeretten i et foretagende oprettet i selskabsform eller tilsvarende for så vidt angår et personligt foretagende. Sådanne foretagender omfatter datterselskaber, associerede selskaber og filialer. I et datterselskab ejer investor over 50 %, i et associeret selskab ejer investor 50 % eller derunder, og en filial er et helt eller delvist ejet personligt foretagende. Ejerskabsforholdet mellem investoren og det foretagende, der er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, kan være direkte eller — hvis der er tale om en ejerskabskæde — indirekte. Begrebet »foretagender, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer« er bredere end »udenlandsk kontrollerede selskaber«.
4.66
Egentlig fordeling af indkomst fra foretagender, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, kan ske i form af udbytte eller udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber. Desuden registreres tilbageholdt overskud, som om det var udloddet og sendt til udenlandske direkte investorer i forhold til deres ejerandel af kapitalen i foretagendet og derpå reinvesteret af dem som tilførsler af kapital på den finansielle konto. Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer kan være enten positiv eller negativ.
4.67
Registreringstidspunkt: Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer registreres på indtjeningstidspunktet.
I ENS registreres reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer som:
a)
anvendelse og tilgang på sektorernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst
b)
anvendelse og tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Anden investeringsindkomst (D.44)
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere (D.441)
4.68
Definition
:
 Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere er de samlede primære indkomster fra investering af forsikringstekniske reserver. Der er tale om reserver, for hvilke et forsikringsselskab anerkender tilsvarende forpligtelser over for forsikringstagerne.
Forsikringstekniske reserver investeres af forsikringsselskaberne i finansielle aktiver eller jord (hvoraf beregnes nettoformueindkomsten, dvs. efter fradrag af rentebetalinger) eller i bygninger (som giver nettooverskud af produktionen).
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere registreres fordelt på skadesforsikrings- og livsforsikringstagere.
I forbindelse med skadesforsikringer har forsikringsselskabet en forpligtelse over for forsikringstageren svarende til det indbetalte, men endnu ikke indtjente præmiebeløb, værdien af forfaldne, men endnu ikke betalte erstatninger samt en reserve for endnu ikke modtagne erstatningskrav eller modtagne, men endnu ikke afregnede krav. Til opfyldelse af denne forpligtelse har forsikringsselskabet tekniske reserver. Investeringsindkomsten fra disse reserver behandles som indkomst henført til forsikringstagerne og fordeles derefter til forsikringstagerne på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst og betales tilbage til forsikringsselskabet som tillægspræmie på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen.
En institutionel enhed, der tilbyder en standardiseret lånegarantiordning mod betaling af gebyr, kan have investeringsindkomst fra ordningens reserver. Denne indkomst skal også registreres som fordelt til de enheder, der betaler gebyrerne (og som ikke nødvendigvis er de samme som de begunstigede), og behandles som tillægsgebyrer på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen.
I forbindelse med livsforsikringer og livrenter har forsikringsselskaber forpligtelser over for forsikringstagerne og rentenyderne svarende til nutidsværdien af de forventede erstatningskrav. Til opfyldelse af disse forpligtelser har forsikringsselskaber midler, der tilhører forsikringstagerne, bestående af bonusser opgivet for forsikringer med bonustilskrivning og hensættelser for både forsikringstagere og rentenydere til betaling af fremtidige bonusser og andre fordringer. Sådanne midler investeres i en række finansielle og ikkefinansielle aktiver.
Bonusser, der tilfalder livsforsikringstagere, registreres som investeringsindkomst modtaget af forsikringstagerne og behandles som tillægspræmier betalt af forsikringstagerne til forsikringsselskaberne.
Investeringsindkomst henført til livsforsikringstagere registreres på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst som betalt af forsikringsselskabet og modtaget af husholdningerne. Til forskel fra skadesforsikringer og pensioner overgår beløbet til opsparing og registreres derefter som en finansiel transaktion, nærmere bestemt en stigning i livsforsikringsselskabernes forpligtelser, hvortil lægges nye præmier minus administrationsgebyr og udbetalte ydelser.
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere (D.442)
4.69
Pensionsrettigheder opstår i forbindelse med to forskellige typer pensionsordninger, nemlig bidragsdefinerede ordninger og ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
I en bidragsdefineret ordning investeres både arbejdsgivernes og de ansattes bidrag på vegne af de ansatte som kommende pensionsmodtagere. Der er ingen anden kilde til finansiering af pensionerne, og midlerne anvendes ikke til andre formål. Den investeringsindkomst, der henføres til bidragsdefinerede rettigheder, er lig med investeringsindkomsten af midlerne plus en eventuel indkomst fra udlejning af jord og bygninger, som pensionskassen ejer.
I en ydelsesdefineret ordning anvendes der en formel til at bestemme de beløb, der skal udbetales til pensionsmodtagerne. Det er derfor muligt at bestemme det samlede rettighedsbeløb som nutidsværdien af alle fremtidige betalinger, beregnet på grundlag af aktuarmæssige antagelser om levetid og økonomiske antagelser om renten eller diskonteringsfaktoren. Nutidsværdien af de eksisterende rettigheder, ved starten af året, stiger, fordi det tidspunkt, hvor rettighederne kommer til udbetaling, er rykket et år nærmere. I forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede ordninger betragtes denne stigning som investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparerne. Den berøres ikke af, om pensionsordningen rent faktisk har tilstrækkelige midler til at opfylde samtlige forpligtelser, og ej heller af arten af stigningen i midlerne, f.eks. om der er tale om investeringsindkomst eller kapitalgevinster.
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger (D.443)
4.70
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger (herunder investeringsselskaber og »unit trusts«) består af følgende separate elementer:
—
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger (D.4431)
—
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger (D.4432)
Udbytteelementet registreres på nøjagtig samme måde som udbytte i forbindelse med individuelle selskaber, jf. ovenfor. Elementet tilbageholdt overskud registreres efter de samme principper som dem, der er beskrevet for foretagender, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, men beregnes eksklusive reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer. Det resterende tilbageholdte overskud henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i investeringsforeninger (investeringsforeningen har således ingen opsparing) og føres af disse ejere af kapitalandele tilbage til foreningen ved en transaktion, der registreres på den finansielle konto.
Formueindkomst modtaget af investeringsselskaber registreres som aktionærernes formueindkomst, selv om den ikke udloddes, men geninvesteres på deres vegne.
Aktionærer betaler indirekte, ud af deres andele i investeringsforeninger, administrationsselskaber for at forvalte deres investeringer. Dette administrationsgebyr er en udgift for aktionærerne, ikke for investeringsforeningerne.
Registreringstidspunkt: Anden investeringsindkomst registreres, når den indtjenes.
4.71
I ENS opføres anden investeringsindkomst som:
a)
tilgang på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst for forsikringstagerne og ejerne af kapitalandele i investeringsforeninger
b)
anvendelse på forsikringsselskabernes, pensionskassernes og investeringsforeningernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst
c)
tilgang og anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Jordrente mv. (D.45)
4.72
Definition
: Jordrente mv. er den indkomst, som ejeren af en naturressource modtager for at stille naturressourcen til rådighed for en anden institutionel enhed.
Der er to former for leje af naturressourcer: leje af jord og leje af ressourcer i undergrunden. Leje af andre naturressourcer som f.eks. radiofrekvenser følger samme mønster.
Der skelnes mellem leje som en form for formueindkomst og leje som betalinger for tjenester. Sidstnævnte er betalinger for adgang til at anvende et fast aktiv, der tilhører en anden enhed. Førstnævnte er betalinger for adgang til en naturressource.
Leje af jord
Den leje, en jordbesidder modtager fra en forpagter, udgør en form for formueindkomst. Til leje af jord regnes endvidere forfalden leje til ejere af indre vandveje og retten til udnyttelse heraf til rekreative og andre formål inklusive fiskeri.
En jordbesidder betaler jordskatter og afholder udgifter til vedligeholdelse i sin egenskab af ejer. Disse skatter og udgifter registreres som betalt af den person, der har brugsretten til jorden, og som anses for at fratrække dem den leje, han betaler til ejeren. Leje, som på denne måde reduceres med skatter eller andre udgifter, som jordbesidderen er forpligtet til at betale, kaldes »jordrente mv. efter skat«.
4.73
Leje af jord omfatter ikke leje af bygninger og boliger, der ligger på den. En sådan leje betragtes som betaling for en markedsmæssig tjeneste, som ejeren yder lejeren af bygningen eller boligen, og registreres som lejerens forbrug i produktionen eller forbrug. Er der intet objektivt grundlag for opdeling af betalingen på hhv. leje af jord og leje af bygninger beliggende på den, registreres hele beløbet som leje af jord, når jordens værdi skønnes at overstige bygningernes værdi, ellers som husleje.
Leje af aktiver i undergrunden
4.74
Omfatter royalties, som betales til ejere af forekomster af mineraler eller fossile brændstoffer (kul, olie eller naturgas), det være sig private eller offentlige enheder, når de giver andre institutionelle enheder tilladelse til at efterforske i og udnytte sådanne forekomster i en nærmere angivet periode.
4.75
Registreringstidspunkt: Jordrente mv. registreres i den periode, hvor de forfalder til betaling.
4.76
I ENS registreres jordrente mv. som:
a)
tilgang og anvendelse på sektorernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst
b)
tilgang og anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
LØBENDE INDKOMST- OG FORMUESKATTER MV. (D.5)
4.77
Definition:
 Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. (D.5) omfatter alle obligatoriske ensidige betalinger i penge eller naturalier, der regelmæssigt opkræves af offentlig forvaltning og service eller af udlandet af institutionelle enheders indkomst og formue, samt enkelte periodiske afgifter, der hverken pålignes den indkomst eller den formue.
Løbende ejendoms- og formueskatter mv. opdeles i:
a)
indkomstskatter (D.51)
b)
andre løbende skatter (D.59).
Indkomstskatter (D.51)
4.78
Definition:
 Indkomstskatter (D.51) omfatter skatter af indkomst, udbytte og kapitalgevinster. De pålignes de faktiske eller skønnede indkomster, som oppebæres af enkeltpersoner, husholdninger, selskaber eller NPI'er. Det omfatter skatter af formue, jord eller fast ejendom, når besiddelsen heraf anvendes som grundlag for vurdering af ejernes indkomst.
Indkomstskatter omfatter:
a)
skatter af personlige indkomster eller husholdningers indkomster, f.eks. arbejdsindkomst, formuebesiddelse, virksomhedsdrift, pensioner mv., herunder skatter, som fratrækkes af arbejdsgiverne, f.eks. kildeskat. Hertil hører også indkomstskat for ejere af personlige foretagender
b)
selskabsskatter mv.
c)
kapitalindvindingsskat
d)
spilleafgift og lignende skatter, der betales af gevinster — ikke at forveksle med skatter af omsætningen ved afholdelse af spil eller lotterispil, der betragtes som produktskatter.
Andre løbende skatter (D.59)
4.79
Andre løbende skatter (D.59) omfatter:
a)
løbende formueskatter, som betales for ejendomsretten eller brugsretten til jord og bygninger samt løbende skatter på nettoformue og andre aktiver, f.eks. smykker — undtagen de i D.29 nævnte skatter (som foretagenderne betaler af deres produktionsaktiviteter) og de i D.51 nævnte skatter (indkomstskatter)
b)
skatter, som opkræves pr. voksen eller pr. husholdning, uanset indkomst eller formue
c)
skatter af udgifter, der betales af personers eller husholdningers udgifter
d)
husholdningers betaling for tilladelse til at eje eller benytte køretøjer, både eller fly til ikkeerhvervsmæssig anvendelse eller for jagt- og fisketegn eller skydetilladelser i forbindelse med fritid mv. Forskellen mellem skatter og køb af tjenester fra det offentlige defineres efter samme kriterier som for foretagender, nemlig hvis tilladelserne ikke eller kun i mindre omfang indebærer arbejde fra det offentliges side, idet de udstedes automatisk mod betaling af et gebyr, er de sandsynligvis en måde at skaffe offentlige midler på, selv om det offentlige som modydelse kan stille en attest eller en tilladelse til rådighed; i så fald registreres betalingen som skatter. Hvis der til udstedelsen af tilladelser er knyttet en form for kontrol (f.eks. vedrørende den pågældende persons kvalifikationer), registreres betalingerne som køb af tjenester fra det offentlige, og ikke som skatter, medmindre betalingerne ikke står i rimeligt forhold til omkostningerne ved ydelse af tjenesterne.
e)
skatter på internationale transaktioner, f.eks. udenlandsrejser, pengeoverførsler til udlandet og udenlandske investeringer, undtagen skatter, der betales af producenter, og told, der betales af husholdningerne.
4.80
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. omfatter ikke:
a)
arve- og gaveafgifter, som pålægges modtagernes kapital, og derfor registreres under kapitalskatter (D.91)
b)
engangsafgifter på formue og kapital, der registreres som kapitalskatter (D.91)
c)
skatter på jord, bygninger eller andre aktiver, der ejes eller lejes af foretagender og anvendes i produktionen — opføres under andre produktionsskatter (D.29)
d)
husholdningers betalinger for tilladelser, bortset fra tilladelser til brug af køretøjer, både eller fly, eller for jagt- og fisketegn eller skydetilladelser i forbindelse med fritid: kørekort, flycertifikater, våbentilladelser, museumsentréer eller gebyrer for biblioteksudlån, renovationsafgifter, pasgebyr, lufthavnsafgifter, retsafgifter mv., som i de fleste tilfælde betragtes som køb af tjenester fra offentlig forvaltning og service, hvis de opfylder kriterierne for registrering som tjenester (jf. 4.79, litra d)).
4.81
Værdien af de samlede skatter inkluderer renter af skatterestancer og bøder pålagt af skattemyndighederne, hvis der ikke foreligger oplysninger, som gør det muligt at beregne renter og bøder separat; den samlede skatteværdi omfatter også gebyrer, som pålægges i forbindelse med ansættelse og inddrivning af skatter, som ikke er betalt, minus eventuelle skattenedsættelser foretaget af offentlig forvaltning og service som led i den økonomiske politik, eller hvis for meget indbetalt skat tilbagebetales.
Subsidier og sociale ydelser stilles i stigende grad til rådighed via skattesystemet i form af skattegodtgørelser, ligesom betalingssystemer stadig oftere knyttes sammen med skatteopkrævningssystemet. Skattegodtgørelser er skattelettelser og reducerer dermed den begunstigedes skatteansættelse.
Hvis skattegodtgørelsesordningen medfører, at den begunstigede modtager det overskydende beløb, når skattelettelsen er større end skatteansættelsen, er der tale om en skattegodtgørelsesordning med direkte udbetaling. I en skattegodtgørelsesordning med direkte udbetaling kan der udbetales godtgørelse til både skatteydere og ikkeskatteydere. I en skattegodtgørelsesordning med direkte udbetaling registreres hele det godtgjorte beløb som en offentlig udgift, og ikke som nedsat skatteprovenu.
Andre skattegodtgørelsesordninger er ordninger uden direkte udbetaling, således at skattegodtgørelserne er begrænset til det ansatte skattebeløb. I en skattegodtgørelsesordning uden direkte udbetaling er alle skattegodtgørelser integreret i skattesystemet og reducerer det offentlige skatteprovenu.
4.82
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. registreres, når de skattepligtige aktiviteter, transaktioner eller andre begivenheder finder sted.
Nogle økonomiske aktiviteter, transaktioner eller begivenheder vil dog, selv om de i henhold til skattelovgivningen medfører skattepligt for de pågældende enheder, til stadighed blive unddraget beskatning, og det ville være urealistisk at tro, at disse forhold skulle skabe finansielle aktiver og passiver i form af fordringer eller gæld. De beløb, der skal registreres, er udelukkende beløb, der skal betales i henhold til myndighedernes skatteansættelser, selvangivelser eller andet, der klart definerer skatteyderens pligt til at betale. Manglende skatter imputeres ikke, hvis der ikke ligger en officiel skatteansættelse til grund.
De skatter, der registreres i regnskaberne, udledes af to kilder, nemlig beløb, som fremgår af skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser og indbetalinger.
a)
Anvendes skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser som kilde, justeres beløbene ved hjælp af en koefficient, der gør det muligt at tage hensyn til ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb. Som en alternativ behandling registreres der en kapitaloverførsel til de relevante sektorer svarende til den samme justering. For at afspejle de ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb beregnes koefficienterne på grundlag af tidligere erfaringer og nuværende forventninger. Koefficienterne er specifikke for de forskellige typer skatter.
b)
Anvendes indbetalinger som kilde, periodeafgrænses disse, således at de pågældende beløb henføres til det tidspunkt, hvor den aktivitet, transaktionerne eller begivenhederne, der har givet anledning til indbetalingspligten, har fundet sted (eller, hvad angår visse former for indkomstskatter, til det tidspunkt, hvor skatteansættelsen har fundet sted). Afgrænsningen baseres på det gennemsnitlige tidsinterval mellem aktiviteten, transaktionerne eller begivenhederne (eller skatteansættelsen) og indbetalingen.
Indeholdes løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. ved kilden af en arbejdsgiver, henregnes de til løn, selv om arbejdsgiveren ikke har overført dem til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. De registreres, som om sektoren husholdninger betaler det fulde skattebeløb til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. De beløb, der ikke er blevet betalt, udlignes under D.995 som en kapitaloverførsel fra offentlig forvaltning og service til sektoren arbejdsgivere.
I nogle tilfælde kan pligten til at betale indkomstskat ikke fastslås i den regnskabsperiode, hvor indkomsten oppebæres, men først i en efterfølgende periode. Der må derfor udvises en vis smidighed med hensyn til registreringstidspunktet for sådanne skatter. Kildeskat og forudbetalt indkomstskat registreres i den periode, de betales, og en eventuel skattepligt på indkomst kan registreres i den periode, hvor skattepligten fastslås.
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen for de sektorer, hvor skatteyderne er klassificeret
b)
tilgang på offentlig forvaltning og services sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
c)
anvendelse og tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
SOCIALE BIDRAG OG YDELSER (D.6)
4.83
Definition:
 Sociale ydelser er overførsler til husholdninger i kontanter eller i naturalier fra kollektivt organiserede ordninger eller uden for sådanne ordninger fra offentlige enheder og NPISH'er til dækning af deres udgifter i forbindelse med en række risici eller behov. Sociale ydelser omfatter også offentlig forvaltning og services betalinger til producenter, der som led i ordninger til dækning af udgifter forbundet med sociale risici og behov, leverer ydelser til husholdninger individuelt.
4.84
Følgende risici eller behov kan medføre sociale ydelser:
a)
sygdom
b)
invaliditet
c)
erhvervsulykke og -sygdom
d)
alderdom
e)
efterlevende
f)
barsel
g)
familie
h)
fremme af beskæftigelsen
i)
arbejdsløshed
j)
bolig
k)
uddannelse
l)
generelle behov.
I forbindelse med boligen er betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service til lejere, der skal reducere deres lejeudgifter, med undtagelse af særlige ydelser fra offentlig forvaltning og service i dets egenskab af arbejdsgiver, sociale ydelser.
4.85
Sociale ydelser omfatter:
a)
løbende overførsler og engangsoverførsler fra ordninger, der modtager bidrag, dækker hele eller store dele af samfundet, og er etableret og kontrolleret af de offentlige enheder (socialsikringsordninger)
b)
løbende overførsler og engangsoverførsler fra ordninger, som er etableret af arbejdsgivere på vegne af de ansatte, tidligere ansatte eller deres forsørgelsesberettigede (andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger). Bidragene kan indbetales af ansatte og/eller arbejdsgivere, ligesom de kan indbetales af selvstændige
c)
løbende overførsler fra offentlige enheder og NPISH'er, som ikke er betinget af forudgående indbetaling af bidrag, og som almindeligvis er knyttet til en vurdering af disponibel indkomst. Sådanne overførsler er almindeligt kendt som social bistand.
4.86
Sociale ydelser omfatter ikke:
a)
forsikringserstatninger i forbindelse med forsikringer, som udelukkende er tegnet på den forsikredes initiativ, uafhængigt af arbejdsgiveren eller offentlig forvaltning og service
b)
forsikringserstatninger i forbindelse med forsikringer, der er tegnet med det ene formål at opnå et fradrag, selv om disse forsikringer er tegnet som led i en kollektiv overenskomst.
4.87
For at en individuel forsikring kan betragtes som en del af en socialforsikringsordning, skal de begivenheder eller omstændigheder, som deltagerne har forsikret sig mod, svare til de i 4.84 anførte risici eller behov, hvortil kommer, at en eller flere af følgende betingelser skal være opfyldt:
a)
Deltagelse i ordningen er obligatorisk enten i henhold til loven eller i henhold til ansættelsesvilkårene for en lønmodtager eller en gruppe af lønmodtagere.
b)
Ordningen er kollektiv til fordel for en nærmere angivet gruppe af arbejdstagere, hvad enten det er lønmodtagere, selvstændige eller ikkebeskæftigede, således at deltagelse i ordningen er begrænset til medlemmerne af denne gruppe.
c)
En arbejdsgiver yder et bidrag (faktisk eller imputeret) til ordningen på vegne af en ansat, hvad enten den ansatte også betaler et bidrag eller ej.
4.88
Definition
: Socialforsikringsordninger er ordninger, hvori deltagerne i henhold til aftale med arbejdsgiverne eller lov og andre forskrifter er forpligtet til eller opfordres til at forsikre sig mod visse begivenheder eller omstændigheder, som kan få alvorlige konsekvenser for dem selv eller de forsørgelsesberettigede. Lønmodtagere eller andre personer eller arbejdsgivere på vegne af deres ansatte betaler bidrag til disse sociale ordninger for at sikre de ansatte eller andre bidragydere, forsørgelsesberettigede eller deres efterladte ret til sociale forsikringsydelser i den løbende eller de efterfølgende perioder.
Socialforsikringsordninger er oprettet for grupper af arbejdstagere eller er tilgængelige i henhold til loven for alle arbejdstagere eller nærmere angivne kategorier af arbejdstagere, herunder både ikkebeskæftigede og lønmodtagere. De spænder fra private ordninger etableret for udvalgte grupper af arbejdstagere hos en enkelt arbejdsgiver til socialsikringsordninger, der dækker hele landets arbejdsstyrke. Deltagelse i sådanne ordninger kan være frivillig for de pågældende arbejdstagere, men det er mere almindeligt, at deltagelse er obligatorisk. Deltagelse i ordninger oprettet af individuelle arbejdsgivere kan være obligatorisk i henhold til de ansættelsesvilkår, der er fastsat ved overenskomst mellem arbejdsgiverne og de ansatte.
4.89
Der skelnes mellem to former for socialforsikringsordninger:
a)
Den ene er socialsikringsordninger, som dækker hele eller store dele af samfundet, og som indføres, administreres og finansieres af offentlige enheder. Pensionsydelser i henhold til disse ordninger kan være knyttet til modtagerens lønniveau eller anciennitet eller være uafhængige heraf. Andre ydelser end pensionsydelser er i mindre grad knyttet til lønniveauet.
b)
Den anden er andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ordninger. Sådanne ordninger følger af et arbejdsgiver/lønmodtagerforhold, hvor pension og eventuelt andre rettigheder er en del af ansættelsesvilkårene, og hvor ansvaret for ydelserne ikke tilfalder offentlig forvaltning og service i henhold til bestemmelser om socialsikring.
4.90
Socialforsikringsordninger, som offentlige enheder etablerer for deres egne ansatte og ikke for den erhvervsaktive befolkning som helhed, klassificeres som andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ordninger og således ikke som socialsikringsordninger.
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger (D.61)
4.91
Definition:
 Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger er de faktiske eller imputerede bidrag, som husholdningerne betaler til socialforsikringsordninger med henblik på udbetaling af sociale ydelser. Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger (D.61) er:
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.611)
plus
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.612)
plus
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.613)
plus
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.614)
minus
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger (D.61SC).
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger er de administrationsgebyrer, der opkræves af de enheder, der administrerer ordningerne. De optræder her som led i beregningen af nettobidrag til sociale ordninger (D.61); de udgør ikke omfordelingstransaktioner, men er en del af produktion og udgifter til forbrug.
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.611)
4.92
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.611) svarer til strøm D.121.
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger betales af arbejdsgiverne til socialsikringsordninger og andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger med henblik på at sikre de ansatte sociale ydelser.
Da de faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger betales til fordel for de ansatte, registreres værdien heraf som et af elementerne af aflønningen af ansatte sammen med løn i kontanter og naturalier. Bidragene til sociale ordninger registreres herefter som betalt af de ansatte som løbende overførsler til socialsikringsordninger og andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger.
Denne kategori opdeles i to underkategorier:
a)
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6111), der svarer til strøm D.1211
b)
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.6112), der svarer til strøm D.1212.
4.93
Betaling af faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger kan være obligatorisk i henhold til lovbestemmelser eller andre forskrifter, kollektive overenskomster inden for en bestemt branche eller i henhold til aftaler mellem arbejdsgiver og ansatte i et bestemt foretagende, eller det kan være fastsat i ansættelsesvilkårene. I visse tilfælde kan bidragene være frivillige.
De frivillige bidrag er:
a)
bidrag til sociale ordninger, som personer, der ikke ved lov er forpligtede til at betale til en social kasse eller fond
b)
bidrag til sociale ordninger, som betales til forsikringsselskaber (eller pensionskasser i samme sektor) under de supplerende forsikringsordninger, som foretagenderne opretter til fordel for deres ansatte, og som de ansatte frivilligt tilslutter sig
c)
bidrag til socialforsikringsordninger med frivillig tilslutning for ansatte eller selvstændige.
4.94
Registreringstidspunkt: Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.611) registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor det arbejde, som medfører forpligtelsen til at betale bidragene, udføres.
4.95
Bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, og som registreres i regnskaberne, udledes af to kilder, nemlig beløb, som fremgår af skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser og indbetalinger.
a)
Anvendes skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser som kilde, justeres beløbene ved hjælp af en koefficient, der gør det muligt at tage hensyn til ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb. Som en alternativ behandling vil der kunne registreres en kapitaloverførsel til de relevante sektorer svarende til den samme justering. For at afspejle de ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb beregnes koefficienterne på grundlag af tidligere erfaringer og nuværende forventninger. Koefficienterne er specifikke for de forskellige typer bidrag til sociale ordninger.
b)
Anvendes indbetalinger som kilde, periodeafgrænses disse, således at de pågældende beløb henføres til det tidspunkt, hvor den virksomhed, der har givet anledning til indbetalingspligten, har fundet sted (eller til det tidspunkt, hvor forpligtelsen er opstået). Afgrænsningen kan baseres på det gennemsnitlige tidsinterval mellem den pågældende virksomhed (eller forpligtelsens opståen) og indbetalingen.
Indeholdes bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, ved kilden af arbejdsgiveren, henregnes de til løn, uanset om arbejdsgiveren har overført dem til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. Bidragene registreres dermed, som om sektoren husholdninger betaler det fulde beløb til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. De beløb, der ikke er blevet betalt, udlignes under D.995 som en kapitaloverførsel fra offentlig forvaltning og service til sektoren arbejdsgivere.
4.96
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente husholdninger)
c)
tilgang på residente sikringsinstitutioners eller arbejdsgiveres sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
d)
tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente sikringsinstitutioner eller arbejdsgivere).
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.612)
4.97
Definition:
 De imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.612) repræsenterer modydelsen til de sociale ydelser (minus eventuelle lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger), som arbejdsgiverne betaler direkte (dvs. ikke som faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag) til deres ansatte eller tidligere ansatte og andre ydelsesberettigede.
De svarer til strøm D.122 som omhandlet under aflønning af ansatte og skal værdiansættes ud fra aktuarmæssige principper eller på grundlag af en rimelig procentdel af den løn, der betales til de nuværende ansatte, eller sættes lig med ikkefondsbaserede ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser, som foretagendet betaler i samme regnskabsperiode.
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.612) omfatter to kategorier:
a)
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6121), der svarer til strøm D.1221
b)
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.6122), der svarer til strøm D.1222.
4.98
Registreringstidspunkt: Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger, som repræsenterer modydelsen til obligatoriske, direkte sociale ydelser, registreres i den periode, hvor arbejdet udføres. Imputerede sociale arbejdsgiverbidrag, som repræsenterer modydelsen til frivillige direkte sociale ydelser, registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor ydelserne stilles til rådighed.
4.99
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto og udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler
b)
tilgang på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen for de sektorer, som arbejdsgiverne eller de residente sikringsinstitutioner tilhører, og på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.613)
4.100
Definition:
 Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger er sociale bidrag, der betales på deres vegne af lønmodtagere, selvstændige og ikkebeskæftigede til socialforsikringsordninger.
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.613) omfatter to kategorier:
a)
husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6131)
b)
husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.6132).
Registreringstidspunkt: Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger registreres på optjeningstidspunktet. For beskæftigede vil det sige på det tidspunkt, hvor det arbejde, som medfører forpligtelsen til at betale bidragene, udføres. For ikkebeskæftigede er det på det tidspunkt, hvor bidragene skal betales.
I ENS registreres husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger som:
a)
anvendelse på husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto og udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler
b)
tilgang på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen for de sektorer, som arbejdsgiverne tilhører, og på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.614)
4.101
Definition:
 Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger er formueindkomsten af beholdningen af pensionsrettigheder og andre rettigheder i regnskabsperioden.
Denne kategori opdeles i to underkategorier:
a)
husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6141)
b)
husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger (D.6142). Der er tale om husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til dækning af sociale risici og behov, undtagen til pensionsordninger, f.eks. sygdom, barsel, arbejdsskade, invaliditet, afskedigelse mv.
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger er inkluderet i den formueindkomst, der betales af pensionskasserne, på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst (investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere D.442).
Da denne indkomst i praksis tilbageholdes af pensionskasseforvalterne, registreres den på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen som tilbagebetalt af husholdningerne til pensionskasserne i form af husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger.
Registreringstidspunkt: Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger registreres, når de optjenes.
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.62)
4.102
Denne kategori opdeles i tre underkategorier:
Kontante socialsikringsydelser (D.621)
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.622)
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser (D.623).
Kontante socialsikringsydelser (D.621)
4.103
Definition:
 Kontante socialsikringsydelser er socialforsikringsydelser, som sociale kasser og fonde betaler i kontanter til husholdningerne. Refusioner er ikke omfattet; de registreres som sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.632).
Sådanne ydelser udbetales som led i socialsikringsordninger.
De kan opdeles i:
—
kontante sociale pensionsydelser (D.6211)
—
kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser (D.6212).
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.622)
4.104
Definition:
 Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger er ydelser, som betales af arbejdsgiverne som led i andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger. Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger er sociale ydelser (i kontanter eller naturalier), som socialforsikringsordninger, bortset fra socialsikringsordninger, betaler til bidragyderne, disses forsørgelsesberettigede eller deres efterladte.
Typisk omfatter de:
a)
normal eller nedsat løn, der fortsat udbetales i fraværsperioder som følge af sygdom, ulykke, barsel mv.
b)
udbetaling af familie- og uddannelsesgodtgørelser eller andre ydelser til forsørgelsesberettigede
c)
betaling af alders- eller efterladtepensioner til tidligere ansatte eller deres efterladte og betaling af fratrædelsesgodtgørelse til arbejdstagere eller deres efterladte ved afskedigelse, invaliditet, dødsulykker mv. (hvis omfattet af kollektive overenskomster)
d)
almindelig lægehjælp, som ikke ydes i relation til lønmodtagerens arbejde
e)
rekreations- og hvilehjem.
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.622) kan opdeles i:
—
andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.6221)
—
andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser (D.6222).
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser (D.623)
4.105
Definition:
 Kontante sociale bistandsydelser er løbende overførsler, som offentlige enheder eller NPISH'er betaler til husholdningerne til dækning af samme behov som sociale forsikringsydelser, men som ikke sker i henhold til en socialforsikringsordning, der normalt kræver deltagelse i form af sociale bidrag.
De omfatter derfor ikke ydelser, som betales af sociale kasser og fonde. Sociale bistandsydelser kan komme til udbetaling under følgende omstændigheder:
a)
Der findes ingen socialforsikringsordning, som dækker de pågældende omstændigheder.
b)
Der findes en eller flere socialforsikringsordninger, men de pågældende husholdninger deltager ikke i ordningerne og er derfor ikke berettiget til ydelser.
c)
Ydelserne fra de socialforsikringsordninger anses for utilstrækkelige til at dække de pågældende behov og suppleres derfor af de sociale bistandsydelser.
d)
Som led i den generelle socialpolitik.
Sådanne ydelser omfatter ikke løbende overførsler, der betales som følge af begivenheder eller omstændigheder, som normalt ikke er omfattet af socialforsikringsordninger (dvs. overførsler som følge af naturkatastrofer, der registreres under andre løbende overførsler eller andre kapitaloverførsler).
4.106
Registreringstidspunkt for sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.62):
a)
kontante ydelser: Når kravene om ydelserne kan godtgøres.
b)
naturalieydelser: Når tjenesterne leveres, eller når ejendomsretten til varer, der leveres direkte til husholdninger af ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter, overdrages.
4.107
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.62) registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på de ydende sektorers sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (hvis der er tale om ydelser fra udlandet)
c)
tilgang på husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
d)
tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for overførsler til ikkeresidente husholdninger).
Sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63)
4.108
Definition:
 Sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63) består af individuelle varer og tjenester, som offentlige enheder eller NPISH'er overfører gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, til de enkelte husholdninger, uanset om disse varer og tjenester er indkøbt på markedet eller produceret som ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion hos de offentlige enheder eller NPISH'erne. Overførslerne finansieres over skatterne, anden offentlig indkomst eller bidrag til sociale ordninger, eller, når der er tale om NPISH'er, via donationer og formueindkomst.
Tjenester, der leveres gratis til de enkelte husholdninger eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, betragtes som individuelle tjenester, således at man kan skelne dem fra kollektive tjenester til samfundet som helhed eller store dele af det, f.eks. forsvar og gadebelysning. Individuelle tjenester består hovedsagelig af uddannelses- og sundhedstjenester, selv om andre former for tjenester såsom boligtjenester, kulturelle og rekreative tjenester også hyppigt forekommer.
4.109
Sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63) opdeles i:
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services og NPISH'ers ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion (D.631)
Definition
: Sociale overførsler i naturalier — Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services og NPISH'ers ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion (D.631) leveres direkte til modtagerne af ikkemarkedsproducenter. Betalinger, som husholdningerne selv foretager, skal fratrækkes.
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — markedsmæssig produktion indkøbt af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er (D.632)
Definition:
 Sociale overførsler i naturalier – markedsmæssig produktion indkøbt af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er (D.632) er overførsler:
a)
i form af sociale kasser og fondes refusion af godkendte udgifter til bestemte varer og tjenester eller
b)
som markedsproducenter, hos hvilke sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service køber de pågældende varer og tjenester, leverer direkte til modtagerne.
Betalinger, som husholdningerne selv foretager, skal fratrækkes.
Når en husholdning køber en vare eller en tjeneste, som den senere får helt eller delvis refunderet af en social kasse eller fond, kan husholdningen anses for at handle på den sociale kasses vegne. Faktisk yder husholdningen den sociale kasse en kortfristet kredit, som indfries, når husholdningen modtager refusionen.
Det udgiftsbeløb, som refunderes, registreres som afholdt direkte af den sociale kasse eller fond på det tidspunkt, hvor husholdningen foretager købet, mens den eneste udgift, der registreres for husholdningen, er den eventuelle difference mellem køberprisen og det refunderede beløb. Det refunderede udgiftsbeløb betragtes således ikke som en løbende overførsel i kontanter fra de sociale kasser og fonde til husholdningerne.
4.110
Eksempler på sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63) er læge- og tandlægebehandlinger, kirurgiske indgreb, hospitalsophold, briller eller kontaktlinser, behandlingsapparater og -udstyr og lignende varer og tjenester til dækning af sociale risici eller behov.
Andre eksempler, hvor ydelserne ikke er dækket af en socialforsikringsordning, er sociale boliger, boligydelser, vuggestuer og børnehaver, erhvervsuddannelse, lavere transporttakster (hvis der er et socialt sigte) og lignende varer og tjenester i forbindelse med ordninger vedrørende sociale risici eller behov. Når det offentlige uden relation til sociale risici eller behov overfører varer og tjenester som f.eks. rekreative, kulturelle og sportsrelaterede tjenester gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, til individuelle husholdninger, registreres disse som sociale overførsler i naturalier — sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services og NPISH'ers ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion (D.631).
4.111
Registreringstidspunkt: Sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63) registreres, når tjenesterne leveres, eller når ejendomsretten til varer, der leveres direkte til husholdninger af producenterne, overdrages.
Sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63) registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på de ydende sektorers konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
b)
tilgang på husholdningernes konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser.
Forbruget af de overførte varer og tjenester registreres under anvendelse på kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst.
Der er ikke sociale overførsler i naturalier til og fra udlandet (de registreres i D.62 sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier).
ANDRE LØBENDE OVERFØRSLER (D.7)
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto (D.71)
4.112
Definition
: Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto (D.71) er præmier, der betales for forsikringer, som institutionelle enheder har tegnet. Forsikringer, som individuelle husholdninger har tegnet, er forsikringer, som de har tegnet på eget initiativ og til egen fordel, uafhængigt af deres arbejdsgivere eller offentlig forvaltning og service og uden for enhver form for socialforsikringsordning. Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, omfatter både de faktiske præmier, der skal betales af forsikringstageren for at opnå dækning i regnskabsperioden (indtjente præmier), og de tillægspræmier, der betales af formueindkomsten henført til forsikringstagerne, efter fradrag af det pågældende forsikringsselskabs administrationsgebyr.
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, er de beløb, som er til rådighed til dækning i tilfælde af forskellige begivenheder eller ulykker, som medfører skade på ting eller personer af naturbetingede eller menneskelige årsager, f.eks. brand, oversvømmelse, kollisioner, tyveri, vold, ulykke, sygdom, eller i tilfælde af økonomisk tab som følge af begivenheder som sygdom, arbejdsløshed, ulykker mv.
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, opdeles i to kategorier:
a)
skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring (D.711)
b)
skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring (D.712).
4.113
Registreringstidspunkt: Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, registreres, når de indtjenes.
Forsikringspræmierne, hvorfra trækkes administrationsgebyrerne, er de dele af de samlede præmier, der indbetales i den løbende periode eller tidligere perioder, som skal dække risikoen i den løbende periode.
Der sondres mellem præmier, der er indtjent i den løbende periode, og præmier, som er forfaldne til betaling i den løbende periode, som skal dække risikoen både i efterfølgende perioder og i den løbende periode.
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på residente forsikringstageres sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente forsikringstagere)
c)
tilgang på residente forsikringsselskabers sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
d)
tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente forsikringsselskaber).
Skadesforsikringserstatninger (D.72)
4.114
Definition:
 Skadesforsikringserstatninger (D.72) er de erstatninger, som skal betales ifølge forsikringskontrakten; dvs. de beløb, som forsikringsselskaberne er forpligtet til at betale til dækning af skader på personer og ting (herunder realkapitalgoder).
Denne kategori opdeles i to underkategorier:
a)
skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring (D.721)
b)
skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring (D.722).
4.115
Skadeserstatningerne omfatter ikke betalinger i form af sociale ydelser.
Udbetalingen af en skadesforsikringserstatning betragtes som en overførsel til den skadelidte. Sådanne betalinger betragtes som løbende overførsler, selv om der kan være tale om store summer ved beskadigelse af et fast aktiv eller ved alvorlig personskade.
Usædvanligt store erstatningskrav, f.eks. som følge af en katastrofe, kan registreres som kapitaloverførsler i stedet for som løbende overførsler (jf. 4.165, litra k)).
De beløb, som den skadelidte modtager, er normalt ikke bestemt til et specifikt formål, og varer eller aktiver, som er blevet beskadiget eller ødelagt, skal ikke nødvendigvis repareres eller udskiftes.
Erstatningskrav opstår på grund af skader, som forsikringstagerne forvolder på tredjemand eller dennes ejendom. I så fald registreres erstatningerne som betalt af forsikringsselskabet direkte til den skadelidte tredjepart og ikke indirekte via forsikringstageren.
4.116
Genforsikringspræmier, netto, og -erstatninger beregnes på nøjagtig samme måde som skadesforsikringspræmier og -erstatninger. Da genforsikringsvirksomhed er koncentreret i nogle få lande, indgås de fleste genforsikringsaftaler med ikkeresidente enheder.
Nogle enheder, specielt offentlige enheder, kan stille en garanti mod en debitors misligholdelse af forpligtelser på vilkår, der ligner dem, der gælder for skadesforsikring. Dette sker, når der er udstedt mange garantier af samme art og det er muligt at foretage et realistisk skøn over omfanget af misligholdelser. I så fald registreres de betalte gebyrer (og den formueindkomst, der er indtjent på dem) på samme måde som skadesforsikringspræmier, og aktivering af de standardiserede lånegarantier behandles på samme måde som skadesforsikringserstatninger.
4.117
Registreringstidspunkt: Skadesforsikringserstatninger registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor forsikringsbegivenheden indtræder.
De registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på residente forsikringsselskabers sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente forsikringsselskaber)
c)
tilgang på modtagersektorernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
d)
tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente modtagere).
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service (D.73)
4.118
Definition:
 Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service (D.73) omfatter overførsler mellem de forskellige delsektorer inden for offentlig forvaltning og service (statslig forvaltning og service, delstatsmyndigheder, kommunal forvaltning og service samt sociale kasser og fonde) med undtagelse af skatter, subsidier, investeringstilskud og andre kapitaloverførsler.
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service (D.73) omfatter ikke transaktioner på andre enheders vegne. Disse registreres kun én gang, nemlig som tilgang hos den modtagende enhed, på hvis vegne transaktionen foretages (jf. 1.78). Denne situation opstår især, når en offentlig enhed (f.eks. statslig forvaltning og service) opkræver skatter og afgifter, hvis samlede provenu eller delprovenu automatisk overføres til en anden offentlig enhed (f.eks. kommunal forvaltning og service). I dette tilfælde registreres den del af skatteprovenuet, som er bestemt til den anden offentlige enhed, som skatter og afgifter opkrævet direkte af denne enhed og ikke som en løbende overførsel inden for offentlig forvaltning og service. Løsningen er især nødvendig, når skatterne har form af tillæg til statsskatten og er bestemt til en anden offentlig enhed. Forsinkes overførslen af skatter fra den ene til den anden offentlige enhed, foretages der posteringer under »andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender« på den finansielle konto.
De løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service omfatter overførsler af skatteprovenu, som indgår i bloktilskud fra statslig forvaltning og service til andre offentlige enheder. Sådanne overførsler kan ikke henføres til nogen bestemt skattekategori og sker ikke automatisk, men hovedsagelig via bestemte fonde (regionale fonde og kommunale forvaltningers fonde) og efter fordelingsnøgler fastsat af statslig forvaltning og service.
4.119
Registreringstidspunkt: Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service registreres på det tidspunkt, som er fastsat i de gældende bestemmelser.
4.120
De løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service registreres som anvendelse og tilgang på indkomstfordelingskontoen for de respektive delsektorer. Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service er interne strømme i denne sektor og optræder ikke på en konsolideret konto for hele sektoren.
Løbende internationalt samarbejde (D.74)
4.121
Definition
: Løbende internationalt samarbejde (D.74) omfatter alle kontante overførsler eller naturalieoverførsler mellem den nationale offentlige forvaltning og service og dennes sektorer eller internationale organisationer i udlandet, bortset fra investeringstilskud og andre kapitaloverførsler.
4.122
D.74 omfatter:
a)
bidrag fra offentlig forvaltning og service til internationale organisationer (undtagen skatter, som medlemsstaterne betaler til overnationale organisationer)
b)
løbende overførsler, som offentlig forvaltning og service modtager fra de i litra a) nævnte organisationer. Løbende overførsler, som Den Europæiske Unions institutioner foretager direkte til fordel for residente markedsmæssige producenter, registreres som subsidier fra udlandet
c)
løbende overførsler staterne imellem enten som kontante betalinger (f.eks. betalinger til finansiering af andre landes eller oversøiske områders budgetunderskud) eller som gavehjælp i form af naturalier (f.eks. fødevarer, militært udstyr, katastrofehjælp efter naturkatastrofer i form af fødevarer, tøj, medicin mv.)
d)
den løn, som en stat, en af Den Europæiske Unions institutioner eller en international organisation betaler til de funktionærer og det tekniske personale, der stilles til rådighed for udviklingslande.
Løbende internationalt samarbejde omfatter overførsler mellem den nationale offentlige forvaltning og service og de internationale organisationer, som er beliggende i det pågældende land, eftersom internationale organisationer ikke betragtes som residente institutionelle enheder i det land, hvor de er beliggende.
4.123
Registreringstidspunkt: I tilfælde af obligatoriske overførsler, det tidspunkt, som fremgår af gældende bestemmelser, og i tilfælde af frivillige overførsler, det tidspunkt, hvor overførslerne foretages.
4.124
Løbende internationalt samarbejde registreres som:
a)
anvendelse og tilgang på offentlig forvaltning og services sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse og tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Diverse løbende overførsler (D.75)
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er (D.751)
4.125
Definition:
 Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er omfatter alle frivillige bidrag (undtagen testamentariske gaver), medlemskontingenter og finansiel støtte, som NPISH'er modtager fra husholdninger (inklusive ikkeresidente husholdninger) og i mindre omfang fra andre enheder.
4.126
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er omfatter:
a)
medlemsgebyrer fra husholdninger til faglige, politiske, sportslige, kulturelle eller religiøse organisationer eller sammenslutninger i NPISH-sektoren
b)
frivillige bidrag (undtagen testamentariske gaver) fra husholdninger, selskaber og udlandet til NPISH'er, inklusive overførsler i naturalier i form af fødevarer, tøj, tæpper, medicin mv. til velgørende formål med henblik på uddeling til residente eller ikkeresidente husholdninger. Dette gælder forbrugsvarer, da overførsler af store gaver (værdigenstande, der betragtes som ikkefinansielle aktiver) opføres under andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) (jf. 4.165, litra e)).
Gaver fra husholdninger bestående af uønskede eller brugte genstande registreres ikke som overførsler
c)
Støtte og tilskud fra offentlig forvaltning og service bortset fra overførsler, der udtrykkelig er bestemt til finansiering af investeringsudgifter, og som opføres under investeringstilskud.
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er omfatter ikke medlemskontingent eller -bidrag til markedsmæssige NPI'er, der er rettet mod erhvervslivet, som f.eks. handelskamre og brancheforeninger, der betragtes som betaling af ydede tjenester.
4.127
Registreringstidspunkt: Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er registreres på det tidspunkt, de foretages.
4.128
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på de bidragydende sektorers sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler
c)
tilgang på NPISH-sektorens sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto.
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger (D.752)
4.129
Definition:
 Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger (D.752) omfatter alle overførsler i kontanter eller i naturalier, som foretages eller modtages af residente husholdninger til eller fra andre residente eller ikkeresidente husholdninger. Det drejer sig især om overførsler fra emigranter eller andre arbejdstagere med fast bopæl i udlandet (eller som arbejder i udlandet i mindst ét år) til familiemedlemmer bosiddende i hjemlandet eller overførsler fra forældre til børn, som har bopæl et andet sted.
4.130
Registreringstidspunkt for løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger: det tidspunkt, hvor overførslen foretages.
4.131
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger registreres som:
a)
anvendelse og tilgang på husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
anvendelse og tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Andre diverse løbende overførsler (D.759)
Bøder og strafgebyrer
4.132
Definition:
 Bøder og strafgebyrer, som institutionelle enheder pålægges af domstole eller domstolslignende myndigheder, betragtes som andre diverse løbende overførsler (D.759).
4.133
Andre diverse løbende overførsler (D.759) omfatter ikke:
a)
morarenter og skattebøder, som ikke kan holdes adskilt fra de pågældende skatter og forbliver klassificeret som skatter
b)
betaling af gebyrer for tilladelser, idet sådanne betalinger betragtes som skatter eller betalinger for tjenester ydet af offentlige enheder.
4.134
Registreringstidspunkt: Bøder og strafgebyrer registreres på det tidspunkt, hvor forpligtelserne opstår.
Lotteri og spil
4.135
Definition:
 Beløb, der betales til lotteri eller spil, består af to elementer: et gebyr til den enhed, som foranstalter lotteriet eller spillet, og en løbende restoverførsel, som udbetales til vinderne.
Gebyret, der kan være af anseelig størrelse, dækker skatter, der pålægges produktionen af spilletjenester. I ENS anses overførslerne for at have fundet sted mellem lotteriets eller spillets deltagere, dvs. husholdningerne. Når ikkeresidente husholdninger deltager, kan der opstå betydelige nettooverførsler mellem husholdningssektoren og udlandet.
Registreringstidspunkt: Løbende restoverførsler registreres på det tidspunkt, de foretages.
Erstatninger
4.136
Definition:
 Erstatninger omfatter løbende overførsler, som institutionelle enheder betaler til andre institutionelle enheder for person- eller tingsskade, med undtagelse af betaling af skadesforsikringserstatninger. Betaling af erstatninger pålægges af en domstol eller foretages frivilligt uden om en domstol. Erstatninger omfatter beløb, som offentlige enheder eller NPISH'er betaler frivilligt for person- eller tingsskade som følge af naturkatastrofer, og som ikke henhører under kapitaloverførsler.
4.137
Registreringstidspunkt: Betaling af erstatninger registreres, når de foretages (frivillige betalinger), eller når de forfalder (obligatoriske betalinger).
4.138
Andre former for andre diverse løbende overførsler:
a)
Løbende overførsler fra NPISH'er til offentlig forvaltning og service bortset fra skatter
b)
Betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service til offentlige foretagender, der klassificeres som ikkefinansielle foretagender og kvasiselskaber, til dækning af unormalt store pensionsbyrder
c)
Rejsestipendier samt belønninger fra offentlig forvaltning og service eller NPISH'er til residente eller ikkeresidente husholdninger
d)
Periodiske sparepræmier fra offentlig forvaltning og service til husholdningerne som belønning for disses opsparing i den pågældende periode
e)
Husholdningernes tilbagebetaling af udgifter, som de sociale bistandsydere har afholdt for disse
f)
Løbende overførsler fra NPISH'er til udlandet
g)
Sponsorbeløb fra selskaber, hvis disse betalinger ikke kan betragtes som køb af reklame eller andre tjenester (f.eks. overførsler til velgørende formål eller stipendier)
h)
Løbende overførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service til husholdningerne i deres egenskab af forbrugere, hvis overførslerne ikke er registreret som sociale ydelser
i)
Den overførsel fra centralbanken til MFI'er (S.122 og S.125), der skal modsvare forbrug i produktionen af den ikke direkte allokerede del af centralbankens produktion (jf. kapitel 14: FISIM).
4.139
Registreringstidspunkt: Disse overførsler (jf. 4.138) registreres, når de foretages, undtagen overførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service, som registreres, når de forfalder.
Andre diverse løbende overførsler registreres som:
a)
tilgang og anvendelse på alle sektorers sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
tilgang og anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter (D.76)
4.140
Definition:
 Den moms- og BNI-baserede tredje og fjerde egne EU-indtægt (D.76) er løbende overførsler fra medlemsstaternes offentlige forvaltning og service til Den Europæiske Unions institutioner.
Den momsbaserede tredje egne EU-indtægt (D.761) og den BNI-baserede fjerde egne EU-indtægt (D.762) er bidrag til EU-institutionernes budget. Hver enkelt medlemsstats bidrag er baseret på dets momsgrundlag og BNI.
D.76 omfatter også diverse ikkeskattemæssige bidrag fra offentlig forvaltning og service til Den Europæiske Unions institutioner (D.763).
Registreringstidspunkt: Den moms- og BNI-baserede tredje og fjerde egne EU-indtægt registreres, når de forfalder til betaling.
Den moms- og BNI-baserede tredje og fjerde egne EU-indtægt registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på offentlig forvaltning og services sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
b)
tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler.
KORREKTION FOR ÆNDRINGER I PENSIONSRETTIGHEDER (D.8)
4.141
Definition:
 Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder (D.8) er de korrektioner, der skal foretages, for at det af husholdningernes opsparing fremgår, at der er sket ændringer i de pensionsrettigheder, som for husholdningerne udgør et nærmere defineret tilgodehavende. Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder hidrører fra bidrag og ydelser, der registreres på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen.
4.142
På de finansielle konti og statuskonti registreres husholdninger som ejere af pensionsrettighederne, hvorfor det er nødvendigt at foretage en korrektion for at sikre, at overskydende pensionsbidrag i forhold til pensionsydelserne ikke påvirker husholdningernes opsparing.
Til udligning heraf foretages følgende korrektion:
Den samlede værdi af faktiske og imputerede bidrag til pensionsordninger, i hvilke husholdningerne har et nærmere defineret tilgodehavende
plus
den samlede værdi af de ekstra bidrag, der betales af formueindkomst henført til pensionsmodtagerne
minus
værdien af tilhørende administrationsgebyrer i forbindelse hermed
minus
den samlede værdi af pensioner, som pensionsordninger udbetaler som sociale forsikringsydelser
i husholdningernes disponible indkomst eller korrigerede disponible indkomst på indkomstanvendelseskontoen før opgørelsen af opsparingen.
På denne måde bliver husholdningernes opsparing den samme, som den ville have været, hvis pensionsbidrag eller modtagne pensionsydelser ikke var blevet registreret som løbende overførsler på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Denne korrektionspost er nødvendig for at afstemme husholdningernes opsparing med ændringen i deres pensionsrettigheder, der er registreret på den finansielle konto. Modsatrettede justeringer skal naturligvis foretages på indkomstanvendelseskontoen hos de enheder, der er ansvarlige for udbetalingen af pensionsydelserne.
4.143
Registreringstidspunkt: Korrektionen registreres efter tidspunkterne for de strømme, som indgår heri.
4.144
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder registreres som:
a)
anvendelse på indkomstanvendelseskontoen for de sektorer, hvori de enheder, der er ansvarlige for udbetalingen af pensionsydelserne, er klassificeret
b)
anvendelse på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente institutioner)
c)
tilgang på husholdningernes indkomstanvendelseskonto
d)
tilgang på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (for ikkeresidente husholdninger).
KAPITALOVERFØRSLER (D.9)
4.145
Definition:
 Kapitaloverførsler indebærer anskaffelse eller afhændelse af et eller flere aktiver for mindst én af transaktionens parter. Hvad enten transaktionen foregår i kontanter eller naturalier, resulterer den i en dertil svarende ændring i de finansielle eller ikkefinansielle aktiver på statuskontoen hos den ene eller begge parter i transaktionen.
4.146
En kapitaloverførsel i naturalier indebærer overdragelse af ejendomsretten til et aktiv (dog ikke lagerbeholdninger og kontanter) eller eftergivelse af gæld uden nogen form for modydelse.
En kapitaloverførsel i kontanter består af kontanter, som den ene part har tilvejebragt ved afhændelse af et eller flere aktiver (bortset fra lagerbeholdninger), eller som den anden part forventes at skulle anvende eller nødvendigvis skal anvende til anskaffelse af et eller flere aktiver (bortset fra lagerbeholdninger). Den anden part (modtageren) er forpligtet til at anvende kontanter for at anskaffe et eller flere aktiver som betingelse for, at overførslen kan finde sted.
Overførselsværdien af et ikkefinansielt aktiv ansættes i overensstemmelse med den skønsmæssig pris, der ville kunne opnås ved salg af aktivet, som nyt eller gammelt, på markedet, plus eventuelle transport- og installationsudgifter og andre omkostninger i forbindelse med overdragelsen af ejendomsretten, som giveren pådrager sig, men eksklusive eventuelle sådanne omkostninger for modtageren. Overførsler af finansielle aktiver værdiansættes på samme måde som andre anskaffelser eller afhændelser af finansielle aktiver eller passiver.
4.147
Kapitaloverførsler omfatter kapitalskatter (D.91), investeringstilskud (D.92) og andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99).
Kapitalskatter (D.91)
4.148
Definition:
 Kapitalskatter (D.91) er skatter, som opkræves med uregelmæssige mellemrum på institutionelle enheders aktiver eller nettoformue eller på aktiver, som overføres mellem institutionelle enheder i forbindelse med arv, gaver mellem personer eller andre overførsler.
4.149
Kapitalskatter (D.91) omfatter:
a)
skatter på kapitaloverførsler: arve- og gaveafgifter, som pålægges arve- og gavemodtageren. Omfatter ikke skatter på salg af aktiver
b)
kapitalafgifter: lejlighedsvise og ekstraordinære afgifter på de institutionelle enheders aktiver eller nettoformue. Disse omfatter grundværdistigningsafgifter, der pålægges landbrugsjord som følge af tilladelser til at anvende jorden til erhvervs- eller boligformål.
Kapitalvindingsskat registreres ikke som kapitalskatter, men som løbende ejendoms- og formueskatter mv.
4.150
De skatter, der registreres i regnskaberne, hidrører fra to kilder, nemlig beløb, som fremgår af skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser og indbetalinger.
a)
Anvendes skatteansættelser eller selvangivelser som kilde, justeres beløbene ved hjælp af en koefficient, der gør det muligt at tage hensyn til ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb. Som en alternativ behandling registreres der en kapitaloverførsel til de relevante sektorer svarende til den samme justering. For at afspejle de ansatte eller angivne, men aldrig indgåede beløb beregnes koefficienterne på grundlag af tidligere erfaringer og nuværende forventninger. Koefficienterne er specifikke for de forskellige typer skatter.
b)
Anvendes indbetalinger som kilde, periodeafgrænses disse, således at de pågældende beløb henføres til det tidspunkt, hvor den virksomhed, der har givet anledning til indbetalingspligten, har fundet sted, eller, hvis dette ikke kendes, til det tidspunkt, hvor skatteansættelsen har fundet sted. Afgrænsningen baseres på det gennemsnitlige tidsinterval mellem den pågældende virksomhed (eller skatteansættelsen) og indbetalingen.
4.151
Kapitalskatter registreres som:
a)
ændringer i passiver og nettoformue (-) på kapitalkontoen for de sektorer, hvor skatteyderne er klassificeret
b)
ændringer i passiver og nettoformue (+) på offentlig forvaltning og services kapitalkonto
c)
ændringer i passiver og nettoformue på udlandets kapitalkonto.
Investeringstilskud (D.92)
4.152
Definition:
 Investeringstilskud (D.92) består i kapitaloverførsler i kontanter eller naturalier fra offentlig forvaltning og service eller udlandet til andre residente eller ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder til hel eller delvis finansiering af anskaffelser af faste aktiver.
Investeringstilskud fra udlandet omfatter tilskud betalt direkte af Den Europæiske Unions institutioner (f.eks. kapitaloverførsler fra Den Europæiske Garantifond for Landbruget (EGFL) og Den Europæiske Landbrugsfond for Udvikling af Landdistrikterne (ELFUL)).
4.153
Investeringstilskud i naturalier omfatter overførsel af transportmateriel, maskiner og andet udstyr fra offentlig forvaltning og service til andre residente eller ikkeresidente enheder samt direkte overdragelse af bygninger eller andre anlæg til residente eller ikkeresidente enheder.
4.154
Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services investeringer til fordel for andre sektorer i økonomien registreres som investeringstilskud, når modtageren kan identificeres og erhverver ejendomsretten over investeringerne. I dette tilfælde registreres investeringerne som ændringer i aktiver på modtagernes kapitalkonto og finansieres med et investeringstilskud, der registreres som ændringer i passiver og nettoformue på samme konto.
4.155
Investeringstilskud (D.92) omfatter både engangsbetalinger til finansiering af investeringer i den samme periode og ratebetalinger i forbindelse med investeringstransaktioner i en tidligere periode. Den del af offentlig forvaltning og services årlige betalinger til foretagender, som er afdragsrater på gæld, som foretagender har påtaget sig med henblik på gennemførelse af investeringsprojekter, behandles som investeringstilskud.
4.156
Investeringstilskud omfatter ikke rentetilskud fra offentlig forvaltning og service. Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og services overtagelse af en del af rentebyrden er en løbende fordelingstransaktion. Når et tilskud imidlertid på samme tid tilsigter at finansiere amortiseringen af gælden og betalingen af renterne på kapitalen, og når det ikke er muligt at opdele det i disse to elementer, registreres hele tilskuddet som investeringstilskud.
4.157
Investeringstilskud til ikkefinansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber omfatter, ud over det tilskud, der ydes til private foretagender, kapitaltilførsler til offentlige foretagender, som er institutionelle enheder, såfremt sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, når den indskyder midlerne, ikke betragter det som erhvervelse af en fordring over for det offentlige foretagende.
4.158
Investeringstilskud til husholdningerne omfatter ud over tilskud til udstyr og moderniseringstilskud til foretagender, som ikke er selskaber eller kvasiselskaber, de tilskud, der ydes til husholdningerne til opførelse, køb og ombygning af bolig.
4.159
Investeringstilskud til offentlig forvaltning og service omfatter offentlig forvaltning og services overførsler (undtagen rentetilskud) til delsektorerne til finansiering af investeringstransaktioner. Investeringstilskud inden for offentlig forvaltning og service er interne strømme i denne sektor. De er derfor ikke opført på den konsoliderede konto for sektoren som helhed. Eksempler på investeringstilskud inden for offentlig forvaltning og service er overførsler fra den statslige forvaltning og service til kommunal forvaltning og service med henblik på at finansiere dens faste bruttoinvesteringer. Overførsler med flere ikke definerede formål registreres som løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service, også selv om de anvendes til investeringer.
4.160
Investeringstilskud fra offentlig forvaltning og service og udlandet til nonprofitinstitutioner adskilles ud fra kriterierne i 4.159 fra løbende overførsler til nonprofitinstitutioner.
4.161
Investeringstilskud til udlandet begrænses til overførsler med det særlige formål at finansiere ikkeresidente enheders investeringer. Det drejer sig f.eks. om overførsler til bygning af broer, veje, fabrikker, hospitaler og skoler i udviklingslande eller til opførelse af bygninger til internationale organisationer. Disse tilskud kan omfatte engangsbetalinger såvel som ratebetalinger. Levering af faste kapitalgoder gratis eller til nedsat pris henregnes ligeledes til denne kategori.
4.162
Registreringstidspunkt: Investeringstilskud i kontanter registreres, når betalingen skal foretages. Tilskud i naturalier registreres, når ejendomsretten til aktivet overdrages.
4.163
Investeringstilskud registreres som:
a)
ændringer i passiver og nettoformue (-) på offentlig forvaltning og services kapitalkonto
b)
ændringer i passiver og nettoformue (+) på modtagersektorernes kapitalkonto
c)
ændringer i passiver og nettoformue på udlandets kapitalkonto.
Andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
4.164
Definition
: Andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) omfatter alle overførselstransaktioner, bortset fra investeringstilskud og kapitalskatter, som ikke er indkomstomfordelingstransaktioner, men som bevirker en opsparings- eller formueomfordeling mellem de forskellige indenlandske sektorer og delsektorer eller udlandet. De kan foretages i kontanter eller naturalier (ved gældsovertagelse eller eftergivelse af gæld) og svarer til frivillige formueoverførsler.
4.165
Andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) omfatter følgende transaktioner:
a)
kompensation fra offentlig forvaltning og service eller udlandet til ejere af kapitalgoder ved disses ødelæggelse eller beskadigelse i tilfælde af krig, andre politiske hændelser eller naturkatastrofer (oversvømmelser mv.)
b)
overførsler fra offentlig forvaltning og service til ikkefinansielle selskaber og kvasiselskaber til dækning af tab, akkumuleret over flere regnskabsår, eller ekstraordinære tab af årsager, der ligger uden for foretagendets kontrol (også i tilfælde af en kapitaltilførsel)
c)
overførsler mellem delsektorer af offentlig forvaltning og service til dækning af ekstraordinære udgifter eller akkumulerede underskud. Sådanne overførsler mellem delsektorer af offentlig forvaltning og service er interne strømme i denne sektor. De er derfor ikke opført på den konsoliderede konto for sektoren som helhed
d)
engangssparepræmier fra offentlig forvaltning og service til husholdninger som belønning for disses opsparing over en årrække
e)
testamentariske gaver, store gaver mellem personer og donationer mellem enheder tilhørende forskellige sektorer, herunder testamentariske gaver eller store gaver til nonprofitinstitutioner (NPI'er). Eksempler på gaver til NPI'er er gaver til universiteter til dækning af udgifterne til bygning af nye kollegier, biblioteker, laboratorier mv.
f)
modposteringen til eftergivelse af gæld efter aftale mellem institutionelle enheder, der tilhører forskellige sektorer eller delsektorer (f.eks. når offentlig forvaltning og service eftergiver et andet lands gæld; garantibetalinger som frigør en debitor for en gældsforpligtelse, der har været misligholdt — med undtagelse af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (jf. litra j)). Sådanne eftergivelser efter fælles aftale registreres som kapitaloverførsler fra kreditor til debitor svarende til den udestående gæld på eftergivelsestidspunktet. Modposteringen til gældsovertagelse og andre lignende transaktioner (indfrielse af garantiforpligtelser i forbindelse med ordninger med ikkestandardiserede garantier eller gældsomlægning, hvorved en del af gælden annulleres eller overdrages) betragtes ligeledes som en kapitaloverførsel. Herfra er undtaget:
1)
de tilfælde, hvor en ejer af et kvasiselskab annullerer finansielle fordringer på og overtager gæld fra kvasiselskabet. Transaktionerne betragtes da som transaktioner i ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (F.5)
2)
de tilfælde, hvor sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service annullerer finansielle fordringer på og overtager gæld fra et offentligt selskab, som forsvinder som en institutionel enhed i regnskabssystemet. Dette registreres på kontoen for andre mængdeændringer i status (K.5)
3)
de tilfælde, hvor sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service annullerer finansielle fordringer på og overtager gæld fra et offentligt selskab som led i en igangværende privatisering, som skal afvikles inden for et kortere tidsrum. Transaktionerne betragtes da som transaktioner i ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (F.5).
Afskrivning af gæld er ikke en transaktion mellem institutionelle enheder, hvorfor den hverken registreres på kapitalkontoen eller den finansielle konto. Hvis kreditor beslutter sig for at afskrive gælden, registreres transaktionen både på kreditors og debitors konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status. Hensættelser til tab på debitorer behandles som interne bogføringsposteringer i foretagendet og registreres ikke, undtagen i tilfælde af forventede tab på misligholdte lån, der registreres som memorandumposter i statuskontiene. En debitors ensidige afvisning af en gæld er heller ikke en transaktion og registreres ikke
g)
den del af de realiserede kapitalgevinster (eller -tab), som omfordeles til en anden sektor, for eksempel kapitalgevinster, som forsikringsselskaber omfordeler til husholdningerne. Modposteringer til overførsler af privatiseringsformuer, som foretages indirekte til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (f.eks. gennem et holdingselskab), registreres som finansielle transaktioner i ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (F.5) og har ingen indflydelse på offentlig forvaltning og services fordringserhvervelse, netto
h)
større betalinger som erstatning for tingsskade eller personskader, der ikke er dækket af en forsikring (undtagen betalingerne fra offentlig forvaltning og service eller udlandet som beskrevet i litra a)). Betalingerne pålægges af domstolene eller aftales uden om retsvæsenet. Eksempler herpå er skadeserstatninger efter store eksplosioner, olieudslip, bivirkninger ved brug af lægemidler mv.
i)
ekstraordinære indbetalinger til socialforsikringsfonde, som foretages af arbejdsgiverne (herunder også offentlig forvaltning og service) eller af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (som led i dens sociale funktioner), såfremt disse betalinger har til formål at forøge disse fondes aktuarmæssige reserver. Den tilhørende korrektion fra socialforsikringsfonde til husholdninger registreres også som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99)
j)
Registreres skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, på grundlag af ansættelser eller angivelser, udlignes den del, som ikke forventes at indgå, i samme regnskabsperiode. Dette gøres ved hjælp af en anden kapitaloverførsel (D.99), som en postering under D.995, mellem sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og de relevante sektorer. Denne strøm D.995 underopdeles i henhold til kodningen af de forskellige skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger
k)
forsikringserstatninger som følge af en katastrofe: Efter en katastrofe registreres den samlede værdi af erstatningerne i forbindelse med katastrofen — ud fra oplysninger indhentet hos forsikringsbranchen — som en kapitaloverførsel fra forsikringsselskaberne til forsikringstagerne. Er forsikringsbranchen ikke i stand til at tilvejebringe oplysninger om erstatningskravene i forbindelse med katastrofen, beregnes disse som forskellen mellem de faktiske erstatningsforpligtelser og de justerede erstatningskrav i katastrofeperioden
l)
offentligt producerede aktiver, for hvis vedligeholdelse offentlig forvaltning og service er ansvarlig.
4.166
Registreringstidspunktet bestemmes således:
a)
Andre kapitaloverførsler i kontanter registreres, når betalingen forfalder.
b)
Andre kapitaloverførsler i naturalier registreres, når ejendomsretten til aktivet overdrages eller kreditor eftergiver gælden.
4.167
Andre kapitaloverførsler bogføres som ændringer i passiver og nettoformue på sektorernes og udlandets kapitalkonto.
MEDARBEJDERAKTIEOPTIONER (MA)
4.168
Aktieoptioner er en særlig indkomst i naturalier, der består i, at arbejdsgiveren giver den ansatte mulighed for at købe aktier (andele) til en bestemt pris på et tidspunkt i fremtiden. En medarbejderaktieoption kan sammenlignes med et finansielt derivat. Medarbejderen kan undlade at udnytte sin køberet, enten fordi aktieprisen er faldet til under udnyttelseskursen, eller fordi han har forladt den pågældende arbejdsgiver og derfor har mistet retten til aktieoptionen.
4.169
Typisk meddeler en arbejdsgiver sine ansatte, at en aktieoption stilles til rådighed til en given pris (strike-prisen eller udnyttelseskursen) inden for en vis tidshorisont og på visse betingelser (f.eks. at medarbejderen fortsat er ansat i det pågældende foretagende, eller afhængigt af foretagendets driftsresultat). Registreringstidspunktet for medarbejderaktieoptionen i nationalregnskabet skal præciseres nøje. »Tildelingstidspunktet« er den dato, hvor den ansatte får tildelt optionen, »retserhvervelsestidspunktet« er den dato, hvor optionen tidligst kan udnyttes, og »udnyttelsestidspunktet« er den dato, hvor optionen faktisk udnyttes (eller udløber).
4.170
I henhold til anbefalinger fra International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)vil foretagendet kunne beregne en fair værdi af optionerne på tildelingstidspunktet ved at gange aktiernes strike-pris på dette tidspunkt med det antal optioner, der forventes at kunne udnyttes på retserhvervelsestidspunktet, og dele resultatet med det antal arbejdsår, der forventes præsteret frem til retserhvervelsestidspunktet.
4.171
Hvis der ikke foreligger en observerbar markedspris og selskabet heller ikke har foretaget en beregning som anbefalet ovenfor, kan aktieoptionerne til brug for ENS værdiansættes skønsmæssigt ved hjælp af en model for prisfastsættelse af aktieoptioner. Sådanne modeller søger at tage højde for to forhold, der påvirker værdien af optionen. Det første af disse forhold er en prognose for, hvor meget markedsprisen for de pågældende aktier vil overstige strike-prisen på retserhvervelsestidspunktet. Det andet er forventningen om, at prisen vil stige yderligere mellem retserhvervelsestidspunktet og udnyttelsestidspunktet.
4.172
Inden optionen udnyttes, har genstanden for aftalen mellem arbejdsgiveren og den ansatte karakter af et finansielt derivat og opføres som sådant på begge parters finansielle konto.
4.173
Der foretages en beregning af værdien af medarbejderaktieoptionen på tildelingsdatoen. Dette beløb skal indgå som en del af aflønningen af ansatte, om muligt fordelt over perioden mellem tildelingstidspunktet og retserhvervelsestidspunktet. Hvis dette ikke er muligt, skal optionens værdi registreres på retserhvervelsestidspunktet.
4.174
Administrationsomkostningerne i forbindelse med medarbejderaktieoptioner afholdes af arbejdsgiveren og registreres som forbrug i produktionen på samme måde som alle andre administrative funktioner i tilknytning til aflønningen af ansatte.
4.175
Selv om værdien af aktieoptionen behandles som indkomst, er der ikke knyttet nogen investeringsindkomst til medarbejderaktieoptioner.
4.176
På den finansielle konto er husholdningernes erhvervelse af medarbejderaktieoptioner lig den hertil svarende aflønning af ansatte og modsvares igen af en tilsvarende forpligtelse for arbejdsgiveren.
4.177
Principielt registreres eventuelle ændringer i værdien mellem tildelingstidspunktet og retserhvervelsestidspunktet som en del af aflønningen af ansatte, mens ændringer i værdien mellem retserhvervelsestidspunktet og udnyttelsestidspunktet registreres som kapitalgevinst eller -tab. I praksis er det meget usandsynligt, at beregninger af arbejdsgivernes omkostninger i forbindelse med medarbejderaktieoptioner ændres mellem tildelingstidspunktet og udnyttelsestidspunktet. Af praktiske grunde registreres hele stigningen mellem tildelingstidspunktet og udnyttelsestidspunktet derfor som kapitalgevinst eller -tab. En stigning i værdien af aktieprisen ud over strike-prisen er en kapitalgevinst for den ansatte og et kapitaltab for arbejdsgiveren og omvendt.
4.178
Når en aktieoption udnyttes, forsvinder posteringen på statuskontoen og erstattes af værdien af de erhvervede aktier (andele). Denne ændring i klassifikationen sker via transaktioner på den finansielle konto, ikke via kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
KAPITEL 5
FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER
5.01
Definition
: Finansielle transaktioner (F) er transaktioner i finansielle aktiver (AF) og passiver mellem residente institutionelle enheder og mellem disse og ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder.
5.02
En finansiel transaktion mellem institutionelle enheder er en samtidig oprettelse eller opløsning af et finansielt aktiv og det modsvarende passiv, en overdragelse af ejendomsretten til et finansielt aktiv eller en overtagelse af en gældsforpligtelse.
HOVEDTRÆK VED FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER
Finansielle aktiver, finansielle fordringer samt passiver
5.03
Definition
: Finansielle aktiver er alle finansielle fordringer, aktier samt den andel af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer.
5.04
Finansielle aktiver er værdiopbevaringsmidler, der repræsenterer det udbytte, herunder udbytte over en længere periode, som en økonomisk ejer har af at eje eller anvende dem i en periode. De er et middel til at fremføre værdier fra den ene regnskabsperiode til den næste. Udbytte afregnes ved betalinger, typisk i form af sedler og mønt (AF.21) og transferable indskud (AF.22).
5.05
Definition
: En finansiel fordring er kreditors ret til at modtage en betaling eller en række betalinger fra debitor.
Finansielle fordringer er finansielle aktiver, hvortil svarer passiver. Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5) betragtes som finansielle aktiver, hvortil svarer passiver, selv om indehaverens fordring på selskabet ikke er et fast beløb.
5.06
Definition
: Passiver opstår, når debitor er forpligtet til at betale kreditor en eller flere gange.
5.07
Den andel af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer, som de monetære myndigheder opbevarer som reserve, betragtes som et finansielt aktiv, selv om ejeren ikke har fordringer på andre nærmere angivne enheder. Til guldbarrer svarer intet passiv.
Eventualaktiver og -passiver
5.08
Definition
: Eventualaktiver og -passiver er aftaler, hvorved en part er forpligtet til at betale en anden enhed en eller flere gange, hvis visse særlige betingelser er opfyldt.
Da de ikke skaber ubetingede forpligtelser, betragtes eventualaktiver og -passiver ikke som finansielle aktiver og passiver.
5.09
Eventualaktiver og -passiver omfatter:
a)
betalingsgarantier, som stilles af tredjemand i enkelttilfælde, da der kun kræves betaling, hvis debitor misligholder sin forpligtelse
b)
lånetilsagn, i forbindelse med hvilke det garanteres, at der vil blive stillet midler til rådighed, men uden at der findes noget finansielt aktiv, indtil midlerne faktisk ydes
c)
remburser, der udgør tilsagn om betaling på den betingelse, at der fremlægges en række dokumenter i henhold til en kontrakt
d)
lånerammer, der er tilsagn om lån til en bestemt kunde op til et vist loft
e)
tilsagn om køb af nyudstedte gældsbeviser (NIF, note inssuance facilities), i henhold til hvilke det garanteres, at en potentiel debitor vil kunne sælge kortfristede gældsværdipapirer (»notes«), og at den bank, der udsteder gældsbeviserne, vil overtage de papirer, som ikke er solgt på markedet, eller foretage tilsvarende forudbetalinger, og
f)
pensionsrettigheder i henhold til ikkefondsbaserede lovbestemte arbejdsgiveradministrerede ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger eller pensionsordninger, der administreres af sociale kasser og fonde. Disse pensionsrettigheder registreres i den supplerende tabel over optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger, ikke i hovedregnskabet.
5.10
Eventualaktiver og -passiver omfatter ikke:
a)
hensættelser under forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6)
b)
finansielle derivater (AF.7), når aftalerne i sig selv har en markedsværdi, fordi de kan handles eller føres i modregning på markedet.
5.11
Selv om eventualaktiver og -passiver ikke bogføres i regnskaberne, er de vigtige i forbindelse med politikker og analyser; og der skal derfor indsamles oplysninger om dem, og disse skal forelægges som supplerende data. Selv om det viser sig, at der ikke skal foretages betalinger i forbindelse med eventualaktiver og -passiver, kan store eventualposter være tegn på et uforholdsmæssigt stort risikoniveau hos de enheder, der tilbyder dem.
Boks 5.1 —
   
Behandling af garantier i ENS
B5.1.1.
Definition
: Garantier er aftaler, hvorved en garantistiller over for en långiver forpligter sig til, i tilfælde af at låntageren misligholder sin forpligtelse, at godtgøre det tab, som långiveren ellers ville lide.
Der opkræves ofte et gebyr for en garantistillelse.
B5.1.2.
Der skelnes mellem tre forskellige typer garantier. De vedrører kun finansielle aktiver. Der foreslås ingen særlige regler for behandling af fabrikanters garantier eller andre former for garantier. De tre typer garantier er:
a)
Garantier, der ydes via et finansielt derivat, f.eks. en credit default swap. Sådanne derivater er baseret på risikoen for misligholdelse af forpligtelser i forbindelse med finansielle referenceaktiver og er ikke knyttet til individuelle lån eller gældsværdipapirer.
b)
Standardiserede garantier, som udstedes i stort antal, som regel for forholdsvis beskedne beløb. Eksempler herpå er eksportkreditgarantier og studielånsgarantier. Selv om sandsynligheden for, at en standardiseret garanti kræves indfriet, er begrænset, betyder det forhold, at der er mange ensartede garantier, at der kan foretages et pålideligt skøn over antallet af krav om indfrielse. Standardiserede garantier anses for at skabe finansielle aktiver, ikke eventualaktiver.
c)
Enkeltstående garantier, hvor den tilknyttede risiko ikke kan beregnes nøjagtigt, da der ikke er noget sammenligningsgrundlag. En enkeltstående garanti betragtes som et eventualaktiv eller -passiv og bogføres ikke som et finansielt aktiv eller passiv.
Kategorier af finansielle aktiver og passiver
5.12
Der skelnes mellem otte kategorier af finansielle aktiver:
AF.1
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.4
Lån
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender.
5.13
Til hvert finansielt aktiv svarer et passiv, med undtagelse af den del af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer, som de monetære myndigheder opbevarer som reserve, og som klassificeres i kategorien monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (F.1). Med denne undtagelse skelnes der mellem otte kategorier af passiver svarende til kategorierne af modsvarende finansielle aktiver.
5.14
Klassificeringen af finansielle transaktioner svarer til klassificeringen af finansielle aktiver og passiver. Der skelnes mellem otte kategorier af finansielle transaktioner i forbindelse med:
F.1
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
F.4
Lån
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender.
5.15
På grund af symmetrien mellem finansielle fordringer og passiver anvendes udtrykket »instrument« i forbindelse med både aktiv- og passivsiden af finansielle transaktioner. Dette indebærer ikke, at finansielle aktiver og passiver også omfatter ikkebalanceførte poster, der i finans- og valutastatistikker undertiden betegnes finansielle instrumenter.
Statuskonti, finansiel konto og andre strømme
5.16
Beholdningen af finansielle aktiver og passiver på et givet tidspunkt registreres på statuskontoen. Finansielle transaktioner fører til ændringer fra primostatuskonto til ultimostatuskonto. Imidlertid kan ændringer fra primo- til ultimostatuskonto også skyldes andre strømme, som ikke er transaktioner mellem institutionelle enheder på grundlag af en gensidig aftale. Andre strømme i forbindelse med finansielle aktiver og passiver opdeles i omvurderinger af finansielle aktiver og passiver og andre ændringer i mængden af finansielle aktiver og passiver, som ikke skyldes finansielle transaktioner. Omvurderinger registreres på omvurderingskontoen, og mængdeændringer på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
5.17
Den finansielle konto er slutkontoen i det kontosystem, hvori transaktionerne registreres. Den finansielle konto har ikke nogen saldopost, som bliver overført til en anden konto. Den finansielle kontos saldopost, nettoændringerne i finansielle aktiver/passiver, er lig fordringserhvervelsen, netto (B.9F).
5.18
Saldoposten på den finansielle konto er begrebsmæssig identisk med saldoposten på kapitalkontoen. I praksis konstateres der som regel en difference imellem dem, fordi de er udregnet på grundlag af forskellige statistiske data.
Værdiansættelse
5.19
Finansielle transaktioner registreres til transaktionsværdien, dvs. den værdi i national valuta, hvortil de pågældende finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver af kommercielle grunde oprettes, opløses, overtages eller udveksles mellem institutionelle enheder.
5.20
Finansielle transaktioner og deres finansielle eller ikkefinansielle modsvarende transaktioner registreres til samme transaktionsværdi. Der er tre muligheder:
a)
den finansielle transaktion giver anledning til en betaling i national valuta. Transaktionsværdien er da lig med det udvekslede beløb
b)
den finansielle transaktion er en transaktion i udenlandsk valuta, og den modsvarende transaktion er ikke en transaktion i national valuta. Transaktionsværdien er da lig med beløbet i national valuta til den markedskurs, der er gældende på det tidspunkt, hvor betalingen finder sted, og
c)
hverken den finansielle transaktion eller den modsvarende transaktion er transaktioner i kontanter eller via andre betalingsmidler. Transaktionsværdien er her lig med markedsværdien af de pågældende finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver.
5.21
Transaktionsværdien refererer til en specifik finansiel transaktion og den modsvarende transaktion. Begrebsmæssigt skal der skelnes mellem transaktionsværdien og en værdi baseret på en pris noteret på markedet, en passende markedspris eller en pris, som udtrykker det generelle prisleje for en kategori af omtrent samme finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver. Men hvis den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion eksempelvis er en overførsel, og den finansielle transaktion derfor kan være foretaget af andre end rent kommercielle grunde, er transaktionsværdien lig med markedsværdien af de pågældende finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver.
5.22
Transaktionsværdien omfatter ikke gebyrer, provisioner, kommissioner eller lignende betalinger for tjenester ydet i forbindelse med transaktionen; sådanne poster skal registreres som betalinger for tjenester. Skatter på finansielle transaktioner medregnes heller ikke, men behandles som skatter på tjenester inden for kategorien produktskatter. Når der i forbindelse med en finansiel transaktion indgås nye gældsforpligtelser, er transaktionsværdien lig med beløbet for den indgåede forpligtelse ekskl. eventuelle forudbetalte renter. Tilsvarende skal transaktionsværdien for både kreditor og debitor, når en forpligtelse opløses, svare til reduktionen af forpligtelsen.
Netto- og bruttoregistrering
5.23
Definition
: Ved nettoregistrering af finansielle transaktioner forstås, at anskaffelser af finansielle aktiver bogføres efter fradrag af afhændelser af finansielle aktiver og indgåelse af forpligtelser efter fradrag af tilbagebetaling af forpligtelser.
Finansielle transaktioner kan vises netto for alle finansielle transaktioner med forskellige karakteristika og forskellige debitorer eller kreditorer, forudsat at de tilhører samme kategori eller underkategori.
5.24
Definition
: Ved bruttoregistrering af finansielle transaktioner forstås, at anskaffelser og afhændelser af finansielle aktiver bogføres særskilt ligesom indgåelse af og tilbagebetaling af forpligtelser.
Ved bruttoregistrering af finansielle transaktioner fremkommer det samme beløb for fordringserhvervelsen, netto, som hvis de finansielle transaktioner var blevet registreret netto.
Finansielle transaktioner skal registreres brutto, hvis de skal anvendes til detaljerede analyser af finansmarkedet.
Konsolidering
5.25
Definition
: Konsolidering af den finansielle konto består i, at transaktioner i finansielle aktiver for en gruppe af institutionelle enheder modregnes med de modsvarende transaktioner i passiver for den samme gruppe af institutionelle enheder.
Konsolidering kan foretages for den samlede økonomi, for institutionelle sektorer og for delsektorer. Den finansielle konto for udlandet er pr. definition konsolideret, da den kun indeholder ikkeresidente institutionelle enheders transaktioner med residente institutionelle enheder.
5.26
Forskellige konsolideringsniveauer egner sig til forskellige former for analyser. En konsolidering af den finansielle konto for den samlede økonomi sætter f.eks. fokus på økonomiens finansielle transaktioner med ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder, da alle finansielle transaktioner mellem residente institutionelle enheder nettoficeres ved konsolideringen. I forbindelse med konsolideringen af sektorer er det muligt at spore generelle finansielle transaktioner mellem sektorer med positiv fordringserhvervelse og sektorer med negativ fordringserhvervelse. Ved konsolidering på delsektorniveau for finansielle selskaber kan der tilvejebringes en lang række oplysninger om finansiel formidling, og der er mulighed for at identificere f.eks. monetære finansielle institutioners transaktioner med andre finansielle selskaber samt med andre residente sektorer og ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder. Endelig kan konsolidering på delsektorniveau være en kilde til oplysninger inden for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, da transaktionerne mellem de forskellige delsektorer inden for den offentlige forvaltning ikke elimineres.
5.27
Posteringerne i ENS 2010 er som regel ikke konsoliderede, da en konsolideret finansiel konto forudsætter oplysninger om, hvordan de modsvarende institutionelle enheder er grupperet. Dette kræver »fra hvem til hvem«-data om finansielle transaktioner. For f.eks. at kunne beregne de konsoliderede passiver for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service skal der blandt indehaverne af sektorens passiver skelnes mellem sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og andre institutionelle enheder.
Nettoficering
5.28
Definition
: Nettoficering er konsolidering på niveauet for en enkelt institutionel enhed, hvorved posteringerne på de to sider af kontoen for samme transaktion modregnes med hinanden. Nettoficering skal undgås, medmindre der mangler kildedata.
5.29
Der kan skelnes mellem forskellige grader af nettoficering, alt efter om transaktioner i passiver fratrækkes transaktioner i finansielle aktiver, som tilhører samme kategori, eller som tilhører samme underkategori.
5.30
Når en afdeling af en institutionel enhed køber obligationer udstedt af en anden afdeling i samme institutionelle enhed, registreres transaktionen ikke på enhedens finansielle konto som den ene afdelings erhvervelse af en fordring på den anden. Transaktionen registreres som indfrielse af passiver, ikke som anskaffelse af konsoliderede aktiver. Sådanne finansielle instrumenter anses for at være nettoficerede. Nettoficering skal undgås, hvis det finansielle instrument i henhold til regnskabsforskrifterne skal optræde på både aktiv- og passivsiden.
5.31
Nettoficering kan være uundgåeligt, når det drejer sig om en institutionel enheds transaktioner i finansielle derivater, for hvilke der normalt ikke foreligger særskilte data om transaktioner i aktiver og passiver. Disse transaktioner bør nettoficeres, fordi værdien af en position i finansielle derivater kan skifte fortegn, dvs. at den fra at være et aktiv kan blive et passiv, når værdien af det »underliggende« instrument ændrer sig i forhold til prisen i derivatkontrakten.
Bogføringsregler for finansielle transaktioner
5.32
Firdobbelt bogholderi er en regnskabspraksis, hvor alle transaktioner mellem to institutionelle enheder bogføres to gange i begge enheder. Varehandel mellem virksomheder mod kontanter vil f.eks. føre til posteringer på både produktionskontoen og den finansielle konto i begge enheder. Firdobbelt bogholderi sikrer symmetri i indberetningerne fra de pågældende institutionelle enheder og dermed konsekvens i regnskaberne.
5.33
En finansiel transaktion har altid en modsvarende transaktion. Denne modsvarende transaktion kan være en anden finansiel transaktion eller en ikkefinansiel transaktion.
5.34
Når en transaktion og den modsvarende transaktion begge er finansielle transaktioner, ændrer de beholdningen af finansielle aktiver og passiver, og de kan ændre den samlede beholdning af både finansielle aktiver og passiver i de institutionelle enheder, men de ændrer ikke fordringserhvervelsen, netto, eller nettoformuen.
5.35
Den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion kan være en ikkefinansiel transaktion, f.eks. en transaktion i produkter, en fordelingstransaktion eller en transaktion i ikkefinansielle ikkeproducerede aktiver. I tilfælde hvor den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion ikke er en finansiel transaktion, vil de institutionelle enheders fordringserhvervelse, netto, ændre sig.
Finansiel transaktion, hvis modsvarende transaktion er en løbende overførsel eller en kapitaloverførsel
5.36
Den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion kan være en overførsel. I så fald indebærer den finansielle transaktion overdragelse af ejendomsretten til et finansielt aktiv, overtagelse af en gældsforpligtelse (betegnet gældsovertagelse) eller samtidig opløsning af et finansielt aktiv og det modsvarende passiv (betegnet gældsannullering eller gældseftergivelse). Gældsovertagelse og gældsannullering er kapitaloverførsler (D.9) og registreres på kapitalkontoen.
5.37
Hvis ejeren af et kvasiselskab overtager gældsforpligtelser fra eller annullerer finansielle fordringer på kvasiselskabet, er den modsvarende transaktion til gældsovertagelsen eller gældsannulleringen en transaktion i ejerandele (F.51). Hvis transaktionen har til formål at dække akkumulerede tab eller et ekstraordinært stort tab eller foretages i en situation med vedvarende tab, er der tale om en undtagelse, og transaktionen klassificeres da som en ikkefinansiel transaktion — en kapitaloverførsel eller en løbende overførsel.
5.38
Hvis sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service annullerer eller overtager gæld fra et offentligt selskab, der forsvinder som en institutionel enhed i systemet, registreres der ikke nogen transaktion på kapitalkontoen eller den finansielle konto. I dette tilfælde registreres en strøm på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
5.39
Hvis sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service annullerer eller overtager gæld fra et offentligt selskab som led i en privatiseringsproces, som forventes afsluttet inden for et kortere tidsrum, er den modsvarende transaktion en transaktion i ejerandele (F.51) op til de samlede indtægter ved privatiseringen. Ved at annullere eller overtage det offentlige selskabs gæld anses sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service med andre ord for midlertidigt at øge sin kapitalandel i selskabet. Privatisering vil sige, at sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service frasiger sig kontrollen over det offentlige selskab ved at afhænde ejerandele. En sådan gældsannullering eller gældsovertagelse medfører en forøgelse af det offentlige selskabs egenkapital, også selv om den ikke giver anledning til udstedelse af nye ejerandele.
5.40
Kreditorers fuldstændige eller delvise afskrivning af uerholdelige fordringer og en debitors ensidige annullering af en gældspost (betegnet gældsfragåelse) er ikke transaktioner, idet de ikke indebærer et samspil institutionelle enheder imellem på grundlag af en gensidig aftale. Kreditorers fuldstændige eller delvise afskrivning af uerholdelige fordringer registreres på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
Finansiel transaktion, hvis modsvarende transaktion er formueindkomst
5.41
Den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion kan være formueindkomst.
5.42
Der betales renter (D.41) til kreditorer og ydes renter af debitorer for visse finansielle fordringer klassificeret i monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (AF.1), sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2), gældsværdipapirer (AF.3), lån (AF.4) og andre kategorier af forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8).
5.43
Renter registreres ud fra optjeningstidspunktet, dvs. at renter af det skyldige lånebeløb tilskrives kreditor løbende. Den modsvarende transaktion til en rentepost (D.41) er en finansiel transaktion, som giver kreditor en finansiel fordring på debitor. De renter, der påløber, registreres på den finansielle konto sammen med det finansielle instrument, som de vedrører. Virkningen af denne finansielle transaktion er, at renterne reinvesteres. Den faktiske betaling af renter registreres ikke som renter (D.41), men som en transaktion i sedler og mønt samt indskud (F.2), hvortil svarer et afdrag på det relevante aktiv, der formindsker kreditors finansielle nettofordring på debitor.
5.44
Hvis påløbne renter ikke betales, når de forfalder, giver dette anledning til renterestancer. Da det er påløbne renter, der registreres, ændrer renterestancer ikke de samlede finansielle aktiver og passiver.
5.45
Selskabers indkomst omfatter udbytte (D.421), udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber (D.422), reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43) og tilbageholdt overskud fra indenlandske foretagender. I forbindelse med reinvesteret indtjening har den modsvarende finansielle transaktion til følge, at formueindkomsten reinvesteres i det foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer.
5.46
Udbytte bogføres som investeringsindkomst på det tidspunkt, fra hvilket aktierne noteres ex udbytte. Dette gælder også for udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber. Ekstraordinært store udbytter eller udtræk, som ikke stemmer overens med de seneste erfaringer med hensyn til den indkomst, der er til rådighed til udlodning til ejerne af selskabet, bogføres ikke på samme måde. En sådan uforholdsmæssig stor udlodning registreres som udtræk af egenkapital på den finansielle konto, ikke som investeringsindkomst.
5.47
Den formueindkomst, som investeringsforeninger modtager (minus en del af administrationsomkostningerne), registreres som formueindkomst, når den henføres til aktionærerne, også selv om den ikke udloddes. Der foretages en modpostering på den finansielle konto under andele i investeringsforeninger. Dette bevirker, at indkomst, der henføres til aktionærerne, men som ikke udloddes, behandles som reinvestering i investeringsforeningen.
5.48
Investeringsindkomst henføres til forsikringstagere (D.44), pensionsopsparere og ejere af andele i investeringsforeninger. Uanset hvilket beløb der faktisk udloddes af forsikringsselskabet, pensionskassen eller investeringsforeningen, registreres hele den investeringsindkomst, som forsikringsselskabet, pensionskassen eller investeringsforeningen modtager, som henført til forsikringstagere eller ejere af kapitalandele. Det ikke faktisk udloddede beløb registreres på den finansielle konto som reinvestering.
Registreringstidspunkt
5.49
Finansielle transaktioner og disses modsvarende transaktioner registreres på samme tidspunkt.
5.50
Hvis den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion er en ikkefinansiel transaktion, registreres de begge på det tidspunkt, hvor den ikkefinansielle transaktion finder sted. Hvis der f.eks. ved salg af varer eller tjenester ydes en handelskredit, skal denne finansielle transaktion registreres, når posteringerne foretages på den relevante ikkefinansielle konto, dvs. når ejendomsretten til varerne overdrages eller tjenesten ydes.
5.51
Hvis den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion er en finansiel transaktion, er der tre muligheder:
a)
begge finansielle transaktioner er transaktioner i kontanter eller andre betalingsmidler. De registreres da på det tidspunkt, hvor den første betaling foretages
b)
kun en af de to finansielle transaktioner er en transaktion i kontanter eller andre betalingsmidler. De registreres da på det tidspunkt, hvor betalingen foretages, og
c)
ingen af de to finansielle transaktioner er en transaktion i kontanter eller andre betalingsmidler. De registreres da på det tidspunkt, hvor den første finansielle transaktion finder sted.
Finansiel »fra hvem til hvem«-konto
5.52
Den finansielle »fra hvem til hvem«-konto eller den finansielle konto efter debitor/kreditor er en udbygning af den ikkekonsoliderede finansielle konto. Det er en tredimensional præsentation af finansielle transaktioner, som viser begge parter i en transaktion samt arten af det finansielle instrument, der er genstand for transaktionen.
Denne præsentation leverer oplysninger om debitor/kreditor-relationer og stemmer overens med en finansiel »fra hvem til hvem«-statuskonto. Den giver ikke oplysninger om de institutionelle enheder, til hvilke de finansielle aktiver sælges, eller fra hvilke de finansielle aktiver købes. Dette gælder også de tilsvarende transaktioner i passiver. En anden betegnelse for den finansielle »fra hvem til hvem«-konto er pengestrømsmatricen.
5.53
En finansiel »fra hvem til hvem«-konto, der er baseret på princippet om firdobbelt bogholderi, har tre dimensioner: instrumentkategorien, debitorsektoren og kreditorsektoren. En finansiel »fra hvem til hvem«-konto kræver tredimensionelle tabeller til opdeling efter finansielt instrument, debitor og kreditor. I sådanne tabeller vises de finansielle transaktioner krydsklassificeret efter debitorsektor og kreditorsektor, jf. tabel 5.1.
5.54
Det fremgår af tabellen for instrumentkategorien gældsværdipapirer, at husholdningers og NPISH'ers anskaffelser af gældsværdipapirer minus afhændelser ved transaktioner i referenceperioden (275) repræsenterer fordringer på ikkefinansielle selskaber (65), finansielle selskaber (43), offentlig forvaltning og service (124) og udlandet (43). Tabellen viser, at ikkefinansielle selskaber indgik 147 forpligtelser, indfrielser fratrukket, i form af gældsværdipapirer ved transaktioner i referenceperioden, idet deres forpligtelser af denne art over for andre ikkefinansielle selskaber steg med 30, over for finansielle selskaber med 23, over for offentlig forvaltning og service med 5, over for husholdninger og NPISH'er med 65 og over for udlandet med 24. Husholdninger og NPISH'er udstedte ingen gældsværdipapirer. Da udlandet vises i konsolideret form, ses ingen transaktioner mellem ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder. Der kan opstilles lignende tabeller for alle andre kategorier af finansielle instrumenter.
Tabel 5.1 —
   
Finansiel »fra hvem til hvem«-konto for gældsværdipapirer
Debitorsektor
Kreditorsektor
Nettoudstedelse af gældsværdipapirer
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Den nationale økonomi
Udlandet
I alt
Nettoanskaffelse af gældsværdipapirer
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
30
11
67
108
34
142
Finansielle selskaber
23
22
25
70
12
82
Offentlig forvaltning og service
5
2
6
13
19
32
Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
65
43
124
232
43
275
Den nationale økonomi
123
78
222
423
108
531
Udlandet
24
28
54
106
106
I alt
147
106
276
529
108
637
5.55
Den finansielle »fra hvem til hvem«-konto giver mulighed for at se, hvem der finansierer hvem, med hvilket beløb og ved hjælp af hvilket finansielt aktiv. Den giver svar på spørgsmål som:
a)
Hvilke modsektorer svarer til nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver/passiver for en institutionel sektor?
b)
I hvilke typer af selskaber har sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service kapitalandele?
c)
I hvor stort omfang anskaffer residente sektorer og udlandet gældsværdipapirer (minus afhændelser), som er udstedt (minus indfrielser) af offentlig forvaltning og service, finansielle og ikkefinansielle selskaber og udlandet?
DETALJERET KLASSIFICERING AF FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER EFTER KATEGORIER
I det følgende defineres og beskrives finansielle instrumenter. Når en transaktion registreres, anvendes koden F. Når den underliggende beholdning eller position af et aktiv eller passiv registreres, er koden AF.
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (F.1)
5.56
Kategorien monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (F.1) består af to underkategorier:
a)
monetært guld (F.11), og
b)
særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (F.12).
Monetært guld (F.11)
5.57
Definition
: Monetært guld er guld, som de monetære myndigheder har ejendomsret til, og som opbevares som reserve.
Det omfatter guldbarrer samt konti for ikkeallokeret guld hos ikkeresidenter, som giver ret til at kræve udlevering af guld.
5.58
De monetære myndigheder inkluderer centralbanken og institutioner tilhørende statslig forvaltning og service, som udfører funktioner, der normalt er henlagt til centralbanken. Disse funktioner omfatter udstedelse af sedler og mønt, forvaltning af reserver og administration af kursstabiliseringsfonde.
5.59
Ved at være underlagt myndigheders faktiske kontrol forstås,
a)
at residente enheder kun kan gøre disse fordringer til genstand for transaktioner med ikkeresidenter på vilkår fastsat af de monetære myndigheder eller med disses udtrykkelige samtykke
b)
at de monetære myndigheder efter anmodning har adgang til disse fordringer på ikkeresidenter for at kunne opfylde behov for betalingsbalancefinansiering o.l., og
c)
at der foreligger lovgivning eller andre bindende ordninger vedtaget på et tidligere tidspunkt, som bekræfter litra a) og b) ovenfor.
5.60
Alt monetært guld opbevares som reserver eller ejes af internationale finansielle organisationer. Det består af:
a)
guldbarrer (herunder monetært guld på konti for allokeret guld), og
b)
konti for ikkeallokeret guld hos ikkeresidenter.
5.61
Guldbarrer, der henregnes til monetært guld, er det eneste finansielle aktiv, for hvilket der ikke eksisterer noget modsvarende passiv. Dette guld optræder som mønter eller barrer med en renhed på mindst 995/1 000. Guldbarrer, der ikke opbevares som reserver, er et ikkefinansielt aktiv og henregnes til ikkemonetært guld.
5.62
Konti for allokeret guld giver ejendomsret til en bestemt mængde guld. Ejendomsretten til guldet ligger hos den enhed, der placerer det i depot. Til disse konti er der ofte knyttet købs-, opbevarings- og salgsfaciliteter. Konti for allokeret guld, der opbevares som reserver, klassificeres som monetært guld og dermed som et finansielt aktiv. Konti for allokeret guld, der ikke opbevares som reserver, repræsenterer ejendomsret til en råvare, nemlig ikkemonetært guld.
5.63
I modsætning til konti for allokeret guld giver konti for ikkeallokeret guld indehaveren ret til at kræve, at kontoforvalteren udleverer guld. Konti for ikkeallokeret guld, der opbevares som reserver, klassificeres som monetært guld og dermed som et finansielt aktiv. Konti for ikkeallokeret guld, der ikke opbevares som reserver, klassificeres som indskud.
5.64
Transaktioner i monetært guld består fortrinsvis i køb og salg af monetært guld mellem monetære myndigheder eller visse internationale finansielle organisationer. Der kan ikke forekomme transaktioner i monetært guld mellem andre institutionelle enheder end disse. Køb af monetært guld registreres på de monetære myndigheders finansielle konti som en forøgelse af de finansielle aktiver, mens salg registreres som en formindskelse af de finansielle aktiver. Modposteringerne registreres henholdsvis som en formindskelse eller en forøgelse af udlandets finansielle aktiver.
5.65
Hvis de monetære myndigheder føjer ikkemonetært guld til deres beholdninger af monetært guld (f.eks. ved at købe guld på markedet) eller afgiver monetært guld fra deres beholdninger til ikkemonetære formål (f.eks. ved at sælge det på markedet), anses de for at have monetariseret hhv. demonetariseret guldet. Monetarisering og demonetarisering af guld giver ikke anledning til posteringer på den finansielle konto, men til posteringer på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status i form af en ændring i klassificeringen af aktiver og passiver, dvs. at guld som en værdigenstand (AN.13) omklassificeres til monetært guld (AF.11) (jf. 6.22-6.24), Omvendt omklassificeres monetært guld til en værdigenstand.
5.66
Indskud, lån og værdipapirer denomineret i guld behandles som andre finansielle aktiver end monetært guld og klassificeres på linje med lignende finansielle aktiver i udenlandsk valuta i den relevante kategori. Guldswaps er en form for genkøbsaftaler (repoer), som involverer enten monetært guld eller ikkemonetært guld. De indebærer ombytning af guld med et indskud og en aftale om, at transaktionen på en fastlagt senere dato skal tilbageføres til en aftalt guldpris. I henhold til almindelig praksis for registrering af tilbageførselsforretninger bogfører modtageren af guldet ikke dette på sin statuskonto, og leverandøren fjerner det ikke fra sin statuskonto. Begge parter registrerer guldswaps som lån med sikkerhed i guld. Monetære guldswaps indgås mellem monetære myndigheder eller mellem monetære myndigheder og andre parter, mens ikkemonetære guldswaps er lignende transaktioner uden de monetære myndigheders mellemkomst.
5.67
Guldlån består i udlevering af guld for et givet tidsrum. Som ved andre tilbageførselsforretninger sker der overdragelse af ejendomsretten til guldet, men det er fortsat långiveren, der bærer risiciene og høster gevinsterne ved ændringer i guldprisen. Sådanne transaktioner anvendes ofte til at dække låntageres salg til tredjemand i perioder, hvor guld er en mangelvare. Der betales et gebyr til den oprindelige ejer for anvendelsen af guldet, afhængigt af værdien af det underliggende aktiv og varigheden af tilbageførselsforretningen.
5.68
Monetært guld er et finansielt aktiv; gebyrerne for guldlån er derfor betalinger for, at et finansielt aktiv stilles til rådighed for en anden institutionel enhed. Gebyrer knyttet til lån af monetært guld behandles som renter. For enkelthedens skyld gælder dette også i forbindelse med gebyrer, der betales for lån af ikkemonetært guld.
Særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (F.12)
5.69
Definition
: SDR er internationale reserver oprettet af Den Internationale Valutafond (IMF), og som er tildelt dennes medlemmer som supplement til de eksisterende reserver.
5.70
IMF's SDR-afdeling forvalter reserver ved at tildele SDR til IMF-medlemslandene og visse internationale organisationer, der under ét betegnes deltagerne.
5.71
Oprettelse af SDR ved tildeling og ophævelse af SDR ved annullering er transaktioner. Tildelinger af SDR registreres brutto som anskaffelse af et aktiv på den enkelte deltagers monetære myndigheders finansielle konto og som udlandets indgåelse af en forpligtelse.
5.72
SDR indehaves udelukkende af officielle organer, nemlig centralbanker og visse internationale organisationer, og kan overdrages til andre deltagere og andre officielle organer. SDR-beholdninger repræsenterer hver indehavers garanterede og ubetingede ret til at modtage andre reserver, især udenlandsk valuta, fra andre IMF-medlemmer.
5.73
SDR er aktiver med modsvarende passiver, men aktiverne repræsenterer fordringer på deltagerne kollektivt, ikke på IMF. En deltager kan sælge nogle eller alle sine SDR-beholdninger til en anden deltager og modtage andre reserver, især udenlandsk valuta, som modydelse.
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (F.2)
5.74
Definition
: Sedler og mønt samt indskud er sedler og mønt i omløb samt indskud, i national og udenlandsk valuta.
5.75
Der findes tre underkategorier af finansielle transaktioner i forbindelse med sedler og mønt samt indskud:
a)
sedler og mønt (F.21)
b)
transferable indskud (F.22), og
c)
andre indskud (F.29).
Sedler og mønt (F.21)
5.76
Definition
: Sedler og mønt er pengesedler og mønter, som er udstedt eller godkendt af de monetære myndigheder.
5.77
Sedler og mønt omfatter:
a)
pengesedler og mønter udstedt af residente monetære myndigheder som national valuta i omløb ejet af residenter og ikkeresidenter, og
b)
pengesedler og mønter udstedt af ikkeresidente monetære myndigheder som udenlandsk valuta i omløb og ejet af residenter.
5.78
Sedler og mønt omfatter ikke:
a)
pengesedler og mønter, som ikke er i omløb, f.eks. en centralbanks beholdning af egne pengesedler eller reservebeholdning af pengesedler, og
b)
erindringsmønter, som normalt ikke anvendes som betalingsmiddel; de klassificeres som værdigenstande.
Boks 5.2 —
   
Sedler og mønt udstedt af Eurosystemet
B5.2.1.
Eurosedler og -mønter udstedt af Eurosystemet er medlemsstaternes nationale valuta i euroområdet. Selv om de beholdninger af eurosedler og -mønter, der ejes af de deltagende medlemsstaters residenter, betragtes som national valuta, er de kun passiver for den residente nationale centralbank i et omfang, der svarer til bankens imputerede andel af den samlede udstedelse, baseret på dens andel af ECB's kapital. Som følge heraf kan en del af de beholdninger af national valuta, der ejes af residenter i euroområdet, ud fra en national synsvinkel være en finansiel fordring på ikkeresidenter.
B5.2.2.
Sedler og mønt udstedt af Eurosystemet omfatter pengesedler og mønter. Pengesedler udstedes af Eurosystemet; mønter udstedes af den statslige forvaltning og service i de enkelte lande i euroområdet, selv om de pr. konvention behandles som passiver for de nationale centralbanker, der til gengæld har en fordring på offentlig forvaltning og service. Eurosedler og -mønter kan ejes af residenter i euroområdet eller af ikkeresidenter i euroområdet.
Indskud (F.22 og F.29)
5.79
Definition
: Indskud er standardiserede, uomsættelige kontrakter med den brede offentlighed, som tilbydes af pengeinstitutter og i nogle tilfælde af den statslige forvaltning og service som debitor, og som giver kreditor mulighed for at indbetale et beløb og senere hæve dette. Indskud indebærer som regel, at debitor tilbagebetaler hele beløbet til investor.
Transferable indskud (F.22)
5.80
Definition
: Transferable indskud er indskud, der på anfordring kan konverteres til sedler og mønt til pari, og som kan bruges direkte til betalinger ved hjælp af check, anvisning, overførsel, direkte debitering/kreditering eller lignende direkte betalingsformer uden begrænsning eller strafgebyr.
5.81
Transferable indskud er fortrinsvis passiver for residente pengeinstitutter, i nogle tilfælde for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og for ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder. Transferable indskud omfatter bl.a.
a)
interbankpositioner mellem monetære finansielle institutioner
b)
indskud, som pengeinstitutter har stående i centralbanken ud over de lovpligtige reserver, og som de kan anvende uden opsigelse eller anden restriktion
c)
indskud, som andre monetære finansielle institutioner foretager i centralbanken i form af konti for ikkeallokeret guld, som ikke er monetært guld, og også tilsvarende indskud i form af konti for ædelmetaller
d)
indskud i udenlandsk valuta som led i swapaftaler og
e)
den reservestilling hos IMF, der udgør »reservetranchen«, dvs. de beløb i form af SDR eller udenlandsk valuta, som et medlemsland kan opnå hos IMF med kort varsel, og andre fordringer på IMF, som er umiddelbart tilgængelige for medlemslandet, herunder dets lån til IMF i henhold til den almindelige låneoverenskomst (General Arrangements to Borrow, GAB) og de nye lånearrangementer (New Arrangements to Borrow, NAB).
5.82
Konti for transferable indskud kan have overtræksfaciliteter. Hvis der er overtræk på kontoen, er det hævede beløb ned til nul hævning af et indskud, mens overtræksbeløbet er et lån.
5.83
Alle residente sektorer og udlandet kan have transferable indskud.
5.84
Transferable indskud kan opdeles efter valuta i transferable indskud denomineret i national valuta og i udenlandsk valuta.
Andre indskud (F.29)
5.85
Definition
: Andre indskud er andre indskud end transferable indskud. Andre indskud kan ikke bruges til at foretage betalinger - kun efter udløbsdatoen eller en aftalt opsigelsesfrist - og kan ikke konverteres til sedler eller mønt eller transferable indskud uden en eller anden form for begrænsning eller strafgebyr.
5.86
Andre indskud omfatter bl.a.:
a)
tidsindskud, som er indskud, der ikke er umiddelbart disponible, men først er disponible efter en aftalt periode. Indskuddene bliver disponible efter en fast løbetid eller kan udbetales efter en opsigelsesfrist. De omfatter også indskud, som pengeinstitutter har stående i centralbanken som lovpligtige reserver, i det omfang indskyderne ikke kan disponere over dem uden opsigelse eller anden restriktion
b)
indskud på opsigelse, sparebøger, uomsættelige sparebeviser eller uomsættelige indskudsbeviser
c)
indskud som led i en opsparingsordning eller -kontrakt. Disse indskud er ofte forbundet med en forpligtelse for indskyderen til at foretage regelmæssige indbetalinger i en given periode, og den indbetalte kapital og de påløbne renter kan først hæves efter en bestemt tidsfrist. Disse indskud kombineres sommetider ved opsparingsperiodens udløb med tilbud om lån svarende til den akkumulerede opsparing til anskaffelse eller bygning af bolig
d)
indskudsbeviser udstedt af andelskasser, byggesparekasser, låneforeninger etc., som er indløselige på anfordring eller med relativt kort opsigelsesfrist, men som ikke er transferable
e)
tilbagebetalingspligtige marginindbetalinger i forbindelse med finansielle derivater, som er passiver for monetære finansielle institutioner
f)
kortfristede genkøbstransaktioner (repoer), som er passiver for monetære finansielle institutioner, og
g)
forpligtelser over for IMF, der indgår i valutareserverne og ikke har form af lån. De består af anvendelse af kreditter tildelt af fonden inden for IMF's »General Resources Account«. Denne post viser, hvor stor en del af et medlems indestående i egen valuta hos IMF medlemmet er forpligtet til at tilbagekøbe.
5.87
Andre indskud omfatter ikke omsættelige indskudsbeviser og omsættelige sparebeviser. Disse klassificeres under gældsværdipapirer (AF.3).
5.88
Andre indskud kan opdeles efter valuta i andre indskud denomineret i national valuta og i udenlandsk valuta.
Gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
5.89
Definition
. Gældsværdipapirer er omsættelige finansielle instrumenter, der tjener som gældsbeviser.
Hovedtræk ved gældsværdipapirer
5.90
Gældsværdipapirer er kendetegnet ved:
a)
en udstedelsesdato, som er den dato, på hvilken gældsværdipapiret er udstedt
b)
en udstedelseskurs, til hvilken investorer køber gældsværdipapirerne ved udstedelsen
c)
en indfrielses- eller udløbsdato, på hvilken den kontraktligt fastsatte endelige tilbagebetaling af hovedstolen skal ske
d)
en indfrielseskurs eller pålydende værdi, som er det beløb, udstederen skal betale til ejeren på udløbsdatoen
e)
en oprindelig løbetid, som er perioden fra udstedelsesdatoen til den kontraktligt fastsatte dato for endelig tilbagebetaling
f)
еn restløbetid, som er perioden fra referencedatoen til den kontraktligt fastsatte dato for endelig tilbagebetaling
g)
en pålydende rente, som udstederen betaler til ejerne af gældsværdipapirerne, og som kan være fast i hele gældsværdipapirets løbetid eller ændre sig i takt med inflation, renter eller aktivpriser. Nulkuponværdipapirer har ingen pålydende rente
h)
rentebetalingsdatoer, på hvilke udstederen betaler den pålydende rente til ejerne af værdipapirerne
i)
udstedelseskursen, indfrielseskursen og den pålydende rente kan udtrykkes (eller afregnes) i national eller udenlandsk valuta, og
j)
gældsværdipapirernes kreditrating, der er en vurdering af individuelle værdipapirudstedelsers kreditkvalitet. Ratingkategorier tildeles af anerkendte bureauer.
Med hensyn til litra c) i første afsnit kan udløbsdatoen falde sammen med konverteringen af et gældsværdipapir til en aktie. Her forstås ved konvertering, at ejeren kan ombytte et gældsværdipapir til almindelig egenkapital i udstederens selskab. At værdipapiret er ombytteligt, betyder, at ejeren kan ombytte gældsværdipapiret til aktier i et andet selskab end udstederens. Uamortisable værdipapirer, dvs. værdipapirer, for hvilke der ikke er fastsat nogen udløbsdato, klassificeres som gældsværdipapirer.
5.91
Gældsværdipapirer omfatter finansielle aktiver og passiver, der kan beskrives i henhold til forskellige klassifikationer — efter løbetid, ejers og udsteders sektor og delsektor, valuta og renteform.
Klassificering efter oprindelig løbetid og valuta
5.92
Transaktioner i gældsværdipapirer opdeles efter oprindelig løbetid i to underkategorier:
a)
kortfristede gældsværdipapirer (F.31), og
b)
langfristede gældsværdipapirer (F.32).
5.93
Gældsværdipapirer kan være denomineret i national eller udenlandsk valuta. En yderligere opdeling af gældsværdipapirer denomineret i forskellige udenlandske valutaer kan være hensigtsmæssig, afhængigt af de enkelte udenlandske valutaers relative betydning for økonomien.
5.94
Gældsværdipapirer, hvis hovedstol og pålydende rente begge er knyttet til en udenlandsk valuta, klassificeres som denomineret i den pågældende udenlandske valuta.
Klassificering efter renteform
5.95
Gældsværdipapirer kan klassificeres efter renteform. Der skelnes mellem tre kategorier af gældsværdipapirer:
a)
gældsværdipapirer med fast rente
b)
gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente, og
c)
gældsværdipapirer med blandet rente.
Gældsværdipapirer med fast rente
5.96
Gældsværdipapirer med fast rente omfatter:
a)
almindelige gældsværdipapirer, der udstedes og indfries til pari
b)
gældsværdipapirer, der udstedes til over eller under pari. Det gælder f.eks. skatkammerbeviser, commercial papers, indskudsbeviser og en række særlige former for gældsbreve
c)
obligationer til langt under pari, af hvilke der kun svares en lav rente, og som udstedes til en kurs, som ligger betragteligt under pari
d)
nulkuponobligationer, der er gældsværdipapirer med engangsbetaling, hvoraf der ikke svares renter. Obligationen sælges til under pari, og hovedstolen tilbagebetales på udløbsdatoen eller indfries undertiden i rater. Nulkuponobligationer kan oprettes på grundlag af gældsværdipapirer med fast rente ved at »fjerne« renten, dvs. ved at adskille renten fra den endelige betaling af værdipapirets hovedstol og handle dem uafhængigt af hinanden
e)
separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal Securities (STRIPS), som er gældsværdipapirer, der er opdelt i hovedstol og renter, således at de kan sælges hver for sig
f)
uamortisable gældsværdipapirer, gældsværdipapirer, som kan kræves indfriet før udløbsdato, og gældsværdipapirer, som kan indløses før udløbsdato, samt gældsværdipapirer med amortiseringsfond
g)
konvertible obligationer, som ejeren kan vælge at konvertere til egenkapital i udstederens selskab, hvorefter de klassificeres som ejerandele, og
h)
ombyttelige obligationer med indbygget mulighed for at ombytte værdipapiret til en aktie i et andet selskab end udstederens, som regel et datterselskab eller et selskab, i hvilket udstederen har en økonomisk interesse, på en senere dato og på aftalte vilkår.
5.97
Gældsværdipapirer med fast rente omfatter også andre gældsværdipapirer som f.eks. obligationer med tegningsret, efterstillede obligationer, præferenceaktier uden ejerandelsrettigheder, der giver et fast afkast, men som ikke giver ret til andel i restformuen i et selskab ved dettes opløsning, og sammensatte instrumenter.
Gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente
5.98
Renter og/eller afdrag på gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente er knyttet til:
a)
et generelt prisindeks for varer og tjenester (f.eks. forbrugerprisindekset)
b)
en rentesats, eller
c)
en pris på et aktiv.
5.99
Gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente klassificeres som regel som langfristede gældsværdipapirer, medmindre deres oprindelige løbetid er et år eller derunder.
5.100
Til gældsværdipapirer knyttet til inflationen og gældsværdipapirer knyttet til prisen på et aktiv henregnes bl.a. gældsværdipapirer, der udstedes som inflations- og råvareindekserede obligationer. En råvareindekseret obligations kuponer og/eller indfrielseskurs er knyttet til prisen på en råvare. Gældsværdipapirer, hvis renter er knyttet til en anden låntagers kreditrating, klassificeres som indeksregulerede gældsværdipapirer, da kreditratings ikke ændrer sig løbende som reaktion på markedsvilkårene.
5.101
For gældsværdipapirer, som er knyttet til en rentesats, varierer den kontraktligt fastsatte nominelle rente og/eller indfrielseskursen i national valuta. Udstederen har på udstedelsesdatoen ikke mulighed for at kende værdien af rente- og afdragsbetalinger.
Gældsværdipapirer med blandet rente
5.102
Gældsværdipapirer med blandet rente har i deres løbetid både en fast og en variabel pålydende rente og klassificeres som gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente. De omfatter gældsværdipapirer, der har:
a)
både en fast og en variabel pålydende rente
b)
en fast eller en variabel pålydende rente frem til et referencetidspunkt og derefter en variabel eller fast pålydende rente frem til udløbsdatoen, eller
c)
kuponudbetalinger, som er forudfastsat i gældsværdipapirernes løbetid, men som ikke forbliver konstante i tidens løb; disse betegnes som »stepped« gældsværdipapirer.
Private placeringer
5.103
Gældsværdipapirer omfatter også private placeringer. Ved private placeringer forstås, at en udsteder sælger gældsværdipapirer direkte til et lille antal investorer. Gældsværdipapirudstedernes kreditværdighed vurderes typisk ikke af kreditratingbureauer, og værdipapirerne videresælges eller genværdiansættes som regel ikke. Det sekundære marked er derfor uden betydning. De fleste private placeringer opfylder dog omsættelighedskriteriet og klassificeres som gældsværdipapirer.
Securitisation
5.104
Definition
: Securitisation er udstedelse af gældsværdipapirer, hvor der er sikkerhed for renter og afdrag i nærmere angivne aktiver eller fremtidige indkomststrømme. En lang række aktiver eller fremtidige indkomststrømme kan securitiseres, herunder bl.a. realkreditlån til bolig- og erhvervsejendomme, forbrugerlån, virksomhedslån, statslån, forsikringsaftaler, kreditderivater og fremtidige indtægter.
5.105
Securitisation af aktiver eller fremtidige indkomststrømme er en betydningsfuld finansiel nyskabelse, som har ført til oprettelse og udstrakt brug af nye finansielle selskaber for at lette skabelse, markedsføring og udstedelse af gældsværdipapirer. Securitisation er motiveret af forskellige overvejelser. Det drejer sig for selskabers vedkommende bl.a. om billigere finansiering end via banker, overdragelse af forskellige former for risici, f.eks. kredit- eller forsikringsrisikoen og diversificering af finansieringskilderne.
5.106
Der findes securitisationsordninger af forskellig art inden for og på tværs af gældsværdipapirmarkederne. De kan henføres til to hovedgrupper:
a)
ordninger, hvor et finansielt selskab foretager securitisation af aktiver og overdrager disse med sikkerhedsstillelse fra den oprindelige indehaver, hvilket betegnes »egentligt salg«, og
b)
ordninger, hvor et finansielt selskab foretager securitisation af aktiver og ved hjælp af credit default swaps (CDS) udelukkende overdrager kreditrisikoen, dvs. at den oprindelige indehaver bibeholder aktiverne, men overdrager kreditrisikoen. Dette betegnes syntetisk securitisation.
5.107
Under securitisationsordningen som omhandlet i litra a) i 5.106 oprettes der et securitisationsselskab, der skal eje securitiserede aktiver eller andre aktiver, som er blevet securitiseret af den oprindelige indehaver, og som skal udstede gældsværdipapirer med sikkerhed i disse aktiver.
5.108
Det er meget vigtigt
især
at fastslå, hvorvidt det finansielle selskab, der foretager securitisation af aktiver, forvalter sin portefølje aktivt ved at udstede gældsværdipapirer og ikke blot fungerer som en trust, der forvalter aktiverne passivt eller opbevarer gældsværdipapirerne. Når det finansielle selskab er den juridiske ejer af en aktivportefølje, udsteder gældsværdipapirer, der repræsenterer andele af porteføljen, og har et fuldstændigt regnskab, fungerer det som en finansiel formidler, der klassificeres under andre finansielle formidlere. Der skelnes mellem finansielle selskaber, der foretager securitisation af aktiver, og enheder, der er oprettet udelukkende med det formål at opbevare specifikke porteføljer af finansielle aktiver og passiver. Sidstnævnte enheder forbindes med deres moderselskab, hvis de er residente i samme land som dette. Når der er tale om ikkeresidente enheder, behandles de imidlertid som særskilte institutionelle enheder og klassificeres som koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner.
5.109
Under securitisationsordningen som omhandlet i litra b) i 5.106 overdrager den oprindelige ejer af aktiverne, afdækningskøberen, ved hjælp af credit default swaps (CDS) kreditrisikoen i forbindelse med en pulje af diversificerede referenceaktiver til et securitisationsselskab, men beholder aktiverne. Provenuet af udstedelsen af gældsværdipapirerne placeres i et indskud eller en anden sikker investering som f.eks. AAA-obligationer, og de påløbne renter på indskuddet finansierer sammen med CDS-præmierne renterne på de udstedte gældsværdipapirer. I tilfælde af misligholdelse reduceres det afdrag, der skal betales til indehaverne af ABS'erne, idet de mest efterstillede trancher rammes først osv. Renter og afdrag kan også omdirigeres fra gældsværdipapirinvestorerne til den oprindelige ejer af sikkerheden for at dække tab som følge af misligholdelse.
5.110
Et værdipapir med sikkerhed i specificerede aktiver (ABS) er et gældsværdipapir, hvis afdrag og/eller renter udelukkende betales ud af de pengestrømme, der produceres af en nærmere angivet pulje af finansielle eller ikkefinansielle aktiver.
Dækkede obligationer
5.111
Definition
: Dækkede obligationer er gældsværdipapirer, som udstedes eller fuldt ud garanteres af et finansielt selskab. I tilfælde af misligholdelse hos det udstedende eller garantistillende finansielle selskab har obligationsindehaverne en prioriteret fordring på sikkerhedspuljen ud over deres almindelige fordring på det finansielle selskab.
Lån (F.4)
5.112
Definition
: Lån oprettes, når en kreditor låner penge til en debitor.
Hovedtræk ved lån
5.113
Lån er kendetegnet ved følgende:
a)
vilkårene for et lån er enten fastsat af det finansielle selskab, der yder det, eller aftalt mellem långiver og låntager direkte eller via en mægler
b)
det er låntageren, der tager initiativ til optagelse af et lån, og
c)
et lån er en ubetinget gæld til kreditor, der skal tilbagebetales ved forfald, og som er rentebærende.
5.114
Lån kan være finansielle aktiver eller passiver for alle residente sektorer og for udlandet. I pengeinstitutter registreres kortfristede passiver almindeligvis som indskud, ikke som lån.
Klassificering af lån efter oprindelig løbetid, valuta og formål
5.115
Transaktioner i lån kan henføres til to kategorier efter oprindelig løbetid:
a)
kortfristede lån (F.41) med en kort oprindelig løbetid, herunder lån, der skal tilbagebetales på anfordring, og
b)
langfristede lån (F.42) med lang oprindelig løbetid.
5.116
Til analysebrug kan lån underopdeles i:
a)
lån denomineret i national valuta, og
b)
lån denomineret i udenlandsk valuta.
For husholdninger er følgende underopdeling nyttig:
a)
lån til forbrug
b)
lån til bolig, og
c)
andre lån.
Sondring mellem transaktioner i lån og transaktioner i indskud
5.117
Forskellen mellem transaktioner i lån (F.4) og transaktioner i indskud (F.22) består i, at debitor tilbyder en standardiseret, uomsættelig kontrakt, når der er tale om et lån, men ikke når der er tale om et indskud.
5.118
Kortfristede lån til pengeinstitutter klassificeres som transferable indskud eller som andre indskud, og kortfristede lån til andre institutionelle enheder end pengeinstitutter klassificeres som kortfristede lån.
5.119
Placeringer af midler pengeinstitutterne imellem registreres altid som indskud.
Sondring mellem transaktioner i lån og transaktioner i gældsværdipapirer
5.120
Forskellen mellem transaktioner i lån (F.4) og transaktioner i gældsværdipapirer (F.3) består i, at lån er uomsættelige finansielle instrumenter, mens gældsværdipapirer er omsættelige finansielle instrumenter.
5.121
De fleste lån er baseret på et enkelt dokument, og transaktioner i lån sker mellem én kreditor og én debitor. Ved udstedelse af gældsværdipapirer er der derimod tale om et stort antal ens dokumenter med hvert sit runde beløb, der tilsammen giver det samlede lånebeløb.
5.122
Der findes et sekundært marked for lån. Når lån bliver omsættelige på et reguleret marked, skal de omklassificeres fra lån til gældsværdipapirer, forudsat at der er beviser for handel på et sekundært marked, herunder market makers, og hyppige noteringer af det finansielle aktiv, således som det f.eks. fremgår af marginalerne mellem købs- og salgskurser. Normalt vil der ske en egentlig omlægning af det oprindelige lån.
5.123
Standardiserede lånetyper udbydes som regel af finansielle selskaber og som regel til husholdninger. Finansielle selskaber bestemmer vilkårene, og husholdninger har valget mellem at acceptere eller afslå. Vilkårene for ikkestandardiserede lånetyper aftales normalt mellem kreditor og debitor. Dette er et vigtigt kriterium, som gør det lettere at skelne mellem ikkestandardiserede lånetyper og gældsværdipapirer. Når der er tale om offentlig værdipapirudstedelse, fastsættes udstedelsesvilkårene af låntager, eventuelt i samråd med banken/lead manager-banken. Men ved privat værdipapirudstedelse fastsætter kreditor og debitor i fællesskab udstedelsesvilkårene.
Sondring mellem transaktioner i lån, handelskreditter og veksler
5.124
Handelskreditter er leverandørers direkte ydelse af kredit til købere af varer og tjenester. Handelskreditter opstår, når betalingen for varer og tjenester ikke sker samtidig med overdragelsen af ejendomsretten til varerne eller ydelsen af tjenesten.
5.125
Der skelnes mellem handelskreditter og lån til finansiering af handel, der klassificeres som lån. Veksler, som en leverandør af varer og tjenester trækker på en kunde, og som leverandøren efterfølgende diskonterer hos et finansielt selskab, bliver til tredjemands fordring på kunden.
Lån af værdipapirer og genkøbsaftaler
5.126
Definition
: Lån af værdipapirer består i, at en långiver midlertidigt overdrager værdipapirer til en låntager. Låntageren kan som sikkerhed være forpligtet til at stille aktiver til rådighed for långiveren i form af kontanter eller værdipapirer. Både værdipapirer og sikkerhed skifter juridisk ejer, således at de lånte værdipapirer og sikkerheden kan sælges eller viderelånes.
5.127
Definition
: En genkøbsaftale af værdipapirer indebærer tilrådighedsstillelse af værdipapirer som f.eks. gældsværdipapirer eller aktier til gengæld for kontanter eller andre betalingsmidler samt en forpligtelse til at genkøbe de samme eller lignende værdipapirer til en fast pris. Tidspunktet for opfyldelsen af genkøbsforpligtelsen er en dato i fremtiden, som er forudfastsat eller ej.
5.128
Lån af værdipapirer med kontant sikkerhedsstillelse og genkøbsaftaler (repoer) er forskellige former for finansielle aftaler med de samme økonomiske virkninger, nemlig de virkninger, lån med sikkerhed har, da de begge indebærer tilrådighedsstillelse af værdipapirer som sikkerhed for et lån eller et indskud, hvor et pengeinstitut sælger værdipapirerne som led i en sådan finansiel aftale. Hovedtrækkene ved de to former for aftaler fremgår af tabel 5.2.
Tabel 5.2 —
   
Hovedtræk ved låne- og genkøbstransaktioner i værdipapirer
Træk
Lån af værdipapirer
Genkøbsaftaler
Kontant sikkerhedsstillelse
Uden kontant sikkerhedsstillelse
Specificerede værdipapirer
Generel sikkerhedsstillelse
Formel udvekslingsmetode
Lån af værdipapirer, hvor låntageren indvilliger i at levere dem tilbage til långiveren
Salg af værdipapirer og forpligtelse til at købe dem tilbage i henhold til vilkårene i masteraftalen
Udvekslingsform
Værdpapirer mod kontanter
Værdipapirer mod anden sikkerhed (om nogen)
Værdipapirer mod kontanter
Kontanter mod værdipapirer
Afkast betales til leverandøren af
Kontant sikkerhedsstillelse (låntageren)
Værdipapirer (ikke værdipapirer som sikkerhed)
(långiveren)
Kontanter
Kontanter
Afkast tilbagebetales som
Gebyr
Gebyr
Reporente
Reporente
5.129
Ejendomsretten til de værdipapirer, der lånes ud eller stilles til rådighed som led i genkøbsaftaler, anses for ikke at være overgået til andre, da de fortsat giver långiveren en indkomst. Långiveren bærer desuden risiciene og nyder godt af fordelene ved eventuelle ændringer i kursen på værdipapirerne.
5.130
Hverken leveringen og modtagelsen af midler som led i en genkøbsaftale af værdipapirer eller lån af værdipapirer med kontant sikkerhedsstillelse indebærer nyudstedelse af gældsværdipapirer. Når sådanne midler stilles til rådighed for andre institutionelle enheder end monetære finansielle institutioner, betragtes de som lån; i forbindelse med pengeinstitutter betragtes de som indskud.
5.131
Hvis et lån af værdipapirer ikke indebærer levering af kontanter, dvs. hvis et værdipapir udveksles med et andet, eller hvis en part leverer et værdipapir uden sikkerhed, er der ikke tale om en transaktion i lån, indskud eller værdipapirer.
5.132
Krav om marginindbetalinger i kontanter som led i en genkøbsaftale klassificeres som lån.
5.133
Guldswaps har karakter af genkøbsaftaler af værdipapirer, bortset fra at sikkerheden er guld. De indebærer ombytning af guld med et indskud i udenlandsk valuta og en aftale om, at transaktionen på en fastlagt senere dato tilbageføres til en aftalt guldpris. Transaktionen bogføres som et lån med sikkerhed eller som et indskud.
Finansiel leasing
5.134
Definition
: Finansiel leasing er baseret på en kontrakt, i henhold til hvilken leasinggiveren som den juridiske ejer af et aktiv overdrager risici og fordele ved ejendomsretten til aktivet til leasingtageren. Ved finansiel leasing anses leasinggiveren for at yde leasingtageren et lån, som leasingtageren bruger til at anskaffe aktivet. Det leasede aktiv opføres derefter på leasingtagerens balance og ikke på leasinggiverens; det modsvarende lån fremgår som et aktiv for leasinggiveren og et passiv for leasingtageren.
5.135
Finansiel leasing adskiller sig fra andre former for leasing ved, at risici og fordele ved ejendomsretten overføres fra den juridiske ejer af formuegodet til brugeren af godet. Andre former for leasing er i) operationel leasing og ii) ressourceleasing. Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser som defineret i kapital 15 kan også betragtes som leasing.
Andre typer lån
5.136
Kategorien lån omfatter bl.a.:
a)
overtræk på konti for transferable indskud, hvor overtræksbeløbet ikke behandles som et negativt transferabelt indskud
b)
overtræk på andre løbende konti, f.eks. interne mellemregningssaldi mellem ikkefinansielle selskaber og deres datterselskaber, undtagen saldi, hvis modpost er et indskud i et monetært finansielt selskab
c)
ansattes tilgodehavender som følge af andel i selskabets overskud
d)
tilbagebetalingspligtige marginindbetalinger i forbindelse med finansielle derivater, som er gæld for andre institutionelle enheder end monetære finansielle institutioner
e)
lån, der modsvarer bankaccepter
f)
realkreditlån
g)
forbrugerlån
h)
revolverende kredit
i)
lån med fastlagte periodevise tilbagebetalinger
j)
lån ydet som sikkerhed for opfyldelse af visse forpligtelser
k)
sikkerhed for indskud i form af genforsikringsselskabers finansielle fordringer på afgivende selskaber
l)
finansielle fordringer på IMF i form af lån til IMF's konto for almindelige indtægter, herunder lån i henhold til de almindelige lånearrangementer (General Arrangements to Borrow, GAB) og de nye lånearrangementer (New Arrangements to Borrow, NAB), og
m)
gæld til IMF i form af IMF-kreditter eller lån under faciliteten for fattigdomsreduktion og vækst (Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, PRGF).
5.137
Det særlige tilfælde med misligholdte lån behandles i kapitel 7.
Finansielle aktiver, der ikke er omfattet af kategorien lån
5.138
Kategorien lån omfatter ikke:
a)
andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8), inklusive handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (AF.81), og
b)
finansielle aktiver og passiver, der beror på ikkeresidenters ejendomsret til fast ejendom, f.eks. bygninger og grunde; de klassificeres som andre ejerandelsbeviser (AF.519).
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (F.5)
5.139
Definition
: Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger er restfordringer på aktiverne i de institutionelle enheder, der har udstedt andelene.
5.140
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger opdeles i to underkategorier:
a)
ejerandele (F.51), og
b)
andele i investeringsforeninger (F.52).
Ejerandele (F.51)
5.141
Definition
: Ejerandele er finansielle aktiver, som er fordringer på restværdien af et selskab, når alle andre fordringer er blevet indfriet.
5.142
Ejendomsret til kapital i juridiske enheder er sædvanligvis baseret på aktier, aktiecertifikater (depository receipts), kapitalinteresser eller lignende.
Aktiecertifikater
5.143
Definition
: Aktiecertifikater repræsenterer ejendomsret til værdipapirer, som noteres i andre økonomier; ejendomsret til aktiecertifikater betragtes som direkte ejendomsret til de underliggende værdipapirer. De udstedte certifikater noteres på en børs og repræsenterer ejendomsret til værdipapirer, der noteres på en anden børs. Aktiecertifikater letter transaktioner i værdipapirer i andre økonomier end den, hvor de oprindeligt er noteret. De underliggende værdipapirer kan være aktier eller gældsværdipapirer.
5.144
Ejerandele opdeles i:
a)
noterede aktier (F.511)
b)
unoterede aktier (F.512), og
c)
andre ejerandelsbeviser (F.519).
5.145
Både noterede og unoterede aktier er omsættelige og er ejerandelsinstrumenter.
Noterede aktier (F.511)
5.146
Definition
: Noterede aktier er ejerandelsinstrumenter, der noteres på en børs. Der kan være tale om en anerkendt fondsbørs eller en anden form for sekundært marked. Når aktier er noteret på en børs, vil markedsprisen som regel let kunne fastslås.
Unoterede aktier (F.512)
5.147
Definition
: Unoterede aktier er ejerandelsinstrumenter, der ikke noteres på en børs.
5.148
Ejerandelsinstrumenter omfatter bl.a. aktier udstedt af unoterede aktie- eller anpartsselskaber, dvs.:
a)
aktier eller anparter, som giver indehaverne status af medejere og ret til en del af det samlede udloddede udbytte og til en del af de samlede nettoaktiver i tilfælde af likvidation
b)
udbyttebeviser, hvis nominelle pålydende er blevet tilbagebetalt, men hvis indehavere bevarer deres status af medejere af selskabet. Disse værdipapirer giver ret til andel i det overskud, der er til fordeling efter aflønning af selskabskapitalen, og til provenuet ved likvidation, efter at selskabskapitalen er blevet tilgodeset (nettoaktiverne minus selskabskapitalen)
c)
dividendeaktier, også kaldet stifteraktier, og overskudsbeviser, som ikke er medregnet i selskabskapitalen. Dividendeaktier giver ikke indehaverne en medejers rettigheder — indehaverne har derfor ikke ret til tilbagebetaling af indskudskapitalen, ret til aflønning af denne kapital, stemmeret på generalforsamlinger osv. Dog giver de ret til en del af det overskud, der er til deling efter aflønning af selskabskapitalen, og en del af likvidationsprovenuet
d)
participerende præferenceaktier eller aktier, som giver indehaverne ret til andel i udlodning af restformuen i et selskab ved opløsning. Indehaverne har desuden ret til at deltage i udlodning af og til at modtage yderligere dividender ud over den faste dividendeprocent. De yderligere dividender udbetales sædvanligvis pro rata af de almindelige deklarerede dividender. I tilfælde af likvidation har indehaverne af participerende præferenceaktier ret til andel i et eventuelt restprovenu, som tildeles de almindelige aktionærer, og får tilbagebetalt købsprisen for deres aktier.
Børsintroduktion, børsnotering, afnotering og aktietilbagekøb
5.149
Ved børsintroduktion (IPO — »initial public offering«) eller første udbud til offentligheden forstås, at et selskab udsteder ejerandelsinstrumenter til offentligheden for første gang. Sådanne ejerandelsinstrumenter udstedes ofte af små, nystartede selskaber, der søger finansiering, eller store foretagender, der ønsker at blive optaget til notering på børsen. I forbindelse med en børsintroduktion kan udstederen få bistand fra en enhed, der yder tegningsgaranti, og som hjælper med at bestemme, hvilken type ejerandelsinstrument der skal udstedes, den bedste udbudspris og det rette tidspunkt for markedsintroduktionen.
5.150
Ved børsnotering forstås, at et selskabs aktier optages til notering og officiel handel på en fondsbørs. Det er normalt det udstedende selskab, der anmoder om børsnotering, men i nogle lande kan børsen optage et selskab til notering, f.eks. fordi dets aktier allerede handles aktivt via uformelle kanaler. Til kravene ved første børsnotering hører sædvanligvis, at selskabet forelægger sine regnskaber for en kortere årrække, at et tilstrækkelig stort beløb udbydes til offentligheden — i absolutte tal og i procent af den samlede aktiebeholdning — samt at der foreligger et godkendt prospekt, som regel med vurderinger fra uafhængige eksperter. Ved afnotering forstås, at et selskabs aktier fjernes fra en fondsbørs. Dette sker, når selskabet indstiller sin aktivitet, går konkurs, ikke længere opfylder en fondsbørs' noteringsregler eller er blevet et kvasiselskab eller et personligt foretagende, ofte som følge af en fusion eller en virksomhedsovertagelse. Børsnotering registreres som udstedelse af noterede aktier og indløsning af unoterede aktier, mens afnotering registreres som indløsning af noterede aktier og udstedelse af unoterede aktier, hvis det er relevant.
5.151
Selskaber kan tilbagekøbe deres egne aktier ved et såkaldt aktietilbagekøb. Et aktietilbagekøb bogføres som en finansiel transaktion, hvorved de eksisterende aktionærer modtager kontanter som modydelse for en del af selskabets cirkulerende aktier. Antallet af cirkulerende aktier reduceres således til gengæld for kontanter. Selskabet trækker aktierne tilbage eller beholder dem som »egne aktier«, så de kan genudstedes.
Finansielle aktiver, der ikke er omfattet af ejerandelsinstrumenter
5.152
Ejerandelsinstrumenter omfatter ikke:
a)
udbudte, men ikke tegnede aktier. De registreres ikke
b)
obligationer og lån, som kan konverteres til aktier. De klassificeres som gældsværdipapirer (AF.3), indtil de konverteres
c)
de andele, der er tegnet af komplementarerne i kommanditselskaber. De klassificeres som andre ejerandelsbeviser
d)
offentlige kapitalindskud i internationale organisationer, som juridisk set er aktieselskaber. De klassificeres som andre ejerandelsbeviser (AF.519)
e)
friaktier: Ved udstedelse af friaktier tildeles aktionærerne nye, gratis aktier pro rata af deres aktiebeholdninger. En sådan udstedelse, der hverken ændrer selskabets gæld til aktionærerne eller den forholdsmæssige andel i selskabet, som hver aktionær besidder, er ikke en finansiel transaktion. Udstedelse i forbindelse med aktiesplit registreres heller ikke.
Andre ejerandelsbeviser (F.519)
5.153
Definition
: Andre ejerandelsbeviser omfatter alle andre former for kapitalandele end dem, der er klassificeret i underkategorien noterede aktier (AF.511) og unoterede aktier (AF.512).
5.154
Andre ejerandelsbeviser omfatter bl.a.:
a)
alle former for ejerandelsbeviser i selskaber, som ikke er aktier, herunder følgende:
1)
komplementarernes andele i kommanditselskaber
2)
andele i selskaber med begrænset ansvar bortset fra aktie- og anpartsselskaber
3)
kapitalindskud i interessentskaber, som er juridiske enheder
4)
kapitalindskud i andelsselskaber, som er juridiske enheder
b)
deltagelse af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service i offentlige selskaber, der ikke udsteder aktier, og som i henhold til særlig lovgivning er selvstændige juridiske enheder.
c)
kapitaldeltagelse af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service i centralbanken
d)
statens kapitalindskud i internationale og supranationale organisationer, bortset fra IMF, også selv om disse organisationer juridisk set er aktieselskaber (f.eks. Den Europæiske Investeringsbank)
e)
de nationale centralbankers bidrag til ECB's finansielle ressourcer
f)
kapitalindskud i finansielle og ikkefinansielle kvasiselskaber. Størrelsen af disse indskud er lig med størrelsen af nye indskud i kontanter eller naturalier minus kapitaludtræk
g)
ikkeresidente enheders finansielle fordringer på fiktive residente enheder og omvendt.
Værdiansættelse af transaktioner i aktier
5.155
Nye aktier registreres til udstedelseskurs, hvilket er pålydende værdi plus udstedelsestillæg.
5.156
Transaktioner i cirkulerende aktier registreres til transaktionsværdien. Hvis transaktionsværdien ikke kendes, estimeres den på basis af børskursen eller markedsprisen, når der er tale om noterede aktier, og en værdi svarende til markedsværdien, når der er tale om unoterede aktier.
5.157
Udbyttebeviser er aktier, der værdiansættes ud fra det udbytte, udstederen har foreslået.
5.158
Udstedelse af friaktier registreres ikke. Men hvis udstedelse af friaktier indebærer ændringer i den samlede markedsværdi af et selskabs aktier, registreres ændringerne på omvurderingskontoen.
5.159
Transaktionsværdien af aktier (F.51) er lig med de midler, som ejerne overfører til selskaber eller kvasiselskaber. I nogle tilfælde kan overførslen af midler have form af overtagelse af selskabets eller kvasiselskabets gæld.
Andele i investeringsforeninger (F.52)
5.160
Definition
: Andele i investeringsforeninger er andele, uanset om de pågældende investeringsforeninger har selskabsstruktur eller ej. Investeringsforeninger er kollektive investeringsforetagender, gennem hvilke investorerne samler midler med henblik på investering i finansielle og/eller ikkefinansielle aktiver.
5.161
Investeringsforeninger falder ind under begrebet UCITS (institutter for kollektiv investering i værdipapirer) og kan være åbne eller lukkede for tilgang af nye investeringsbeviser.
5.162
Andele i investeringsforeninger kan være noterede eller unoterede. Når de er unoterede, kan de normalt indløses på anfordring til en værdi, der svarer til deres andel af det finansielle selskabs egenkapital. Denne egenkapital omvurderes regelmæssigt på grundlag af markedspriserne for dens forskellige bestanddele.
5.163
Andele i investeringsforeninger opdeles i:
andele i pengemarkedsforeninger (F.521), og
andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger.
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger (F.521)
5.164
Definition
: Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger er andele udstedt af pengemarkedsforeninger. Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger kan være transferable og anses ofte for at have indskudslignende karakter.
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger (F.522)
5.165
Definition
: Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, udgør fordringer på en del af værdien af investeringsforeninger, som ikke er pengemarkedsforeninger. Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, udstedes af investeringsforeninger.
5.166
Unoterede andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, kan normalt indløses på anfordring til en værdi, der svarer til deres andel af det finansielle selskabs egenkapital. Denne egenkapital omvurderes regelmæssigt på grundlag af markedspriserne for dens forskellige bestanddele.
Værdiansættelse af transaktioner i andele i investeringsforeninger
5.167
Transaktioner i andele i investeringsforeninger inkluderer værdien af nettoindskud i foreningerne.
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (F.6)
5.168
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier er opdelt i seks underkategorier:
a)
forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (F.61)
b)
livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder (F.62)
c)
pensionsrettigheder (F.63)
d)
pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere (F.64)
e)
rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser (F.65), og
f)
hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier (F.66).
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (F.61)
5.169
Definition
: Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring, er forsikringstagernes finansielle fordringer på skadesforsikringsselskaber i form af ikkeoptjente præmier og forfaldne erstatninger.
5.170
Transaktioner i forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring, som er hensat til ikkeoptjente præmier og forfaldne erstatninger, vedrører risici som f.eks. ulykker, sygdom og brand samt genforsikring.
5.171
Ikkeoptjente præmier er betalte, men endnu ikke optjente præmier. Præmierne betales som regel i begyndelsen af den periode, policen dækker. Præmierne optjenes gennem hele forsikringsperioden, således at betalingen i begyndelsen af perioden udgør en forudbetaling.
5.172
Udestående erstatningskrav er forfaldne, men endnu ikke afregnede erstatningskrav, herunder tilfælde, hvor beløbet anfægtes, eller hvor forsikringsbegivenheden har fundet sted, men endnu ikke er anmeldt. Forfaldne, men endnu ikke afregnede erstatningskrav modsvares af reserver for udestående forsikringserstatninger. Der er tale om beløb, som forsikringsselskaberne hensætter til dækning af forventede udgifter i forbindelse med begivenheder, som har fundet sted, men for hvilke erstatningskravene endnu ikke er afregnet.
5.173
Forsikringsselskaberne kan også have andre tekniske reserver, f.eks. udjævningsreserver. Disse anerkendes dog kun som forpligtelser og modsvarende aktiver, når der indtræffer en begivenhed, som afstedkommer en forpligtelse. Når det ikke er tilfældet, er udjævningsreserver interne regnskabsposteringer i forsikringsselskabet med henblik på opsparing til dækning af sporadiske begivenheder. De modsvarer ikke eksisterende erstatningskrav fra forsikringstagere.
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder (F.62)
5.174
Definition
: Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder er forsikringstagernes og livrentenydernes finansielle fordringer på livsforsikringsselskaber.
5.175
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder anvendes til at sikre forsikringstagerne ydelser efter udløbet af policen eller til at give de begunstigede kompensation, når forsikringstagerne afgår ved døden, og de holdes derfor adskilt fra aktionærernes midler. Reserver i form af livrenter er baseret på den aktuarmæssigt beregnede nutidsværdi af forpligtelserne til at betale fremtidige indkomster, indtil de begunstigede afgår ved døden.
5.176
Transaktioner i livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder omfatter tilføjelser minus fradrag.
5.177
Tilføjelser er finansielle transaktioner, der omfatter:
a)
faktisk optjente præmier i den løbende regnskabsperiode, og
b)
ekstra præmieindtægter svarende til investeringsafkastet af de rettigheder, der er henført til forsikringstagerne, efter fradrag af administrationsgebyr.
5.178
Fradrag omfatter:
a)
skyldige beløb til ejere af annuitetsopsparinger og lignende policer, og
b)
skyldige beløb på policer, der opsiges før forfald.
5.179
I tilfælde af kollektive kontrakter, hvor et selskab forsikrer sine ansatte, er det de ansatte og ikke arbejdsgiveren, der er de begunstigede, idet man går ud fra, at det er de ansatte, der er forsikringstagerne.
Pensionsrettigheder (F.63)
5.180
Definition
: Pensionsrettigheder omfatter nuværende og tidligere ansattes finansielle fordringer på:
a)
deres arbejdsgivere
b)
en ordning, som arbejdsgiveren har valgt til at udbetale pension som led i en aflønningsaftale mellem arbejdsgiveren og arbejdstageren, eller
c)
et forsikringsselskab.
5.181
Transaktioner i pensionsrettigheder omfatter tilføjelser minus fradrag, som skal registreres særskilt i forhold til nominelle kapitalgevinster eller -tab på de af pensionskasserne investerede midler.
5.182
Tilføjelser er finansielle transaktioner, der omfatter:
a)
faktiske indbetalinger til pensionskasserne fra ansatte, arbejdsgivere, selvstændige eller andre institutionelle enheder på vegne af enkeltpersoner eller husholdninger med tilgodehavender i ordningen erhvervet i løbet af den aktuelle regnskabsperiode, og
b)
de ekstra bidrag, der svarer til investeringsafkastet af pensionsordningens pensionsrettigheder henført til de deltagende husholdninger, efter fradrag af omkostninger til administration af ordningen i den pågældende periode.
5.183
Fradrag omfatter:
a)
sociale ydelser svarende til de beløb, der betales som regelmæssige ydelser mv. til pensionister eller til personer, over for hvem disse har forsørgelsespligt, og
b)
sociale ydelser, som består af engangsydelser til personer, når de går på pension.
Eventualforpligtelser for pension
5.184
Kategorien pensionsrettigheder omfatter ikke eventualforpligtelser for pension etableret af institutionelle enheder, der klassificeres som ikkefondsbaserede lovbestemte arbejdsgiveradministrerede ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger eller som pensionsordninger, der administreres af sociale kasser og fonde. Deres transaktioner registreres ikke i fuldt omfang, og deres øvrige strømme og beholdninger registreres ikke i hovedregnskabet, men i den supplerende tabel over optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger. Betingede pensionsrettigheder er ikke passiver for delsektorerne statslig forvaltning og service, offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau, kommunal forvaltning og service eller sociale kasser og fonde og er heller ikke finansielle aktiver for de potentielle begunstigede.
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere (F.64)
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En arbejdsgiver kan indgå en aftale med tredjemand om forvaltningen af en pensionskasse for sine ansatte. Hvis arbejdsgiveren fortsat bestemmer vilkårene for pensionsordningerne og bevarer ansvaret for et eventuelt finansieringsunderskud og retten til at tilbageholde et eventuelt overskud, betegnes han som pensionsmanageren, og den enhed, der arbejder under pensionsmanagerens ledelse, betegnes som pensionsforvalteren. Hvis arbejdsgiveren i henhold til aftalen med tredjemand overdrager risici og ansvar i forbindelse med et eventuelt finansieringsunderskud til tredjemand, og tredjemand til gengæld har ret til at beholde et eventuelt overskud, bliver tredjemand både pensionsmanager og -forvalter.
5.186
Hvis pensionsmanageren er en anden enhed end forvalteren og de beløb, der tilflyder pensionskasserne, ikke dækker stigningen i rettigheder, registreres en fordring fra pensionskassens side på pensionsmanageren. Hvis de beløb, der tilflyder pensionskassen, mere end dækker stigningen i rettigheder, skal pensionskassen foretage en betaling til pensionsmanageren.
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser (F.65)
5.187
Hvis nettobidragene overstiger ydelserne, er der tale om en stigning i forsikringsordningens forpligtelser over for de begunstigede. Dette registreres som en korrektion på indkomstanvendelseskontoen, og som en stigning i et passiv på den finansielle konto. Da denne post kun sjældent vil optræde, kan ændringer i sådanne ikkepensionsrelaterede rettigheder af praktiske grunde registreres sammen med ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder.
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier (F.66)
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Definition
: Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier er finansielle fordringer, som indehavere af standardiserede garantier har på de institutionelle enheder, der udbyder dem.
5.189
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier er forudbetalinger af nettogebyrer og hensættelser til dækning af udestående forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier. Ligesom forudbetalte forsikringspræmier og -reserver omfatter hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier også ikkeoptjente gebyrer (præmier) og endnu ikke afregnede forpligtelser (krav).
5.190
Standardiserede garantier er garantier, der udstedes i stort antal, som regel mod en forholdsvis beskeden betaling og efter ensartede retningslinjer. Sådanne standardiserede garantier involverer tre parter: låntageren, långiveren og garantistilleren. Låntageren eller långiveren kan indgå en aftale med garantistilleren om tilbagebetaling til långiveren, hvis låntageren misligholder sine forpligtelser. Eksportkreditgarantier og studielånsgarantier er eksempler på standardiserede garantier.
5.191
Selv om det ikke er muligt at fastslå sandsynligheden for en given låntagers misligholdelse, foretages der som regel et skøn over, hvor mange ud af en ensartet gruppe af låntagere der vil misligholde deres forpligtelser. En garantistiller, der arbejder på kommercielle vilkår, forventer - mere eller mindre på samme måde som et skadesforsikringsselskab - at alle betalte gebyrer plus den formueindkomst, der optjenes på gebyrerne, og eventuelle reserver dækker de forventede misligholdelser og de hermed forbundne omkostninger, og at de herudover giver overskud. Sådanne såkaldt standardiserede garantier behandles derfor på samme måde som skadesforsikringer.
5.192
Standardiserede garantier omfatter også garantier for forskellige finansielle instrumenter såsom indskud, gældsværdipapirer, lån og handelskreditter. De ydes sædvanligvis af finansielle selskaber, herunder men ikke udelukkende forsikringsselskaber. De kan dog også ydes af offentlig forvaltning og service.
5.193
Når en institutionel enhed yder standardiserede garantier, opkræver den gebyrer og påtager sig forpligtelser for at kunne opfylde et krav om indfrielse af garantien. Værdien af disse passiver i garantistillerens regnskaber er lig med nutidsværdien af de forventede krav om indfrielse af eksisterende garantier minus eventuelle fordringer, som garantistilleren forventer at kunne inddrive hos misligholdende låntagere. Disse passiver kaldes hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier.
5.194
En garanti kan dække en periode på flere år. Et gebyr kan forfalde til betaling en gang om året eller skulle forudbetales. I princippet svarer gebyret til beløb, som indtjenes hvert år i garantiens løbetid, mens gælden bliver mindre, i takt med at løbetiden bliver kortere (idet det antages, at låntageren betaler afdrag). Registreringen sker derfor på samme måde som for livrenter, hvor gebyret betales, i takt med at gælden bliver mindre.
5.195
En ordning med standardiserede garantier er kendetegnet ved, at der findes mange garantier af samme art, som dog ikke alle dækker præcist samme periode eller starter og slutter på samme dato.
5.196
Nettogebyrer beregnes som forfaldne gebyrer plus tillægsgebyrer (lig med den formueindkomst, der henføres til den enhed, der betaler garantigebyret) minus omkostninger til administration mv. Sådanne nettogebyrer kan betales af en hvilken som helst økonomisk sektor til den sektor, som garantistilleren henhører under. Krav om indfrielse i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier giver anledning til betaling fra garantistilleren til den, der har ydet lånet i form af det finansielle instrument, som er omfattet af garantien, uanset om gebyret er betalt af långiveren eller låntageren. Finansielle transaktioner vedrører forskellen mellem betalingen af gebyrer for nye garantier og krav om indfrielse i forbindelse med eksisterende garantier.
Standardiserede garantier og enkeltstående garantier
5.197
Der skelnes mellem standardiserede garantier og enkeltstående garantier efter to kriterier:
a)
standardiserede garantier er kendetegnet ved hyppige, ensartede transaktioner med sammenlægning af risiciene, og
b)
garantistillere kan beregne deres gennemsnitlige tab på grundlag af eksisterende statistikker.
Enkeltstående garantier er individuelle, og garantistillerne kan ikke foretage en pålidelig beregning af risikoen for krav om indfrielse. En enkeltstående garanti er en eventualpost og bogføres ikke, dog med undtagelse af visse garantier ydet af offentlig forvaltning og service, jf. kapitel 20.
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.7)
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Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner er opdelt i to underkategorier:
a)
finansielle derivater (F.71), og
b)
medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.72).
Finansielle derivater (F.71)
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Definition
: Finansielle derivater er finansielle instrumenter, som er knyttet til et bestemt finansielt instrument eller en bestemt indikator eller råvare, ved hjælp af hvilke bestemte finansielle risici kan handles på de finansielle markeder. Finansielle derivater opfylder følgende betingelser:
a)
de er knyttet til et finansielt eller ikkefinansielt aktiv, en gruppe af aktiver eller et indeks
b)
de er omsættelige eller kan føres i modregning på markedet, og
c)
der er ikke nogen hovedstol, der skal tilbagebetales.
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Finansielle derivater anvendes til flere formål, herunder risikostyring, afdækning, arbitrage mellem markeder, spekulation og aflønning af ansatte. Finansielle derivater giver parterne mulighed for at overdrage bestemte finansielle risici (f.eks. risici i forbindelse med renter, valutakurser, aktiekurser, råvarepriser og kreditter) til andre enheder, der er villige til at påtage sig disse risici, som regel uden at der i transaktionen indgår et primært aktiv. Finansielle derivater kaldes derfor sekundære aktiver.
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Værdien af et finansielt derivat udledes af prisen på det underliggende aktiv — referenceprisen. Referenceprisen kan være knyttet til et finansielt eller ikkefinansielt aktiv, en rentesats, en valutakurs, et andet derivat eller en margen mellem to priser. I derivatkontrakten kan der også henvises til et indeks, en kurv af priser eller andre elementer som f.eks. emissionshandel eller vejrforhold.
5.202
Finansielle derivater kan kategoriseres efter instrument, f.eks. optioner, terminskontrakter og kreditderivater eller efter markedsrisiko, f.eks. valutaswaps, renteswaps osv.
Optioner
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Definition
: Optioner er kontrakter, som giver deres ejer ret, men ikke pligt, til af optionsudstederen at købe eller til denne at sælge et aktiv til en forud fastsat pris inden for en given tidsfrist eller på en given dato.
Retten til at købe kaldes en call-option, og retten til at sælge en put-option.
5.204
Køberen af optionen betaler en præmie (optionsprisen) for optionsudstederens pligt til at sælge eller købe en bestemt mængde af det underliggende aktiv til den aftalte pris. Præmien er et finansielt aktiv for optionsindehaveren og et passiv for optionsudstederen. Præmien kan teoretisk set betragtes som indbefattende et administrationsgebyr, der skal registreres særskilt. Hvis der ikke foreligger detaljerede data, bør antagelser så vidt muligt undgås i forbindelse med identificering af serviceelementet.
5.205
Warrants er en form for optioner. De giver ejeren ret, men ikke pligt, til af udstederen af warranten at købe et vist antal aktier eller obligationer på særlige vilkår og inden for en fastlagt tidsramme. Der findes også valutawarrants baseret på den mængde valuta, der skal til for at købe en anden valuta, og krydsvalutawarrants, der er knyttet til en tredje valuta, samt warrants baseret på et indeks, en kurv af priser og råvarepriser.
5.206
En warrant kan være »aftagelig« og kan således handles særskilt uden gældsværdipapiret. Følgelig registreres der i princippet to forskellige finansielle instrumenter, nemlig warranten som et finansielt derivat og obligationen som et gældsværdipapir. Warrants med indbyggede derivater klassificeres efter deres primære kendetegn.
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
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Definition
: Terminskontrakter er finansielle kontrakter, i henhold til hvilke to parter aftaler at udveksle en bestemt mængde af et underliggende aktiv til en aftalt pris (strikeprisen) på en given dato.
5.208
Futures er terminskontrakter, som handles på regulerede markeder. Futures og andre terminskontrakter afregnes som regel, men ikke altid, ved kontant betaling eller levering af et andet finansielt aktiv end det underliggende aktiv, og de værdiansættes og handles derfor særskilt i forhold til det underliggende element. Til almindelige former for terminskontrakter hører bl.a. swaps og fremtidige rentesikringsaftaler (FRA — forward rate agreements).
Optioner versus terminskontrakter
5.209
Der kan skelnes mellem terminskontrakter og optioner som følger:
a)
Terminskontrakter er som regel ikke genstand for forudbetaling på udstedelsestidspunktet, og derivatkontrakten starter med en nulværdi. I forbindelse med optioner betales der en præmie ved indgåelsen af kontrakten, og værdien af kontrakten ansættes på udstedelsestidspunktet til præmiebeløbet.
b)
Da markedspriser, rentesatser og valutakurser ændrer sig i en terminskontrakts løbetid, kan kontrakten få positiv værdi for den ene part (som et aktiv) og tilsvarende negativ værdi for den anden part (som et passiv). Sådanne positioner kan svinge mellem parterne, afhængigt af markedsudviklingen for det underliggende aktiv i forhold til strikeprisen i kontrakten. Dette særlige kendetegn gør det umuligt at udskille transaktioner i aktiver fra transaktioner i passiver. I modsætning til andre finansielle instrumenter indberettes transaktioner i terminskontrakter derfor almindeligvis netto i forhold til aktiver og passiver. I forbindelse med optioner er køberen altid kreditor, og udstederen altid debitor.
c)
Terminskontrakter skal obligatorisk indfries på udløbsdatoen, mens det for optioner er køberen, der bestemmer indfrielsestidspunktet. Nogle optioner indfries automatisk, hvis de er positive på udløbsdatoen.
Swaps
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Definition
: Swaps er kontraktlige aftaler mellem to parter, som enes om at bytte betalingsstrømme vedrørende en aftalt beregningsmæssig hovedstol over en bestemt periode og på forudfastsatte vilkår. De mest almindelige former er renteswaps, swaps med udenlandsk valuta og valutaswaps.
5.211
Renteswaps er bytte af forskelligt udformede rentebetalinger på en beregningsmæssig hovedstol, som aldrig udveksles. Swaps vedrørende faste renter, variable renter og renter denomineret i en valuta er eksempler på forskellige former for renteswaps. Afregning sker ofte ved kontante nettobetalinger svarende til den aktuelle forskel mellem to kontraktligt fastsatte rentesatser, der gælder for den aftalte beregningsmæssige hovedstol.
5.212
Swaps med udenlandsk valuta er transaktioner i udenlandske valutaer til en kontraktligt fastsat vekselkurs.
5.213
Valutaswaps er bytte af pengestrømme i forbindelse med rentebetalinger og bytte af hovedstole til en aftalt vekselkurs ved kontraktens udløb.
Fremtidige rentesikringsaftaler (forward rate agreements, FRA)
5.214
Definition
: Fremtidige rentesikringsaftaler er kontraktlige aftaler, i henhold til hvilke to parter — for at dække sig ind imod renteændringer — lægger sig fast på en bestemt rente, som på en given afregningsdag skal betales af en beregningsmæssig hovedstol, som aldrig udveksles. FRA afregnes ved kontante nettobetalinger på samme måde som renteswaps. Størrelsen af betalingerne er baseret på forskellen mellem FRA-rentesatsen og markedsrenten på afregningstidspunktet.
Kreditderivater
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Definition
: Kreditderivater er finansielle derivater, hvis hovedformål er handel med kreditrisiko.
Kreditderivater er udformet med henblik på handel med risikoen for misligholdelse i forbindelse med lån og værdipapirer. Kreditderivater kan være terminskontrakter eller optionskontrakter, og i lighed med andre finansielle derivater er de ofte baseret på standardkontrakter, hvilket gør det lettere at foretage en beregning af deres markedsværdi. Risikosælgeren, der køber beskyttelse, overdrager kreditrisikoen til risikokøberen, der sælger beskyttelse, mod betaling af en præmie.
5.216
I tilfælde af misligholdelse betaler risikokøberen kontant til risikosælgeren. Et kreditderivat kan også afregnes ved levering af gældsværdipapirer gennem den misligholdende enhed.
5.217
Credit default-optioner, credit default swaps (CDS) og total return swaps er forskellige former for kreditderivater. Udviklingen i CDS-præmierne afspejles i et CDS-indeks for handlede kreditderivater.
Credit default swaps (CDS)
5.218
Definition
: Credit default swaps (CDS) er kreditforsikringskontrakter. De har til formål at dække kreditors (CDS-købers) tab, i tilfælde af, at
a)
der indtræffer en kreditbegivenhed i relation til en referenceenhed, ikke i relation til et bestemt gældsværdipapir eller lån. Den kreditbegivenhed, der berører referenceenheden, kan være en misligholdelse, men også manglende betaling af en (relevant) forfalden gæld, f.eks. i tilfælde af gældsomlægning, kontraktbrud mv.
b)
et gældsinstrument, typisk et gældsværdipapir eller et lån, bliver misligholdt. Ligesom i forbindelse med swapaftaler foretager CDS-køberen (der betragtes som. risikosælger), en række præmiebetalinger til CDS-sælgeren (der betragtes som risikokøber).
5.219
Hvis der ikke indtræffer misligholdelse i forbindelse med den tilknyttede enhed eller gældsinstrumentet, fortsætter risikosælgeren med at betale præmier indtil udløbet af kontrakten. I tilfælde af misligholdelse kompenserer risikokøberen risikosælgeren for tabet, og risikosælgeren ophører med at betale præmier.
Finansielle instrumenter, der ikke er omfattet af finansielle derivater
5.220
Finansielle derivater omfatter ikke:
a)
det underliggende instrument, som det finansielle derivat er baseret på
b)
strukturerede gældsværdipapirer, som er sammensat af et gældsværdipapir eller en kurv af værdipapirer og et finansielt derivat eller en kurv af finansielle derivater, hvor derivaterne ikke kan adskilles fra gældsværdipapiret, og hvor det oprindeligt investerede beløb er betragteligt i forhold til det potentielle afkast af de indbyggede finansielle derivater. Finansielle instrumenter, hvor det investerede beløb er ubetydeligt i forhold til det potentielle afkast, og hvor risikoelementet er maksimalt, klassificeres som finansielle derivater. Finansielle instrumenter, hvor gældsværdipapir og finansielt derivat er komponenter, der kan adskilles fra hinanden, klassificeres i overensstemmelse hermed
c)
tilbagebetalingspligtige marginindbetalinger i forbindelse med finansielle derivater, der klassificeres som andre indskud eller lån, afhængigt af hvilke institutionelle enheder der er involveret. Ikketilbagebetalingspligtige marginbetalinger, som reducerer eller fjerner de aktiv-/passivposter, der kan opstå i kontraktens løbetid, behandles imidlertid som afregninger i henhold til kontrakten og klassificeres som transaktioner i finansielle derivater
d)
uomsættelige sekundære instrumenter, som ikke kan føres i modregning på markedet, og
e)
guldswaps, der har karakter af genkøbsaftaler.
Medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.72)
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Definition
: Medarbejderaktieoptioner er aftaler indgået på en given dato, i henhold til hvilke ansatte har ret til at købe et bestemt antal aktier i den virksomhed, de er ansat i, til en fastsat pris enten på et bestemt tidspunkt eller inden for et tidsrum umiddelbart efter retserhvervelsestidspunktet.
Følgende terminologi anvendes:
datoen for aftalen er »tildelingstidspunktet«
den aftalte købspris er »strikeprisen«
den aftalte første købsdato er »retserhvervelsestidspunktet«
den periode efter retserhvervelsestidspunktet, hvor købet kan foretages, er »udnyttelsesperioden«.
5.222
Transaktioner i medarbejderaktieoptioner bogføres på den finansielle konto som modpostering til den del af aflønningen af ansatte, der udgøres af værdien af aktieoptionerne. Værdien af optionerne fordeles over perioden mellem tildelingstidspunktet og retserhvervelsestidspunktet; hvis dette ikke kan lade sig gøre på grund af manglende oplysninger, bogføres værdien på retserhvervelsestidspunktet. Derefter registreres transaktionerne på udnyttelsestidspunktet eller, hvis de kan handles og rent faktisk handles, mellem retserhvervelsestidspunktet og udløbet af udnyttelsesperioden.
Værdiansættelse af transaktioner i finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
5.223
Ved sekundær handel med optioner og tilbagekøb af optioner forud for forfaldstidspunktet finder der finansielle transaktioner sted. Hvis en option løber indtil forfaldstidspunktet, kan den udnyttes eller ikke udnyttes. Udnyttes optionen, kan der finde en betaling sted fra optionssælgerens side til optionskøberen svarende til forskellen mellem den aktuelle markedspris på det underliggende aktiv og strikeprisen, eller der kan være tale om anskaffelse eller salg af det underliggende finansielle eller ikkefinansielle aktiv, registreret til den aktuelle markedspris, og en modsvarende betaling mellem optionskøberen og optionssælgeren svarende til strikeprisen. Forskellen mellem den aktuelle markedspris på det underliggende aktiv og strikeprisen er i begge tilfælde lig med optionens realisationsværdi, dvs. optionsprisen på forfaldstidspunktet. Udnyttes optionen ikke, finder der ikke nogen transaktion sted. Optionssælgeren får imidlertid en kapitalgevinst, og optionskøberen lider et kapitaltab (i begge tilfælde lig med den præmie, der blev betalt ved indgåelsen af kontrakten), som skal registreres på omvurderingskontoen.
5.224
De transaktioner, der registreres i forbindelse med finansielle derivater, omfatter eventuel handel med kontrakterne samt nettoværdien af de foretagne afregninger. Der kan også være behov for at registrere transaktioner i tilknytning til oprettelsen af derivatkontrakter. Ofte indgår de to parter dog en derivatkontrakt uden nogen form for betaling fra den ene part til den anden; i så fald er værdien af den transaktion, hvorved kontrakten oprettes, lig med nul og registreres ikke på den finansielle konto.
5.225
Samtlige betalinger i form af kurtage til eller fra mæglere eller andre mellemhandlere for formidling af optioner, futures, swaps og andre derivatkontrakter behandles som betalinger for tjenester på de relevante konti. Parterne i en swap anses ikke for at yde hinanden tjenester, men enhver betaling til tredjepart for at formidle swappen betragtes som betaling for en tjeneste. Ved en swapaftale, hvor der er tale om udveksling af hovedstole, registreres de modsvarende strømme som transaktioner i det underliggende instrument; andre betalingsstrømme registreres i kategorien finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.7). Teoretisk set kan den præmie, der betales til sælgeren af en option, betragtes som indbefattende serviceomkostninger, men i praksis er det som regel umuligt at udskille serviceelementet. Derfor skal hele købesummen registreres som anskaffelse af et finansielt aktiv for køberen og som indgåelse af en gældsforpligtelse for sælgeren.
5.226
Foreligger der ikke nogen hovedstolsudveksling, registreres der ikke nogen transaktion ved indgåelsen. I begge tilfælde oprettes der således implicit et finansielt derivat med en initial markedsværdi på nul. Herefter vil værdien af swappen være én af følgende:
a)
for hovedstole: den løbende markedsværdi af forskellen mellem den forventede fremtidige markedsværdi af de hovedstole, der skal genudveksles, og de hovedstole, der er anført i kontrakten, og
b)
for andre betalinger: den løbende markedsværdi af de fremtidige strømme som specificeret i kontrakten.
5.227
Ændringer i et finansielt derivats værdi over en periode registreres på omvurderingskontoen.
5.228
Efterfølgende genudveksling af hovedstole vil være omfattet af swapaftalens bestemmelser og kan indebære, at finansielle aktiver udveksles til en pris, som afviger fra markedsprisen på sådanne aktiver. Den modsvarende betaling mellem kontraktens parter vil være den, som er specificeret i kontrakten. Forskellen mellem markedspriser og kontraktpriser er da lig med aktivets/passivets realiseringsværdi på forfaldstidspunktet og registreres som en transaktion i finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (F.7). Alle transaktioner i finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner skal være lig den samlede kursgevinst eller det samlede kurstab i swapaftalens løbetid. Denne registrering er analog med de posteringer, der foretages i forbindelse med optioner, hvor man benytter sig af retten til at få leveret det underliggende aktiv.
5.229
En swapaftale eller en fremtidig rentesikringsaftale (FRA) registreres for institutionelle enheders vedkommende som finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner på aktivsiden, hvis nettoværdien er positiv. Er swappens nettoværdi negativ, registreres den pr. konvention også på aktivsiden for at undgå konstante skift mellem aktiv- og passivsiden. Negative nettobetalinger øger således nettoværdien.
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (F.8)
5.230
Definition
: Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender er finansielle aktiver og passiver oprettet som modstykke til transaktioner, hvor der er en tidsforskel mellem disse transaktioner og de modsvarende betalinger.
5.231
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender omfatter transaktioner i finansielle fordringer, der opstår ved forudbetaling eller udskudt betaling af vare- og tjenestetransaktioner, fordelingstransaktioner eller finansielle transaktioner på det sekundære marked.
5.232
Finansielle transaktioner i andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender omfatter:
a)
handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (F.81), samt
b)
andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (F.89).
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (F.81)
5.233
Definition
: Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger er finansielle fordringer opstået som følge af leverandørers direkte ydelse af kredit til købere af varer og tjenester og forudbetalinger for produkter under fremstilling eller bestilt produktion i form af kunders forudbetaling af varer og tjenester, der endnu ikke er leveret.
5.234
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger opstår, når betalingen for varer eller tjenester ikke sker samtidig med overdragelsen af ejendomsretten til varerne eller ydelsen af tjenesten. Hvis betalingen foretages forud for overdragelsen af ejendomsretten, er der tale om en forudbetaling.
5.235
Optjent, men endnu ikke betalt FISIM registreres sammen med det modsvarende finansielle instrument, sædvanligvis renter, og forudbetaling af forsikringspræmier registreres sammen med forsikringstekniske reserver (F.61); i begge tilfælde foretages der ingen postering under handelskreditter og forudbetalinger.
5.236
Underkategorien handelskreditter og forudbetalinger omfatter:
a)
finansielle fordringer i forbindelse med levering af varer og tjenester, hvor betaling ikke har fundet sted
b)
handelskreditter accepteret af factoringselskaber, medmindre de betragtes som lån
c)
akkumuleret husleje, og
d)
restancer vedrørende betaling af varer og tjenester, når der ikke er tale om lån.
5.237
Der skal skelnes mellem handelskreditter og handelsfinansiering i form af veksler og tredjemands kreditter til finansiering af handel.
5.238
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger omfatter ikke lån til finansiering af handelskreditter. De klassificeres som lån.
5.239
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger kan opdeles efter oprindelig løbetid i kortfristede og langfristede handelskreditter og forudbetalinger.
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (F.89)
5.240
Definition
: Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender er finansielle fordringer, som opstår på grund af tidsforskel mellem fordelingstransaktioner eller finansielle transaktioner på det sekundære marked og de modsvarende betalinger.
5.241
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender omfatter finansielle fordringer, der opstår ved tidsforskellen mellem akkumulerede transaktioner og betalinger af f.eks.:
a)
løn
b)
skatter og sociale bidrag
c)
udbytte
d)
husleje, og
e)
køb og salg af værdipapirer.
5.242
Påløbne renter og renterestancer registreres sammen med det rentebærende finansielle aktiv eller passiv, ikke som andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender. Hvis de påløbne renter ikke registreres som reinvesteret i det finansielle aktiv, klassificeres de under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender.
5.243
Gebyrer for lån af værdipapirer og guldlån, der betragtes som renter, registreres under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, ikke sammen med det instrument, hvortil de er knyttet.
5.244
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender omfatter ikke:
a)
statistiske afvigelser, bortset fra tidsforskelle, mellem vare- og tjenestetransaktioner, fordelingstransaktioner eller finansielle transaktioner og de modsvarende betalinger
b)
forudbetaling eller udskudt betaling ved udstedelse af andre finansielle aktiver eller indfrielse af andre former for gæld end dem, der er klassificeret under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender. Disse forudbetalinger eller udskudte betalinger klassificeres i kategorien for det relevante instrument
c)
for så vidt angår skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, og som hører til under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender: den del af disse skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, som ikke forventes inddrevet, og som derfor udgør en værdiløs fordring for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
BILAG 5.1
KLASSIFICERING AF FINANSIELLE TRANSAKTIONER
5.A1.01
Finansielle transaktioner kan klassificeres efter forskellige kriterier — efter type finansielt instrument, omsættelighed, indkomsttype, løbetid, valuta og renteform.
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter kategori
5.A1.02
Finansielle transaktioner klassificeres i kategorier og underkategorier som vist i tabel 5.3. Denne klassificering af transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver svarer til klassificeringen af finansielle aktiver og passiver.
Tabel 5.3 —
   
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner
Kategori
Kode
Monetært guld og SDR
F.1
Monetært guld
F.11
SDR
F.12
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.2
Sedler og mønt
F.21
Transferable indskud
F.22
Andre indskud
F.29
Gældsværdipapirer
F.3
Kortfristede
F.31
Langfristede
F.32
Lån
F.4
Kortfristede
F.41
Langfristede
F.42
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.5
Ejerandele
F.51
Noterede aktier
F.511
Unoterede aktier
F.512
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
F.519
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.52
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
F.521
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen 
pengemarkedsforeninger
F.522
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
F.6
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
F.61
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
F.62
Pensionsrettigheder
F.63
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
F.64
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.65
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
F.66
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.7
Finansielle derivater
F.71
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.72
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
F.8
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.81
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, 
undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.89
5.A1.03
Klassificeringen af finansielle transaktioner og af finansielle aktiver og passiver er primært baseret på de finansielle instrumenters likviditet, omsættelighed og juridiske karakter. Definitionen af kategorierne er generelt uafhængig af klassificeringen af de institutionelle enheder. Klassificeringen af finansielle aktiver og passiver kan udspecificeres yderligere ved en krydsklassificering efter institutionel enhed. For eksempel kan transferable indskud mellem pengeinstitutter (bortset fra centralbanken) krydsklassificeres som interbankpositioner.
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter omsættelighed
5.A1.04
Finansielle fordringer kan opdeles efter, om de er omsættelige eller ej. En fordring er omsættelig, hvis ejendomsretten uden videre kan overdrages fra én enhed til en anden ved overgivelse eller endossement, eller - for finansielle derivaters vedkommende - hvis den kan modregnes. Alle finansielle instrumenter kan potentielt handles, men omsættelige instrumenter er direkte bestemt til at blive handlet på et reguleret marked eller »over-the-counter«; at de rent faktisk handles, er dog ikke en nødvendig betingelse for omsættelighed. De nødvendige betingelser for omsættelighed er:
a)
mulighed for overdragelse eller - for finansielle derivaters vedkommende - modregning
b)
standardisering, som ofte fremgår af ensartet beskaffenhed (fungibilitet) og tildeling af en ISIN-kode, og
c)
at ejeren af aktivet ikke kan gøre regres mod tidligere ejere.
5.A1.05
Værdipapirer, finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.7) er omsættelige finansielle fordringer. Værdipapirer omfatter gældsværdipapirer (AF.3), noterede aktier (AF.511), unoterede aktier (AF.512) og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.52). Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner klassificeres ikke som værdipapirer, selv om der er tale om omsættelige finansielle instrumenter. De er knyttet til specifikke finansielle eller ikkefinansielle aktiver eller indeks, ved hjælp af hvilke bestemte finansielle risici kan handles på de finansielle markeder.
5.A1.06
Monetært guld og SDR (AF.1), sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2), lån (AF.4), andre ejerandelsbeviser (AF.519), forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6) og andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8) er ikke omsættelige.
Strukturerede værdipapirer
5.A1.07
Strukturerede værdipapirer er som regel sammensat af et værdipapir eller en kurv af værdipapirer og et finansielt derivat eller en kurv af finansielle derivater. Finansielle instrumenter, som ikke er strukturerede værdipapirer, er f.eks. strukturerede indskud, der har karakter af både indskud og finansielle derivater. Til forskel fra finansielle derivater indebærer gældsværdipapirer som regel, at der på udstedelsestidspunktet betales en hovedstol, som skal tilbagebetales.
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter indkomsttype
5.A1.08
Finansielle transaktioner klassificeres efter den type indkomst, de skaber. Ved at sammenknytte indkomster og de modsvarende finansielle aktiver og passiver kan man foretage en beregning af afkast. I tabel 5.4 vises en detaljeret klassificering efter transaktion og indkomsttype. Mens monetært guld og SDR, indskud, gældsværdipapirer, lån og andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender er rentebærende, giver aktier fortrinsvis afkast i form af udbytte, reinvesteret indtjening eller udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber. Investeringsindkomst henføres til ejere af andele i investeringsforeninger og ejere af forsikringstekniske reserver. Den indtjening, der er forbundet med investering i et finansielt derivat, registreres ikke som indkomst, da der ikke er stillet nogen hovedstol til rådighed.
Tabel 5.4 —
   
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter indkomsttype
Finansielle transaktioner
Kode
Indkomsttype
Kode
Monetært guld og SDR
F.1
Renter
D.41
Sedler og mønt
F.21
Ingen
Transferable indskud
F.22
Renter
D.41
Andre indskud
F.29
Renter
D.41
Gældsværdipapirer
F.3
Renter
D.41
Lån
F.4
Renter
D.41
Ejerandele
F.51
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
D.42
Reinvesteret indtjening
D.43
Noterede og unoterede aktier
F.511
Udbytte
D.421
F.512
Reinvesteret indtjening
D.43
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
F.519
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
D.422
Reinvesteret indtjening
D.43
Udbytte
D.421
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.52
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.443
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
F.6
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.442
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.7
Ingen
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
F.8
Renter
D.41
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter renteform
5.A1.09
Finansielle aktiver og passiver, som giver renter, kan opdeles efter renteform i aktiver og passiver med fast, variabel eller blandet rente.
5.A1.10
For finansielle instrumenter med fast rente er den nominelle rente, der betales i henhold til kontrakten, fastsat i denomineringsvalutaen og gælder i det finansielle instruments løbetid eller i et bestemt antal år. Kreditor kender fra udstedelsesdatoen størrelsen af de beløb, han skal betale i renter og afdrag, samt tidspunkterne for betalingen.
5.A1.11
For finansielle instrumenter med variabel rente er renter og afdrag knyttet til en rentesats, et generelt prisindeks for varer og tjenester eller en pris på et aktiv. Referenceværdien varierer efter markedsvilkårene.
5.A1.12
Finansielle instrumenter med blandet rente har i deres løbetid både en fast og en variabel rente og klassificeres som finansielle instrumenter med variabel rente.
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter løbetid
5.A1.13
Til analyse af rentesatser, kapitalafkast, likviditet eller evne til at opfylde gældsforpligtelser kan en opdeling af finansielle aktiver og passiver efter forskellige løbetider være påkrævet.
Kort og lang løbetid
5.A1.14
Definition
: Et finansielt aktiv eller passiv med kort løbetid skal tilbagebetales på anfordring fra kreditor eller efter højst et år. Et finansielt aktiv eller passiv med lang løbetid skal tilbagebetales på et nærmere bestemt tidspunkt efter et år eller har ikke nogen fastsat løbetid.
Oprindelig løbetid og restløbetid
5.A1.15
Definition
: Ved finansielle aktivers og passivers oprindelige løbetid forstås perioden fra udstedelsesdatoen til den fastsatte dato for endelig tilbagebetaling. Ved finansielle aktivers og passivers restløbetid forstås perioden fra referencedatoen til den fastsatte dato for endelig tilbagebetaling.
5.A1.16
Begrebet oprindelig løbetid kan være en hjælp til at forstå aktiviteter i forbindelse med udstedelse af gældsbeviser. Gældsværdipapirer og lån opdeles derfor efter oprindelig løbetid i kortfristede og langfristede gældsværdipapirer og lån.
5.A1.17
Restløbetid er mere relevant i forbindelse med analyse af gældspositioner og evne til opfylde gældsforpligtelser.
Klassificering af finansielle transaktioner efter valuta
5.A1.18
Mange af kategorierne, underkategorierne og underpositionerne af finansielle aktiver og passiver kan opdeles efter den valuta, hvori de er denomineret.
5.A1.19
Finansielle aktiver eller passiver i udenlandsk valuta omfatter bl.a. finansielle aktiver eller passiver denomineret i en kurv af valutaer, f.eks. SDR og finansielle aktiver eller passiver denomineret i guld. En sondring mellem national og udenlandsk valuta er særlig nyttig i forbindelse med sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2), gældsværdipapirer (AF.3) og lån (AF.4).
5.A1.20
Afregningsvalutaen kan være en anden end denomineringsvalutaen. Afregningsvalutaen er den valuta, som værdien af beholdninger og strømme af finansielle instrumenter, f.eks. værdipapirer, konverteres til, hver gang der foretages afregning.
Pengemængdebegreber
5.A1.21
I forbindelse med pengepolitiske analyser kan det være nødvendigt at identificere pengemængdebegreber som f.eks. M1, M2 og M3 på den finansielle konto. I ENS 2010 er der ikke fastlagt pengemængdebegreber.
KAPITEL 6
ANDRE STRØMME
INDLEDNING
6.01
Andre strømme er ændringer i værdien af aktiver og passiver, som ikke er resultatet af transaktioner. Grunden til, at disse strømme ikke er transaktioner, er, at de ikke opfylder et eller flere af kendetegnene ved transaktioner. For eksempel kan det være, at de institutionelle enheder, der er involveret, ikke handler ved gensidig overenskomst, hvilket er tilfældet i forbindelse med ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse af aktiver. Ændringen kan også skyldes en naturbegivenhed som for eksempel et jordskælv og ikke et rent økonomisk fænomen. Eller værdien af et aktiv udtrykt i udenlandsk valuta kan ændres som følge af en ændring i vekselkursen.
ANDRE ÆNDRINGER I AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
6.02
Definition:
 Andre ændringer i aktiver og passiver er økonomiske strømme — bortset fra strømme, som er resultatet af transaktioner, der registreres på kapitalkontoen og den finansielle konto — der ændrer værdien af aktiverne og passiverne.
Der skelnes mellem to typer af andre ændringer. Den første består i ændringer i mængden af aktiver og passiver. Den anden består i nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og passiver (K.1-K.6)
6.03
På kapitalkontoen kan producerede og ikkeproducerede aktiver tilgå og fragå en sektor gennem anskaffelse og afhændelse af aktiver, forbrug af fast realkapital eller tilgang til, afgang fra og løbende tab på lagerbeholdninger. På den finansielle konto tilgår finansielle aktiver og passiver systemet, når en debitor accepterer en fremtidig forpligtelse til at betale en kreditor, og fragår systemet, når denne forpligtelse er blevet opfyldt.
6.04
I andre mængdeændringer i aktiver og passiver indgår også strømme, hvorved aktiver og passiver tilgår eller fragår regnskaberne på anden måde end ved transaktioner — f.eks. tilgang og afgang i forbindelse med opdagelse, udtømmelse og nedbrydning af naturforekomster.
Derudover omfatter andre mængdeændringer i aktiver og passiver virkningen af usædvanlige, uventede ydre hændelser, som ikke er af økonomisk art, og ændringer, der skyldes omklassificering eller omlægning af institutionelle enheder eller aktiver og passiver.
6.05
Andre mængdeændringer i aktiver og passiver omfatter seks kategorier:
a)
økonomisk opståen af aktiver (K.1)
b)
økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver (K.2)
c)
tab ved katastrofer (K.3)
d)
ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse (K.4)
e)
andre mængdeændringer ikke andetsteds nævnt (K.5) og
f)
klassifikationsændringer (K.6).
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver (K.1)
6.06
Ved økonomisk opståen af aktiver forstås en forøgelse af mængden af producerede og ikkeproducerede aktiver, som ikke er resultatet af en produktion. Det omfatter
a)
historiske monumenter, f.eks. strukturer eller steder med særlig arkæologisk, historisk eller kulturel betydning, når deres værdi første gang registreres på statuskontoen
b)
værdigenstande, såsom ædelstene, antikviteter og kunstgenstande, når den høje værdi eller den kunstneriske betydning af en genstand, der ikke allerede er opført på statuskontiene, første gang registreres
c)
opdagelse af udnyttelige forekomster i undergrunden af kul, olie, naturgas, metalliske mineraler eller ikkemetalliske mineraler. Omfattet er også opvurderinger af værdien af reserver, hvis udnyttelse bliver rentabel som følge af teknologiske fremskridt eller relative prisændringer
d)
naturlig vækst i ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer, f.eks. naturlige skove og fiskebestanden, hvor væksten i de økonomiske aktiver ikke er underlagt en institutionel enheds direkte kontrol, ansvar og forvaltning og således ikke betragtes som produktion
e)
overførsler af andre naturressourcer til økonomisk aktivitet: naturressourcer, som ændrer status, således at de bliver til økonomiske aktiver. Som eksempler kan nævnes udnyttelse af urskove, omdannelse af øde, uopdyrket jord til jord, som kan udnyttes økonomisk, arealindvinding og opkrævning af afgifter for indvinding af vand. De naturgivne ressourcer kan også opnå værdi på grund af økonomiske aktiviteter i nærheden; f.eks. kan værdien af et stykke jord stige, fordi der tæt på er planer om at anlægge eller anlægges en tilkørselsvej. Omkostninger til forbedring af jord registreres som faste bruttoinvesteringer, men en eventuel værdistigning af jorden ud over værdien af jordforbedringerne registreres som økonomisk opståen
f)
kvalitative ændringer i naturgivne aktiver på grund af ændringer i den økonomiske anvendelse. Ændringer i kvalitet registreres som mængdeændringer. De kvalitative ændringer, der registreres her, optræder som modpostering til ændringer i økonomisk anvendelse, der vises som ændringer i klassifikation (jf. 6.21). For eksempel kan en omklassificering af opdyrket jord til jord, hvorpå der ligger bygninger, medføre en værdistigning og en ændring i klassificeringen. I et sådant tilfælde medregnes aktivet allerede under aktiver, og det er den kvalitative ændring af aktivet som følge af den ændrede økonomiske anvendelse, der anses for at være aktivets opståen. Et andet eksempel er den øgede værdi af malkekvæg, når det sendes til slagtning tidligere end forventet
g)
opståen af værdi gennem indgåelse af omsættelige kontrakter, herunder leasingkontrakter, licenser og tilladelser. Værdien i sådanne kontrakter, licenser og tilladelser udgør et aktiv, når værdien af den rettighed, de giver grundlag for, overstiger de beløb, der skal betales for dem, og indehaveren kan realisere denne ved at overdrage dem til andre, og
h)
ændringer i værdien af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver, som opstår, når institutionelle enheder sælges til priser, der overstiger deres egenkapital (jf. 7.07). Forskellen mellem køberprisen og egenkapitalen benævnes »købt goodwill og købte markedsføringsaktiver«. Goodwill, som ikke er tilvejebragt gennem salg/køb, betragtes ikke som et økonomisk aktiv.
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver (K.2)
6.07
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver omfatter:
a)
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer, som omfatter værdiforringelsen af forekomster af aktiver i undergrunden, og udtømmelse af ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer, der henregnes under aktiver (jf. litra e) i 6.06) som følge af høst, skovrydning eller udnyttelse ud over et bæredygtigt niveau. Mange af de mulige posteringer her er modposteringer til de posteringer, der er beskrevet i litra c)-f) i 6.06.
b)
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver, som omfatter
i)
nedskrivning af værdien af købt goodwill og købte markedsføringsaktiver og
ii)
ophør af fordelene ved omsættelige kontrakter, herunder leasingkontrakter, licenser og tilladelser.
Tab ved katastrofer (K.3)
6.08
Tab ved katastrofer registreret som andre mængdeændringer er resultatet af store erkendelige enkelthændelser, som ødelægger økonomiske aktiver.
6.09
Til sådanne hændelser regnes større jordskælv, vulkanudbrud, flodbølger, usædvanligt voldsomme orkaner, tørke og andre naturkatastrofer; krigshandlinger, oprør og andre politiske hændelser; teknologiske ulykker såsom større giftudslip eller emission af radioaktive partikler i luften. Som eksempler på sådanne hændelser kan nævnes
a)
forringelse af kvaliteten af jord som følge af usædvanligt kraftige oversvømmelser eller stormskader
b)
ødelæggelse af avlede/dyrkede aktiver som følge af tørke eller udbrud af sygdomme
c)
ødelæggelse af bygninger, udstyr eller værdigenstande i forbindelse med skovbrande eller jordskælv og
d)
utilsigtet ødelæggelse af sedler og mønt eller ihændehaverpapirer som følge af naturkatastrofer eller politiske hændelser eller ødelæggelse af dokumentation for ejendomsretten.
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse (K.4)
6.10
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse optræder, når offentlige myndigheder eller andre institutionelle enheder af årsager, som ikke har noget at gøre med betaling af skatter, bøder eller lignende afgifter, overtager aktiver tilhørende andre institutionelle enheder, herunder ikkeresidente enheder, uden at disse opnår fuld kompensation. Beslaglæggelse af aktiver i tilknytning til kriminelle aktiviteter betragtes som en bøde. Den ikkekompenserede andel af sådanne ensidige beslaglæggelser registreres som en anden mængdeændring.
6.11
Kreditorers pantovertagelse og -tilbagetagelse registreres ikke som ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse, fordi det i aftalen mellem parterne enten eksplicit eller implicit er fastlagt, at denne metode kan anvendes.
Andre mængdeændringer ikke andetsteds nævnt (K.5)
6.12
Andre mængdeændringer ikke andetsteds nævnt (K.5) omfatter virkningerne af uforudselige hændelser på aktivers økonomiske værdi.
6.13
Som eksempler på andre mængdeændringer i ikkefinansielle aktiver ikke andetsteds nævnt kan nævnes
a)
uforudset forældelse. Antagelser, der anvendes ved beregning af forbrug af fast realkapital, omfatter ikke uforudset forældelse af faste aktiver. Det beløb, der opføres for den forventede forældelse af disse, kan være for lavt i forhold til den faktiske forældelse. Der skal derfor foretages nedskrivninger af værdien af de faste aktiver, f.eks. som følge af indførelsen af forbedret teknologi
b)
forskelle mellem de beløb, som er opført under forbrug af fast realkapital til dækning af normale skadestilfælde og faktiske tab. Forbrug af fast realkapital dækker ikke uforudsete skadestilfælde, og det beløb, der opføres til dækning af de normalt forventelige skadestilfælde, kan være mindre end eller overstige de faktisk opståede skader. Der skal derfor foretages justeringer for uforudset nedgang eller stigning i værdien af de faste aktiver, som skyldes sådanne hændelser. De tab, der justeres for her, er ikke tilstrækkeligt store til, at de kan betragtes som tab ved katastrofer
c)
forringelse af faste aktiver, som der ikke er taget hensyn til i forbruget af fast realkapital. Det omfatter nedgang i værdien af faste aktiver, f.eks. på grund af de uforudsete virkninger af syreholdig luft og sur regn på bygningsfacader eller køretøjers karrosserier
d)
opgivelse af produktionsanlæg før færdiggørelse, eller før de tages i brug økonomisk
e)
ekstraordinære tab i lagerbeholdninger (f.eks. på grund af brandskade, røveri eller insektangreb i kornlagre), der ikke betragtes som tab ved katastrofer.
6.14
Som eksempler på andre mængdeændringer vedrørende finansielle aktiver og passiver ikke andetsteds nævnt kan nævnes
a)
tab af sedler og mønt eller ihændehaverpapirer af grunde (f.eks. brand eller tyveri), der ikke betragtes som katastrofer, og sedler og mønt, der tages ud af omløb, og som ikke længere kan veksles, undtagen beløb, hvor der er sket en ændring i klassificeringen fra sedler og mønt til værdipapirer
b)
ændringer i finansielle fordringer som følge af afskrivninger. Disse indgår ikke i den finansielle konto, fordi der ikke er nogen gensidig aftale mellem parterne. Nærmere bestemt kan en kreditor nå frem til, at en finansiel fordring ikke længere kan inddrives, f.eks. på grund af konkurs eller likvidation, og fjerne fordringen fra sin balance. Kreditors erkendelse af, at fordringen ikke kan inddrives, registreres som andre mængdeændringer i aktiver. Den tilsvarende gæld skal også fjernes fra debitors balance for at opretholde balancen i den samlede økonomis regnskaber. Undtaget fra dette generelle princip er skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (jf. litra d) i 6.15)
c)
ændringer vedrørende livsforsikringer, livrenter og pensioner som følge af ændringer i de demografiske forudsætninger
d)
hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier, når de forventede forpligtelser overstiger de forventede indtægter og fordringer.
6.15
Andre mængdeændringer ikke andetsteds nævnt omfatter ikke
a)
ændringer i finansielle fordringer som følge af nedskrivninger, der afspejler den faktiske markedsværdi af omsættelige finansielle fordringer: disse ændringer tages der højde for i omvurderingskontoen
b)
annullering af gæld ved gensidig aftale mellem debitor og kreditor (gældsannullering debitor (jf. litra f) i 4.165)
c)
gældsfragåelse: debitors ensidige annullering af en gæld registreres ikke
d)
skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, og som denne sektor ensidigt beslutter at anse for uerholdelige (jf. 1.57, 4.27 og 4.82).
Klassifikationsændringer (K.6)
6.16
Klassifikationsændringer omfatter ændringer i sektorklassifikation og de institutionelle enheders struktur og ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver.
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og de institutionelle enheders struktur (K.61)
6.17
Omklassifikation af en institutionel enhed fra en sektor til en anden betyder, at hele dens statuskonto overføres; hvis f.eks. en institutionel enhed, der er klassificeret i sektoren husholdninger, bliver finansielt uafhængig af sin ejer, kan den blive til et kvasiselskab, som så igen skal omklassificeres til sektoren selskaber.
6.18
Ændringer i sektorklassifikationen indebærer, at hele statuskontoen overføres fra en sektor eller delsektor til en anden. Overførslen kan medføre konsolidering eller dekonsolidering af aktiver og passiver, som også indgår i denne kategori.
6.19
Ændringer i strukturen af institutionelle enheder omfatter opståen og forsvinden af visse finansielle aktiver og passiver, som skyldes omstrukturering af selskaber. Når et selskab forsvinder som uafhængig juridisk enhed, fordi det overtages af et eller flere selskaber, forsvinder alle finansielle aktiver og passiver, herunder aktier og andre ejerandelsbeviser, der eksisterede mellem det overtagne selskab og dem, der overtog det, fra ENS. Køb af aktier og andre ejerandelsbeviser i et selskab som en del af en fusion registreres som en finansiel transaktion mellem det købende selskab og de tidligere ejere. Udskiftning af eksisterende aktier med aktier i det købende selskab eller et nyt selskab registreres som indløsninger af aktier ledsaget af udstedelse af nye aktier. Finansielle aktiver og passiver, som eksisterede mellem det overtagne selskab og tredjemand, forbliver uændrede og overgår til det overtagende selskab.
6.20
På tilsvarende måde, når et selskab juridisk spaltes i to eller flere institutionelle enheder, registreres opståen af finansielle aktiver og passiver som ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur.
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver (K.62)
6.21
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver opstår, hvis aktiverne og passiverne er opført i én kategori i primostatuskontoen og i en anden i ultimostatuskontoen. Eksempelvis kan nævnes ændringer i anvendelsen af jord eller ombygning af boliger til erhvervsmæssig brug eller omvendt. Når der er tale om jord, skal begge posteringer (en negativ postering for den gamle kategori, en positiv for den nye kategori) foretages med samme værdi. Ændringer i jordværdi som følge af denne ændring i anvendelse registreres som en mængdeændring og ikke som en omvurdering og dermed som økonomisk opståen af aktiver eller økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver.
6.22
Opståen eller forsvinden af monetært guld i form af guldbarrer kan ikke ske ved en finansiel transaktion, men tilgår eller fragår systemet gennem andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver.
6.23
I forbindelse med guldbarrer foreligger der et særligt tilfælde af ændring i klassifikation. Guldbarrer kan være et finansielt aktiv (monetært guld) eller en værdigenstand (ikkemonetært guld), afhængigt af ihændehaveren og begrundelsen for at være ihændehaver. Monetarisering er ændringen i klassifikationen af guldbarrer fra ikkemonetært guld til monetært guld. Demonetarisering er ændringen i klassifikationen af guldbarrer fra monetært guld til ikkemonetært guld.
6.24
Transaktioner i tilknytning til guldbarrer registreres som følger.
a)
Når en monetær myndighed sælger guldbarrer, der er et reserveaktiv, til en ikkeresident institutionel enhed, der ikke er en monetær myndighed, eller til en resident institutionel enhed, registreres der en transaktion i ikkemonetært guld. Demonetarisering af guld som en ændring i klassifikationen af guldbarrer fra monetært guld til ikkemonetært guld finder sted umiddelbart før transaktionen og registreres som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i den monetære myndigheds aktiver.
b)
Når en monetær myndighed køber guldbarrer af en ikkeresident eller en resident institutionel enhed til sine reserveaktiver, og guldet ikke allerede er et reserveaktiv, registreres der en transaktion i ikkemonetært guld. Monetarisering af guld som en ændring i klassifikationen af guldbarrer fra ikkemonetært guld til monetært guld finder sted umiddelbart efter transaktionen og registreres som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i den monetære myndigheds aktiver.
c)
Når køber og sælger er monetære myndigheder fra forskellige økonomier, og begge er indehavere af guldbarrerne som en del af deres reserveaktiver, foreligger der en transaktion i guldbarrer, der registreres på den finansielle konto.
d)
I andre tilfælde er guldbarrer altid ikkemonetært guld, og transaktioner i ikkemonetært guld registreres.
De to ovennævnte tilfælde vedrørende en monetær myndighed finder også anvendelse på en international finansiel organisation.
6.25
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver omfatter ikke konvertering af gældsværdipapirer til aktier, hvilket registreres som to finansielle transaktioner.
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.7)
6.26
På omvurderingskontoen registreres de nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab, der for ejerne af aktiver og passiver opstår i en regnskabsperiode, og som afspejler ændringer i aktivernes og passivernes prisniveau og -struktur. Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab (kategori K.7) omfatter neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab (underkategori K.71) og reale kapitalgevinster og -tab (underkategori K.72).
6.27
Definition:
 De nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.7) på et aktiv er stigninger eller fald i aktivets værdi for dets økonomiske ejer som følge af stigninger eller fald i prisen på det. De nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab på et finansielt passiv er fald eller stigninger i passivets værdiansættelse som følge af fald eller stigninger i prisen på det.
6.28
En kapitalgevinst opstår ved en stigning i et aktivs værdi eller et fald i et passivs værdi. Et kapitaltab opstår ved et fald i et aktivs værdi eller en stigning i et passivs værdi.
6.29
De nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab, der registreres på omvurderingskontoen, er dem, der påløber aktiver eller passiver, uanset om de er blevet realiseret eller ej. En kapitalgevinst siges at være realiseret, når det pågældende aktiv sælges, indløses, anvendes eller på anden måde afhændes, eller når gælden tilbagebetales. En ikkerealiseret gevinst er en gevinst, der påløber et aktiv, som stadig ejes, eller et passiv, som stadig er udestående ved slutningen af regnskabsperioden. Ved en realiseret gevinst forstås som regel den gevinst, der er realiseret over hele den periode, i hvilken aktivet ejes eller passivet er udestående, uanset om denne periode falder sammen med regnskabsperioden eller ej. Da kapitalgevinster og -tab imidlertid registreres efter optjeningstidspunkt, forekommer sondringen mellem realiserede og ikkerealiserede gevinster og tab, som kan være nyttig i visse sammenhænge, ikke i klassifikationerne og kontiene.
6.30
Kapitalgevinster og -tab omfatter gevinster og tab på alle slags ikkefinansielle aktiver, finansielle aktiver og passiver. Omfattet er således også kapitalgevinster og -tab på lagerbeholdninger af alle typer varer, som producenterne ligger inde med, herunder produkter under fremstilling.
6.31
Der kan påløbe nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab på aktiver eller passiver, der ejes i en hvilken som helst periode inden for regnskabsperioden, og ikke kun på aktiver eller passiver, der optræder på primostatuskontoen og/eller ultimostatuskontoen. De nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab, der tilfalder eller påføres ejeren af et bestemt aktiv eller passiv, eller en given mængde af en speciel type aktiv eller passiv, mellem to tidspunkter, defineres som »den løbende værdi af dette aktiv eller passiv på det senere tidspunkt minus den løbende værdi af dette aktiv eller passiv på det tidligere tidspunkt«, idet det antages, at aktivet eller passivet selv ikke ændrer sig i mellemtiden, hverken kvalitativt eller kvantitativt.
6.32
Den nominelle kapitalgevinst (G), som påløber en given mængde q af et eller andet aktiv mellem tidspunkterne o og t, kan udtrykkes som følger:
,
hvor p
o
 og p
t
 er priserne på aktivet på henholdsvis tidspunkt o og tidspunkt t. For finansielle aktiver og passiver med faste løbende værdier i national valuta er p
o
 og p
t
 pr. definition lig med 1, og den nominelle kapitalgevinst er altid nul.
6.33
Med henblik på at beregne de nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab skal anskaffelser og afhændelser af aktiver værdiansættes på samme måde, som de er registreret på kapitalkontoen og den finansielle konto, og beholdningen af aktiver skal værdiansættes på samme måde, som den er registreret i statuskontiene. Er der tale om faste aktiver, er værdien af en anskaffelse det beløb, som køberen betaler til producenten eller sælgeren, plus køberens tilhørende omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten. Værdien af en afhændelse af et eksisterende fast aktiv er det beløb, som sælgeren modtager fra køberen, minus sælgerens omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten.
6.34
En undtagelse fra det forhold, der er beskrevet i 6.33, forekommer, hvis den pris, der betales, afviger fra aktivets markedsværdi. I så fald imputeres der en kapitaloverførsel for forskellen mellem den betalte pris og markedsværdien, og anskaffelsen registreres til markedsværdi. Dette forekommer navnlig i forbindelse med transaktioner inden for ikkemarkedsmæssige sektorer.
6.35
Der skelnes mellem fire forskellige situationer, der kan give anledning til nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab:
a)
et aktiv, som ejes i hele regnskabsperioden: Den nominelle kapitalgevinst, der påløber i regnskabsperioden, er lig med ultimostatus(konto)værdien minus primostatus(konto)værdien minus eventuelt forbrug af fast realkapital i regnskabsperioden. Disse værdier er de anslåede værdier af aktiverne, hvis de skulle anskaffes på de tidspunkter, hvor statuskontiene udarbejdes. Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er ikkerealiseret
b)
et aktiv, som ejes ved begyndelsen af perioden, og som sælges i løbet af perioden: Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er lig med værdien ved afhændelsen minus primostatus(konto)værdien minus eventuelt forbrug af fast realkapital i regnskabsperioden, der finder sted før salget. Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er realiseret
c)
еt aktiv, som er anskaffet i løbet af perioden, og som stadig ejes ved slutningen af perioden: Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er lig med ultimostatus(konto)værdien minus værdien ved anskaffelsen minus eventuelt forbrug af fast realkapital i regnskabsperioden. Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er ikkerealiseret, og
d)
et aktiv, som anskaffes og afhændes i løbet af regnskabsperioden: Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er lig med værdien ved afhændelsen minus værdien ved anskaffelsen minus eventuelt forbrug af fast realkapital i regnskabsperioden mellem anskaffelsen og afhændelsen. Den nominelle kapitalgevinst er realiseret.
6.36
De nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab er dem, der påløber aktiver og passiver, hvad enten de realiseres eller ej. De registreres på de pågældende sektorers, den samlede økonomis og udlandets omvurderingskonto.
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.71)
6.37
Definition:
 Ved neutrale kapitalgevinster og –tab (K.71) på et aktiv eller passiv forstås værdien af den kapitalgevinst eller det kapitaltab, som påløber, hvis prisen på aktivet eller passivet ændres over tid i samme forhold som det generelle prisniveau.
6.38
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab beregnes for at gøre det lettere at udlede reale kapitalgevinster og -tab til omfordeling af den reale købekraft mellem sektorerne.
6.39
Kaldes det generelle prisindeks for r, kan den neutrale kapitalgevinst (NG) på en given mængde q af et aktiv mellem tidspunkterne o og t udtrykkes som følger:
,
hvor p
o
 × q er den løbende værdi af aktivet på tidspunkt o, og r
t
/r
o
 er faktoren for ændringen i det generelle prisindeks mellem tidspunkterne o og t. Størrelsen r
t
/r
o
 anvendes på alle aktiver og passiver.
6.40
Det generelle prisindeks, der anvendes til beregning af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab, er prisindekset for endelig indenlandsk anvendelse eksklusive lagerændringer.
6.41
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab registreres på kontoen for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab, som er en underkonto under sektorernes, den samlede økonomis og udlandets omvurderingskonto.
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab (K.72)
6.42
Definition
: Ved reale kapitalgevinster og –tab (K.72) på et aktiv eller passiv forstås forskellen mellem den nominelle og den neutrale kapitalgevinst på dette aktiv.
6.43
Den reale kapitalgevinst (RG) på en given mængde q af et aktiv mellem tidspunkterne o og t kan udtrykkes således:
eller
6.44
Værdierne af de reale kapitalgevinster og -tab på aktiver og passiver afhænger således af udviklingen i deres priser over den pågældende periode i forhold til den gennemsnitlige udvikling i andre priser målt med det generelle prisindeks.
6.45
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab registreres på kontoen for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab, som er en underkonto under omvurderingskontoen.
Kapitalgevinster og -tab opdelt efter typen af finansielt aktiv og passiv
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (AF.1)
6.46
Da prisen på monetært guld sædvanligvis angives i amerikanske dollar, er værdien af monetært guld underlagt nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab som følge af ændringer i valutakursen samt prisen på selve guldet.
6.47
Da de særlige trækningsrettigheder udgøres af flere valutaer, ændrer deres værdi i den nationale valuta og følgelig værdien af kapitalgevinster og -tab sig i takt med kursen på de forskellige valutaer i forhold til den nationale valuta.
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2)
6.48
De løbende værdier af sedler og mønt samt indskud i national valuta forbliver konstante over tid. »Prisen« på et sådant aktiv er altid lig med 1, mens mængden bestemmes ved antallet af enheder af den valuta, de er udstedt i. De nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab på sådanne aktiver er altid lig 0. Derfor forklares forskellen mellem værdierne af begyndelses- og slutbeholdningen af sådanne aktiver, med undtagelse af andre mængdemæssige ændringer, alene ved værdierne af transaktionerne i aktiverne. Dette er et sjældent tilfælde, hvor det normalt er muligt at trække transaktionerne fra ændringerne i tallene på statuskontiene.
6.49
Den påløbne rente på indskud registreres på den finansielle konto som samtidig geninvesteret indskud.
6.50
Kapital i form af udenlandsk valuta og indskud udtrykt i andre valutaer er udsat for nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab som følge af ændringer i valutakurserne.
6.51
Til at beregne neutrale og reale kapitalgevinster på aktiver med fast løbende værdi er det nødvendigt at råde over data vedrørende tidspunkterne for og værdierne af transaktionerne samt primostatuskonto- og ultimostatuskontoværdierne. Hvis der f.eks. foretages et indskud, og det hæves igen inden for regnskabsperioden, mens det generelle prisniveau stiger, så er den neutrale gevinst på indskuddet positiv og den reale gevinst negativ — størrelsen af beløbet afhænger af indskuddets løbetid og inflationen. Det er umuligt at registrere sådanne reale tab uden oplysninger om værdien af de transaktioner, der har fundet sted i løbet af regnskabsperioden, og om, hvornår de er foretaget.
6.52
Generelt kan man gå ud fra, at hvis den samlede absolutte værdi af de positive og negative transaktioner er stor i forhold til primostatuskonto- og ultimostatuskontoværdierne, så vil de omtrentlige overslag over de neutrale og reale kapitalgevinster og -tab på finansielle aktiver og passiver med faste løbende værdier udledt af statuskontodataene alene ikke være særlig tilfredsstillende. Selv bruttoregistrering af værdierne af de finansielle transaktioner — dvs. særskilt registrering af foretagne og hævede indskud i stedet for den samlede værdi af indskud minus hævninger — vil ikke altid være tilstrækkelig uden oplysninger om det tidsmæssige forløb af indskuddene.
Gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
6.53
Udstedes langfristede gældsværdipapirer, f.eks. obligationer, til overkurs eller underkurs, herunder obligationer noteret til kurs langt under pari samt nulkuponobligationer, er det forskellen mellem deres emissionskurs og deres pålydende værdi eller indfrielseskurs, når de forfalder, der bestemmer de renter, som udstederen skal betale i gældsværdipapirets løbetid. Disse renter registreres som formueindkomst, som udstederen af det langfristede gældsværdipapir skal betale, og som indehaveren af gældsværdipapiret modtager i tilgift til eventuelle kuponrenter, som udstederen faktisk har betalt med bestemte tidsintervaller i gældsværdipapirets løbetid.
6.54
De påløbne renter registreres på den finansielle konto som værende samtidig reinvesteret i gældsværdipapiret af dets indehaver. De registreres derfor på den finansielle konto som anskaffelse af et aktiv, som lægges til det bestående aktiv. Således afspejler den gradvise forøgelse af markedsværdien af et langfristet gældværdipapir, som skyldes akkumuleringen af påløbne reinvesterede renter, en vækst i den udestående hovedstol — dvs. i størrelsen af aktivet. Det er altså en kvantums- eller mængdeforøgelse og ikke en prisforøgelse. Det skaber ikke nogen kapitalgevinst for indehaveren af det langfristede gældsværdipapir eller noget kapitaltab for udstederen. Gældsværdipapirer ændres kvalitativt over tid, efterhånden som de nærmer sig forfaldstidspunktet, og det er vigtigt at fastslå, at en forøgelse af deres værdi som følge af akkumuleringen af påløbne renter ikke er prisændringer og ikke skaber kapitalgevinster.
6.55
Kurserne på fastforrentede langfristede gældsværdipapirer ændrer sig imidlertid også, når markedsrenten ændrer sig, og de ændrer sig omvendt i forhold til renten. Virkningen af en given renteændring på kursen på et enkelt langfristet gældsværdipapir er desto mindre, jo tættere værdipapiret er på forfaldsdatoen. Ændringer i kurserne på langfristede gældsværdipapirer, som skyldes ændringer i markedsrenten, udgør prisændringer og ikke kvantumsændringer. De skaber derfor nominelle kapitalgevinster eller -tab både for udstederne og indehaverne. En rentestigning skaber en nominel kapitalgevinst for udstederen af gældsværdipapiret og et tilsvarende nominelt kapitaltab for indehaveren og omvendt, hvis der er tale om rentefald.
6.56
Renter og afdrag på gældsværdipapirer med variabel rente er knyttet til et generelt prisindeks for varer og tjenester (f.eks. forbrugerprisindekset), en rentesats (f.eks. Euribor, LIBOR eller et obligationsafkast) eller en pris på et aktiv.
Når kuponudbetalingerne og/eller restlånebeløbet er knyttet til et generelt eller bredt prisindeks, behandles ændringen i restlånebeløbets værdi mellem begyndelsen og slutningen af en bestemt regnskabsperiode, der skyldes bevægelser i det pågældende indeks, som påløbne renter i perioden og lægges til de andre af periodens forfaldne renter.
Når indekseringen af de beløb, der skal betales ved udløb, indbefatter et incitament til kapitalgevinst, typisk indeksering baseret på en enkelt, snævert defineret post, vil enhver afvigelse i det underliggende indeks i forhold til de oprindelige forventninger medføre kapitalgevinster eller -tab, som normalt ikke vil blive udlignet i instrumentets løbetid.
6.57
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab kan opstå på kortfristede gældsværdipapirer på samme måde som på langfristede gældsværdipapirer. Da kortfristede gældsværdipapirer har langt kortere løbetid, er de kapitalgevinster, der opstår ved renteændringer, generelt meget mindre end ved langfristede gældsværdipapirer med samme pålydende værdi.
Lån (AF.4)
6.58
Den samme situation som for valuta og indskud gør sig gældende for lån, der ikke omsættes. Men hvis et eksisterende lån sælges til en anden institutionel enhed, skal afskrivningen af lånet (dvs. forskellen mellem indfrielseskursen og transaktionsprisen) registreres på sælgerens og køberens omvurderingskonto på transaktionstidspunktet.
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5)
6.59
Friaktier forøger antallet af aktier og den nominelle værdi af aktiemassen, men ændrer i princippet ikke i sig selv markedsværdien af den samlede mængde aktier. Dette gælder også udstedelse af fondsaktier, som er en forholdsmæssig fordeling af yderligere aktier i et selskab til ejerne af stamaktier. Friaktier figurerer ikke nogen steder i regnskabet. Disse aktieudstedelser skal imidlertid forbedre aktiernes likviditet på markedet, og da aktiernes samlede markedsværdi herved kan stige, skal sådanne eventuelle ændringer registreres som en nominel kapitalgevinst.
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6)
6.60
Når reserver og rettigheder vedrørende forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier er udtrykt i national valuta, er der ikke nogen nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab, på samme måde som der ikke er nogen for valuta eller indskud og lån. De aktiver, som de finansielle institutioner har brugt for at opfylde forpligtelserne, er udsat for kapitalgevinster og -tab.
6.61
Forpligtelserne over for forsikringstagere og begunstigede ændrer sig som følge af transaktioner, andre mængdemæssige ændringer og omvurderinger. Omvurderinger skyldes ændringer af grundlæggende modelantagelser i de aktuarmæssige beregninger. Disse antagelser er diskonteringssatsen, lønsatsen og inflationen.
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.7)
6.62
Værdien af finansielle derivater kan ændre sig som følge af ændringer i værdien af det tilgrundliggende instrument, ændringer i det tilgrundliggende instruments volatilitet, eller efterhånden som kontraktopfyldelses- eller forfaldstidspunktet nærmer sig. Alle sådanne ændringer i værdien af finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner behandles som prisændringer og registreres som en omvurdering.
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8)
6.63
For andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, som ikke handles, gælder det samme som for national valuta, indskud og lån. Men hvis en eksisterende handelskredit sælges til en anden institutionel enhed, skal forskellen mellem indfrielseskursen og transaktionsprisen registreres som en omvurdering på transaktionstidspunktet. Da handelskreditter imidlertid normalt er kortfristede, kan salg af en handelskredit indebære, at der opstår et nyt finansielt instrument.
Aktiver udstedt i udenlandsk valuta
6.64
Værdien af aktiver og passiver udtrykt i udenlandsk valuta måles ved deres løbende markedsværdi i udenlandsk valuta konverteret til den nationale valuta til den gældende vekselkurs. Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab kan derfor opstå både ved ændringer i aktivets pris og i valutakursen. Den samlede værdi af de nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab, der opstår i løbet af regnskabsperioden, beregnes ved at trække værdien af transaktionerne og andre mængdemæssige ændringer fra forskellen mellem værdien på primostatuskontoen og værdien på ultimostatuskontoen. I dette øjemed skal transaktioner i aktiver og i passiver udtrykt i udenlandsk valuta konverteres til den nationale valuta, og her anvendes de vekselkurser, der er gældende på det tidspunkt, hvor transaktionen sker, mens primostatuskonto- og ultimostatuskontoværdierne konverteres ved hjælp af de vekselkurser, der er gældende på de tidspunkter, som statuskontiene refererer til. Dette betyder, at den samlede værdi af transaktionerne som nettoanskaffelser — anskaffelser minus afhændelser — udtrykt i udenlandsk valuta faktisk konverteres ved hjælp af en vægtet gennemsnitsvekselkurs, hvori vægtene er værdierne af transaktioner på forskellige tidspunkter.
KAPITEL 7
STATUSKONTI
7.01
Definition:
 En statuskonto er en opgørelse, udarbejdet for et bestemt tidspunkt, over værdien af en institutionel enheds eller gruppe af enheders aktiver og passiver.
7.02
Saldoposten på en statuskonto kaldes nettoformue (B.90). Beholdningen af aktiver og passiver, der er registreret på statuskontoen, er værdiansat til de relevante priser, hvilket normalt er markedspriserne på statusdagen, men for nogle kategorier til deres nominelle værdi. Der udarbejdes en statuskonto for residente institutionelle sektorer og delsektorer, den samlede økonomi og udlandet.
7.03
Statuskontoen afslutter kontosystemet, idet den viser den endelige virkning af posteringerne på produktionskontoen, indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskontiene samt akkumuleringskontiene på en økonomis samlede velstand.
7.04
For institutionelle sektorer er saldoposten på statuskontoen nettoformuen.
7.05
For den samlede nationale økonomi betegnes saldoposten ofte som nationalformuen, nemlig den samlede værdi af ikkefinansielle aktiver og finansielle aktiver, netto, over for udlandet.
7.06
Statuskontoen over for udlandet udarbejdes på samme måde som statuskontiene for de residente institutionelle sektorer og delsektorer. Den består udelukkende af ikkeresidenters positioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver over for residenter. I betalingsbalancemanualen BPM6 kaldes den tilsvarende statuskonto fra residenters synspunkt over for ikkeresidenter kapitalbalancen over for udlandet (international investment position (IIP)).
7.07
Egenkapitalen defineres som summen af nettoformuen (B.90) plus værdien af ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5) som passiver på statuskontoen.
7.08
For sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber og sektoren finansielle selskaber (og disses delsektorer) er egenkapitalen en indikator med samme analytiske betydning som nettoformuen.
7.09
Selskabers nettoformue vil normalt være forskellig fra værdien af deres udstedte aktier og andre ejerandelsbeviser. Kvasiselskabers nettoformue er lig med nul, fordi værdien af deres ejers ejerandelsbeviser antages at svare til aktiver minus passiver, der ikke er egenkapital. Nettoformuen for residente direkte investeringsforetagender, som er filialer af ikkeresidente foretagender, og som behandles som kvasiselskaber, er derfor lig med nul.
7.10
Saldoposten for finansielle aktiver og passiver betegnes finansiel nettoformue (BF.90).
7.11
En statuskonto er en opgørelse over værdien af aktiver og passiver på et bestemt tidspunkt. Statuskonti udarbejdes ved begyndelsen og slutningen af hver regnskabsperiode; primostatuskontoen ved periodens begyndelse er den samme som ultimostatuskontoen ved udgangen af den foregående periode.
7.12
En grundlæggende regnskabsmæssig identitet sammenknytter værdien af beholdningen af en bestemt type aktiver på primostatuskontoen og ultimostatuskontoen som følger:
værdien af beholdningen af en specifik type aktiver på primostatuskontoen
plus
transaktioner
den samlede værdi af sådanne aktiver erhvervet ved transaktioner, der finder sted i regnskabsperioden
minus
den samlede værdi af sådanne aktiver afhændet ved transaktioner, der finder sted i regnskabsperioden
minus
forbrug af fast realkapital (hvis relevant)
plus
andre mængdeændringer i aktiver
andre positive mængdeændringer vedrørende de pågældende aktiver
minus
andre negative mængdeændringer vedrørende de pågældende aktiver
plus
omvurderinger
værdien af nominelle kapitalgevinster i løbet af perioden, der skyldes ændringer i prisen for aktiverne
minus
værdien af nominelle kapitaltab i løbet af perioden, der skyldes ændringer i prisen for aktiverne
er lig med værdien af beholdningen af aktiverne på ultimostatuskontoen.
Der kan også opstilles en tabel, som sammenknytter værdien af beholdningen af en bestemt type passiver på primostatuskontoen og ultimostatuskontoen.
7.13
Den regnskabsmæssige forbindelse mellem primostatuskontoen og ultimostatuskontoen via transaktioner, andre mængdeændringer i aktiver og passiver og kapitalgevinster og -tab er fremstillet skematisk i bilag 7.2.
TYPER AF AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
Definition på et aktiv
7.14
De aktiver, der registreres på statuskontoen, er økonomiske aktiver.
7.15
Definition:
 Et økonomisk aktiv er et værdiopbevaringsmiddel, der repræsenterer det udbytte, som den økonomiske ejer har ved at eje eller anvende aktivet i en periode. Det er et middel til at fremføre værdi fra den ene regnskabsperiode til den næste.
7.16
Det økonomiske udbytte består af primære indkomster som f.eks. overskud af produktionen, hvor den økonomiske ejer anvender aktivet, eller formueindkomst, hvor den økonomiske ejer lader andre anvende det. Udbyttet opstår ved anvendelsen af aktivet og den værdi, herunder kapitalgevinster og -tab, der realiseres ved at afhænde eller afvikle det.
7.17
Den økonomiske ejer af et aktiv er ikke nødvendigvis den juridiske ejer. Den økonomiske ejer er den institutionelle enhed, der er berettiget til at gøre krav på udbyttet ved anvendelsen af aktivet ved at acceptere de dertil knyttede risici.
7.18
En oversigt over klassificeringen af de økonomiske aktiver, og hvad de omfatter, findes i tabel 7.1. En mere detaljeret definition af hver enkelt kategori af aktiver findes i bilag 7.1.
STØRRELSER, DER IKKE BETRAGTES SOM AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
7.19
Følgende medregnes ikke under aktiver og passiver:
a)
humankapital
b)
naturkapital, der ikke er økonomiske aktiver (f.eks. luft og flodvand)
c)
varige forbrugsgoder og
d)
eventualaktiver og -forpligtelser, som ikke er finansielle aktiver og passiver (jf. 7.31).
KATEGORIER AF AKTIVER OG PASSIVER
7.20
Der skelnes mellem to kategorier af poster på statuskontiene: ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN) og finansielle aktiver og passiver (AF).
7.21
Ikkefinansielle aktiver opdeles i producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1) og ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2).
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1)
7.22
Definition:
 Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1) er et resultat af produktionsprocesser.
7.23
Klassifikationen af producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1) er udformet således, at der skelnes mellem aktiverne ud fra deres rolle i produktionen. De består af faste aktiver, der anvendes gentagne gange eller løbende i produktionen i mere end et år, lagerbeholdninger, der anvendes i produktionen som forbrug i produktionen, sælges eller på anden måde afhændes, og værdigenstande. Værdigenstande anvendes ikke primært til produktion eller forbrug, men anskaffes og ejes i stedet primært som værdiopbevaringsmiddel.
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2)
7.24
Definition:
 Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2) er økonomiske aktiver, der er opstået på anden måde end som resultat af produktionsprocesser. De består af naturkapital, kontrakter, leasingkontrakter, licenser og tilladelser samt goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver.
7.25
De ikkeproducerede aktiver er klassificeret efter, hvordan de opstår. Nogle af disse aktiver findes i naturen, mens andre, der kan siges at være samfundsskabte størrelser, er blevet til ved juridiske eller regnskabsmæssige foranstaltninger.
7.26
Hvilken naturkapital der medregnes i statuskontoen, afgøres — i overensstemmelse med den generelle definition af et økonomisk aktiv — af, om aktiverne er underkastet effektiv økonomisk ejendomsret og er i stand til at sikre ejerne et økonomisk udbytte under hensyntagen til eksisterende teknologi og viden, de økonomiske muligheder, de forhåndenværende ressourcer og de eksisterende relative priser. Naturkapital, hvortil der ikke er etableret ejendomsret, som f. eks. det åbne hav eller den frie luft, medregnes ikke.
7.27
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter, licenser og tilladelser betragtes kun som ikkefinansielle aktiver, hvis der ved en kontrakt overdrages økonomisk udbytte til ejeren ud over beløb, der skal betales i henhold til aftalen, og ejeren retligt og praktisk kan realisere dette udbytte ved at overdrage det til andre.
Finansielle aktiver og passiver (AF)
7.28
Definition:
 Finansielle aktiver (AF) er økonomiske aktiver omfattende alle finansielle fordringer, aktier og andre ejerandelsbeviser samt den andel af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer (5.03). Passiver opstår, når debitorer er forpligtet til at foretage en eller flere betalinger til kreditor (5.06).
7.29
Finansielle aktiver er et værdiopbevaringsmiddel, der repræsenterer det økonomiske (løbende) udbytte, som den økonomiske ejer har ved at eje eller bruge aktiverne i et bestemt tidsrum. De er et middel til at fremføre værdi fra den ene regnskabsperiode til den næste. Udbytte udveksles ved hjælp af betalinger (5.04).
7.30
Hvert finansielt aktiv har et modsvarende passiv, med undtagelse af den del af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer, og som klassificeres i kategorien monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (AF.1).
7.31
Eventualaktiver og -passiver er aftaler, hvorefter den ene part er forpligtet til at foretage en eller flere betalinger til en anden enhed, hvis en række særlige betingelser er opfyldt (5.08). De er ikke finansielle aktiver og passiver.
7.32
Klassifikationen af finansielle aktiver og passiver svarer til klassifikationen af finansielle transaktioner (5.14). Definitionerne for de forskellige kategorier og underkategorier af finansielle aktiver og passiver og de supplerende forklaringer fremgår af kapitel 5 og gentages ikke her, men bilag 7.1 indeholder en oversigt over alle aktiver og passiver, som er omfattet af ENS.
Tabel 7.1 —
   
Klassifikation af aktiver
AN.
IKKEFINANSIELLE AKTIVER (AN.1 + AN.2)
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
 (
1
)
AN.111
Boliger
AN.112
Andre bygninger og anlæg
AN.1121
Bygninger, undtagen boliger
AN.1122
Andre anlæg
AN.1123
Jordforbedring
AN.113
Maskiner og udstyr
AN.1131
Transportmidler
AN.1132
IKT-udstyr
AN.1139
Andre maskiner og udstyr
AN.114
Våbensystemer
AN.115
Avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.1151
Besætninger af avlsdyr, malkedyr, trækdyr mv.
AN.1152
Træ- og planteressourcer, som giver tilbagevendende produkter
AN.117
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
AN.1171
Forskning og udvikling
AN.1172
Efterforskning og evaluering af mineralske råstoffer
AN.1173
Computersoftware og databaser
AN.11731
Computersoftware
AN.11732
Databaser
AN.1174
Originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst
AN.1179
Andre produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.121
Materialer
AN.122
Produkter under fremstilling
AN.1221
Produkter under fremstilling (avlede/dyrkede aktiver)
AN.1222
Andre produkter under fremstilling
AN.123
Færdigvarer
AN.124
Militære lagre
AN.125
Handelsvarer
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.131
Ædelmetaller og -stene
AN.132
Antikviteter og andre kunstgenstande
AN.133
Andre værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.211
Jord
AN.2111
Jord under bygninger og anlæg
AN.2112
Jord under opdyrkning
AN.2113
Rekreative arealer og tilhørende overfladevand
AN.2119
Anden jord og tilhørende overfladevand
AN.212
Mineral- og energiforekomster
AN.213
Ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.214
Vandressourcer
AN.215
Andre naturressourcer
AN.2151
Radiofrekvenser
AN.2159
Andet
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.221
Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter
AN.222
Tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer
AN.223
Tilladelser til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter
AN.224
Eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
FINANSIELLE AKTIVER
 (
2
)
 (AF.1 + AF.2 + AF.3 + AF.4 + AF.5 + AF.6 + AF.7 + AF.8)
AF.1
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
AF.11
Monetært guld
AF.12
Særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.21
Sedler og mønt
AF.22
Transferable indskud
AF.29
Andre indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.31
Kortfristede
AF.32
Langfristede
AF.4
Lån
AF.41
Kortfristede
AF.42
Langfristede
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.51
Ejerandele
AF.511
Noterede aktier
AF.512
Unoterede aktier
AF.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
AF.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
AF.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
AF.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
AF.63
Pensionsrettigheder
AF.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
AF.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
AF.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.71
Finansielle derivater
AF.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AF.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
AF.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
VÆRDIANSÆTTELSE AF POSTERINGER PÅ STATUSKONTOEN
Generelle principper for værdiansættelse
7.33
Hver post på statuskontoen værdiansættes, som om den er anskaffet på statusdagen. Aktiver og passiver værdiansættes til markedspriser på statusdagen.
7.34
De registrerede værdier skal afspejle de priser, der kan observeres på markedet på statusdagen. Er der ingen markedspriser at observere, hvilket kan forekomme, hvis der er et marked, men der ikke for nylig er blevet solgt nogen aktiver på det, må der foretages en beregning af, hvad priserne på aktiverne ville være, hvis de blev anskaffet på markedet på statusdagen.
7.35
Som regel foreligger der en markedspris for næsten alle finansielle aktiver og passiver, for eksisterende ejendomme (bygninger og andre anlæg plus tilhørende jord), eksisterende transportmidler, afgrøder og husdyrbestande samt for nyproducerede faste aktiver og lagerbeholdninger.
7.36
Ikkefinansielle aktiver produceret for egen regning værdiansættes til basispriser eller, hvis der ikke findes basispriser, til basispriser for tilsvarende varer eller, hvis dette ikke er muligt, til produktionsomkostningerne.
7.37
Værdien af ikkefinansielle aktiver kan, ud over ved hjælp af observerede markedspriser, beregninger baseret på observerede priser eller produktionsomkostningerne beregnes ved
a)
at omvurdere og akkumulere anskaffelser minus afhændelser i løbet af aktivernes levetid eller
b)
at anvende nutidsværdien, dvs. den tilbagediskonterede værdi, af fremtidigt økonomisk udbytte.
7.38
Værdiansættelse til markedspriser er hovedprincippet ved værdiansættelse af positioner (og transaktioner) i finansielle instrumenter. Finansielle instrumenter er identiske med finansielle fordringer. De er finansielle aktiver, til hvilke der findes tilsvarende passiver. Markedsværdien er den, som finansielle aktiver anskaffes eller afhændes til efter aftale mellem parterne, udelukkende på grundlag af kommercielle betragtninger, eksklusive provisioner, gebyrer og skatter. Ved fastsættelse af markedsværdien tager parterne også hensyn til påløbne renter.
7.39
Den nominelle værdi afspejler summen af de oprindelig betalte midler plus senere betalinger minus tilbagebetalinger plus eventuelle påløbne renter. Den nominelle værdi er ikke den samme som den pålydende værdi.
a)
Den nominelle værdi i national valuta af et finansielt instrument lydende på udenlandsk valuta indbefatter kapitalgevinster og -tab som følge af ændringer i valutakurserne.
Værdien af finansielle instrumenter lydende på udenlandsk valuta omregnes til den nationale valuta til den markedskurs, der er gældende på statusdagen. Denne kurs bør ligge midt imellem købs- og salgskontantkurserne ved valutatransaktioner.
b)
For finansielle instrumenter som f.eks. gældsværdipapirer, der er knyttet til et snævert indeks, kan den nominelle værdi også indbefatte kapitalgevinster og -tab, der skyldes ændringer i indekset.
c)
Markedsværdien af et finansielt instrument kan til enhver tid afvige fra dets nominelle værdi som følge af omvurderinger, der skyldes ændringer i markedsprisen. Ændringer i markedspriserne opstår som følge af de generelle markedsvilkår, f.eks. ændringer i markedsrenten, særlige omstændigheder, f.eks. ændringer i den kreditværdighed, som udstederen af et gældsværdipapir nyder, og ændringer i den generelle markedslikviditet og i den markedslikviditet, der er specifik for det pågældende gældsværdipapir.
d)
Følgende grundligning kan således opstilles:
markedsværdi = nominel værdi + omvurderinger som følge af ændringer i markedsprisen.
7.40
For nogle ikkefinansielle aktivers vedkommende falder den omvurderede oprindelige anskaffelsespris til nul i løbet af aktivets forventede levetid. Værdien af et sådant aktiv på et givet tidspunkt findes ved at trække den akkumulerede værdi af disse fald fra den løbende anskaffelsespris.
7.41
De fleste faste aktiver kan registreres på statuskontiene i løbende køberpriser nedskrevet med det akkumulerede forbrug af fast realkapital. Dette kaldes nedskrevet genanskaffelsespris. Summen af nedskrevne værdier for alle faste aktiver, der stadig er i brug, betegnes nettokapitalapparatet. Bruttokapitalapparatet omfatter værdierne af det akkumulerede forbrug af fast realkapital.
IKKEFINANSIELLE AKTIVER (AN)
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1)
Faste aktiver (AN.11)
7.42
Faste aktiver registreres om muligt i markedspriser (eller basispriser ved produktion af nye aktiver for egen regning). Hvis det ikke er muligt, registreres de i køberpriser nedskrevet med det akkumulerede forbrug af fast realkapital. Købers omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til faste aktiver med passende nedskrivning for forbrug af fast realkapital i den periode, køberen forventer at beholde det økonomiske aktiv, indgår i status(konto)værdien.
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder (AN.117)
7.43
Efterforskning og evaluering af mineralske råstoffer (AN.1172) skal enten værdiansættes på grundlag af de akkumulerede beløb betalt til andre institutionelle enheder, der foretager efterforskningen og evalueringen, eller på grundlag af de omkostninger, der er forbundet med efterforskning for egen regning. Den del af omkostningerne ved en afsluttet efterforskning, som endnu ikke er helt afskrevet, skal omvurderes til de priser og omkostninger, der er gældende for den løbende periode.
7.44
Originaler af produkter omfattet intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder som f.eks. computersoftware og originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst værdiansættes til anskaffelsesprisen, når de handles på markedet. Den oprindelige værdi beregnes ved at sammenlægge produktionsomkostningerne og omvurdere dem til den løbende periodes priser. Hvis det ikke er muligt at fastsætte værdien ved denne metode, beregnes nutidsværdien af de forventede fremtidige indtægter, som opstår ved brugen af aktivet.
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsret til ikkeproducerede aktiver (AN.116)
7.45
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsret til ikkeproducerede aktiver bortset fra jord registreres separat i kapitalkontoen og behandles som faste bruttoinvesteringer, men på statuskontiene indgår disse omkostninger i værdien af det aktiv, som de vedrører, også selv om der er tale om et ikkeproduceret aktiv. Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsret registreres således ikke separat i statuskontiene. Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsret til finansielle aktiver behandles som forbrug i produktionen, når aktiverne anskaffes af selskaber eller det offentlige, som forbrug, hvis aktiverne anskaffes af husholdninger, og som eksport af tjenester, hvis aktiverne anskaffes af ikkeresidenter.
Lagerbeholdninger (AN.12)
7.46
Lagerbeholdninger skal værdiansættes i de priser, der er gældende på statusdagen, og ikke i de priser, som produkterne blev værdiansat til, da de kom på lager.
7.47
Lagerbeholdninger af materialer værdiansættes til køberpriser, og lagerbeholdningen af færdigvarer og produkter under fremstilling værdiansættes i basispriser. Lagerbeholdninger af varer til videresalg uden videreforarbejdning gennem grossister og detailhandlende værdiansættes i de priser, der er gældende på statusdagen, eksklusive de transportomkostninger, som grossisten eller detailhandleren har måttet betale. For lagerbeholdninger af produkter under fremstilling beregnes værdien på ultimostatuskontoen ved at gange basisprisen for en lignende færdigvare på statusdagen med den del af de samlede produktionsomkostninger, som er afholdt indtil slutningen af perioden. Hvis basisprisen for færdigvarerne ikke er tilgængelig, beregnes den ved hjælp af værdien af produktionsomkostningerne med et tillæg for det forventede nettooverskud af produktionen eller den beregnede blandede nettoindkomst.
7.48
Dyrkede afgrøder, der kun anvendes én gang (undtagen træ), og avl af slagtekvæg kan værdiansættes på basis af priserne for sådanne produkter på markedet. Træer på roden værdiansættes ved at tilbagediskontere de fremtidige indtægter ved salg af træet til løbende priser efter fratrækning af udgifterne til træets modning, fældning osv.
Værdigenstande (AN.13)
7.49
Værdigenstande som f.eks. kunstværker, antikviteter, smykker, ædelstene, ikkemonetært guld og andre metaller værdiansættes i løbende priser. Hvis der findes organiserede markeder for disse aktiver, værdiansættes de til den faktiske eller anslåede pris, som de ville kunne opnå, hvis de blev solgt på markedet på statusdagen, eksklusive alle honorarer eller provisioner til mellemmænd. Ellers værdiansættes de til anskaffelsespriser omvurderet til det aktuelle prisniveau.
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2)
Naturressourcer (AN.21)
Jord (AN.211)
7.50
På statuskontoen værdiansættes jord til den aktuelle markedspris. Udgifter til jordforbedring registreres som faste bruttoinvesteringer, og den værdistigning, den indebærer, holdes adskilt fra jordens værdi, som den fremgår af statuskontoen, og registreres i stedet under en særskilt aktivkategori for jordforbedring (AN.1123).
7.51
Jord værdiansættes til den anslåede pris, der ville kunne opnås, hvis den blev solgt på markedet, eksklusive omkostninger til overdragelse af ejendomsretten ved et fremtidigt salg. Når der finder en overdragelse sted, registreres den pr. konvention som faste bruttoinvesteringer, og omkostningerne holdes adskilt fra jordværdien under AN.211 på statuskontoen og registreres i stedet som et aktiv under AN.1123. Denne post reduceres til nul gennem forbrug af fast realkapital over den periode, i hvilken den nye ejer forventer at bruge jorden.
7.52
Hvis jordens værdi ikke kan adskilles fra værdien af bygninger og andre anlæg opført på den, klassificeres aktiverne samlet i den kategori, som aktivet med den største værdi henhører under.
Mineral- og energiforekomster (AN.212)
7.53
Mineralforekomster på jordens overflade eller i undergrunden, hvis udnyttelse er rentabel i kraft af den eksisterende teknologi og de relative priser, værdiansættes efter nutidsværdien af det forventede nettoudbytte ved den kommercielle udnyttelse af aktiverne.
Andre naturressourcer (AN.213, AN.214 og AN.215)
7.54
Det er usandsynligt, at der findes observerede markedspriser for ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer (AN.213), vandressourcer (AN.214) og andre naturressourcer (AN215), så de værdiansættes normalt efter nutidsværdien af det fremtidige forventede udbytte.
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser (AN.22)
7.55
Definition:
 Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser registreres som aktiver, når følgende betingelser er opfyldt:
a)
Der er i kontrakten, leasingkontrakten eller licensen fastsat en pris for anvendelsen af et aktiv eller levering af en tjeneste, der afviger fra den gældende markedspris, og
b)
en af kontraktens parter kan realisere prisforskellen.
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser kan værdiansættes på grundlag af markedsoplysninger om overdragelser af de instrumenter, hvorved rettighederne overgår, eller beregnes som nutidsværdien af de forventede fremtidige afkast på statusdagen i forhold til situationen ved kontraktperiodens begyndelse.
7.56
Kategorien omfatter aktiver, der kan opstå ved omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter, licenser til anvendelse af naturressourcer, tilladelser til bestemte aktiviteter og enerettigheder til fremtidige varer og tjenester.
7.57
Værdien af aktivet svarer til nettonutidsværdien af den aktuelle pris minus den, der er fastsat i aftalen. Alt andet lige vil denne falde, efterhånden som aftaleperiodens udløb nærmer sig. Ændringer i aktivets værdi som følge af ændringer i den aktuelle pris registreres som nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab.
7.58
Aktiver i form af omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter registreres kun som aktiver, hvis leasingtagerne gør brug af deres ret til at realisere prisforskellen.
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver (AN.23)
7.59
Statuskontoværdien af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver er lig med den pris, der betales, når en institutionel enhed sælges, minus den værdi, som dens egenkapital er registreret til, omvurderet under hensyn til senere fald, efterhånden som den oprindelige værdi nedskrives som økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver (K.2). Nedskrivningssatsen følger de kommercielle regnskabsstandarder.
7.60
Markedsføringsaktiver kan f.eks. være mærkenavne, avishoveder, varemærker, logoer og domænenavne.
FINANSIELLE AKTIVER OG PASSIVER (AF)
7.61
Finansielle aktiver og passiver, der er omsættelige finansielle instrumenter, f.eks. gældsværdipapirer, egenkapitalinstrumenter, andele i investeringsforeninger og finansielle derivater, værdiansættes til markedsværdien. Finansielle instrumenter, der ikke er omsættelige, værdiansættes til den nominelle værdi (jf. 7.38 og 7.39). De modsvarende finansielle aktiver og passiver har samme værdi på statuskontoen. I værdierne indregnes ikke provisioner, gebyrer og skatter. Provisioner, gebyrer og skatter registreres som tjenester, der er ydet i forbindelse med gennemførelsen af transaktionerne.
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (AF.1)
7.62
Monetært guld (AF.11) skal værdiansættes til den pris, der er fastsat på de organiserede guldmarkeder.
7.63
Værdien af særlige trækningsrettigheder (AF.12) fastsættes dagligt af IMF. Kurserne over for de nationale valutaer kan fås på valutamarkederne.
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2)
7.64
Sedler og mønt (AF.21) værdiansættes til den nominelle værdi.
7.65
De værdier, der i statuskontoen registreres for indskud (AF.22, AF.29), er de nominelle værdier.
7.66
Sedler og mønt og indskud i udenlandsk valuta omregnes til national valuta til en kurs midt imellem spotkurserne for køb og salg på statusdagen.
Gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
7.67
Gældsværdipapirer registreres til markedsværdien.
7.68
Kortfristede gældsværdipapirer (AF.31) værdiansættes til markedsværdien. Hvis der ikke findes nogen markedsværdi, kan markedsværdien, forudsat at der ikke er høj inflation eller høje nominelle rentesatser, estimeres på basis af den nominelle værdi for så vidt angår
a)
kortfristede gældsværdipapirer udstedt til pari og
b)
kortfristede gældsværdipapirer til en kurs under pari.
7.69
Langfristede gældsværdipapirer (AF.32) værdiansættes til markedskursen, uanset om der er tale om obligationer, af hvilke der jævnligt betales renter, eller værdipapirer udstedt til langt under pari eller nulkuponobligationer, hvoraf der kun betales en lille eller slet ingen rente.
Lån (AF.4)
7.70
De værdier, der skal registreres både i kreditorernes og i debitorernes statuskonti, er de nominelle værdier, uanset om lånene er misligholdte eller ej.
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5)
7.71
Noterede aktier (AF.511) værdiansættes til markedsværdien. Der anvendes samme værdi for såvel aktiv- som passivsiden, selv om aktier og andre ejerandelsbeviser juridisk set ikke udgør et udstederpassiv, men en ejendomsret til en andel af et selskabs realisationsværdi, hvis størrelse ikke kendes på forhånd.
7.72
Noterede aktier (AF.511) værdiansættes til en repræsentativ middelkurs observeret på børsen eller andre organiserede finansielle markeder.
7.73
Værdien af unoterede aktier (AF.512), som ikke handles på organiserede markeder, beregnes på basis af enten
a)
kursen på noterede aktier, hvis dette er muligt
b)
værdien af egenkapitalen eller
c)
nutidsværdien af fremtidigt udbytte under anvendelse af et passende markedskurs/resultat-forhold på den institutionelle enheds udjævnede seneste indtjening.
Ved denne beregning skal der dog tages hensyn til forskellene mellem noterede og unoterede aktier, navnlig deres likviditet, og der skal også tages hensyn til den i selskabets levetid akkumulerede nettoformue samt til, hvilken branche selskabet tilhører.
7.74
Hvilken beregningsmetode der anvendes, afhænger af, hvilke statistiske basisoplysninger der er til rådighed. Der kan ved beregningen f.eks. inddrages data om fusionsaktiviteter, hvori der indgår unoterede aktier. Hvis værdien af unoterede selskabers egenkapital gennemsnitligt og i forhold til deres nominelle kapital ændrer sig på samme måde som værdien af lignende selskaber med noterede aktier, kan statuskontoværdien beregnes under anvendelse af et forholdstal. Ved dette forholdstal sammenlignes værdien af unoterede selskabers egenkapital med værdien af noterede selskabers:
værdi af unoterede aktier = markedskurs for tilsvarende noterede aktier × (unoterede selskabers egenkapital)/(lignende noterede selskabers egenkapital).
7.75
Forholdet mellem aktiekursen og egenkapitalen kan variere alt efter branche. Det er derfor at foretrække at beregne dagskursen for unoterede aktier branche for branche. Der kan også være andre forskelle mellem noterede og unoterede selskaber, der har indflydelse på beregningsmetoden.
7.76
Andre ejerandelsbeviser (AF.519) er ejerandelsbeviser, der ikke har form af værdipapirer. De kan omfatte ejerandelsbeviser i kvasiselskaber (f.eks. filialer, fonde, interessentskaber med begrænset ansvar og andre interessentskaber), offentlige selskaber, fonde, der ikke er registreret som selskaber, og fiktive enheder (herunder fiktive residente enheder, der er oprettet med henblik på at afspejle ikkeresidenters ejendomsret til fast ejendom og naturressourcer). Ejendomsret til internationale organisationer, der ikke er i form af aktier, klassificeres som andre ejerandelsbeviser.
7.77
Kvasiselskabers andre ejerandelsbeviser værdiansættes efter deres egenkapital, eftersom deres nettoformue pr. konvention er lig med nul. For andre enheders vedkommende vælges den mest egnede af de værdiansættelsesmetoder, der anvendes for unoterede aktier.
7.78
Selskaber, der udsteder aktier eller andele, kan derudover have anden egenkapital.
7.79
Andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.52) værdiansættes til markedsprisen, hvis de er noterede. Hvis de er unoterede, kan markedsværdien beregnes som beskrevet for unoterede aktiers vedkommende. Hvis de tilbagekøbes af foreningen selv, værdiansættes de til tilbagekøbsværdien.
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6)
7.80
De beløb, der registreres for forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (AF.61), omfatter præmier, der er betalt men ikke optjent, plus de beløb, der er hensat som erstatningsreserver. Sidstnævnte udgør nutidsværdien af beløb, der forventes udbetalt til afvikling af erstatningskrav, herunder omtvistede erstatningskrav, samt beløb til dækning af krav vedrørende forsikringsbegivenheder, der har fundet sted, men som endnu ikke er blevet anmeldt.
7.81
De beløb, der registreres for livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder (AF.62) udgør de reserver, der er nødvendige for at opfylde alle forventede fremtidige krav.
7.82
De beløb, der registreres for pensionsrettigheder (AF.63) afhænger af, hvilken type pensionsordning der er tale om.
7.83
Ved en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning bestemmes størrelsen af pensionsydelserne til de ansatte, der er med i ordningen, ved en formel, de er fastsat på forhånd. Passivstørrelsen i en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning svarer til nutidsværdien af de lovede ydelser.
7.84
I en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning afhænger de betalte ydelser af afkastet af de aktiver, som pensionsordningen har erhvervet. Passivstørrelsen i en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning er den gældende markedskurs på pensionskassens aktiver. Pensionskassens nettoformue er altid nul.
7.85
Den værdi, der registreres for hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier (AF.66), er størrelsen af de forventede krav minus værdien af de forventede fordringer.
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.7)
7.86
Finansielle derivater (AF.71) medregnes på statuskontoen til den gældende markedsværdi. Findes der ikke oplysninger om markedskursen (f.eks. i forbindelse med OTC-optioner), værdiansættes de til enten det beløb, der kræves for at tilbagekøbe eller modregne kontrakten, eller til den betalte præmie.
7.87
For optioners vedkommende betragtes udstederen af optionen som havende påtaget sig et passiv svarende til omkostningerne for udstederen til at købe sig fri af optionsindehaverens rettigheder.
7.88
Markedsværdien af optioner og terminskontrakter (forwards) kan svinge mellem positive (aktiv-) og negative (passiv-)poster, afhængigt af prisudviklingen for de underliggende produkter, og de kan dermed skifte mellem at være aktiver og passiver for udstederne og indehaverne. I forbindelse med nogle optioner og terminskontrakter arbejdes der med marginbetalinger, hvor gevinst og tab betales dagligt. I disse tilfælde er statuskontoværdien nul.
7.89
Medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.72) værdiansættes på grundlag af en fair værdi af de aktier, der tildeles. Den fair værdi opgøres på tildelingstidspunktet under anvendelse af markedsværdien af tilsvarende handlede optioner eller, hvis en sådan ikke er til rådighed, ved hjælp af en model for prisfastsættelse af optioner.
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8)
7.90
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (AF.81) og andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger(AF.89), som opstår på grund af tidsmæssig forskydning mellem fordelingstransaktioner, f.eks. skatter, sociale bidrag, udbytte, leje, løn og finansielle transaktioner, værdiansættes for både kreditorer og debitorer til den nominelle værdi. Skatter eller sociale bidrag, der skal betales under AF.89, skal ikke indeholde beløb, der ikke forventes at blive inddrevet, da de udgør en fordring, som sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service har, men som ikke har nogen værdi.
FINANSIELLE STATUSKONTI
7.91
Den finansielle statuskonto viser i venstre side finansielle aktiver og i højre side passiver. Saldoposten på den finansielle statuskonto er den finansielle nettoformue (BF.90).
7.92
Den finansielle statuskonto for en resident sektor eller en delsektor kan være konsolideret eller ikkekonsolideret. Den ikkekonsoliderede finansielle statuskonto viser alle de institutionelle enheders finansielle aktiver og passiver klassificeret i sektoren eller delsektoren, herunder dem, hvor det tilsvarende aktiv eller passiv ejes i den pågældende sektor eller delsektor. I den konsoliderede finansielle statuskonto indgår ikke de finansielle aktiver og passiver, der har et modstykke i den samme sektor eller delsektor. Udlandets finansielle statuskonto er pr. definition konsolideret. Normalt konsolideres kontoposterne i ENS ikke. Derfor skal den finansielle statuskonto for en resident sektor eller delsektor udarbejdes på ikkekonsolideret basis.
7.93
Den finansielle fra-hvem-til-hvem-statuskonto (statuskontoen efter debitor/kreditor) er en udbygning af den finansielle statuskonto. Den indeholder tillige en opdeling af finansielle aktiver efter debitorsektor og af passiver efter kreditorsektor. Den giver således oplysninger om debitor/kreditor-relationer og er i overensstemmelse med den finansielle konto efter debitor/kreditor.
MEMORANDUMPOSTER
7.94
For at kunne angive poster af mere speciel analytisk interesse for specifikke sektorer skal der medtages tre typer memorandumposter i statuskontiene:
a)
varige forbrugsgoder (AN.m)
b)
udenlandske direkte investeringer (AF.m1)
c)
misligholdte lån (AF.m2).
7.95
Definition
: Varige forbrugsgoder er varige goder, som gentagne gange anvendes af husholdninger til forbrug i løbet af mere end et år. De er medtaget i statuskontiene som memorandumposter. De indgår ikke i hovedstatuskontoen, fordi de registreres som anvendelse i husholdningssektorens indkomstanvendelseskonto, nærmere bestemt som forbrug i regnskabsperioden og ikke, som om de gradvis opbruges.
7.96
Beholdningen af varige forbrugsgoder — transportmidler (AN.1131) og andre maskiner og udstyr (AN.1139) — hos husholdninger i deres egenskab af forbrugere værdiansættes i markedspriser under memorandumposten, eksklusive det tilsvarende kumulerede forbrug af fast realkapital. Kapitel 23 indeholder en komplet liste over varige forbrugsgoder og undergrupper heraf.
7.97
Visse varige goder, f.eks. køretøjer, klassificeres som faste aktiver eller som varige forbrugsgoder, alt efter ejerens sektorklassifikation, og hvad de bruges til. Et køretøj kan f.eks. anvendes delvis af et kvasiselskab til produktion og delvis af en husholdning som forbrug. De angivne værdier på statuskontoen for sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11) skal afspejle den andel af anvendelsen, der kan tilskrives kvasiselskabet. Et lignende eksempel gælder for delsektoren arbejdsgivere (herunder selvstændige uden ansatte) (S.141+S.142). Den andel, der tilskrives husholdningssektoren (S.14) som forbrug, registreres i memorandumposten, eksklusive det tilsvarende kumulerede forbrug af fast realkapital.
Udenlandske direkte investeringer (AF.m1)
7.98
Finansielle aktiver og passiver, der udgør direkte investeringer, registreres efter arten af investeringer i kategorien lån (AF.4), ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5) eller andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8). Beløbet for de direkte investeringer inden for hver enkelt af disse kategorier registreres som en særskilt memorandumpost.
Misligholdte lån (AF.m2)
7.99
Lån registreres til nominel værdi i statuskontoen.
7.100
Nogle lån, som der i nogen tid ikke er blevet betalt renter og afdrag på, indgår som en memorandumpost i kreditors statuskonto. Sådanne lån betegnes misligholdte lån.
7.101
Definition:
 Et lån er misligholdt, hvis a) forfaldsdatoen for renter eller afdrag er overskredet med 90 dage eller derover; b) renter for 90 dage eller derover er blevet kapitaliseret, refinansieret eller udskudt efter aftale, eller c) betalingsfristen er overskredet med mindre end 90 dage, men der er andre gode grunde (f.eks. debitors indgivelse af konkursbegæring) til at betvivle, at det fulde beløb vil blive betalt.
7.102
Denne definition på et misligholdt lån skal fortolkes under hensyn til de nationale konventioner for, hvornår et lån anses for at være misligholdt. Når et lån er klassificeret som misligholdt, skal det (eller eventuelle lån til erstatning for det) forblive klassificeret som misligholdt, indtil betaling er modtaget, eller til hovedstolen på lånet eller efterfølgende lån, der erstatter det oprindelige, er nedskrevet.
7.103
For misligholdte lån kræves der to memorandumposter:
a)
den nominelle værdi af sådanne lån som registreret i hovedstatuskontoen og
b)
markedsværdien af sådanne lån.
7.104
Det, der kommer tættest på markedsværdien, er fair værdi, som er den værdi, der tilnærmelsesvis svarer til den værdi, der ville være resultatet af en markedstransaktion mellem to parter. Den fair værdi kan fastsættes på grundlag af transaktioner med tilsvarende instrumenter eller under anvendelse af nutidsværdien af pengestrømme. Disse kan udledes af kreditors statuskonto. Hvis der ikke findes oplysninger om den fair værdi, må den næstbedste løsning anvendes og memorandumposten vise den nominelle værdi minus forventede tab på udlån.
Registrering af misligholdte lån
7.105
Misligholdte lån tilhørende sektorerne offentlig forvaltning og service og finansielle selskaber registreres som memorandumposter parallelt med andre sektorer, der har betydelige beløb i denne henseende. Hvis de er betydelige, registreres lån til eller fra udlandet også som memorandumposter.
7.106
Nedenstående tabel beskriver de poster og strømme, der registreres for misligholdte lån, for at give et mere fuldstændigt billede af beholdning, transaktioner, omklassificeringer og nedskrivninger.
7.107
Eksemplet viser udestående lån til en nominel værdi af 1 000 på tidspunktet t-1, hvoraf 500 ikke er misligholdt og 500 er misligholdt. Størstedelen af de misligholdte lån, nærmere bestemt 400, er omfattet af hensættelser til tab på udlån, mens 100 ikke er det. Anden del af tabellen indeholder detaljerede supplerende oplysninger om markedsværdien af de misligholdte lån. De fremkommer som forskellen mellem den nominelle værdi og hensættelserne til tab på udlån. På t-1 antages den at være 375. I perioden fra t-1 til t omklassificeres dele af lånene fra ikkemisligholdte eller endnu ikke omfattet af hensættelser til tab på udlån til misligholdte eller omvendt eller som nedskrevet. Strømmene fremgår af de pågældende kolonner i tabellen. For hensættelserne til tab på udlån angives også den nominelle værdi og markedsværdien.
7.108
Vurderingen af hensættelser til tab på udlån skal ske i henhold til regnskabsstandarderne og enhedernes retlige status og de skatteregler, der gælder for dem, hvilket kan føre til ret uensartede resultater for så vidt angår størrelsen og varigheden af hensættelser til tab på udlån. Dette gør det vanskeligt at registrere misligholdte lån i hovedstatuskontoen, og de registreres derfor som en memorandumpost. Det må foretrækkes at angive markedsværdier som memorandumposter ud over de nominelle værdier af lånene, både misligholdte og ikkemisligholdte.
Registrering af misligholdte lån
Poster
Beholdning
Transaktion
Omklassificering
Nedskrivning
Beholdning
t-1
perioden t-1 til t
t
Nominel værdi
Lån
1 000
200
0
–90
1 110
Ikkemisligholdt lån
500
200
–50
650
Misligholdt lån
500
50
–90
460
Omfattet af hensættelser til tab på udlån
400
70
–90
380
Endnu ikke omfattet af hensættelser til tab på udlån
100
–20
80
Markedsværdi
Misligholdt lån
375
24
–51
348
= Nominel værdi
500
50
–90
460
- Hensættelser til tab på udlån
125
26
–39
112
heraf ikke omfattet
100
–20
80
BILAG 7.1
OVERSIGT OVER DE ENKELTE KATEGORIER AF AKTIVER
Klassifikation af aktiver
Oversigt
Ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN)
Ikkefinansielle aktiver, som institutionelle enheder, individuelt eller kollektivt, udøver ejendomsret over, og som ejerne kan få økonomisk udbytte af ved at eje eller bruge dem eller lade andre bruge dem i en periode. Omfatter faste aktiver, lagerbeholdninger, værdigenstande, samfundsskabte størrelser og produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder.
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.1)
Ikkefinansielle aktiver, der er opstået som resultat af produktionsprocesser. Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver omfatter faste aktiver, lagerbeholdninger og værdigenstande, som defineret nedenfor.
Faste aktiver (AN.11)
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver, der anvendes gentagne gange eller kontinuerligt i produktionsprocesser over en periode på mere end et år. Faste aktiver omfatter boliger, andre bygninger og anlæg, maskiner og udstyr, våbensystemer, avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer og produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, se nedenfor.
Boliger (AN.111)
Bygninger, der udelukkende eller primært anvendes til beboelse, herunder tilknyttede anlæg, såsom garager, og alt fast inventar, der sædvanligvis er installeret i beboelsesbygninger. Omfatter også husbåde, pramme, beboelses- og campingvogne, der anvendes som primær bopæl for husstande, samt offentlige monumenter (jf. AN.1121), der primært anvendes som boliger. Omkostninger i forbindelse med rydning og klargøring af byggearealer henregnes ligeledes til denne kategori.
Eksempler herpå er bygninger til beboelse, såsom en- og tofamiliehuse samt andre beboelsesbygninger til permanent beboelse.
Ikkefuldførte boliger henhører herunder, for så vidt den endelige bruger anses for at have erhvervet ejendomsretten, enten fordi opførelsen er foretaget for dennes regning, eller fordi der foreligger dokumentation for ejendomsretten i form af en salgs- eller købskontrakt. Omfatter også boliger erhvervet til militært personel, fordi de ligesom boliger erhvervet af civile enheder anvendes til produktion af boligtjenester.
Værdien af boliger opgøres eksklusive værdien af den jord, hvorpå de er opført, idet denne indgår i jord (AN.211), hvis denne er klassificeret separat.
Andre bygninger og anlæg (AN.112)
Andre bygninger og anlæg omfatter andre bygninger end boliger, andre anlæg og jordforbedring, se nedenfor.
Ikkefuldførte bygninger og anlæg henhører herunder, for så vidt den endelige bruger anses for at for at have erhvervet ejendomsretten, enten fordi bygningerne er bestemt til eget brug, eller fordi der foreligger dokumentation for ejendomsretten i form af en salgs- eller købskontrakt. Omfatter også bygninger og anlæg erhvervet til militære formål.
Værdien af andre bygninger og anlæg opgøres eksklusive værdien af den jord, hvorpå de er opført, idet denne indgår i jord (AN.211), hvis denne er klassificeret separat.
Bygninger, undtagen boliger (AN.1121)
Andre bygninger end boliger, herunder fast inventar, faciliteter og udstyr, der indgår som integrerende dele af bygningerne, samt omkostninger i forbindelse med rydning og klargøring af byggepladser. Omfatter også offentlige monumenter (jf. AN.1122), der primært anvendes til andre formål end som boliger.
Offentlige monumenter er kendetegnet ved, at de har særlig historisk, national, regional, lokal, religiøs eller symbolsk betydning. De betegnes som offentlige, fordi der er offentlig adgang til dem, ikke fordi de ejes af det offentlige. Der skal ofte betales entre for at få adgang til dem. Forbrug af fast realkapital vedrørende nye monumenter eller mindre forbedringer af eksisterende monumenter beregnes ud fra en forudsætning om passende lang levetid.
Eksempler på bygninger, undtagen boliger, er lager- og industribygninger, erhvervsbygninger, bygninger til forlystelser, hoteller, restauranter, bygninger til undervisningsbrug, til sundhedsvæsenet osv.
Andre anlæg (AN.1122)
Andre anlæg end boligbyggeri, herunder omkostninger i forbindelse med vejanlæg, kloakering samt rydning og klargøring af byggepladser. Omfatter også offentlige monumenter, der ikke er klassificeret som boliger eller som bygninger, undtagen boliger; skakter, tunneler og andre anlæg i forbindelse med udvinding af mineral- og energiforekomster; bygning af bølgebrydere, diger og stormflodsdæmninger osv., der er beregnet til at forbedre tilgrænsende jord, der dog ikke indgår i dem.
Eksempler herpå er veje og gader, jernbaner og start- og landingsbaner; broer, veje på pæledæk, tunneler og undergrundsbaner; vandveje, havne, dæmninger og andre vandbygningsanlæg; fjernrørledninger, kommunikations- og elledninger; kabler inden for bydistrikter samt tilknyttede anlæg; bygværker til minedrift og fremstillingsvirksomhed; anlæg til sport og fritidsaktiviteter.
Jordforbedring (AN.1123)
Værdien af aktiviteter, der har medført væsentlige forbedringer af mængden, kvaliteten eller produktiviteten af jord, eller som forhindrer, at den forringes.
Eksempler er stigninger i aktivværdien som følge af rydning, nivellering, anlæggelse af brønde og vandingshuller.
Omfatter også omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til jord, der endnu ikke er afskrevet.
Maskiner og udstyr (AN.113)
Transportmidler, IKT-udstyr samt andre maskiner og udstyr, som defineret nedenfor, der ikke er erhvervet af husholdninger til forbrug.
Omfatter ikke forholdsvis billigt værktøj, der erhverves med regelmæssige mellemrum, såsom håndværktøj. Til denne kategori medregnes heller ikke maskiner og udstyr, der er integrerende dele af bygninger; disse henhører under boliger og erhvervsbyggeri.
Omfatter ikke delvis færdige maskiner og udstyr, medmindre de er bestemt til eget brug, idet den endelige bruger først anses for at have erhvervet ejendomsretten til et aktiv, når dette er leveret. Maskiner og udstyr, undtagen våbensystemer, erhvervet til militære formål henregnes til denne kategori.
Maskiner og udstyr som f.eks. køretøjer, møbler, køkkenudstyr, computere, kommunikationsudstyr osv., der anskaffes af husholdninger til forbrug, behandles ikke som et aktiv. De er i stedet omfattet af memorandumposten »varige forbrugsgoder« på statuskontoen for husholdninger. Husbåde, pramme, samt beboelses- og campingvogne, der anvendes som hovedopholdssted for husstande, henhører under boliger.
Transportmidler (AN.1131)
Udstyr til befordring af mennesker og genstande. Eksempler herpå er produkter (undtagen dele heraf) henhørende under hovedgruppe 29 i CPA 2008: motorkøretøjer, påhængsvogne og sættevogne, og hovedgruppe 30: andre transportmidler.
IKT-udstyr (AN.1132)
Informations- og kommunikationsteknologiudstyr (IKT-udstyr): udstyr, der har elektronisk styrede funktioner, samt de elektroniske komponenter, der anvendes i udstyret. Som eksempler kan nævnes produkter i gruppe 26.1 i CPA 2008: elektroniske komponenter og elektronikkort, og 26.2: computere og ydre enheder.
Andre maskiner og udstyr (AN.1139)
Maskiner og udstyr ikke klassificeret andetsteds. Eksempler herpå er produkter (undtagen dele heraf) samt installations-, reparations- og vedligeholdelsestjenester henhørende under hovedgruppe 26 i CPA 2008: computere, elektronisk og optisk udstyr (undtagen gruppe 261 og 262), hovedgruppe 27: elektrisk udstyr, hovedgruppe 28: maskiner og udstyr i.a.n., hovedgruppe 31: møbler, og hovedgruppe 32: andre færdigvarer.
Våbensystemer (AN.114)
Køretøjer og andet udstyr som f.eks. krigsskibe, ubåde, militærfly, tanks, missilfremføringsmidler og -affyringsramper osv. De fleste engangsvåben registreres som militære lagre (AN.124), men andre, f.eks. ballistiske missiler med stor ødelæggelseskraft, der vurderes at have en løbende afskrækkelsesvirkning på angribere, klassificeres som faste aktiver.
Avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer (AN.115)
Stambesætninger af avlsdyr, malkedyr, trækdyr osv.; samt vingårde, frugtplantager og andre træplantager, som giver tilbagevendende produkter, og som er under direkte kontrol, ansvar og forvaltning af institutionelle enheder, som defineret nedenfor.
Ikke færdigudviklede avlede/dyrkede aktiver henregnes ikke til denne kategori, medmindre de produceres til eget brug.
Besætninger af avlsdyr, malkedyr, trækdyr mv. (AN.1151)
Dyr, hvis naturlige vækst og regeneration er under institutionelle enheders direkte kontrol, ansvar og forvaltning. Omfatter avlsdyr (herunder fisk, og fjerkræ), malkekvæg, trækdyr, får eller andre dyr, der udnyttes til uldproduktion, samt dyr, der anvendes i forbindelse med transport, væddeløb eller underholdning.
Træ- og planteressourcer, som giver tilbagevendende produkter (AN.1152)
Træer (herunder vinstokke og buske), der dyrkes af hensyn til de produkter, de frembringer år efter år, herunder træer, der dyrkes med henblik på frugt og nødder, saft og harpiks samt bark- og bladprodukter, og hvis naturlige vækst og regeneration er under institutionelle enheders direkte kontrol, ansvar og forvaltning.
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder (AN.117)
Faste aktiver, der udgøres af resultaterne af forskning og udvikling, efterforskning og evaluering af mineralske råstoffer, computersoftware og databaser, originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst, og andre produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, som defineret nedenfor, hvis påtænkte anvendelse strækker sig over mere end et år.
Forskning og udvikling (AN.1171)
Udgøres af værdien af kreativt arbejde, der udføres på systematisk basis for at forøge videngrundlaget, herunder viden om mennesket, kulturen og samfundet, og anvendelsen af dette videngrundlag til udtænkning af nye anvendelser.
Værdiansættelsen sker på grundlag af det forventede fremtidige økonomiske udbytte. Hvis værdien ikke kan beregnes tilstrækkelig pålideligt, fastsættes den pr. konvention til summen af udgifterne, herunder udgifter til forskning og udvikling, der ikke har ført til resultater. Forskning og udvikling, der ikke bringer ejeren et udbytte, klassificeres ikke som et aktiv, men registreres som forbrug i produktionen.
Efterforskning og evaluering af mineralske råstoffer (AN.1172)
Værdien af udgifter i forbindelse med efterforskning af olie og naturgas samt ikkeolieholdige mineralforekomster og efterfølgende evaluering af resultaterne af efterforskningen. Til disse udgifter henregnes omkostninger til ansøgning om tilladelse til efterforskning og køb af koncessioner, forundersøgelser samt prøveboringer og boringer. Omfatter også omkostninger til luftfotografering og andre former for undersøgelser, transportomkostninger osv. i forbindelse med forberedelsen af prøveboringerne.
Computersoftware (AN.11731)
Computerprogrammer, programbeskrivelser og støttemateriale til både system- og applikationsprogrammer. Omfatter også udviklingsomkostninger og efterfølgende udvidelser af softwaren samt anskaffelse af kopier, der klassificeres som aktiver under AN.11731.
Databaser (AN.11732)
Datafiler, der er organiseret, så adgangen til og anvendelsen af dataene er ressourceeffektiv. Hvis databaserne udelukkende er oprettet til eget brug, foretages værdiansættelsen på grundlag af omkostningerne, hvori ikke indregnes omkostningerne til databaseforvaltningssystemet og anskaffelse af dataene.
Originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst (AN.1174)
Originaludgaver af film, lydoptagelser, manuskripter, bånd, modeller osv., der indeholder eller udgør opførelser af skuespil, radio- og fjernsynsprogrammer, musikalske forestillinger, sportsbegivenheder, litterære og kunstneriske produktioner osv. Omfatter også værker produceret for egen regning. I visse tilfælde, såsom filmoptagelser, kan der være tale om flere originaludgaver.
Andre produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder (AN.1179)
Ny information, specialiseret viden osv. ikke andetsteds nævnt, hvis anvendelse til produktion er forbeholdt enheder, der har erhvervet ejendomsretten hertil, eller enheder, der er i besiddelse af en licens udstedt af sådanne enheder.
Lagerbeholdninger (AN.12)
Producerede aktiver, der omfatter varer og tjenester frembragt i den løbende periode eller i en periode, der ligger forud for denne, og som opbevares med henblik på salg, anvendelse i produktion eller anden senere udnyttelse. Omfatter materialer, produkter under fremstilling, færdigvarer og handelsvarer som defineret nedenfor.
Til denne kategori henregnes også alle offentligt forvaltede lagerbeholdninger, herunder, men ikke udelukkende, lagre af strategiske materialer, korn og andre varer af særlig betydning for nationen.
Materialer (AN.121)
Varer, der ikke er bestemt til videresalg, men som ejeren har til hensigt at anvende i produktionsprocessen i forbindelse med egen produktion.
Produkter under fremstilling (AN.122)
Delvis færdige varer og tjenester, der ikke sædvanligvis videregives til andre enheder uden yderligere forarbejdning, eller ikkefærdigudviklede varer og tjenester, hvis forarbejdning fortsættes af samme producent i en senere periode. Omfatter ikke delvis fuldførte bygværker, hvor den endelige bruger anses for at have erhvervet ejendomsretten, enten fordi de er bestemt til eget brug, eller fordi der foreligger dokumentation for ejendomsretten i form af en salgs- eller købskontrakt.
Kategori AN.122 består af produkter under fremstilling i form af avlede/dyrkede aktiver, eller andre produkter under fremstilling, som defineret nedenfor.
Produkter under fremstilling (avlede/dyrkede aktiver) (AN.1221)
Husdyr, der avles i kommercielt øjemed med henblik på slagtning, såsom fjerkræ og fisk; træer og anden vegetation, der kun kan udnyttes én gang ved destruktion, samt umodne avlede og dyrkede aktiver, som giver tilbagevendende produkter.
Andre produkter under fremstilling (AN.1222)
Andre varer end avlede/dyrkede aktiver samt tjenester, der er delvis behandlet, fremstillet eller samlet af producenten, men som ikke sædvanligvis sælges, forsendes eller overdrages til andre enheder uden yderligere forarbejdning.
Færdigvarer (AN.123)
Varer, der er klar til at blive solgt eller forsendt af producenten.
Militære lagre (AN.124)
Ammunition, missiler, raketter, bomber og andre engangsvåben, der fremføres af våben eller våbensystemer. Ballistiske missiler med meget stor ødelæggelseskraft (jf. AN.114) er ikke omfattet.
Handelsvarer (AN.125)
Varer erhvervet af virksomheder, såsom engros- og detailhandlere, med henblik på videresalg uden yderligere forarbejdning (dvs. uden anden behandling end den, der er nødvendig, for at varen kan præsenteres for kunden på en tiltrækkende måde).
Værdigenstande (AN.13)
Producerede aktiver, der ikke primært anvendes til produktion eller forbrug, hvis realværdi kan forventes at stige eller i det mindste ikke at falde, som under normale forhold ikke forringes i tidens løb, og som primært erhverves og besiddes som værdiopbevaringsmiddel. Værdigenstande omfatter ædelmetaller og -stene, antikviteter og andre kunstgenstande samt andre værdigenstande, som defineret nedenfor.
Ædelmetaller og -stene (AN.131)
Ædelmetaller og -stene, der ikke ejes og bruges af virksomheder i produktionsprocessen i forbindelse med egen produktion.
Antikviteter og andre kunstgenstande (AN.132)
Malerier, skulpturer osv., der betragtes som kunstværker og antikviteter.
Andre værdigenstande (AN.133)
Værdigenstande ikke andetsteds nævnt, såsom samlinger og smykker af betydelig værdi bestående af ædelstene og ædelmetaller.
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2)
Ikkefinansielle aktiver opstået på anden måde end ved produktionsprocesser. Ikkeproducerede aktiver består af naturressourcer, kontrakter, leasingkontrakter, licenser og tilladelser samt goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver.
Naturressourcer (AN.21)
Ikkeproducerede aktiver, der forekommer i naturen, og til hvilke der kan erhverves og overdrages ejendomsret. Omfatter ikke miljømæssige aktiver, til hvilke der ikke er erhvervet, eller ikke kan erhverves ejendomsret, såsom det åbne hav og luften. Består af jord, mineral- og energiforekomster, ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer, vandressourcer og andre naturressourcer som defineret nedenfor.
Jord (AN.211)
Jord, herunder dækjord og tilknyttet overfladevand, i forbindelse med hvilken der er etableret ejendomsrettigheder. Omfatter ikke bygninger og andre anlæg, der er opført på jorden, eller som går gennem den; afgrøder; træer og dyr; underjordiske aktiver; ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer og vandressourcer under jorden.
Mineral- og energiforekomster (AN.212)
Kendte mineralforekomster på eller under jordoverfladen, der som følge af den teknologiske udvikling og de relative priser kan udnyttes rentabelt. Ejendomsretten til aktiver i undergrunden kan sædvanligvis adskilles fra ejendomsretten til jorden. Kategori AN.212 omfatter kendte forekomster af kul, olie, gas eller andre brændstoffer, metalmalme og ikkemetalliske mineraler.
Ikke-avlede/-dyrkede biologiske ressourcer (AN.213)
Ressourcer i form af dyr, træer, afgrøder og planter, som giver både engangsprodukter og tilbagevendende produkter, i forbindelse med hvilke der er erhvervet ejendomsret, men hvis vækst og/eller regeneration ikke er under institutionelle enheders direkte kontrol, ansvar og forvaltning. Eksempler herpå er vilde skove og fiskepladser inde i landet. Kun ressourcer, der kan udnyttes på det pågældende tidspunkt, eller som inden for en kort frist kan forventes at kunne udnyttes, bør henregnes til denne kategori.
Vandressourcer (AN.214)
Vandførende lag og andre grundvandsressourcer, for så vidt deres knaphed fører til håndhævelse af ejendoms- og/eller brugsret, en markedsværdi og en vis økonomisk kontrol.
Andre naturressourcer (AN.215)
Omfatter radiofrekvenser (AN.2151) og andre naturressourcer (AN.2159), ikke andetsteds nævnt.
Radiofrekvenser (AN.2151)
Radiofrekvenser. Leje af eller licenser til at anvende frekvenserne klassificeres under AN.222, hvis de opfylder definitionen på et aktiv.
Andet (AN.2159)
Andre naturressourcer, ikke andetsteds nævnt.
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser (AN.22)
Kontrakter, der vedrører udførelse af aktiviteter, og som giver indehaveren økonomisk udbytte ud over de beløb, der skal betales i henhold til kontrakten, forudsat at indehaveren i praksis og retligt kan realisere dette udbytte.
Det aktiv, der registreres i kategori AN.22, udgør den realiserbare potentielle kapitalgevinst, hvis markedsprisen for brug af et aktiv eller ydelse af en tjeneste overstiger den i henhold til kontrakten, leasingkontrakten eller licensen fastsatte pris eller en pris, der kunne opnås, hvis der ikke fandtes en kontrakt, leasingkontrakt eller licens. Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter eller licenser omfatter aktiver, der kan opstå ved omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter, tilladelser om anvendelse af naturressourcer, tilladelser til at foretage bestemte aktiviteter og enerettigheder til fremtidige varer og tjenester.
Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter (AN.221)
Tredjemands ejendomsrettigheder vedrørende ikkefinansielle aktiver bortset fra naturressourcer, hvor leasingkontrakten giver indehaveren økonomisk udbytte ud over de beløb, der skal betales i henhold til kontrakten, forudsat at indehaveren i praksis og retligt kan realisere dette udbytte, ved at overdrage dem.
Det aktiv, der registreres i kategori AN.221, er værdien for indehaveren ved at overdrage rettighederne til at anvende det underliggende aktiv, dvs. den realiserbare overdragelsespris minus det beløb, der skal betales til udstederen af tilladelsen.
Som eksempel kan nævnes en situation, hvor en lejer i en bygning har en fast leje, men markedsværdien af lejemålet er højere. Hvis lejeren kan realisere prisforskellen gennem fremleje, udgør retten til at realisere værdien et omsætteligt operationelt leasingaktiv.
Tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer (AN.222)
Licenser, tilladelser og leasingkontrakter vedrørende udnyttelse af naturressourcer for en begrænset periode, hvor den økonomiske værdi af aktivet ikke opbruges helt, hvor kontrakten giver indehaveren økonomisk udbytte, som er større end de beløb, der skal betales i henhold til kontrakten, og hvor indehaveren i praksis og retligt kan realisere dette udbytte, f.eks. ved at overdrage dem.
Naturressourcerne registreres fortsat på ejerens statuskonto, og et særskilt aktiv, der udgør værdien for indehaveren ved at overdrage retten til udnyttelse af ressourcerne, betragtes som en tilladelse til udnyttelse af naturressourcer. Det aktiv, der registreres, er værdien for indehaveren ved at overdrage udnyttelsesrettighederne, dvs. overdragelsesprisen minus det beløb, der skal betales til udstederen af tilladelsen.
Som eksempel kan nævnes en situation, hvor en lejer af jord har en fast leje, men markedsværdien af lejemålet er højere. Hvis lejeren kan realisere prisforskellen gennem fremleje, udgør retten til at realisere værdien et aktiv.
Tilladelser til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter (AN.223)
Omsættelige tilladelser, bortset fra tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer eller til anvendelse af et aktiv tilhørende udstederen af tilladelsen, som begrænser antallet af enheder, der er involveret i en aktivitet og giver indehaverne mulighed for udbytte næsten på monopolvilkår.
Det aktiv, der registreres, er værdien for indehaveren ved at overdrage udnyttelsesrettighederne, dvs. overdragelsesprisen minus det beløb, der skal betales til udstederen af tilladelsen. Indehaveren af tilladelsen skal i praksis og retligt kunne overdrage de rettigheder, som tilladelsen indebærer, til tredjemand.
Eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester (AN.224)
Omsættelige kontraktmæssige enerettigheder til anvendelse af varer eller tjenester.
Den ene part har en kontrakt om køb af varer eller tjenester til en fast pris af en anden part og kan i praksis og retligt overdrage den anden parts forpligtelse til en tredje part.
Eksempler herpå er en kontraktfodboldspillers transferværdi for en fodboldklub og den omsættelige værdi af eneretten til offentliggørelse af litterære værker eller til afholdelse af musikalske forestillinger.
Det aktiv, der registreres under AN.224, er værdien for indehaveren af at overdrage retten.
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver (AN.23)
Forskellen mellem en institutionel enheds købsværdi, når den betragtes som en »going concern«, og værdien af dens samlede aktiver minus værdien af dens samlede passiver, hvor hver af disse poster er opført og værdiansat særskilt. Til værdien af goodwill medregnes derfor alt, der er af langvarig nytteværdi, og som ikke er blevet opført særskilt som et aktiv, samt værdien af den omstændighed, at aktiverne udgør en helhed og udnyttes som sådan og ikke blot er en tilfældig samling af separate aktiver. Kategori AN.23 omfatter også bestemte markedsføringsaktiver, f.eks. mærkenavne, avishoveder, varemærker, logoer og domænenavne, når de sælges individuelt og adskilt fra et helt selskab.
Finansielle aktiver og passiver (AF)
Finansielle aktiver er økonomiske aktiver omfattende finansielle fordringer og den andel af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer. Finansielle aktiver er værdiopbevaringsmidler, der repræsenterer det udbytte, som den økonomiske ejer har ved at eje dem i en periode. De er et middel til at fremføre værdier fra den ene regnskabsperiode til den næste. Udbytte, herunder udbytte over en længere periode, udveksles ved hjælp af betaling.
Betalingsmidler omfatter monetært guld, særlige trækningsrettigheder, sedler og mønt samt transferable indskud.
Finansielle fordringer, også kaldet finansielle instrumenter, er finansielle aktiver, hvortil der svarer passiver.
Forpligtelser opstår, når debitorer er forpligtet til at betale kreditorer en eller flere gange.
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (AF.1)
Den finansielle aktiver i denne kategori har passivmodposteringer i systemet, undtagen den del af monetært guld, der udgøres af guldbarrer.
Monetært guld (AF.11)
Guld, som monetære myndigheder eller andre, som er underlagt de monetære myndigheders faktiske kontrol, har ejendomsret til, og som opbevares som reserveaktiver. Det inkluderer guldbarrer (herunder monetært guld på konti for allokeret guld) samt konti for ikkeallokeret guld hos ikkeresidenter, der giver ret til at kræve levering af guld.
Særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR) (AF.12)
Internationale reserveaktiver oprettet af Den Internationale Valutafond (IMF) og tildelt dennes medlemmer som supplement til de eksisterende reserveaktiver.
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2)
Sedler og mønter i omløb samt indskud i national og udenlandsk valuta.
Sedler og mønt (AF.21)
Sedler og mønter er pengesedler og mønter, som er udstedt eller godkendt af de monetære myndigheder.
Transferable indskud (AF.22)
Indskud, der efter anmodning kan konverteres til sedler og mønt til pari, og som kan bruges direkte til betalinger ved hjælp af check, anvisning, overførsel, direkte debitering/kreditering eller lignende uden nogen form for begrænsning eller strafgebyr.
Interbankpositioner (AF.221)
Transferable indskud mellem banker.
Andre transferable indskud (AF.229)
Andre transferable indskud end interbankpositioner.
Andre indskud (AF.29)
Andre indskud er andre indskud end transferable indskud. Andre indskud kan ikke bruges til at foretage betalinger - kun efter udløbsdatoen eller en aftalt opsigelsesfrist - og kan ikke konverteres til sedler eller mønt eller transferable indskud uden en eller anden form for begrænsning eller strafgebyr.
Gældsværdipapirer (AF.3)
Omsættelige finansielle instrumenter, der tjener som gældsbeviser. Omsætteligheden refererer til det faktum, at ejendomsretten let kan overdrages fra den ene ejer til den anden ved overgivelse eller endossement. For at være omsætteligt skal et gældsværdipapir være beregnet til potentielt at blive handlet på et reguleret marked eller på et OTC-marked, men der kræves ikke dokumentation for, at det rent faktisk er blevet handlet.
Kortfristede gældsværdipapirer (AF.31)
Gældsværdipapirer, hvis løbetid ved udstedelsen er et år eller derunder, og gældsværdipapirer, som skal indfries på kreditors anfordring.
Langfristede gældsværdipapirer (AF.32)
Gældsværdipapirer, hvis løbetid ved udstedelsen er over et år, eller som ikke har nogen fastsat løbetid.
Lån (AF.4)
Finansielle aktiver, som oprettes, når en kreditor — enten direkte eller gennem en mægler — låner penge til en debitor på basis af et uomsætteligt dokument eller uden noget tilgrundliggende dokument.
Kortfristede lån (AF.41)
Lån, hvis løbetid ved udstedelsen er et år eller derunder, og lån, som skal indfries på kreditors anfordring.
Langfristede lån (AF.42)
Lån, hvis løbetid ved udstedelsen er over et år, eller som ikke har nogen fastsat løbetid.
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.5)
Finansielle aktiver, som repræsenterer ejendomsret til selskaber eller kvasiselskaber. Disse finansielle aktiver giver normalt indehaveren ret til en andel i udbyttet i disse selskaber og i disses egenkapital i tilfælde af likvidation.
Ejerandele (AF.51)
Finansielle aktiver, hvorved der anerkendes fordringer på restværdien af et selskab eller kvasiselskab, når alle kreditorers fordringer er blevet indfriet.
Noterede aktier (AF.511)
Ejerandelsinstrumenter, der er noteret på en børs. Der kan være tale om en anerkendt børs eller om en anden form for sekundært marked. Når aktier er noteret på en børs, vil markedskursen som regel let kunne fastslås.
Unoterede aktier (AF.512)
Ejerandelsinstrumenter med priser, der ikke er noteret på en anerkendt børs eller en anden form for sekundært marked.
Andre ejerandelsbeviser (AF.519)
Alle former for ejerandelsbeviser, undtagen dem, der er omfattet af delkategori AF.511 og AF.512.
Andele i investeringsforeninger (AF.52)
Der er tale om aktier, hvis investeringsforeningen har selskabsstruktur, og andele, hvis investeringsforeningen ikke har selskabsstruktur. De udstedes af investeringsforeninger, som er kollektive investeringsforetagender, gennem hvilke investorerne samler midler med henblik på investering i finansielle og/eller ikkefinansielle aktiver.
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger (AF.521)
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger udstedes af pengemarkedsforeninger, som er investeringsforeninger, der investerer udelukkende eller primært i kortfristede gældsværdipapirer som f.eks. skatkammerbeviser, indskudsbeviser og virksomhedscertifikater (commercial papers) samt langfristede gældsværdipapirer med kort restløbetid. Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger kan være omsættelige og anses ofte for at have indskudslignende karakter.
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkeds- foreninger (AF.522)
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, udgør fordringer på en del af værdien af investeringsforeninger, som ikke er pengemarkedsforeninger. Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger, udstedes af investeringsforeninger, der investerer i en række aktiver, herunder gældsværdipapirer, aktiver, råvarerelaterede investeringer, fast ejendom, andele i andre investeringsforeninger og strukturerede aktiver.
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier (AF.6)
Finansielle aktiver tilhørende forsikringstagere eller begunstigede samt passiver tilhørende forsikringsselskaber, pensionskasser eller udstedere af standardiserede garantier.
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (AF.61)
Finansielle aktiver, der repræsenterer forsikringstageres fordringer på skadesforsikringsselskaber i form af betalte ikkeindtjente præmier og erstatningsforpligtelser.
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder (AF.62)
Finansielle aktiver, der repræsenterer forsikringstageres og livrenteindehaveres fordringer på livsforsikringsselskabers tekniske reserver.
Pensionsrettigheder (AF.63)
Finansielle aktiver, som både eksisterende og fremtidige pensionister har over for enten deres pensionsmanager, dvs. deres arbejdsgiver eller arbejdsgivere, en ordning, som arbejdsgiveren eller arbejdsgiverne har valgt til at udbetale pension som led i en aflønningsaftale mellem arbejdsgiveren og arbejdstageren, eller et livs- eller skadesforsikringsselskab.
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere (AF.64)
Finansielle aktiver, der repræsenterer pensionskassers fordringer på deres pensionsmanager vedrørende eventuelle underskud, samt finansielle aktiver, der repræsenterer pensionsmanagerens fordringer på pensionskasserne vedrørende eventuelle overskud, f.eks. hvis investeringsindkomsten overstiger væksten i pensionsrettighederne, og forskellen tilfalder pensionsmanageren.
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser (AF.65)
Nettobidrag minus ydelser som en stigning i forsikringsordningens forpligtelser over for de begunstigede.
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier (AF.66)
Finansielle aktiver, som indehavere af standardiserede garantier har over for de selskaber, der har udstedt de standardiserede garantier.
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.7)
Finansielle aktiver, der er knyttet til et finansielt aktiv, et ikkefinansielt aktiv eller et indeks, og ved hjælp af hvilke bestemte finansielle risici kan handles på finansielle markeder.
Finansielle derivater (AF.71)
Finansielle aktiver som f.eks. optioner, terminskontrakter og kreditderivater.
Optioner (AF.711), både omsættelige optioner og OTC-optioner, er kontrakter, som giver deres ejer ret, men ikke pligt, til af optionsudstederen at købe (hvis der er tale om en call-option) eller til denne at sælge (hvis der er tale om en put-option) et finansielt eller ikkefinansielt aktiv (det underliggende instrument) til en forud fastsat pris, strikeprisen, inden for en given tidsfrist (amerikansk option) eller på en given dato (europæisk option). På grundlag af disse grundlæggende strategier er der blevet udviklet mange kombinerede strategier som f.eks. »bear call/put spreads«, »bull call/put spreads« og »butterfly options spreads«. Ud fra disse optionstyper er der blevet udviklet eksotiske optioner med komplekse betalingsstrukturer.
Terminskontrakter (forwards) (AF.712) er ubetingede finansielle kontrakter, i henhold til hvilke to parter aftaler at udveksle en bestemt mængde af et underliggende aktiv (finansielt eller ikkefinansielt) til en aftalt kontraktpris (strikepris) på en given dato.
Kreditderivater har form af terminskontrakter og optionskontrakter, hvis primære formål er handel med kreditrisici. De er udformet sådan, at der kan handles med risikoen for misligholdelse i forbindelse med lån og sikkerhedsstillelse. I lighed med andre finansielle derivater er de ofte baseret på standardrammekontrakter og indeholder bestemmelser om sikkerhedsstillelse og margenberegning, hvilket giver mulighed for at foretage en markedsværdiansættelse. Overdragelsen af kreditrisici finder sted mellem risikosælgeren (sikkerhedstageren) og risikokøberen (sikkerhedssælgeren) baseret på en præmie. I tilfælde af misligholdelse betaler risikokøberen kontant til risikosælgeren.
Medarbejderaktieoptioner (AF.72)
Finansielle aktiver i form af aftaler indgået på et givet tidspunkt (tildelingstidspunktet), i henhold til hvilke ansatte kan købe et bestemt antal aktier i den virksomhed, de er ansat i, til en fastsat pris (strikeprisen) enten på et bestemt tidspunkt (retserhvervelsestidspunktet) eller inden for et tidsrum (udnyttelsesperioden) umiddelbart efter retserhvervelsestidspunktet.
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8)
Finansielle aktiver, der opstår som modstykke til en finansiel eller ikkefinansiel transaktion, hvor der er en tidsforskel mellem transaktionen og den modsvarende betaling.
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (AF.81)
Finansielle aktiver opstået som følge af leverandørers direkte ydelse af kredit til købere af varer og tjenester og forudbetalinger for produkter under fremstilling eller bestilt produktion og i form af kunders forudbetaling af varer og tjenester, der endnu ikke er leveret.
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger (AF.89)
Finansielle aktiver, som opstår på grund af tidsforskel mellem fordelingstransaktioner eller finansielle transaktioner på det sekundære marked og de modsvarende betalinger.
Memorandumposter
Der er i ENS tre memorandumposter, der viser aktiver, som ikke har nogen særskilt post i systemets hovedstruktur, og hvis analytiske interesse er af mere speciel karakter.
Varige forbrugsgoder (AN.m)
Varige goder erhvervet af husholdningerne til forbrug (dvs. varer, der ikke anvendes af husholdningerne som værdiopbevaringsmiddel, og som heller ikke bruges til produktionsformål af husholdningerne i deres egenskab af at være producenter.
Udenlandske direkte investeringer (AF.m1)
Udenlandske direkte investeringer omfatter investeringer foretaget af en resident institutionel enhed i en økonomi (»direkte investor«) med det formål at erhverve varige kapitalinteresser i en institutionel enhed resident i en anden økonomi. Den direkte investors hensigt er at udøve en betydelig grad af indflydelse på ledelsen af den enhed, vedkommende har investeret i.
Misligholdte lån (AF.m2)
Et lån er misligholdt, hvis forfaldsdatoen for renter eller afdrag er overskredet med 90 dage eller derover, eller hvis renter for 90 dage eller derover er blevet kapitaliseret, refinansieret eller forsinket efter aftale, eller betalingsfristen er overskredet med mindre end 90 dage, men der er andre gode grunde (f.eks. debitors indgivelse af konkursbegæring) til at betvivle, at det fulde beløb vil blive betalt.
BILAG 7.2
OVERSIGT OVER POSTERINGER FRA PRIMOSTATUSKONTO TIL ULTIMOSTATUSKONTO
Bilag 7.2 indeholder en oversigt fra primostatuskontoen til ultimostatuskontoen, der for hver type aktiv viser, hvordan statuskontoværdien ændrer sig som følge af: transaktioner eller andre mængdeændringer i aktiver samt kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Klassifikation af aktiver, passiver og nettoformue
IV.1
Primostatuskonto
III.1 og III.2
Transaktioner
III.3.1
Andre mængdeændringer
III.3.2
Kapitalgevinster og -tab
IV.3
Ultimostatuskonto
III.3.2.1
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
III.3.2.2
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.
P.5, NP
K.1, K.2, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62.
K.71
K.72
AN.
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
P.5
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.1
Faste aktiver
 (
3
)
AN.11
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.11
Boliger
AN.111
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.111
Andre bygninger og anlæg
AN.112
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.112
Maskiner og udstyr
AN.113
P.51g, P.51c
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.113
Våbensystemer
AN.114
P.51g, P.51c
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.114
Avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.115
P.51g, P.51c
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.115
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
AN.117
P.51g, P.51c
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.117
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.12
P.52
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.12
Værdigenstande
AN.13
P.53
K.1, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.13
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
NP
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.2
Naturressourcer
AN.21
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.21
Jord
AN.211
NP.1
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.211
Mineral- og energiforekomster
AN.212
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.212
Ikkeavlede/-dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.213
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.213
Vandressourcer
AN.214
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.214
Andre naturressourcer
AN.215
NP.1
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.215
Radiofrekvenser
AN.2151
NP.1
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.2151
Andet
AN.2159
NP.1
K.1, K.21, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.2159
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.22
NP.2
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.22
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AN.23
NP.3
K.1, K.22, K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AN.23
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
 (
4
)
AF
F
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
AF.1
F.1
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.1
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.2
F.2
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.2
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.3
F.3
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.3
Lån
AF.4
F.4
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.4
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.5
F.5
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.5
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.6
F.6
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.6
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.7
F.7
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.7
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AF.8
F.8
K.3, K.4, K.5, K.61, K.62
K.71
K.72
AF.8
Nettoformue
B.90
B.101
B.102
B.1031
B.1032
B.90
Saldoposter
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.90
Nettoformue
Transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver
F.
Transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
F.4
Lån
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
Vare- og tjenestetransaktioner
P.5
Bruttoinvesteringer
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital (-)
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
P.52
Lagerændringer
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
Andre akkumulationsposter
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
(
1
)
  Memorandumpost ANm: varige forbrugsgoder.
(
2
)
  Memorandumpost AF.m1: Udenlandske direkte investeringer; AF.m2: Misligholdte lån.
(
3
)
  Memorandumpost: AN.m: Varige forbrugsgoder.
(
4
)
  Memorandumposter: AF.m1: Udenlandske direkte investeringer; AF.m2: Misligholdte lån.
KAPITEL 8
KONTOSYSTEMET
INDLEDNING
8.01
I dette kapitel gøres der nærmere rede for konti og statuskonti i nationalregnskabets kontosystem. Desuden vises samspillet mellem den indenlandske økonomi og udlandet i samme kontosystem. Kontoen for varer og tjenester, der afspejler den regnskabsidentitet, som ligger til grund for tilgang og anvendelse af varer og tjenester, beskrives også. Endelig præsenteres det integrerede økonomiske kontosystem, hvor de enkelte sektorer vises i samme konto med aggregerede posteringer.
Kontosystemet
8.02
I ENS registreres strømme og beholdninger i et ordnet sæt af konti, der beskriver det økonomiske kredsløb fra produktion og indkomstdannelse, over indkomstens fordeling og omfordeling til dens anvendelse til forbrug. Endelig registreres i ENS anvendelsen af det, der bliver tilovers, som opsparing, så der tages højde for akkumuleringen af både ikkefinansielle og finansielle aktiver.
8.03
For hver konto vises tilgang og anvendelse, som bringes i balance ved indsættelse af en saldopost, som regel på kontoens anvendelsesside. Saldoposten overføres til den næste konto som første postering på tilgangssiden.
Den strukturerede registrering af transaktioner efter en logisk analyse af det økonomiske liv leverer de nødvendige aggregater til undersøgelse af en institutionel sektor eller delsektor, eller den samlede økonomi. Kontiene er opdelt på en sådan måde, at man skulle få de økonomisk set mest relevante oplysninger, og hver enkelt kontos saldopost er en vigtig del af disse oplysninger.
8.04
Der er tre kategorier af konti:
a)
De løbende konti dækker produktion og tilhørende dannelse, fordeling og omfordeling af indkomst og dens anvendelse i form af forbrug. Indkomst, som ikke direkte går til forbrug, indgår i saldoposten opsparing, der overføres til akkumulationskontiene som første postering på kapitalkontoens tilgangsside.
b)
Akkumulationskontiene viser ændringerne i enhedernes aktiver og passiver og gør det muligt at registrere ændringer i nettoformuen (forskellen mellem aktiver og passiver).
c)
Statuskontiene viser de samlede aktiver og passiver ved regnskabsperiodens begyndelse og slutning samt nettoformuen. Strømmene for hver aktiv- og passivpost, der er opført på akkumulationskontiene, går igen på kontoen for ændringer i statuskonto.
8.05
Kontosystemet gælder for institutionelle enheder, institutionelle sektorer og delsektorer og den samlede økonomi.
8.06
Saldoposterne opstilles både brutto og netto: brutto, hvis de beregnes inden fradrag af forbrug af fast realkapital, og netto, hvis de beregnes efter dette fradrag. Det er mest relevant at udtrykke indkomstsaldoposter i nettotal, da forbrug af kapital svarer til et behov for disponibel indkomst, der skal imødekommes, hvis man vil opretholde økonomiens kapitalbeholdning.
8.07
Kontiene præsenteres på to måder:
a)
i form af integrerede økonomiske konti, som i en enkelt tabel viser kontiene for alle de institutionelle sektorer, den samlede økonomi og udlandet
b)
i form af et kontosystem, som giver mere detaljerede oplysninger. Tabellerne, som viser opstillingen af hver konto, findes i dette kapitel under overskriften »Kontosystem«.
8.08
Tabel 8.1 er en oversigt over konti, saldoposter og hovedaggregater. Koden for hovedaggregaterne er ikke vist i tabellen; den er den samme som koden for saldoposterne, dog med tilføjelse af en asterisk efter tallet. For eksempel er koden for Primær indkomst, brutto B.5g, og den tilsvarende kode for hovedaggregatet Nationalindkomst, brutto, er B.5*g.
8.09
Saldoposterne er opgjort brutto i tabellen, hvilket vises med et »g« i koden. For hver af disse koder findes der en nettoform, hvor det skønnede kapitalforbrug er trukket fra. Værditilvækst, brutto har f.eks. koden B.1g, og den tilsvarende nettoform (værditilvækst, netto), hvor kapitalforbruget er trukket fra, er B.1n.
Tabel 8.1 —
   
Oversigt over konti, saldoposter og hovedaggregater
Konti
Saldoposter
Hovedaggregater
Samtlige konti for institutionelle sektorer
Løbende konti
I.
Produktionskonto
I.
Produktionskonto
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
Bruttonationalprodukt (BNP)
II.
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1
Primærindkomstfordelingskonti
II.1.1
Indkomstdannelseskonto
B.2g B.3g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto Blandet indkomst, brutto
II.1.2
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
II.1.2.1
Konto for virksomheds-indkomst
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
II.1.2.2
Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst
B.5g
Primærindkomst, brutto
Bruttonationalindkomst (BNI)
II.2
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
Disponibel bruttonationalindkomst
II.3
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
II.4
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
Nationens opsparing, brutto
II.4.2
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Akkumulationskonti
III
Akkumulationskonti
III.1
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
III.1.2
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
III.2
Finansiel konto
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
III.3
Konto for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver
III.3.2
Omvurderingskonti
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
III.3.2.1
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
III.3.2.2
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Statuskonti
IV.
Statuskonti
IV.1
Primostatuskonto
B.90
Nettoformue
Nationalformue
IV.2
Ændringer i statuskonto
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
Ændringer i nationalformue
IV.3
Ultimostatuskonto
B.90
Nettoformue
Nationalformue
Tabel 8.1 —
   
Oversigt over konti, saldoposter og hovedaggregater (fortsat)
Konti
Saldoposter
Hovedaggregater
Transaktionskonti
0.
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet)
Løbende konti
V.
Konto for udlandet
V.I
Udlandskonto for varer og tjenester
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
V.II
Udlandskonto for primærindkomster og løbende overførsler
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Akkumula-tionskonti
V.III
Udlandskonti for akkumulation
V.III.1
Kapitalkonto
V.III.1.1
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
V.III.1.2
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
V.III.2
Finansiel konto
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
V.III.3
Konto for andre ændringer i status
V.III.3.1
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver
V.III.3.2
Omvurderingskonti
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
Statuskonti
V.IV
Udlandskonto for aktiver og passiver
V.IV.1
Primostatuskonto
B.90
Nettoformue
Finansiel nettostilling over for udlandet
V.IV.2
Ændringer i statuskonto
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
V.IV.3
Ultimostatuskonto
B.90
Nettoformue
Finansiel nettostilling over for udlandet
KONTOSYSTEM
Løbende konti
Produktionskonto (I)
8.10
Produktionskontoen (I) viser de transaktioner, der vedrører produktionsprocessen. Den opgøres for institutionelle sektorer og for brancher. Den har på tilgangssiden produktionen og på anvendelsessiden forbrug i produktionen.
8.11
Produktionskontoen viser en af de vigtigste saldoposter i systemet, værditilvæksten — dvs. den værdi, der skabes af en hvilken som helst enhed, der udfører en produktionsaktivitet — samt et meget vigtigt aggregat, nemlig bruttonationalproduktet. Værditilvæksten er økonomisk signifikant for både de institutionelle sektorer og brancherne.
8.12
Værditilvæksten (kontoens saldopost) beregnes før eller efter forbrug af fast realkapital, dvs. brutto eller netto. Da produktion værdiansættes i basispriser og forbrug i produktionen i køberpriser, omfatter værditilvæksten ikke produktskatter minus produktsubsidier.
8.13
For den samlede økonomis vedkommende omfatter produktionskontoen på tilgangssiden, ud over produktion af varer og tjenester, produktskatter minus produktsubsidier. Den giver således som saldopost bruttonationalproduktet (i markedspriser). Koden for denne vigtige saldopost, værditilvæksten for den samlede økonomi korrigeret til markedspriser, er B.1*g, hvilket svarer til BNP i markedspriser. Koden for nettonationalproduktet (NNP) er B.1*n.
8.14
Indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM) henregnes til brugerne som udgifter. Det kræver, at en del af rentebetalingerne til finansielle formidlere skal omklassificeres til betalinger for tjenester og henføres til produktion hos producenter af finansielle formidlingstjenester. En tilsvarende værdi registreres som brugernes forbrug. Værdien af BNP påvirkes af det FISIM-beløb, der henregnes til forbrug, eksport og import.
Tabel 8.2 —
   
Konto I: Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
3 604
3 604
P.1
Produktion
3 077
3 077
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
147
147
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
380
380
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
1 883
1 883
17
115
222
52
1 477
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
133
133
D.21-D.31
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
1 854
1 854
15
155
126
94
1 331
B.1g/B.1*g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
222
222
3
23
27
12
157
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
1 632
1 632
12
132
99
82
1 174
B.1n/B.1*n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
P.1
Produktion
2 808
146
348
270
32
3 604
3 604
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
2 808
146
0
123
0
3 077
3 077
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
0
0
0
147
0
147
147
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
348
32
380
380
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
1 883
1 883
D.21-D.31
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
133
133
B.1g/B.1*g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
B.1n/B.1*n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti (II)
8.15
Fordeling og anvendelse af indkomst analyseres i fire faser: primær fordeling, sekundær fordeling, omfordeling via naturalieydelser og anvendelse af indkomst.
Den første fase vedrører dannelsen af indkomst som et direkte resultat af produktionsprocessen og dens fordeling på produktionsfaktorerne (arbejdskraft, kapital) og sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (via produktions- og importskatter og subsidier). Den gør det muligt at beregne overskuddet af produktionen (eller blandet indkomst, når der er tale om husholdninger) og den primære indkomst.
Anden fase vedrører omfordeling af indkomst via overførsler undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier og kapitaloverførsler, hvilket giver den disponible indkomst som saldopost.
I tredje fase behandles individuelle tjenester, som offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er yder samfundet, som en del af husholdningernes forbrug, og en tilsvarende indkomst imputeres for husholdningerne. Dette opnås gennem to konti med korrigerede poster. Der indsættes en konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser, som under tilgang viser den imputerede ekstraindkomst for husholdningerne og en tilsvarende anvendelse for offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er i form af en imputeret overførsel fra disse sektorer. Herved fremkommer en saldopost, der kaldes korrigeret disponibel indkomst, som er identisk med disponibel indkomst i den samlede økonomi, men ikke for sektorerne husholdninger, offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er.
I fjerde fase overføres den disponible indkomst til den næste konto, kontoen for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst, der viser, hvordan indkomsten forbruges, hvorved opsparingen fremkommer som saldopost. Mens individuelle tjenester registreres som forbrug i husholdningerne via kontoen for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser, viser kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst, hvordan husholdningerne bruger den således opgjorte korrigerede disponible indkomst på sociale overførsler i naturalier modtaget fra det offentlige og NPISH'er, idet værdien af de sociale overførsler i naturalier lægges til husholdningernes forbrug, hvorved fremkommer det faktiske forbrug. Det offentliges og NPISH'ernes forbrug reduceres med samme beløb, således at man ved beregningen af opsparing for offentlig forvaltning og service, NPISH'er og husholdninger efter fremgangsmåden med korrektion opnår samme saldopost (opsparing) for hver sektor som ved beregningen efter den normale fremgangsmåde.
Primærindkomstfordelingskonti (II.1)
Indkomstdannelseskonto (II.1.1)
Opbygningen af indkomstdannelseskontoen efter institutionelle sektorer er vist i tabel 8.3.
8.16
Indkomstdannelseskontoen vises også for brancher i søjlerne i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
8.17
Indkomstdannelseskontoen viser primærindkomsttransaktioner fra kildesektorernes synsvinkel, ikke bestemmelsessektorernes.
8.18
Det fremgår af kontoen, hvordan værditilvækst dækker aflønning af ansatte og andre produktionsskatter (minus produktionssubsidier). Saldoposten er overskuddet af produktionen, som er overskuddet (eller underskuddet) på produktionsaktiviteter, før der er taget højde for renter, jordrente mv. eller betalinger, som produktionsenheden skal:
a)
afholde på finansielle aktiver eller på naturressourcer, som den har lånt eller lejet
b)
modtage for finansielle aktiver eller naturressourcer, som den ejer.
8.19
Når der er tale om personlige foretagender i husholdningssektoren, indeholder saldoposten på indkomstdannelseskontoen implicit et element, der svarer til vederlag for arbejde, som udføres af ejeren eller medlemmer af familien. Denne indkomst fra selvstændig virksomhed har karakter af løn og af overskud som følge af arbejde udført som virksomhedsejer. Denne indkomst, som strengt taget ikke er hverken løn eller overskud alene, kaldes »blandet indkomst«.
8.20
Når der er tale om boligtjenester, som ejere af egen bolig producerer for egen regning, er saldoposten på indkomstdannelseskontoen et overskud af produktionen (ikke blandet indkomst).
Tabel 8.3 —
   
Konto II.1.1: Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.1g/B.1*g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
B.1n/B.1*n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
1 150
1 150
11
11
98
44
986
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
950
950
6
11
63
29
841
D.11
Løn
200
200
5
0
55
5
145
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
181
4
0
51
4
132
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
168
168
4
0
48
4
122
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
13
13
0
0
3
0
10
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
19
19
1
0
4
1
13
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
18
18
1
0
4
1
12
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
235
0
235
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
141
0
141
D.21
Produktskatter
121
0
121
D.211
Moms
17
0
17
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
0
17
D.2121
Told mv.
0
0
0
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
3
0
3
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
94
0
94
1
0
1
4
88
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
-44
0
-44
D.3
Subsidier
-8
0
-8
D.31
Produktsubsidier
0
0
0
D.311
Importsubsidier
-8
0
-8
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
-36
0
-36
0
-1
0
0
-35
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
452
452
3
84
27
46
292
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
61
61
61
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
214
214
3
15
27
12
157
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
8
8
8
P.51c2
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af blandet indkomst, brutto
238
238
0
69
0
34
135
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
53
53
53
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
Tabel 8.3 —
   
Konto II.1.1: Indkomstdannelseskonto (fortsat)
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.1g/B.1*g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
1 331
94
126
155
15
1 854
1 854
B.1n/B.1*n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
1 174
82
99
132
12
1 632
1 632
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
D.11
Løn
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
0
D.21
Produktskatter
0
D.211
Moms
0
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
0
D.2121
Told mv.
0
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
0
D.3
Subsidier
0
D.31
Produktsubsidier
0
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
0
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
0
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst (II.1.2)
8.21
Til forskel fra indkomstdannelseskontoen behandler kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst residente enheder og institutionelle sektorer som modtagere snarere end producenter af primær indkomst.
8.22
Primær indkomst er den indkomst, som residente enheder modtager i kraft af deres direkte deltagelse i produktionsprocessen, og den indkomst, som ejeren af et finansielt aktiv eller en naturressource modtager til gengæld for at stille kapital eller naturressourcer til rådighed for en anden institutionel enhed.
8.23
For husholdningssektoren er aflønning af ansatte (D.1) som tilgang på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst ikke det samme som den tilsvarende postering (D.1) som anvendelse på indkomstdannelseskontoen. På husholdningernes indkomstdannelseskonto viser anvendelsesposteringen, hvor meget der betales til personale ansat i husholdningssektoren. På husholdningssektorens konto for allokering af primær indkomst viser posteringen på tilgangssiden al løn indtjent af husholdningssektoren ved beskæftigelse i erhvervslivet, inden for det offentlige osv. Posteringen på husholdningernes allokeringskonto er derfor meget større end posteringen på husholdningssektorens indkomstdannelseskonto.
8.24
Kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst (II.1.2) kan kun beregnes for de institutionelle sektorer og delsektorer, fordi det, når der er tale om brancher, er umuligt at opdele visse strømme i tilknytning til finansiering (langfristede udlån og indlån) og aktiver.
8.25
Kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst opdeles i en konto for virksomhedsindkomst (II.1.2.1) og en konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst (II.1.2.2).
Tabel 8.4 —
   
Konto II.1.2: Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi.
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
6
6
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
6
6
D.11
Løn
0
0
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
0
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
0
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
0
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
0
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
0
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
0
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
0
D.21
Produktskatter
0
D.211
Moms
0
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
0
D.2121
Told mv.
0
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
0
D.3
Subsidier
0
D.31
Produktsubsidier
0
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
0
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
435
44
391
6
41
42
168
134
D.4
Formueindkomst
230
13
217
6
14
35
106
56
D.41
Renter
79
17
62
0
15
47
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
67
13
54
15
39
D.421
Udbytte
12
4
8
0
8
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
14
14
0
0
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
47
0
47
47
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
25
0
25
25
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
8
0
8
8
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
14
0
14
14
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
6
0
6
6
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
8
0
8
8
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
653
65
0
27
7
0
31
D.45
Jordrente mv.
1 864
1 864
4
1 381
198
27
254
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
1 642
1 642
1
1 358
171
15
97
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
Tabel 8.4 —
   
Konto II.1.2: Allokering af primær indkomst (fortsat)
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi.
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
292
46
27
84
3
452
452
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
61
61
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
135
34
0
69
0
238
238
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
53
53
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 154
1 154
2
1 156
D.11
Løn
954
954
2
956
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
200
200
0
200
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
181
0
181
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
168
0
168
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
13
0
13
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
19
0
19
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
18
0
18
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
1
0
1
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
235
235
235
D.21
Produktskatter
141
141
141
D.211
Moms
121
121
121
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
17
17
D.2121
Told mv.
17
17
17
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
0
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
3
3
3
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
94
94
94
D.3
Subsidier
-44
-44
-44
D.31
Produktsubsidier
-8
-8
-8
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
0
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
-8
-8
-8
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
-36
-36
-36
D.4
Formueindkomst
96
149
22
123
7
397
38
435
D.41
Renter
33
106
14
49
7
209
21
230
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
10
25
7
20
0
62
17
79
D.421
Udbytte
10
25
5
13
0
53
14
67
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
2
7
9
3
12
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
4
7
0
3
0
14
0
14
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
8
8
1
30
0
47
0
47
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
5
0
0
20
0
25
0
25
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
8
8
0
8
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
3
8
1
2
0
14
0
14
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
1
3
0
2
0
6
0
6
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
2
5
1
0
0
8
0
8
D.45
Jordrente mv.
41
3
0
21
0
65
65
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
Konto for virksomhedsindkomst (II.1.2.1)
8.26
Formålet med kontoen for virksomhedsindkomst er at bestemme en saldopost, der svarer til begrebet løbende udbytte før fordeling og indkomstskat, som det normalt bruges i virksomhedsregnskaber.
8.27
Når der er tale om offentlig forvaltning og service og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger, vedrører denne konto kun disses markedsmæssige aktiviteter.
8.28
Virksomhedsindkomst svarer til overskud af produktionen eller blandet indkomst (på tilgangssiden)
plus
formueindkomst modtaget i forbindelse med finansielle og andre aktiver, som tilhører virksomheden (på tilgangssiden)
minus
renter af gæld, som skal betales af virksomheden, anden investeringsindkomst, der skal betales, og leje af jorden og andre naturressourcer, som er lejet af virksomheden (på anvendelsessiden).
Formueindkomst, som skal betales, i form af udbytte, udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber eller reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer fratrækkes ikke virksomhedsindkomsten.
Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst (II.1.2.2)
8.29
Formålet med kontoen for allokering af anden primær indkomst er at vende tilbage fra begrebet virksomhedsindkomst til begrebet primær indkomst. Derfor indeholder den de elementer af primær indkomst, som ikke er med i kontoen for virksomhedsindkomst:
a)
for selskabers vedkommende: udloddet udbytte, udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber og reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (på anvendelsessiden)
b)
for husholdningers vedkommende:
1)
formueindkomst, som skal betales, eksklusive jordrente mv. og renter, som skal betales i forbindelse med virksomhedens aktiviteter (på anvendelsessiden)
2)
aflønning af ansatte (på tilgangssiden)
3)
modtaget formueindkomst, undtagen formueindkomst modtaget i forbindelse med virksomhedens aktiviteter (på tilgangssiden)
c)
for det offentliges vedkommende:
1)
formueindkomst, som skal betales, undtagen formueindkomst, som skal betales i forbindelse med markedsaktiviteter (på anvendelsessiden)
2)
produktions- og importskatter minus subsidier (på tilgangssiden)
3)
modtaget formueindkomst, undtagen formueindkomst modtaget i forbindelse med markedsaktiviteter (på tilgangssiden).
Tabel 8.5 —
   
Konto II.1.2.1: Virksomhedsindkomst
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi.
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
240
240
153
87
D.4
Formueindkomst
162
162
106
56
D.41
Renter
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
D.421
Udbytte
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
47
47
47
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
25
25
25
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
8
8
8
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
14
14
14
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
31
31
0
31
D.45
Jordrente mv.
343
343
42
301
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
174
174
30
144
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
Tabel 8.5 —
   
Konto II.1.2.1: Virksomhedsindkomst (fortsat)
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi.
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
292
46
27
84
3
452
452
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
61
61
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
135
34
0
69
0
238
238
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
53
53
D.4
Formueindkomst
96
149
245
245
D.41
Renter
33
106
139
139
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
10
25
35
35
D.421
Udbytte
10
25
35
35
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
0
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
4
7
11
11
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
8
8
16
16
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
5
5
5
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
0
0
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
3
8
11
11
D.45
Jordrente mv.
41
3
44
44
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
Tabel 8.5 —
   
Konto II.1.2.2: Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi.
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og servicе
Finansielle selskaber
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
6
6
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
6
6
D.11
Løn
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
D.21
Produktskatter
D.211
Moms
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
D.2121
Told mv.
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
D.3
Subsidier
D.31
Produktsubsidier
D.311
Importsubsidier
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
214
63
151
6
41
42
15
47
D.4
Formueindkomst
68
13
55
6
14
35
D.41
Renter
98
36
62
15
47
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
54
0
54
15
39
D.421
Udbytte
44
36
8
8
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
14
14
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
34
34
0
27
7
D.45
Jordrente mv.
1 864
1 864
4
1 381
198
27
254
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
1 642
1 642
1
1 358
171
15
97
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
Tabel 8.5 —
   
Konto II.1.2.2: Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst (fortsat)
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi.
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
301
42
343
343
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
144
30
174
174
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 154
1 154
2
1 156
D.11
Løn
954
954
2
956
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
200
200
200
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
181
181
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
19
19
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
235
235
235
D.21
Produktskatter
141
141
141
D.211
Moms
121
121
121
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
17
17
D.2121
Told mv.
17
17
17
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
0
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
3
3
3
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
94
94
94
D.3
Subsidier
-44
-44
-44
D.31
Produktsubsidier
-8
-8
-8
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
0
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
-8
-8
-8
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
-36
-36
-36
D.4
Formueindkomst
22
123
7
152
38
190
D.41
Renter
14
49
7
70
21
91
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
7
20
0
27
17
44
D.421
Udbytte
5
13
0
18
14
32
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
2
7
0
9
3
12
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
3
0
3
0
3
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
1
30
0
31
0
31
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
0
20
0
20
0
20
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
0
8
0
8
0
8
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
1
2
0
3
0
3
D.45
Jordrente mv.
0
21
0
21
21
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto (II.2)
8.30
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen viser, hvorledes en institutionel sektors primærindkomstsaldo allokeres ved omfordeling: løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv., sociale bidrag og ydelser (eksklusive sociale overførsler i naturalier) og andre løbende overførsler.
8.31
Kontoens saldopost er den disponible indkomst, der afspejler løbende transaktioner, og som er det beløb, der er til rådighed til forbrug og opsparing.
8.32
Bidrag til sociale ordninger registreres på anvendelsessiden af husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto og på tilgangssiden af sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen for de institutionelle sektorer, som er ansvarlige for administrationen af socialforsikringsordninger. Når de betales af arbejdsgiverne for de ansatte, inkluderes de først i aflønning af ansatte på anvendelsessiden i arbejdsgiverens indkomstdannelseskonto, eftersom de udgør en del af lønomkostningerne; de registreres endvidere som aflønning af ansatte på tilgangssiden af husholdningernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst, eftersom de svarer til ydelser til husholdninger.
De bidrag til sociale ordninger, der opføres på anvendelsessiden af husholdningernes sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto, er eksklusive gebyr til pensionskasser og andre forsikringsselskaber, hvis tilgange helt eller delvis udgøres af faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger.
I tabellen vises en korrektionspost for gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger. Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger (D.61) registreres eksklusive disse gebyrer, men da det er vanskeligt at fordele dem på de forskellige elementer i D.61, vises disse bidrag inklusive gebyrerne i tabellen. D.61 er således summen af de forskellige elementer, der udgør koden, minus denne korrektionspost.
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser (II.3)
8.33
Kontoen for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser giver et bredere billede af husholdningernes indkomst ved at inkludere de strømme, der svarer til anvendelsen af individuelle varer og tjenester, som disse husholdninger modtager vederlagsfrit fra offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er, dvs. sociale overførsler i naturalier. Dette letter sammenligninger over en periode, når der er forskelle eller ændringer i de økonomiske og sociale betingelser, og supplerer analyserne af den rolle, som offentlig forvaltning og service spiller omfordelingen af indkomst.
8.34
Sociale overførsler i naturalier registreres på tilgangssiden af kontoen for omfordeling via naturalieydelser, når der er tale om husholdninger, og på anvendelsessiden, når der er tale om offentlig forvaltning og service og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
8.35
Saldoposten på kontoen for omfordeling via naturalieydelser er den korrigerede disponible indkomst, og den er første postering på tilgangssiden af kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst (II.4.2).
Tabel 8.6 —
   
Konto II.2: Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
1 229
17
1 212
7
582
248
277
98
Løbende overførsler
213
1
212
0
178
0
10
24
D.5
Tilgang
204
1
203
0
176
0
7
20
D.51
Indkomstskatter
9
9
0
2
0
3
4
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
333
0
333
333
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
181
0
181
181
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
168
0
168
168
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
13
0
13
13
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
19
0
19
19
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
18
0
18
18
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
1
0
1
1
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
129
0
129
129
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
115
0
115
115
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
14
0
14
14
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
10
0
10
10
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
8
0
8
8
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
2
0
2
2
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
-6
0
-6
-6
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
384
0
384
5
0
112
205
62
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
53
0
53
53
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
45
0
45
45
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
8
0
8
8
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
279
0
279
5
0
7
205
62
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
250
0
250
3
0
5
193
49
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
29
0
29
2
0
2
12
13
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
52
52
52
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
299
16
283
2
71
136
62
12
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
58
2
56
0
31
4
13
8
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
44
1
43
0
31
4
0
8
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
14
1
13
13
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
60
12
48
48
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
45
0
45
45
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
15
12
3
3
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
96
0
96
96
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
23
1
22
22
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
53
1
52
2
40
5
1
4
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
36
0
36
0
29
5
1
1
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
8
1
7
7
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
9
0
9
2
4
0
0
3
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
9
9
9
D.76
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
1 826
1 826
37
1 219
317
25
228
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 604
1 604
34
1 196
290
13
71
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
Tabel 8.6 —
   
Konto II.2: Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto (fortsat)
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
254
27
198
1 381
4
1 864
1 864
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
97
15
171
1 358
1
1 642
1 642
Løbende overførsler
72
275
367
420
40
1 174
55
1 229
D.5
Tilgang
213
213
0
213
D.51
Indkomstskatter
204
204
0
204
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
9
9
9
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
66
212
50
0
5
333
0
333
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
31
109
38
0
3
181
0
181
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
27
104
35
0
2
168
0
168
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
4
5
3
0
1
13
0
13
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
12
2
4
0
1
19
0
19
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
12
1
4
0
1
18
0
18
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
25
94
9
0
1
129
0
129
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
19
90
6
0
0
115
0
115
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
6
4
3
0
1
14
0
14
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
10
10
0
10
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
8
8
0
8
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
2
2
0
2
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
2
3
1
6
0
6
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
384
384
0
384
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
53
53
0
53
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
45
45
0
45
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
8
8
0
8
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
279
279
0
279
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
250
250
0
250
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
29
29
0
29
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
52
52
0
52
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
6
62
104
36
36
244
55
299
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
47
47
11
58
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
44
44
44
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
3
3
11
14
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
6
15
1
35
0
57
3
60
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
6
1
35
42
3
45
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
15
15
0
15
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
96
96
0
96
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
1
1
22
23
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
0
0
6
1
36
43
10
53
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
36
36
36
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
1
1
7
8
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
6
6
3
9
D.76
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
9
9
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
Tabel 8.7 —
   
Konto II.3: Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
215
215
31
184
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
211
211
31
180
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
4
4
4
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
1 826
1 826
6
1 434
133
25
228
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 604
1 604
3
1 411
106
13
71
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
215
215
215
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
211
211
211
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
4
4
4
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
Indkomstanvendelseskonto (II.4)
8.36
For de institutionelle sektorer med forbrug viser indkomstanvendelseskontoen, hvorledes den disponible indkomst (eller den korrigerede disponible indkomst) opdeles mellem udgifter til forbrug (eller faktisk forbrug) og opsparing.
8.37
I ENS er det kun offentlig forvaltning og service, NPISH'er og husholdninger, der har forbrug. Endvidere inkluderer indkomstanvendelseskontoen, for husholdninger og pensionskasser, en korrektionspost (D.8 — Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder), som vedrører den måde, transaktioner mellem husholdninger og pensionskasser registreres på. Dette forklares i kapitlet om fordelingstransaktioner (jf. 4.141).
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst (II.4.1)
8.38
Kontoen for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst omfatter begrebet udgifter til forbrug finansieret af de forskellige berørte sektorer: husholdninger, offentlig forvaltning og service og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
8.39
Saldoposten på kontoen for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst er opsparing.
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst (II.4.2)
8.40
Denne konto er knyttet til kontoen for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser (II.3). Kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst inkluderer begrebet faktisk forbrug, der svarer til værdien af de varer og tjenester, som faktisk er til rådighed for husholdningerne til forbrug, selv om anskaffelsen heraf finansieres af offentlig forvaltning og service eller nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
Som følge heraf svarer det faktiske forbrug i offentlig forvaltning og service og NPISH'er kun til det kollektive forbrug.
8.41
For den samlede økonomis vedkommende er udgifter til forbrug og faktisk forbrug lig med hinanden; det er kun fordelingen mellem de institutionelle sektorer, der er forskellig. Det samme gælder for disponibel indkomst og korrigeret disponibel indkomst.
8.42
Opsparing er saldoposten i begge versioner af indkomstanvendelseskontoen. Dens værdi er ens for alle sektorer, uanset om den er beregnet ved at trække udgifter til forbrug fra disponibel indkomst eller ved at trække faktisk forbrug fra korrigeret disponibel indkomst.
8.43
Opsparing er det (positive eller negative) beløb, der er resultatet af løbende transaktioner, som etablerer forbindelsen til akkumulationen. Hvis opsparingen er positiv, bruges ikkeanvendt indkomst til anskaffelse af aktiver eller nedbringelse af passiver. Hvis opsparingen er negativ, afvikles visse aktiver, eller visse passiver forøges.
Tabel 8.8 —
   
Konto II.4.1: Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
1 399
1 399
32
1 015
352
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 230
1 230
31
1 015
184
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
169
169
1
168
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
11
0
11
0
0
11
0
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
427
427
5
215
-35
14
228
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
205
205
2
192
-62
2
71
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
-13
-13
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 399
1 399
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
1 230
1 230
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
169
169
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
11
0
11
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Tabel 8.9 —
   
Konto II.4.2: Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
1 399
1 399
1
1 230
168
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1 230
1 230
1 230
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
169
169
1
168
P.42
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
11
0
11
0
0
11
0
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
427
427
5
215
-35
14
228
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
205
205
2
192
-62
2
71
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
-13
-13
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Tilgang
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
25
133
1 434
6
1 826
1 826
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
71
13
106
1 411
3
1 604
1 604
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1 399
1 399
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
1 230
1 230
P.42
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
169
169
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
11
0
11
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Akkumulationskonti (III)
8.44
Akkumulationskonti er strømkonti. Her registreres de forskellige årsager til ændringer i enhedernes aktiver og passiver og ændringer i deres nettoformue.
8.45
Ændringer i aktiver registreres i venstre side af kontiene (plus eller minus), ændringer i passiver og nettoformue i højre side (plus eller minus).
Kapitalkonto (III.1)
8.46
På kapitalkontoen registreres residente enheders anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver og måles ændringer i nettoformuen forårsaget af opsparing (slutsaldoposten på de løbende konti) og kapitaloverførsler.
8.47
Kapitalkontoen gør det muligt at fastslå, i hvor stort omfang anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver er finansieret af opsparing og ved kapitaloverførsler. Den viser en positiv fordringserhvervelse, netto, der svarer til det nettobeløb, som en enhed eller en sektor har til rådighed til direkte eller indirekte finansiering af andre enheder eller sektorer, eller en negativ fordringserhvervelse, netto, der svarer til det beløb, som en enhed eller sektor er nødt til at låne fra andre enheder eller sektorer.
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler (III.1.1)
8.48
Denne konto gør det muligt at beregne ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler, som svarer til nettoopsparing plus modtagne kapitaloverførsler minus betalte kapitaloverførsler.
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver (III.1.2)
8.49
På denne konto registreres anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver med henblik på at vende tilbage fra begrebet ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler til begrebet fordringserhvervelse, netto.
Finansiel konto (III.2)
8.50
På den finansielle konto registreres for hver type finansielt instrument ændringerne i de finansielle aktiver og passiver, som udgør fordringserhvervelse, netto. Da disse skal svare til saldoposterne finansielt overskud eller underskud på kapitalkontoen, overført til denne konto som første postering på »ændringer i passiver og nettoformue«-siden, har denne konto ingen saldopost.
8.51
Den klassifikation af aktiver og passiver, der bruges i den finansielle konto, er identisk med den, der bruges i statuskontiene.
Tabel 8.10 —
   
Konto III.1.1: Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og servicе
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.91r
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
192
-29
221
20
236
-81
-16
62
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og servicе
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
71
2
-62
192
2
205
205
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
-13
-13
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
33
0
6
23
0
62
4
66
D.91r
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
2
2
2
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
23
0
0
0
0
23
4
27
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
10
4
23
37
37
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
-16
-7
-34
-5
-3
-65
-1
-66
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
0
0
0
-2
0
-2
0
-2
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
-27
-27
-27
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
-16
-7
-7
-3
-3
-36
-1
-37
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
-5
-90
210
-1
202
-10
192
Tabel 8.11 —
   
Konto III.1.2: Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
414
414
5
55
38
8
308
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
192
192
2
32
11
-4
151
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
376
376
5
48
35
8
280
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
359
359
5
48
35
8
263
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
358
358
5
45
38
8
262
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
9
9
1
3
0
0
5
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
-8
-8
-1
0
-3
-4
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
17
17
17
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
- 222
- 222
-3
-23
-27
-12
- 157
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
28
28
0
2
0
0
26
P.52
Lagerændringer
10
10
0
5
3
0
2
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
0
0
1
4
2
0
-7
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
0
1
3
2
0
-6
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
-1
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
0
0
0
0
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
-10
10
-4
174
- 103
-1
-56
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
Tabel 8.11 —
   
Konto III.1.2: Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
-5
-90
210
-1
202
-10
192
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
414
414
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
192
192
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
376
376
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
359
359
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
358
358
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
9
9
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
-8
-8
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
17
17
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
- 222
- 222
P.52
Lagerændringer
28
28
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
10
10
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
0
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
0
0
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
Tabel 8.12 —
   
Konto III.2: Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og servicе
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
483
47
436
2
189
-10
172
83
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
0
1
-1
-1
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
1
-1
-1
F.11
Monetært guld
0
0
0
0
F.12
SDR
100
11
89
2
64
-26
10
39
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
36
3
33
1
10
2
15
5
F.21
Sedler og mønt
28
2
26
1
27
-27
-5
30
F.22
Transferable indskud
-5
-5
-5
F.221
Interbankpositioner
33
2
31
1
27
-27
0
30
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
36
6
30
0
27
-1
0
4
F.29
Andre indskud
95
9
86
-1
10
4
66
7
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
29
2
27
0
3
1
13
10
F.31
Kortfristede
66
7
59
-1
7
3
53
-3
F.32
Langfristede
82
4
78
0
3
3
53
19
F.4
Lån
25
3
22
0
3
1
4
14
F.41
Kortfristede
57
1
56
0
0
2
49
5
F.42
Langfristede
119
12
107
0
66
3
28
10
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
103
12
91
0
53
3
25
10
F.51
Ejerandele
87
10
77
0
48
1
23
5
F.511
Noterede aktier
9
2
7
0
2
1
1
3
F.512
Unoterede aktier
7
0
7
0
3
1
1
2
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
16
0
16
0
13
0
3
0
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
7
0
7
0
5
0
2
0
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
9
0
9
0
8
0
1
0
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
48
0
48
0
39
1
7
1
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
7
0
7
0
4
0
2
1
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
22
0
22
0
22
0
0
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
11
0
11
11
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
3
0
3
3
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
2
0
2
2
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
3
0
3
0
0
1
2
0
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
14
0
14
0
3
0
8
3
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
12
0
12
0
1
0
8
3
F.71
Finansielle derivater
5
0
5
0
1
0
3
1
F.711
Aktieoptioner
7
0
7
0
0
0
5
2
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
2
2
2
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
25
10
15
1
4
5
1
4
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
15
8
7
3
1
3
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
10
2
8
1
1
4
1
1
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
Tabel 8.12 —
   
Konto III.2: Finansiel konto (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
-56
-1
- 103
174
-4
10
-10
0
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
139
173
93
15
6
426
57
483
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.11
Monetært guld
F.12
SDR
0
0
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
65
37
102
-2
100
F.21
Sedler og mønt
35
35
1
36
F.22
Transferable indskud
26
2
28
0
28
F.221
Interbankpositioner
-5
-5
-5
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
31
2
33
33
F.29
Andre indskud
39
39
-3
36
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
6
30
38
0
0
74
21
95
F.31
Kortfristede
2
18
4
0
0
24
5
29
F.32
Langfristede
4
12
34
0
0
50
16
66
F.4
Lån
21
0
9
11
6
47
35
82
F.41
Kortfristede
4
0
3
2
2
11
14
25
F.42
Langfristede
17
0
6
9
4
36
21
57
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
83
22
105
14
119
F.51
Ejerandele
83
11
94
9
103
F.511
Noterede aktier
77
7
84
3
87
F.512
Unoterede aktier
3
4
7
2
9
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
3
3
4
7
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
11
11
5
16
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
5
5
2
7
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
6
6
3
9
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
48
0
48
0
48
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
7
7
0
7
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
22
22
0
22
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
11
11
0
11
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
3
3
0
3
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
2
0
2
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
3
0
3
0
3
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
8
0
0
0
11
3
14
F.71
Finansielle derivater
2
7
0
0
0
9
3
12
F.711
Aktieoptioner
2
2
0
0
0
4
1
5
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
5
0
0
0
5
2
7
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
1
1
2
2
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
26
9
4
39
-14
25
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
6
0
6
4
0
16
-1
15
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
20
0
3
0
0
23
-13
10
Konto for andre ændringer i status (III.3)
8.52
På kontoen for andre ændringer i status registreres ændringer i enheders aktiver og passiver, undtagen dem, der sker i forbindelse med opsparing og frivillige formueoverførsler, eftersom sidstnævnte bliver registreret på kapitalkontoen og den finansielle konto. Den er delt i: kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status (III.3.1) og omvurderingskontoen (III.3.2).
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status (III.3.1)
8.53
De bevægelser, som registreres på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status, påvirker nettoformuen på de pågældende enheders, sektorers og delsektorers statuskonti. Denne ændring, der kaldes ændring i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status, er kontoens saldopost.
Omvurderingskonto (III.3.2)
8.54
På omvurderingskontoen registreres ændringer i værdien af aktiver og passiver forårsaget af prisændringer.
For et givet aktiv eller passiv måles denne ændring som enten
a)
forskellen mellem dets værdi ved slutningen af regnskabsperioden og dets værdi ved begyndelsen af regnskabsperioden eller på den dato, hvor det første gang blev opført på statuskontoen, eller
b)
forskellen mellem dets værdi på den dato, hvor det blev skrevet ud af statuskontoen, og dets værdi ved begyndelsen af regnskabsperioden eller på den dato, hvor det første gang blev opført på statuskontoen.
Denne forskel kaldes »nominel kapitalgevinst« (eller »nominelt kapitaltab«).
En nominel kapitalgevinst svarer til en positiv omvurdering af et aktiv eller en negativ omvurdering af et (finansielt) passiv.
Et nominelt kapitaltab svarer til en negativ omvurdering af et aktiv eller en positiv omvurdering af et (finansielt) passiv.
8.55
De strømme, der registreres på omvurderingskontoen, ændrer nettoformuen på de pågældende enheders statuskonto. Denne ændring, der kaldes »ændring i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og –tab«, er kontoens saldopost. Den opføres på »ændringer i passiver og nettoformue«-siden.
8.56
Omvurderingskontoen opdeles i to underkonti: konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab (III.3.2.1) og konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab (III.3.2.2).
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab (III.3.2.1)
8.57
På kontoen for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab registreres ændringer i værdien af aktiver og passiver i forhold til ændringer i det generelle prisniveau. Sådanne ændringer svarer til den omvurdering, som er nødvendig for at opretholde aktivers og passivers generelle købekraft. Det generelle prisindeks, der skal anvendes til denne beregning, er prisindekset for endelig indenlandsk anvendelse eksklusive lagerændringer.
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab (III.3.2.2)
8.58
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab måler forskellen mellem nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab og neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab.
8.59
Hvis de nominelle kapitalgevinster minus de nominelle kapitaltab på et givet aktiv overstiger de neutrale kapitalgevinster minus de neutrale kapitaltab, er der tale om en real kapitalgevinst på aktivet for den enhed, som ejer det. Denne gevinst afspejler det faktum, at den faktiske pris på aktivet gennemsnitligt er steget hurtigere end det generelle prisniveau. Omvendt fremkalder et fald i den relative pris på aktivet et realt kapitaltab for den enhed, som ejer det.
Tilsvarende fremkalder en stigning i den relative pris på et passiv et realt kapitaltab på passiver, mens et fald i den relative pris på et passiv skaber en real kapitalgevinst på passiver.
Tabel 8.13 —
   
Konto III.3.1: Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
I alt
S. 1 Den samlede økonomi
S. 15 NPISH'er
S. 14 Husholdninger
S. 13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
S. 12 Finansielle selskaber
S. 11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Andre strømme
33
33
0
0
7
0
26
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
3
3
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
30
30
0
0
4
0
26
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
26
26
4
22
AN.21
Naturressourcer
4
4
4
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
-11
-11
0
0
-2
0
-9
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
-8
-8
0
0
-2
0
-6
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
-8
-8
-2
-6
AN.21
Naturressourcer
-3
-3
0
0
0
0
-3
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
-1
-1
-1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
-2
-2
-2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
-11
-11
0
0
-6
0
-5
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
-9
-9
-4
-5
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
-2
-2
-2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
0
0
0
5
0
-5
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
0
1
-1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
4
-4
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
-
AF
Finansielle aktiver
2
2
0
0
0
1
1
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
1
1
1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
1
1
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
0
0
0
-4
-2
6
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
2
2
0
0
-4
0
6
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
0
-3
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
-1
1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2
2
2
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
-2
-2
0
0
0
-2
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
-2
-2
-2
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
0
0
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
0
0
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
13
13
0
0
0
-1
14
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
-7
-7
0
0
-3
-2
-2
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
-2
-2
-3
1
AN.11
Faste aktiver
-3
-3
-3
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
-2
-2
-2
AN.13
Værdigenstande
17
17
0
0
3
0
14
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
9
9
0
0
1
-2
10
AN.21
Naturressourcer
6
6
2
4
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
0
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
3
3
0
0
0
1
2
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
0
0
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
0
0
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
0
0
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
0
AF.4
Lån
2
2
2
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
1
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Tabel 8.13 —
   
Konto III.3.1: Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
Andre strømme
S. 11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber
S. 12 Finansielle selskaber
S. 13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
S. 14 Husholdninger
S. 15 NPISH'er
S. 1 Den samlede økonomi
I alt
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
AN.21
Naturressourcer
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
2
0
2
0
0
2
2
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.4
Lån
0
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
2
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
1
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
14
-1
-2
-1
0
10
10
Tabel 8.14 —
   
Konto III.3.2: Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Andre strømme
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
280
280
8
80
44
4
144
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
126
126
5
35
21
2
63
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
111
111
5
28
18
2
58
AN.11
Faste aktiver
7
7
2
1
4
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
8
8
5
2
1
AN.13
Værdigenstande
154
154
3
45
23
2
81
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
152
152
3
45
23
1
80
AN.21
Naturressourcer
2
2
1
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
91
7
84
2
16
1
57
8
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
12
12
1
11
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
44
4
40
1
6
30
3
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
0
AF.4
Lån
35
3
32
1
10
16
5
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
Tabel 8.14 —
   
Konto III.3.2: Omvurderingskonto (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Andre strømme
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
18
51
7
0
0
76
15
91
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
12
12
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
34
7
42
2
44
AF.4
Lån
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
17
17
34
1
35
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
Tabel 8.14 —
   
Konto III.3.2.1: Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Andre strømme og saldoposter
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
198
198
6
56
32
3
101
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
121
121
5
34
20
2
60
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
111
111
5
28
18
2
58
AN.11
Faste aktiver
4
4
2
1
1
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
6
6
4
1
1
AN.13
Værdigenstande
77
77
1
22
12
1
41
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
76
76
1
22
12
1
40
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1
1
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
148
12
136
3
36
8
71
18
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
16
16
2
14
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
32
2
30
2
17
3
8
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
28
3
25
1
4
18
2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
29
1
28
3
24
1
AF.4
Lån
28
2
26
9
14
3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
8
1
7
5
1
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
7
3
4
1
3
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Tabel 8.14 —
   
Konto III.3.2.1: Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og –tab (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Kode
Andre strømme og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
37
68
13
5
3
126
22
148
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
16
16
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1
26
2
1
30
2
32
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
21
4
26
2
28
AF.4
Lån
18
7
3
1
29
29
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
14
14
28
28
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
7
7
1
8
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
3
2
1
6
1
7
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
82
6
27
87
6
208
6
214
Tabel 8.14 —
   
Konto III.3.2.2: Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Andre strømme og saldoposter
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
82
82
2
24
12
1
43
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
5
5
0
1
1
0
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
0
0
0
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
2
2
0
1
1
0
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
77
77
2
23
11
1
40
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
76
76
2
23
11
0
40
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
-57
-5
-52
-1
-20
-7
-14
-10
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
-4
0
-4
0
0
-1
-3
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
-32
-2
-30
-2
-17
-3
0
-8
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
16
1
15
0
2
0
12
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
-29
-1
-28
0
0
-3
-24
-1
AF.4
Lån
7
1
6
1
1
0
2
2
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
-8
-1
-7
0
-5
0
-1
-1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
0
0
0
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
-7
-3
-4
0
-1
0
0
-3
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Tabel 8.14 —
   
Konto III.3.2.2: Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og –tab (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Andre strømme og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
-19
-17
-6
-5
-3
-50
-7
-57
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
0
0
0
0
0
-4
-4
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
-1
-26
-2
0
-1
-30
-2
-32
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
13
3
0
0
16
0
16
AF.4
Lån
-18
0
-7
-3
-1
-29
0
-29
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
3
0
0
0
6
1
7
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
-7
-7
-1
-8
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
-3
0
0
-2
-1
-6
-1
-7
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
52
4
11
9
4
80
-2
78
Statuskonti (IV)
8.60
Formålet med statuskontiene er at give et billede af enhedernes aktiver og passiver og nettoformue ved begyndelsen og slutningen af regnskabsperioden og af ændringer statuskontiene imellem. Rækkefølgen er som følger:
a)
primostatuskonto (IV.1)
b)
ændringer i statuskonto (IV.2)
c)
ultimostatuskonto (IV.3).
Primostatuskonto (IV.1)
8.61
På primostatuskontoen registreres værdien af aktiver og passiver, som enheder ejer ved begyndelsen af regnskabsperioden.
Disse poster er opdelt i kategorier på grundlag af klassifikationen af aktiver og passiver.
De værdiansættes i de ved begyndelsen af regnskabsperioden gældende priser. Forskellen mellem aktiver og passiver — kontoens saldopost — er nettoformuen ved regnskabsperiodens begyndelse.
Ændringer i statuskonto (IV.2)
8.62
På kontoen for ændringer i statuskonto registreres ændringer i værdien af aktiver og passiver i løbet af regnskabsperioden og aggregeres de beløb, der er registreret på de forskellige akkumulationskonti, dvs. ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler, ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status og ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Ultimostatuskonto (IV.3)
8.63
På ultimostatuskontoen registreres værdien af aktiver og passiver, som enheder ejer ved slutningen af regnskabsperioden. Disse poster er opdelt i kategorier på grundlag af samme klassifikation, som bruges i primostatuskontoen, og værdiansættes i de ved slutningen af regnskabsperioden gældende priser.
Forskellen mellem aktiver og passiver er nettoformuen ved slutningen af regnskabsperioden.
8.64
Værdien af et aktiv eller et passiv på ultimostatuskontoen er lig med summen af dets værdi på primostatuskontoen og det beløb, som er opført for den pågældende post på kontoen for ændringer i statuskonto.
Tabel 8.15 —
   
Konto IV.1: Statuskonti — primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Beholdninger og ændringer i aktiver
4 621
4 621
159
1 429
789
93
2 151
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 818
2 818
124
856
497
67
1 274
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 579
2 579
121
713
467
52
1 226
AN.11
Faste aktiver
114
114
1
48
22
43
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
125
125
2
95
8
15
5
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1 803
1 803
35
573
292
26
877
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 781
1 781
35
573
286
23
864
AN.21
Naturressourcer
22
22
6
3
13
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
0
3
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
9 036
805
8 231
172
3 260
396
3 421
982
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
770
770
80
690
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1 587
105
1 482
110
840
150
382
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 388
125
1 263
25
198
950
90
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 454
70
1 384
8
24
115
1 187
50
AF.4
Lån
2 959
345
2 614
22
1 749
12
551
280
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
496
26
470
4
391
20
30
25
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
21
0
21
0
3
0
13
5
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
361
134
227
3
55
19
150
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.90
Nettoformue
Tabel 8.15 —
   
Konto IV.1: Statuskonti — primostatuskonto (fortsat)
Passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Beholdninger og ændringer i passiver
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
3 221
3 544
687
189
121
7 762
1 274
9 036
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
770
770
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
40
1 281
102
10
38
1 471
116
1 587
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
44
1 053
212
2
1 311
77
1 388
AF.4
Lån
897
328
169
43
1 437
17
1 454
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1 987
765
4
2 756
203
2 959
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
12
435
19
5
471
25
496
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
4
10
14
7
21
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
237
22
8
35
302
59
361
B.90
Nettoformue
-88
-30
498
4 500
210
5 090
- 469
4 621
Tabel 8.15 —
   
Konto IV.2: Statuskonti — ændringer i statuskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Beholdninger og ændringer i aktiver
482
482
11
115
57
-4
301
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
294
294
7
67
29
-4
195
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
246
246
7
53
23
-2
165
AN.11
Faste aktiver
32
32
0
4
1
0
27
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
16
16
0
10
5
-2
3
AN.13
Værdigenstande
186
186
4
48
28
0
106
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
178
178
4
48
26
-1
101
AN.21
Naturressourcer
8
8
0
0
2
1
5
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
577
54
523
4
205
-9
230
93
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
12
1
11
0
0
1
10
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
100
11
89
2
64
-26
10
39
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
139
13
126
0
16
4
96
10
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
82
4
78
0
3
3
53
19
AF.4
Lån
156
15
141
1
76
3
44
17
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
49
0
49
0
39
1
8
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
14
0
14
0
3
0
8
3
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
25
10
15
1
4
5
1
4
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af:
B.101
Opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
B.102
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
B.103
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1031
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1032
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Tabel 8.15 —
   
Konto IV.2: Statuskonti — ændringer i statuskonto (fortsat)
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Beholdninger og ændringer i passiver
Ikke-finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
157
224
102
16
6
505
72
577
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
12
12
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
65
37
0
0
102
-2
100
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
7
64
45
0
0
116
23
139
AF.4
Lån
21
0
9
11
6
47
35
82
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
100
39
2
0
0
141
15
156
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
48
0
1
0
49
0
49
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
8
0
0
0
11
3
14
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
26
0
9
4
0
39
-14
25
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af:
237
2
-54
304
9
500
-6
494
B.101
Opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
-5
90
210
-1
202
-10
192
B.102
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
14
-1
-2
-1
0
10
10
B.103
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
B.1031
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
82
6
27
87
6
208
6
214
B.1032
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
52
4
11
9
4
80
-2
78
Tabel 8.15 —
   
Konto IV.3: Statuskonti — ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Tilsvarende posteringer på
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
I alt
Konto for varer og tjenester
Konto for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Beholdninger og ændringer i aktiver
5 101
5 101
170
1 544
846
89
2 452
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
3 112
3 112
131
923
526
63
1 469
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 825
2 825
128
766
490
50
1 391
AN.11
Faste aktiver
146
146
1
52
23
0
70
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
141
141
2
105
13
13
8
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1 989
1 989
39
621
320
26
983
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 959
1 959
39
621
312
22
965
AN.21
Naturressourcer
30
30
0
0
8
4
18
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
9 613
859
8 754
176
3 465
387
3 651
1 075
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
782
1
781
0
0
81
700
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1 687
116
1 571
112
904
124
10
421
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 527
138
1 389
25
214
4
1 046
100
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 536
74
1 462
8
27
118
1 240
69
AF.4
Lån
3 115
360
2 755
23
1 825
15
595
297
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
545
26
519
4
430
21
38
26
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
35
35
0
6
0
21
8
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
386
144
242
4
59
24
1
154
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
B.90
Nettoformue
Tabel 8.15 —
   
Konto IV.3: Statuskonti — ultimostatuskonto (fortsat)
Passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende posteringer på
Andre strømme og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Konto for udlandet
Konto for varer og tjenester
I alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
3 378
3 768
789
205
127
8 267
1 346
9 613
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
782
782
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
40
1 346
139
10
38
1 573
114
1 687
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
51
1 117
257
2
0
1 427
100
1 527
AF.4
Lån
918
0
337
180
49
1 484
52
1 536
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2 087
804
6
0
0
2 897
218
3 115
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
12
483
19
1
5
520
25
545
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
7
18
0
0
0
25
10
35
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
263
0
31
12
35
341
45
386
B.90
Nettoformue
149
-28
444
4 804
219
5 590
- 475
5 115
KONTI FOR UDLANDET (V)
8.65
På kontiene for udlandet registreres transaktioner mellem residente og ikkeresidente enheder. Udlandet udgør ikke en institutionel sektor som sådan, men i systemets struktur spiller det en lignende rolle.
8.66
Kontosystemet for udlandet følger samme generelle mønster som kontiene for den institutionelle sektor, dvs.
a)
løbende konti
b)
akkumulationskonti
c)
statuskonti.
8.67
Kontiene i litra a)-c) i 8.66 opstilles fra udlandets synspunkt. Det, som er tilgang for udlandet, er således anvendelse for den samlede økonomi, og omvendt. Tilsvarende er et finansielt aktiv, som ejes af udlandet, et passiv for den samlede økonomi, og omvendt. En undtagelse herfra er guldbarrer, der opbevares som reserveaktiver, og som — selv om de ikke modsvares af passiver — registreres på den finansielle konto på grund af deres rolle i internationale betalinger.
Løbende konti
Udlandskonto for varer og tjenester (V.1)
8.68
Import af varer og tjenester opføres på kontoens tilgangsside, og eksport af varer og tjenester på anvendelsessiden. Forskellen mellem tilgang og anvendelse er kontoens saldopost, som kaldes »udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance«. Hvis den er positiv, er der overskud for udlandet og underskud for den samlede økonomi, og omvendt hvis den er negativ.
8.69
Både import og eksport værdiansættes ved eksportlandets toldgrænse. For eksport registreres værdien »free on board« (fob). Importværdien registreres i priser, der inkluderer omkostninger, forsikring og fragt, som påløber mellem oprindelseslandet og importlandet dvs. cif (»carriage, insurance, freight«). For at reducere importværdien til en fob-værdi svarende til værdien ved oprindelseslandets grænse skal cif-elementet trækkes fra den ved importlandets grænseovergang opgjorte værdi af varen. Dette cif-element henregnes derefter til de relevante tjenesteaktiviteter, enten som import eller indenlandsk produktion, alt efter om det er ikkeresidente eller residente enheder, der leverer de pågældende tjenester.
Når transport- og forsikringstjenester, som er inkluderet i fob-værdien af importerede varer (dvs. mellem fabrikken og det eksporterende lands grænse), leveres af residente enheder, skal de medregnes i værdien af den vareimporterende økonomis eksport af tjenester. Når transport- og forsikringstjenester, som er inkluderet i fob-værdien af eksporterede varer, omvendt leveres af ikkeresidente enheder, skal de medregnes i værdien af den vareeksporterende økonomis import af tjenester.
Udlandskonto for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler (V.II)
8.70
Formålet med udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler er at få opgjort saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster, som i systemets struktur svarer til de institutionelle sektorers opsparing. Denne konto er en komprimeret version af kontosystemet for en institutionel sektor, som strækker sig fra kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst til indkomstanvendelseskontoen.
8.71
På tilgangssiden viser udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance. På tilgangs- eller anvendelsessiden registreres også alle fordelingstransaktioner, som kan berøre udlandet, bortset fra kapitaloverførsler.
Udlandskonti for akkumulation (V.III)
Kapitalkonto (V.III.1)
8.72
På kapitalkontoen for udlandet registreres ikkeresidente enheders anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver og måles ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler.
8.73
Saldoposten på kapitalkontoen er udlandets fordringserhvervelse, netto. Den er lig med summen af de residente institutionelle sektorers fordringserhvervelse, netto, dog med modsat fortegn.
Finansiel konto (V.III.2)
8.74
Opstillingen i udlandets finansielle konto er identisk med opstillingen i de institutionelle sektorers finansielle konto.
Konto for andre ændringer i status (V.III.3)
8.75
Ligesom det er tilfældet med de institutionelle sektorer, bestemmes ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status og ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab efter hinanden, idet kapitalgevinsterne og -tabene selv opdeles i neutrale og reale kapitalgevinster og -tab.
8.76
At der ikke optræder producerede aktiver på udlandets akkumulationskonti og statuskonti, skyldes, at man har vedtaget, at der oprettes en fiktiv institutionel enhed, idet udlandet anses for at have anskaffet et finansielt aktiv — og omvendt for aktiver, som i andre økonomier indehaves af residente enheder.
Statuskonti (V.IV)
8.77
Udlandets statuskonti indeholder finansielle aktiver og passiver. På aktivsiden registreres også de samlede anskaffelser minus afhændelser af monetært guld og SDR mellem ikkeresidente og residente enheder.
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet)
V.I:
Udlandskonto for varer og tjenester
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
540
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
499
P.61
Eksport af varer
462
P.71
Import af varer
392
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
78
P.72
Import af tjenester
107
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
-41
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet) (fortsat)
V.II:
Udlandskonto for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
6
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
-41
D.11
Løn
6
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
2
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
0
D.11
Løn
2
D.21
Produktskatter
0
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.211
Moms
0
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
0
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.2121
Told mv.
0
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
D.21
Produktskatter
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
0
D.211
Moms
0
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
0
D.3
Subsidier
0
D.2121
Told mv.
0
D.31
Produktsubsidier
0
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
0
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
0
D.4
Formueindkomst
44
D.3
Subsidier
0
D.41
Renter
13
D.31
Produktsubsidier
0
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
17
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.421
Udbytte
13
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
0
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
4
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
14
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
0
D.4
Formueindkomst
38
D.41
Renter
21
Løbende overførsler
17
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
17
D.5
Tilgang
1
D.421
Udbytte
14
D.51
Indkomstskatter
1
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
3
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
0
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
Løbende overførsler
55
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
0
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.51
Indkomstskatter
0
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
0
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
0
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
0
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
0
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
0
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
16
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
0
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
2
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
1
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
1
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
12
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
0
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
0
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
12
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
55
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
0
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
11
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
1
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
0
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
1
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
11
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
0
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
3
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
1
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
3
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
0
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
0
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
0
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
22
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
10
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
0
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
7
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
3
D.76
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
9
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
–13
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet) (fortsat)
V.III:
Akkumulationskonti
V.III.1:
Kapitalkonti
V.III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
-13
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
4
D.91r
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
4
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
-1
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
-1
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
–10
V.III.1.2:
Anskaffelse af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
-10
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
0
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
-10
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet) (fortsat)
V.III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
47
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
57
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.11
Monetært guld
1
F.11
Monetært guld
F.12
SDR
0
F.12
SDR
0
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
11
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
-2
F.21
Sedler og mønt
3
F.21
Sedler og mønt
1
F.22
Transferable indskud
2
F.22
Transferable indskud
0
F.221
Interbankpositioner
F.221
Interbankpositioner
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
2
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
F.29
Andre indskud
6
F.29
Andre indskud
-3
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
9
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
21
F.31
Kortfristede
2
F.31
Kortfristede
5
F.32
Langfristede
7
F.32
Langfristede
16
F.4
Lån
4
F.4
Lån
35
F.41
Kortfristede
3
F.41
Kortfristede
14
F.42
Langfristede
1
F.42
Langfristede
21
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
12
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
14
F.51
Ejerandele
12
F.51
Ejerandele
9
F.511
Noterede aktier
10
F.511
Noterede aktier
3
F.512
Unoterede aktier
2
F.512
Unoterede aktier
2
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
0
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
4
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
0
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
5
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
2
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
3
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
0
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
0
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
0
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
0
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
0
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
0
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
0
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
F.71
Finansielle derivater
0
F.71
Finansielle derivater
3
F.711
Aktieoptioner
0
F.711
Aktieoptioner
1
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
2
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
10
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
-14
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
8
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
-1
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
2
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
-13
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet) (fortsat)
V.III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
V.III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Andre strømme
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
0
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
0
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
0
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
0
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet) (fortsat)
V.III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
V.III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
15
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
12
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
2
AF
Finansielle aktiver
7
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
4
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.8
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
4
V.III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver
22
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
16
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
2
AF
Finansielle aktiver
12
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
3
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.4
Lån
1
AF.8
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
3
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
6
V.III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver
-7
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
-4
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
-2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
-5
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
-2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
-1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.4
Lån
-1
AF.8
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
-1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
-1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
-3
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
-2
Tabel 8.16 —
   
Samlede konti for udlandet (konto for transaktioner med udlandet) (fortsat)
V.IV:
Udlandskonto for aktiver og passiver
V.IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle passiver
1 274
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
770
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
116
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
77
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.4
Lån
17
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
203
AF
Finansielle aktiver
805
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
25
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
7
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
105
AF.8
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
59
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
125
AF.4
Lån
70
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
345
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
26
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
134
B.90
Nettoformue
- 469
V.IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle passiver
72
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
12
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
-2
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
23
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.4
Lån
35
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
15
AF
Finansielle aktiver
54
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
11
AF.8
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
-14
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
13
AF.4
Lån
4
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
15
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
10
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af:
-6
B.101
Saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
-10
B.102
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
0
B.103
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
4
B.1031
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
6
B.1032
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
-2
V.IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle passiver
1 346
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
782
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
114
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
100
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.4
Lån
52
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
218
AF
Finansielle aktiver
859
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
25
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
10
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
116
AF.8
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
45
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
138
AF.4
Lån
74
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
360
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
26
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
144
B.90
Nettoformue
- 475
KONTO FOR VARER OG TJENESTER (0)
8.78
Formålet med kontoen for varer og tjenester er for hver enkelt produktgruppe og for den samlede økonomi at vise tilgangen af produkter og disses anvendelse. Denne konto er ikke en del af kontosystemet, men udgør den tilgrundliggende regnskabsidentitet mellem tilgang og anvendelse af produkter i økonomien. Den illustrerer på aggregeret niveau sammenhængen mellem tilgang og anvendelse af produkter i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellernes rækker.
8.79
Den viser derfor for hver enkelt produktgruppe og for den samlede økonomi tilgangen (produktion og import) og anvendelsen af varer og tjenester (forbrug i produktionen, forbrug, faste bruttoinvesteringer, lagerændringer, anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande og eksport).
8.80
I betragtning af den måde, hvorpå produktion værdiansættes i basispriser og anvendelser i køberpriser, skal produktskatter minus produktsubsidier opføres under tilgang.
8.81
Anvendelser registreres i højre side af kontoen for varer og tjenester, tilgang i venstre side, dvs. i den modsatte side af den, der anvendes på de institutionelle sektorers løbende konti, eftersom produktstrømmene er modposteringerne til pengestrømmene.
8.82
Kontoen for varer og tjenester balancerer pr. definition og har derfor ingen saldoposter.
Tabel 8.17 —
   
Konto 0: Konto for varer og tjenester
Tilgang
Anvendelse
P.1
Produktion
3 604
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
1 883
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
3 077
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 399
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
147
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
1 230
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
380
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
169
D.21
Produktskatter
141
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
414
D.31
Produktsubsidier
-8
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
359
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
499
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
358
P.71
Import af varer
392
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
9
P.72
Import af tjenester
107
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
-8
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
17
P.52
Lagerændringer
28
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
10
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
540
P.61
Eksport af varer
462
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
78
INTEGRERET ØKONOMISK KONTOSYSTEM
8.83
Det integrerede økonomiske kontosystem giver et nøjagtigt overblik over en økonomis konti, dvs. de løbende konti, akkumulationskontiene og statuskontiene.
I én og samme tabel samles alle de institutionelle sektorers, den samlede økonomis og udlandets konti, og alle strømme og alle aktiver og passiver udlignes. Desuden kan aggregaterne aflæses direkte.
8.84
I tabellen med det integrerede økonomiske kontosystem opføres anvendelser, aktiver og ændringer i aktiver på venstre side, mens tilgang, passiver, ændringer i passiver og nettoformue opføres på højre side.
8.85
For at gøre tabellen læselig og samtidig give et billede af hele den økonomiske proces anvender man de højest mulige aggregeringsniveauer, idet det samtidig sikres, at de er forenelige med systemets struktur.
8.86
Kolonnerne i tabellen repræsenterer de institutionelle sektorer, nemlig: ikkefinansielle selskaber, finansielle selskaber, offentlig forvaltning og service, nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger og husholdninger. Der er også en kolonne for den samlede økonomi, en kolonne for udlandet og en kolonne, hvor anvendelse og tilgang af varer og tjenester afstemmes.
8.87
Rækkerne i tabellen repræsenterer de forskellige kategorier af transaktioner, aktiver og passiver, saldoposter og visse aggregater.
Tabel 8.18 —
   
Integreret økonomisk kontosystem
Løbende konti
Anvendelse
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Konti
I alt
Varer og tjenester (tilgang)
Udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og andre strømme, beholdninger og saldoposter
I.
Produktions-konto/udlands-konto for varer og tjenester
499
499
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
540
540
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
3 604
3 604
P.1
Produktion
1 883
1 883
17
115
222
52
1 477
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
133
133
D.21-D.31
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
1 854
1 854
15
155
126
94
1 331
B.1g/B.1*g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
222
222
3
23
27
12
157
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
1 632
1 632
12
132
99
82
1 174
B.1n/B.1*n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
-41
-41
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
II.1.1.
Indkomstdannelseskonto
1 150
1 150
11
11
98
44
986
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
191
0
191
D.2-D.3
Produktions- og importskatter minus produktions- og -importsubsidier
133
0
133
D.21-D.31
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
58
0
58
1
-1
1
4
53
D.29-D.39
Andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier
452
452
3
84
27
46
292
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
61
61
61
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
238
238
0
69
0
34
135
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
53
53
53
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
II.1.2
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
435
44
391
6
41
42
168
134
D.4
Formueindkomst
1 864
1 864
4
1 381
198
27
254
B.5g/B.5*g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
1 642
1 642
1
1 358
171
15
97
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
II.2
Sekundær-indkomstfordelingskonto
213
1
212
0
178
0
10
24
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
333
0
333
333
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
384
0
384
5
0
112
205
62
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
299
16
283
2
71
136
62
12
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
1 826
1 826
37
1 219
317
25
228
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 604
1 604
34
1 196
290
13
71
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
II.3
Konto for indkomst-omfordeling via naturalie-ydelser
215
215
31
184
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
1 826
1 826
6
1 434
133
25
228
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 604
1 604
3
1 411
106
13
71
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
II.4
Indkomst-anvendelses-konto
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
1 399
1 399
1
1 230
168
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1 399
1 399
32
1 015
352
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
11
0
11
0
0
11
0
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
427
427
5
215
-35
14
228
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
205
205
2
192
-62
2
71
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
-13
-13
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Anvendelse
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Transaktioner og andre strømme, beholdninger og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Udlandet
Varer og tjenester (anvendelse)
I alt
Konti
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
499
499
I.
Produktionskonto/udlandskonto for varer og tjenester
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
540
540
P.1
Produktion
2 808
146
348
270
32
3 604
3 604
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
1 883
1 883
D.21-D.31
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
133
133
B.1g/B.1*g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
1 331
94
126
155
15
1 854
1 854
II.1.1
Indkomstdannelses-konto
II.1.2
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
157
12
27
23
3
222
222
B.1n/B.1*n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
1 174
82
99
132
12
1 632
1 632
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
-41
-41
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 154
1 154
2
1 156
D.2-D.3
Produktions- og importskatter minus produktions- og -importsubsidier
191
191
0
191
D.21-D.31
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
133
133
0
133
D.29-D.39
Andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier
58
58
0
58
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
292
46
27
84
3
452
452
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
61
61
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
135
34
0
69
0
238
238
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
53
53
D.4
Formueindkomst
96
149
22
123
7
397
38
435
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
254
27
198
1 381
4
1 864
1 864
II.2
Sekundær-indkomstfordelings-konto
B.5n/B.5*n
Primær indkomst, netto/Nationalindkomst, netto
97
15
171
1 358
1
1 642
1 642
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
213
213
0
213
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
66
213
50
0
4
333
0
333
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
384
384
0
384
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
6
62
104
36
36
244
55
299
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
II.3
Konto for indkomst-omfordeling via naturalieydelser
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
215
215
215
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
25
133
1 434
6
1 826
1 826
II.4
Indkomst-anvendelseskonto
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
71
13
106
1 411
3
1 604
1 604
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
25
317
1 219
37
1 826
1 826
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
71
13
290
1 196
34
1 604
1 604
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1 399
1 399
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 399
1 399
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
11
0
11
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
Tabel 8.18 —
   
Integreret økonomisk kontosystem
Akkumulationskonti
Ændringer i aktiver
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Konti
I alt
Varer og tjenester (tilgang)
Udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og andre strømme, beholdninger og saldoposter
III.1.1
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte (-)
192
-29
221
20
236
-81
-16
62
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
III.1.2
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
414
414
5
55
38
8
308
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
- 222
- 222
-3
-23
-27
-12
- 157
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital (-)
28
28
0
2
0
0
26
P.52
Lagerændringer
10
10
0
5
3
0
2
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
0
0
0
1
4
2
0
-7
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
-10
10
-4
174
- 103
-1
-56
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
III.2
Finansiel konto
483
47
436
2
189
-10
172
83
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
0
1
-1
0
-1
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
100
11
89
2
64
-26
10
39
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
95
9
86
-1
10
4
66
7
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
82
4
78
0
3
3
53
19
F.4
Lån
119
12
107
0
66
3
28
10
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
48
0
48
0
39
1
7
1
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
14
0
14
0
3
0
8
3
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
25
10
15
1
4
5
1
4
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
III.3.1
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
33
33
0
0
7
0
26
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
-11
-11
0
0
-2
-9
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
-11
-11
0
0
-6
0
-5
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
0
0
0
0
5
0
-5
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
2
2
0
2
0
1
1
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
0
0
0
-4
-2
6
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
13
13
0
0
0
-1
14
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
Heraf:
-7
-7
0
0
-3
-2
-2
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
17
17
0
0
3
0
14
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
3
0
0
0
1
2
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
III.3.2
Omvurderings-konto
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
280
280
8
80
44
4
144
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
126
126
5
35
21
2
63
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
154
0
154
3
45
23
2
81
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
91
7
84
2
16
1
57
8
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Transaktioner og andre strømme, beholdninger og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Udlandet
Varer og tjenester (anvendelse)
I alt
Konti
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
71
2
-62
192
2
205
205
II.1.1
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
-13
-13
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
33
0
6
23
0
62
4
66
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte (-)
-16
-7
-34
-5
-3
-65
-1
-66
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
-5
-90
210
-1
202
-10
192
II.1.2
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
414
414
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital (-)
- 222
P.52
Lagerændringer
28
28
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
10
10
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
-56
-1
- 103
174
-4
10
-10
0
III.2
Finansiel konto
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
139
173
93
15
6
426
57
483
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
65
37
102
-2
100
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
6
30
38
0
0
74
21
95
F.4
Lån
21
0
9
11
6
47
35
82
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
83
22
105
14
119
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
48
0
48
0
48
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
8
0
0
0
11
3
14
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
26
9
4
39
-14
25
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
II.3.1
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
Heraf:
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
0
2
1
0
3
3
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
14
-1
-2
-1
0
10
10
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
III.3.2
Omvurderings-konto
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
18
51
7
0
0
76
15
91
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
Tabel 8.18 —
   
Integreret økonomisk kontosystem
Statuskonti
Aktiver
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
Konti
I alt
Varer og tjenester (tilgang)
Udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og andre strømme, beholdninger og saldoposter
IV.1
Primostatuskonto
4 621
4 621
159
1 429
789
93
2 151
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 818
2 818
124
856
497
67
1 274
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 803
1 803
35
573
292
26
877
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
9 036
805
8 231
172
3 260
396
3 421
982
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
B.90
Nettoformue
IV.2
Ændringer i statuskonto
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
480
480
11
115
57
-4
301
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
294
294
7
67
29
-4
195
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
186
186
4
48
28
0
106
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
577
54
523
4
205
-9
230
93
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
B.101
Opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
B.102
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
B.103
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
IV.3
Ultimo-statuskonto
5 101
5 101
170
1 544
846
89
2 452
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
3 112
3 112
131
923
526
63
1 469
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 989
1 989
39
621
320
26
983
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
9 613
859
8 754
176
3 465
387
3 651
1 075
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
B.90
Nettoformue
Passiver og nettoformue
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Transaktioner og andre strømme, beholdninger og saldoposter
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Udlandet
Varer og tjenester (anvendelse)
I alt
Konti
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
IV.1
Primostatuskonto
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
3 221
3 544
687
189
121
7 762
1 274
9 036
B.90
Nettoformue
-88
-30
498
4 500
210
5 090
- 469
4 621
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
IV.2
Ændringer i statuskonto
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
157
224
102
16
6
505
72
577
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
237
4
-54
304
9
500
-6
494
B.101
Opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
-5
-90
210
-1
202
-10
192
B.102
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
14
-1
-2
-1
0
10
10
B.103
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
134
10
38
96
10
288
4
292
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
IV.3
Ultimo-statuskonto
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
3 378
3 768
789
205
127
8 267
1 346
9 613
B.90
Nettoformue
149
-26
444
4 804
219
5 590
- 475
5 115
AGGREGATER
8.88
Aggregaterne er sammenfattende indikatorer af resultatet af aktiviteten i den samlede økonomi og samtidig vigtige referencestørrelser i forbindelse med makroøkonomiske analyser og sammenligninger over bestemte perioder og mellem bestemte områder.
Bruttonationalproduktet i markedspriser (BNP)
8.89
Bruttonationalproduktet i markedspriser er det endelige resultat af residente produktionsenheders produktionsaktivitet. Det kan defineres på tre måder:
a)
opgjort fra produktionssiden: BNP er summen af de forskellige institutionelle sektorers eller de forskellige branchers bruttoværditilvækst plus produktskatter minus produktsubsidier (som ikke er opdelt på sektorer og industrier). Det er også saldoen på den samlede økonomis produktionskonto
b)
opgjort fra anvendelsessiden: BNP er summen af residente institutionelle enheders endelige anvendelse af varer og tjenester (forbrug og bruttoinvesteringer) plus eksport og minus import af varer og tjenester
c)
opgjort fra indkomstsiden: BNP er summen af anvendelser på den samlede økonomis indkomstdannelseskonto (aflønning af ansatte, produktions- og importskatter minus subsidier, bruttooverskud af produktionen og blandet indkomst i den samlede økonomi).
8.90
Ved at trække forbruget af fast realkapital fra BNP fås nettonationalproduktet i markedspriser (NNP).
Den samlede økonomis overskud af produktionen
8.91
Den samlede økonomis brutto- (eller netto-) overskud af produktionen er lig med summen af de forskellige branchers eller de forskellige institutionelle sektorers brutto- (eller netto-) overskud af produktionen.
Den samlede økonomis blandede indkomst
8.92
Den samlede økonomis blandede indkomst, brutto eller netto, er lig med husholdningssektorens blandede indkomst, brutto eller netto.
Den samlede økonomis virksomhedsindkomst
8.93
Den samlede økonomis brutto- (eller netto-) virksomhedsindkomst er lig med summen af de forskellige sektorers brutto- (eller netto-) virksomhedsindkomst.
Nationalindkomst (i markedspriser)
8.94
Brutto- (eller netto-) nationalindkomsten (i markedspriser) er lig med den samlede primære indkomst, som modtages af residente institutionelle enheder: aflønning af ansatte, produktions- og importskatter minus subsidier, formueindkomst (modtaget minus betalt), (brutto- eller netto-) overskud af produktionen og blandet indkomst, brutto eller netto.
Bruttonationalindkomsten (i markedspriser) er lig med BNP minus primær indkomst, som skal betales af residente institutionelle enheder til ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder, plus primær indkomst, der modtages af residente institutionelle enheder fra udlandet.
Nationalindkomsten er ikke et produktionsbegreb, men et indkomstbegreb, som er mere signifikant, hvis det angives netto, efter fradrag af realkapitalforbrug.
Disponibel nationalindkomst
8.95
Disponibel brutto (eller netto-) nationalindkomst er summen af de institutionelle sektorers disponible brutto- (eller netto-) indkomst. Den disponible brutto- (eller netto-) nationalindkomst er lig med brutto- (eller netto-) nationalindkomsten (i markedspriser) minus løbende overførsler (løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv., bidrag til sociale ordninger, sociale ydelser og andre løbende overførsler), som betales til ikkeresidente enheder, plus løbende overførsler, som modtages af residente enheder fra udlandet.
Opsparing
8.96
Dette aggregat måler den andel af den disponible nationalindkomst, som ikke anvendes til udgifter til forbrug. Brutto- (eller netto-) opsparing er summen af de forskellige institutionelle sektorers brutto- (eller netto-) opsparing.
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
8.97
Saldoposten på udlandskontoen for primære indkomster og løbende overførsler repræsenterer den samlede økonomis overskud (hvis saldoposten er negativ) eller underskud (hvis saldoposten er positiv) på dens løbende transaktioner (handel med varer og tjenester, primære indkomster, løbende overførsler) med udlandet.
Den samlede økonomis fordringserhvervelse, netto
8.98
Den samlede økonomis fordringserhvervelse, netto, er summen af de institutionelle sektorers fordringserhvervelse, netto. Den repræsenterer de nettoressourcer, som den samlede økonomi stiller til rådighed for udlandet (hvis den er positiv) eller modtager fra udlandet (hvis den er negativ). Den samlede økonomis fordringserhvervelse, netto, er lig med udlandets fordringserhvervelse, netto, dog med modsat fortegn.
Den samlede økonomis nettoformue
8.99
Den samlede økonomis nettoformue er summen af de institutionelle sektorers nettoformue. Den repræsenterer værdien af den samlede økonomis ikkefinansielle aktiver minus saldoen mellem udlandets finansielle aktiver og passiver.
Udgifter og indtægter for offentlig forvaltning og service
Udgifter og indtægter for offentlig forvaltning og service defineres ved henvisning til en liste over ENS-kategorierne.
8.100
Udgifter for offentlig forvaltning og service omfatter følgende ENS-kategorier, registreret på anvendelsessiden af kontiene for offentlig forvaltning og service, med undtagelse af D.3, som registreres på tilgangssiden af kontiene for offentlig forvaltning og service:
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
P.5
Bruttoinvesteringer
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
D.3
Subsidier
D.4
Formueindkomst
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
Indtægter for offentlig forvaltning og service omfatter følgende ENS-kategorier, registreret på tilgangssiden af kontiene for offentlig forvaltning og service, med undtagelse af D.39, som registreres på anvendelsessiden af kontiene for offentlig forvaltning og service:
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
P.131
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
D.4
Formueindkomst
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
Pr. definition er forskellen mellem indtægter og udgifter for offentlig forvaltning og service lig med sektorens fordringserhvervelse, netto.
Transaktionerne D.41 (renter), D.73 (løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service), D.92 (investeringstilskud) og D.99 (andre kapitaloverførsler) er konsoliderede. De øvrige transaktioner er ikke konsoliderede.
KAPITEL 9
TILGANGS- OG ANVENDELSESTABELLER OG INPUT-OUTPUT-SYSTEMET
INDLEDNING
9.01
Formålet med dette kapitel er at give en oversigt over tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og over input-output-systemet.
9.02
Kernen i input-output-systemet er tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne i løbende priser og priserne det foregående år. Systemet indeholder også symmetriske input-output-tabeller, som udledes af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne under anvendelse af beregninger eller supplerende data.
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og de symmetriske input-output-tabeller kan udvides og ændres til bestemte formål, f.eks. produktivitetsregnskaber, arbejdskraftregnskaber, kvartalsregnskaber, regionalregnskaber og miljøregnskaber i pengeværdi eller fysiske enheder.
9.03
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller er matricer, som opgør værdien af produktionstransaktionerne i den indenlandske økonomi kategoriseret efter produkttype og branche. Disse tabeller viser:
a)
strukturen i produktionsomkostningerne og den indkomst, der dannes gennem produktionsaktiviteterne
b)
strømmene af varer og tjenester, der produceres inden for den nationale økonomi
c)
strømmene af varer og tjenester mellem den indenlandske økonomi og udlandet; ved analyser i europæisk sammenhæng er det nødvendigt at skelne mellem strømme inden for EU og strømme med lande uden for EU.
9.04
En tilgangstabel viser tilgangen af varer og tjenester opdelt efter produkter og efter producerende branche, idet der sondres mellem tilgang fra indenlandske brancher og import. Et skematisk eksempel på en tilgangstabel findes i tabel 9.1.
Tabel 9.1 —
   
Skematisk eksempel på en tilgangstabel
Tilgang
Producerende branche
Udlandet
I alt
Produkter
Produktionsværdi
Importværdi
Tilgang i alt efter produkt
I alt
Produktion for branchen i alt
Import i alt
Tilgang i alt
9.05
En anvendelsestabel viser anvendelsen af varer og tjenester opdelt efter produkter og anvendelsesart. De anvendelser, der fremgår af søjlerne, er følgende:
a)
forbrug i produktionen efter branche
b)
udgifter til forbrug for husholdninger, det offentlige og NPISH'er
c)
bruttoinvesteringer
d)
eksport.
I søjlerne under forbrug i produktionen efter branche viser tabellen de enkelte bestanddele af bruttoværditilvæksten som følger:
a)
aflønning af ansatte
b)
andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier
c)
blandet nettoindkomst, nettooverskud af produktionen og forbrug af fast realkapital.
Et skematisk eksempel på en anvendelsestabel findes i tabel 9.2 nedenfor.
Tabel 9.2 —
   
Skematisk eksempel på en anvendelsestabel
Anvendelser
Branche
Forbrug
Bruttoinvesteringer
Udlandet
I alt
Produkter
I alt
Forbrug i produktionen
Forbrug
Bruttoinvesteringer
Eksport
Anvendelse i alt
Komponenter i værditilvæksten
Aflønning af ansatte
Andre skatter minus subsidier
Nettooverskud af produktionen
Forbrug af fast realkapital
9.06
I tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne findes der følgende identitetsrelationer:
a)
for hver branche er produktionen lig med forbrug i produktionen plus bruttoværditilvækst
b)
for hvert produkt er tilgangen lig med summen af alle anvendelser, som det fremgår af de afstemte rækker i tilgangs- og anvendelsessystemet.
Denne identitetsrelation er kun gyldig, når tilgang og anvendelse værdiansættes på samme grundlag, dvs. begge til køberpris eller begge til basispris (jf. 9.30 til 9.33).
For hvert produkt gælder således:
Tilgang til køberpris er lig med
produktion af produktet til basispris
plus
import til basispris
plus
handels- og transportavancer
plus
produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
som er lig med anvendelsen af produktet til køberpris, som igen er lig med
efterspørgsel efter produktet til forbrug i produktionen
plus
udgifter til forbrug
plus
bruttoinvesteringer
plus
eksport
I den samlede økonomi er efterspørgslen efter produkter til forbrug i produktionen i alt lig med forbrug i produktionen i alt; handels- og transportavancer er sammenlagt nul i økonomien som helhed, da de opvejes af handels- og transportbranchens produktion, og dermed kan denne identitetsrelation udtrykkes som:
Produktion + import + produktskatter minus produktsubsidier = Forbrug i produktionen + forbrug + bruttoinvesteringer + eksport
Heraf følger:
Produktion – forbrug i produktionen + produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
= forbrug + bruttoinvesteringer + eksport minus import
som viser, at det giver det samme resultat, om BNP måles fra produktions- eller anvendelsessiden.
c)
Bruttoværditilvækst som forskellen mellem produktion og forbrug i produktionen efter branche. Den er identisk med summen af de frembragte indkomster. Bruttoværditilvæksten er således lig med summen af aflønning af ansatte, forbrug af fast realkapital, nettooverskud af produktionen/blandet indkomst, og andre skatter minus produktionssubsidier. Herved bliver det muligt at krydstjekke opgørelsen af BNP fra indkomstsiden med opgørelsen fra produktionssiden.
9.07
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller udgør den centrale ramme for analyser af brancherne, f.eks. analyse af produktion, værditilvækst, aflønning af ansatte, beskæftigelse, driftsoverskud/blandet indkomst, produktskatter (minus subsidier), faste bruttoinvesteringer, forbrug af fast realkapital og kapitalapparatet.
9.08
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne indeholder strømmene på følgende konti:
a)
kontoen for varer og tjenester
b)
produktionskontoen
c)
indkomstdannelseskontoen.
Disse konti viser indkomstdannelsen og tilgangen og anvendelsen af varer og tjenester efter institutionel sektor. Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne kan fungere som supplement til disse data ved at vise en opdeling efter branche og ved at vise mængde- og prisændringer. Dataene efter institutionel sektor i sektorregnskaberne og dataene efter branche i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne kan sammenknyttes ved hjælp af en krydsfordelingstabel som nedenstående tabel 9.3.
Tabel 9.3 —
   
Tabel, som forbinder tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne med sektorkontiene
Branche (NACE)
I alt
Sektor
S.11
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Forbrug i produktionen
Bruttoværditilvækst
Aflønning af ansatte
Andre produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
Forbrug af fast realkapital
Nettooverskud af produktionen/blandet indkomst
Produktion
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
Beholdning af faste aktiver
Beskæftigelse
S.12
Finansielle selskaber
Forbrug i produktionen
…
Beskæftigelse
S.13
Offentlig forvaltning og service
S.14
Husholdninger
S.142
Selvstændige uden ansatte
Boligtjenester i ejerboliger
S.15
NPISH
Sektorer i alt
Forbrug i produktionen
…
Beskæftigelse
9.09
Tabel 9.4 er et eksempel på en symmetrisk input-output-tabel; den er en produkt/produkt- eller branche/branchematrix, der viser, hvordan tilgange svarer til anvendelser, og de detaljerede transaktioner i forbindelse med forbrug i produktionen og forbrug. Der er imidlertid en afgørende forskel mellem en symmetrisk input-output-tabel og en anvendelsestabel: I anvendelsestabellen viser posteringerne, hvordan produkterne anvendes af brancherne som forbrug i produktionen, mens der i en symmetrisk input-output-tabel er to alternative præsentationsmuligheder:
a)
posterne viser, hvordan produkterne anvendes som forbrug i produktionen til fremstilling af produkter, eller
b)
posterne viser, hvordan branchernes produktion anvendes som forbrug i produktionen i andre brancher til at skabe branchens produktion.
Således anvendes i en symmetrisk input-output-tabel enten en produkt- eller en brancheklassifikation til både rækker og søjler.
Tabel 9.4 —
   
Skematisk eksempel på en symmetrisk input-output-tabel, for produkter
Producerede produkter
Forbrug
Bruttoinvesteringer
Udlandet
I alt
Anvendte produkter
Forbrug i produktionen
Husholdningers, NPISH'ers og det offentliges forbrug
Bruttoinvesteringer
Eksport
I alt
Komponenter i bruttoværditilvæksten
Udlandet
I alt
9.10
Størstedelen af de statistiske oplysninger fra produktionsenheder er oplysninger om, hvilken type produkter de har produceret og solgt og, almindeligvis i mindre detaljeret form, hvilken type produkter de har købt og anvendt. Formatet af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne er afpasset efter denne type statistiske oplysninger (dvs. anvendte produkter efter branche).
9.11
Derimod råder man ofte ikke over oplysninger af typen produkt/produkt eller branche/branche, som kræves i den symmetriske input-output-tabel. Eksempelvis giver undersøgelser om branche normalt oplysninger om den type produkter, der anvendes i produktionen, og om de produkter, der er fremstillet og solgt. Der findes normalt ikke oplysninger om, hvilke produkter (input) der er anvendt ved fremstilling af bestemte produkter.
9.12
Oplysninger, der er systematiseret i form af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller er udgangspunktet for at kunne opbygge den mere analytiske form for symmetriske input-output-tabeller. Branche/produktionsoplysninger i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne kan konverteres til symmetriske tabeller ved at tilføje yderligere oplysninger om inputstrukturerne eller ved at antage, at inputstrukturerne eller markedsandelene efter produkt eller efter branche er identiske.
9.13
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og input-output-systemet opfylder tre forskellige formål:
—
beskrivelse
—
statistisk værktøj
—
analyseværktøj.
BESKRIVELSE
9.14
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller giver en systematisk beskrivelse af indkomstdannelsen og tilgangen og anvendelsen af produkter efter branche. Udviklingen i input og produktion i tilknytning til de enkelte branchers produktionsprocesser vises inden for rammerne af den nationale økonomi, dvs. i relation til produktionsprocesserne i andre indenlandske brancher og udlandet og udgifter til forbrug.
Formålet med tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller er især at vise ændringer i økonomiens struktur. f.eks. ændringer i forskellige branchers betydning, ændringer i anvendt input og produceret output samt ændringer i sammensætningen af udgifter til forbrug, bruttoinvesteringer, import og eksport. Sådanne ændringer kan afspejle udviklinger som f.eks. globalisering, outsourcing, innovation og ændringer i arbejdskraftomkostninger, skatter, oliepriser og valutakurser.
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller i det foregående års priser anvendes til at udarbejde statistikker over den mængdemæssige vækst i BNP og til at beskrive ændringer i den økonomiske struktur i nominelle eller mængdemæssige enheder. De kan også anvendes til at vise ændringer i de nationale priser og i arbejdskraftomkostningerne.
STATISTISK VÆRKTØJ
9.15
Når der anvendes oplysninger om produktion, udgifter og indkomst ved udarbejdelsen af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller, og når indbyrdes afvigende beregninger bringes i overensstemmelse med hinanden, når man frem til et pålideligt og afstemt sæt nationalregnskaber, herunder også beregninger af nøgleaggregater som f.eks. BNP i løbende priser og det foregående års priser.
9.16
Ved opgørelsen af BNP i markedspriser kan tre metoder anvendes: opgørelse fra produktionssiden, opgørelse fra anvendelsessiden og opgørelse fra indkomstsiden. Disse tre forskellige opgørelsesmetoder anvendes ved udarbejdelsen af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne:
a)
Ved opgørelse fra produktionssiden er BNP i markedspriser lig med produktionen i basispriser minus forbrug i produktionen i køberpriser plus produktskatter minus produktsubsidier.
b)
Ved opgørelse fra anvendelsessiden er BNP i markedspriser lig med summen af forbrugskategorierne minus import: udgifter til forbrug + bruttoinvesteringer + eksport – import.
c)
Ved opgørelse fra indkomstsiden er BNP i markedspriser lig med summen af aflønning af ansatte, forbrug af fast realkapital, andre skatter minus produktionssubsidier og nettodriftsoverskud/blandet indkomst plus produktskatter minus produktsubsidier.
BNP i markedspriser kan beregnes, når tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne afstemmes.
9.17
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne er særlig nyttige ved beregning af BNP i markedspriser fra produktionssiden og anvendelsessiden. De vigtigste datakilder i den forbindelse er undersøgelser i virksomhederne og administrative data som f.eks. momsregistre og oplysninger om forbrugsskatter. Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller anvendes til at kombinere oplysninger fra produktions- og anvendelsessiden ved at beregne og afstemme tilgang og anvendelse på produktniveau. Ved denne metode beregnes tilgangen af et bestemt produkt, og den henregnes til forskellige anvendelser, f.eks. husholdningers forbrug, forbrug i produktionen og eksport. Opgørelse fra indkomstsiden giver ikke samme afstemte resultat, da driftsoverskud og blandet indkomst normalt beregnes som en restværdi på grundlag af oplysninger fra de to andre opgørelsesmetoder. Opgørelse fra indkomstsiden forbedrer imidlertid afstemningen af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller, når strukturen i faktorindkomstdelene kan beregnes. Denne overensstemmelse mellem tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og sektorkontiene kan efterprøves ved hjælp af forbindelsestabeller som vist i tabel 9.3. Denne sammenstilling kan være en hjælp ved beregningen af BNP i markedspriser, nærmere bestemt gennem en sammenligning af oplysninger fra selskabers resultatopgørelser med de tilsvarende beregninger for branchen.
9.18
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne tjener både statistiske og analytiske formål.
a)
Påvisning af huller og manglende konsistens i datakilder.
b)
Beregninger ud fra restværdier, f.eks. beregning af forbruget af bestemte produkter som en restværdi, efter at andre anvendelser af produkterne er blevet gjort op.
c)
Beregninger ved ekstrapolering af tal fra en basisperiode til senere perioder, for hvilke der foreligger mindre pålidelige oplysninger. For eksempel kan tal på årsbasis beregnes ud fra de detaljerede data om tilgang og anvendelse for et benchmarkår, og senere kan der beregnes kvartalstal ved at ekstrapolere fra referenceperioden.
d)
Kontrol og forbedring af konsistens, plausibilitet og fuldstændighed af tallene i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og de udledte tal (f.eks. på produktionskontiene). Til det formål er afstemningen ikke begrænset til tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller i løbende priser:
1)
Ved hjælp af tabellerne (f.eks. tabel 9.3), der viser forbindelsen med sektorregnskaberne, kan der foretages en direkte sammenligning mellem produktions-, anvendelses- og indkomstberegningerne fra tilgangs- og anvendelsessystemet og beregningerne fra uafhængige kilder, der anvendes i sektorregnskaberne. Når der foretages en sammenstilling i denne fase, sikres det, at der efter afstemningen af tilgangs- og anvendelsesdataene opnås konsistens mellem tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og sektorregnskaberne.
2)
Udledning af symmetriske input-output-tabeller af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller kan give resultater, der afslører inkonsistens og svagheder i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
3)
Ved opstilling af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller i løbende priser og i mængde for to år eller derover kan skøn over ændringer i mængde, værdi og priser afstemmes samtidigt: Sammenlignet med at opstille og afstemme tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller for et enkelt år ad gangen i løbende priser er dette en væsentlig forbedring af effektiviteten i tilgangs- og anvendelsessystemet.
e)
Vægtning og beregning af indekstal og pris- og mængdeopgørelser, f.eks. af BNP ved at deflatere endelig anvendelse efter produkt eller af BNP ved at anvende dobbeltdeflateringsmetoden efter branche. Deflatering foretages på det lavest mulige aggregeringsniveau for transaktioner — i overensstemmelse med pålidelige skøn over prisudviklingen — af følgende grunde:
1)
Generelt er pris- og mængdeindikatorer mere repræsentative på et lavt aggregeringsniveau.
2)
Kvalitetsændringer kan bedre måles på et lavere aggregeringsniveau, f.eks. kan der tages hensyn til ændringer i sammensætningen af tilgangen eller anvendelsen af en produktgruppe.
3)
De prisindeks, der udledes af prisstatistikker, er ofte af Laspeyres-typen. Det problem, at de anvendes i stedet for de teoretisk set bedre egnede indeks af Paasche-typen, er mindre alvorligt, hvis de anvendes på et lavt aggregeringsniveau.
Det er lettere at afstemme tilgang og anvendelse af et produkt, hvis antallet af produkter, der skelnes imellem, er højere, og kildedataene findes i denne detaljeringsgrad. Kvaliteten af de afstemte resultater vil være højere; dette gælder især, hvis der er huller i dataene.
ANALYSEVÆRKTØJ
9.19
En vigtig analytisk fordel ved input-output-tabeller er, at de gør det muligt at måle ikke blot umiddelbart afledte virkninger, når der f.eks. er ændringer i energipriserne eller arbejdskraftomkostningerne, men også senere afledte og mere indirekte virkninger. For eksempel vil en væsentlig stigning i energipriserne ikke blot påvirke de brancher, som har et stort energiforbrug, men også de brancher, som bruger produktion fra virksomheder med stort energiforbrug. Sådanne indirekte virkninger kan være særdeles relevante, da de sommetider er mere afgørende end de direkte virkninger.
TILGANGS- OG ANVENDELSESTABELLERNE MERE DETALJERET
Klassifikationer
9.20
Til klassificering af brancher i tilgangs-, anvendelses- og input-output-tabellerne anvendes NACE, mens CPA anvendes for produkter. Disse klassifikationer er fuldt ud afstemt efter hinanden. På hvert aggregeringsniveau indeholder CPA de vigtigste produkter i brancherne opdelt efter NACE.
9.21
I tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne er produktklassifikationen mindst lige så detaljeret som brancheklassifikationen, f.eks. det trecifrede niveau i CPA og det tocifrede niveau i NACE.
9.22
Branche- og produktklassifikationer kan baseres på tre forskellige typer kriterier: tilgangskriterier, efterspørgselskriterier og størrelse. Til produktivitetsanalyser klassificeres produkter og producenterne heraf i princippet efter, hvilken type produktionsproces der er tale om. Til analyser af efterspørgsel klassificeres produkter i grupper efter anvendelsesformål, f.eks. luksusvarer i samme gruppe, eller efter markedsføringskanal, f.eks. type detailforretning. Til input-output-analyser anvendes samme klassifikation af produkter eller brancher for tilgang og efterspørgsel. Klassifikationen fastsættes således, at størrelsen af hver gruppe ikke er en for lille eller for stor del af den nationale økonomi. For internationale klassifikationer indebærer dette, at den kvantitative betydning af de fleste af grupperne er stor i mange lande.
9.23
Branche- og produktklassifikationerne i nationalregnskaberne er nødvendigvis baseret på en blanding af sådanne kriterier og også på den historiske tradition. De ses hovedsagelig ud fra et producentsynspunkt og er således mindre egnede til at analysere udbud og efterspørgsel. De, der udarbejder og bruger nationalregnskabsdata om brancher og produkter, bør have en god fornemmelse af, hvad der faktisk indgår og ikke indgår i hver af grupperne, og hvad det indebærer. For eksempel indbefatter branchen »virksomhed i forbindelse med fast ejendom« boligtjenester, der produceres af ejere af egen bolig, mens branchen »forsikring« ikke omfatter sociale kasser og fonde.
9.24
Lokale faglige enheder inden for en og samme branche kan have forskellige produktionsprocesser. Dette kan afspejle væsentlige forskelle i den vertikale integration, hvor f.eks. hjælpeaktiviteter som rengøring, transport, administration og kantinedrift er udliciteret, maskiner lejet og arbejdskraft indliciteres via vikarbureauer, og markedsføringen. Det kan også afspejle forskelle mellem lovlige og ulovlige producenter eller mellem producenter i forskellige regioner.
9.25
Som følge af ændringer i den økonomiske betydning af forskellige brancher og produkter, ændringer i produktionsprocesser og fremkomsten af nye produkter ajourføres branche- og produktklassifikationer med jævne mellemrum. Det er imidlertid nødvendigt at finde en balance mellem det at følge med i ændringerne i økonomien og behovet for sammenlignelighed af dataene over tid kombineret med de omkostninger, som sådanne større ændringer medfører for dataproducenter og -brugere.
9.26
Produktklassifikationen i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne er normalt mere detaljeret end brancheklassifikationen. Der er fire vigtige grunde hertil.
a)
De tilgængelige data om produkter er ofte meget mere detaljerede end dataene om brancher.
b)
En branches karakteristiske produktion kan være underlagt meget forskellige skatteordninger og priser, f.eks. hvis der er prisdiskriminering. I både udarbejdelses- og analysesammenhæng er det praktisk, når der skelnes mellem forskellige produkter.
c)
For at give mulighed for deflatering af høj kvalitet og for beregning af mængder er produktgrupperne homogene og nøje knyttet til de tilgængelige prisdeflatorer.
d)
For at sikre, at udarbejdelsen foregår transparent, er det nødvendigt med separate produkter, så særlige konventioner i nationalregnskaberne fremgår, f.eks. boligtjenester i ejerboliger, forsikring og offentlige enheders markedsmæssige og ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion.
9.27
Sondringen mellem markedsmæssig produktion, produktion til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion anvendes kun for den samlede produktion opdelt efter branche og ikke for hver produktgruppe.
9.28
Sondringen mellem markedsmæssige producenter, producenter af produkter til eget brug og ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter anvendes for en branche, når sådanne forskellige typer producenter findes. Normalt vil denne sondring derfor kun blive anvendt til underopdeling af et meget begrænset antal brancher, f.eks. sundhedsvæsen og undervisning.
9.29
Til analyse af medlemsstaternes økonomi set i et europæisk perspektiv eller til udledning af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller for hele EU underopdeles import og eksport i:
a)
strømme inden for EU, hvor der sondres mellem strømme inden for Den Europæiske Monetære Union og strømme med andre medlemsstater
b)
import fra og eksport til ikke-EU-lande.
Værdiansættelsesprincipper
9.30
I tilgangstabellen værdiansættes strømmene af varer og tjenester i basispriser. I anvendelsestabellen værdiansættes strømmene af varer og tjenester i køberpriser. For at opnå overensstemmende værdiansættelse i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne viser tabel 9.5 omregningen af tilgang i basispriser til tilgang i køberpriser. Da tilgang er lig med anvendelse for produkters vedkommende, fås nu to identitetsrelationer:
a)
tilgang i køberpriser = anvendelse i køberpriser
b)
tilgang i basispriser = anvendelse i basispriser.
9.31
Bruttoværditilvæksten opgøres i basispriser. Det er produktionen værdiansat i basispriser minus forbrug i produktionen værdiansat i køberpriser.
9.32
Bruttoværditilvæksten i faktorpriser anvendes ikke som begreb i ENS. Den kan udledes af værditilvæksten i basispriser ved at fratrække andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier.
9.33
Omregningen fra tilgang i basispriser til køberpriser kræver:
a)
at handelsavancer omposteres
b)
at transportavancer omposteres
c)
at produktskatter tillægges (undtagen fradragsberettiget moms)
d)
at produktsubsidier fratrækkes.
En lignende omregning anvendes til at gå fra anvendelse i køberpriser til anvendelse i basispriser. Her fratrækkes dog produktskatter, og produktsubsidier tillægges. Tabel 9.8 og 9.9 viser omregningen i mere detaljeret form. Disse tabeller kan også anvendes til analyser, f.eks. prisanalyser og konsekvensanalyser af ændringer i beskatningen af produkter.
9.34
Afstemningen giver således følgende tabeller:
a)
tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne 9.5 og 9.6 med den endelige afstemning af totalerne på tilgangs- og anvendelsessiden efter produkter i køberpriser
b)
tabellerne over handels- og transportavancer (tabel 9.7) og skatter (minus produktsubsidier) på produkter (tabel 9.8).
Tabel 9.5 —
   
Tilgangstabel i basispriser og omregningen til køberpriser
Tilgang
Branche (NACE)
1 — 2 — 3 — 4 — …
Udlandet
Tilgang i basispriser i alt
Handels- og transportavancer
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
Tilgang i køberpriser i alt
Produkter (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Produktion efter produkt og branche
Import efter produkt
(cif)
Tilgang i alt efter produkt
I alt
Produktion efter branche i alt
0
Markedsmæssig produktion
0
Produktion til eget brug
0
0
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
0
0
Tabel 9.6 —
   
Anvendelsestabel i køberpriser
Tilgang
Branche (NACE)
1 — 2 — 3 — 4 — …
Forbrug
Bruttoinvesteringer
Udlandet
I alt
Produkter (CPA)
1
2
3
4
…
Forbrug af produkter i produktionen efter branche
Udgifter til forbrug efter produkt og efter
a)
husholdninger
b)
NPISH'er
c)
det offentlige
Bruttoinvesteringer efter produkt og efter
a)
faste bruttoinvesteringer
b)
ændringer i værdigenstande
c)
lagerændringer
Eksport efter produkt (fob)
Anvendelse i alt efter produkt
I alt
Forbrug i produktionen i alt efter branche
Forbrug i alt
Bruttoinvesteringer
Eksport i alt
Anvendelse af produkter i alt
Aflønning af ansatte
Andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier
Forbrug af fast realkapital
Nettooverskud af produktion
Blandet indkomst
Bruttoværditilvækstens elementer efter branche
I alt
Input i alt efter branche
Supplerende oplysninger
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
Fast kapital
Beskæftigelse
Handels- og transportavancer
Tabel 9.7 —
   
Handels- og transportavancer — tilgang
Handels- og transportavancer på tilgange af produkter
Engroshandel
Detailhandel
Transport
Handels- og transportavancer
Produkter (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Handels- og transportavancer på tilgang efter produkt i alt
I alt
Engroshandel i alt
Detailhandel i alt
Transport i alt
Avancer på tilgang efter produkt i alt
Tabel 9.7
   
Handels- og transportavancer — anvendelse (fortsat)
Handels- og transportavancer på anvendelse af produkter
Branche (NACE)
1 — 2 — 3 — 4 — …
Forbrug
Bruttoinvesteringer
Eksport
Handels- og transportavancer
Produkter (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Handels- og transportavancer på forbrug i produktionen efter produkt og branche
Handels- og transportavancer på udgifter til forbrug efter produkt og efter
a)
husholdninger
b)
NPISH'er
c)
det offentlige
Handels- og transportavancer på bruttoinvesteringer efter produkt og efter
a)
faste bruttoinvesteringer
b)
ændringer i værdigenstande
c)
lagerændringer
Handels- og transportavancer på eksport
Handels- og transportavancer på anvendelse efter produkt i alt
I alt
Handels- og transportavancer på forbrug i produktionen efter branche i alt
Handels- og transportavancer på forbrug
Handels- og transportavancer på bruttoinvesteringer
Handels- og transportavancer på eksport
Avancer på anvendelse efter produkt i alt
9.35
I omregningen af tilgangstabeller fra basispriser til køberpriser og af anvendelsestabeller fra køberpriser til basispriser indgår en ændret bogføring af handelsavancer. Værdiansættelsen i basispriser indebærer, at handelsavancerne registreres i handelen med det pågældende produkt, mens værdiansættelsen i køberpriser indebærer, at handelsavancerne henføres til de produkter, de vedrører. Det samme gælder for transportavancer.
9.36
De samlede handelsavancer efter produkt er lig med handelsbranchens samlede handelsavancer plus andre branchers handelsavancer. Det samme gælder for transportavancer.
9.37
Transportavancer består af transportomkostninger, som køberne betaler separat, og som er inkluderet i anvendelsen af produkter i køberpriser, men ikke i basispriserne for fabrikantens produktion eller i grossisternes eller detailhandlernes handelsavancer. Transportavancer omfatter specielt:
a)
transport af varer fra fremstillingsstedet til det sted, hvor levering til køberen finder sted, såfremt fabrikanten betaler tredjemand for transporten, og forudsat at beløbet faktureres køberen særskilt
b)
transport af varer, som foranstaltes af fabrikanten, grossisten eller detailhandleren på en sådan måde, at køberen skal betale separat for transporten, selv om fabrikanten, grossisten eller detailhandleren selv varetager transporten.
9.38
Alle andre omkostninger ved transport af varer registreres ikke som transportavancer, eksempelvis:
a)
Hvis fabrikanten transporterer varerne selv, vil sådanne transportomkostninger blive inkluderet i basispriserne for fabrikantens produktion. Denne transport betragtes som en hjælpeaktivitet, og de specifikke omkostninger i forbindelse hermed vil ikke kunne identificeres som transportomkostninger.
b)
Hvis fabrikanten lader varerne transportere uden at fakturere transporten separat, vil transportomkostningerne blive inkluderet i basispriserne for fabrikantens produktion. Transportomkostninger vil da kunne identificeres som sådanne og blive registreret som en del af fabrikantens forbrug i produktionen.
c)
Hvis grossister og detailhandlere varetager transporten fra det sted, hvor de har fået varerne leveret og til et andet sted, hvor de leveres til en anden køber, vil disse omkostninger blive inkluderet i handelsavancen, hvis transportomkostningerne ikke faktureres separat. Ligesom for fabrikanterne kan sådanne omkostninger betragtes som hjælpeaktivitet for grossisterne og detailhandlerne eller som køb af en tjeneste, som er forbrug i produktionen, og som således indgår i handelsavancerne, men ikke transportavancerne.
d)
Hvis en husholdning køber varer til forbrug og lader tredjemand foretage transporten, registreres disse transportomkostninger som udgifter til forbrug af transporttjenester (og inkluderes ikke i en handels- eller transportavance).
9.39
Tabel 9.7 er en noget forenklet matrix over handels- og transportavancer:
a)
Ved omregning af anvendelserne må der skelnes mellem engroshandel og detailhandel for at tage højde for prisforskellene. Ved udarbejdelse af tabellerne bør man være opmærksom på, at grossister sælger direkte til både husholdningerne og erhvervslivet (f.eks. møbler), og at detailhandlere sælger både til erhvervslivet (f.eks. til caféer og restauranter) og til husholdningerne.
b)
Ved beregning og analyse af handelsavancer på varer til husholdningers forbrug kan der også sondres mellem de vigtigste distributionskanaler for at tage højde for forskellene i deres priser. Sondringen mellem engroshandel og detailhandel er i virkeligheden ikke tilstrækkelig detaljeret. For eksempel kan husholdninger købe varer og tjenester i et supermarked, hos en købmand, hos en blomsterhandler, i et stormagasin, i udlandet, eller de kan erhverve dem som indkomst i naturalier. For visse produkter er handel som biaktivitet vigtig; det gælder f.eks. cigaretter, som også sælges på caféer, restauranter og tankstationer. Detailhandleres salg justeres for at komme frem til værdien af salget til husholdninger; f.eks. skal salg til virksomheder, det offentlige og turister fratrækkes. Sådanne sondringer er naturligvis kun mulige, hvis de tilgængelige datakilder giver tilstrækkelige oplysninger til, at der kan foretages skøn over betydningen af de enkelte distributionskanaler. Selv for den enkelte handlende eller transportør har forskellige produkter normalt forskellige avancer. Data om avancer efter produkttype er de bedst egnede og anvendes, hvis de er tilgængelige.
c)
Ved beregning af transportavancer vil det være hensigtsmæssigt at foretage en opdeling efter transportart (f.eks. jernbane, lufttransport, søtransport, transport ad indre vandveje eller vejgodstransport).
Produktions- og importskatter minus produktions- og -importsubsidier
9.40
Produktions- og importskatter omfatter:
a)
produktskatter (D.21):
1)
moms (D.211)
2)
importskatter og told ekskl. moms (D.212)
3)
produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter (D.214)
b)
andre produktionsskatter (D.29).
Der opstilles tilsvarende kategorier for subsidier.
9.41
Tilgang i basispriser inkluderer andre skatter minus produktionssubsidier. Ved beregningen fra basispriser til køberpriser lægges de forskellige produktskatter til, og produktsubsidierne fratrækkes.
Tabel 9.8 —
   
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier
Skatter minus subsidier på tilgange
Skatter minus subsidier på tilgange af produkter
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier i alt
Moms
Importskatter
Andre produktskatter
Importsubsidier
Andre produktsubsidier
Produkter (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Skatter minus subsidier på tilgangen i alt efter produkt og efter anvendelse
I alt
Tabel 9.8 —
   
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier (fortsat)
Skatter minus subsidier på anvendelser
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier i alt
Skatter minus subsidier på produktanvendelser
Branche (NACE)
1 — 2 — 3 — 4 — ….
Produkter (CPA)
1
2
3
4
Skatter minus subsidier på produkter til endelig anvendelse:
endeligt forbrug
a)
husholdninger
b)
NPISH'er
c)
myndigheder
Bruttoinvesteringer:
d)
faste bruttoinvesteringer
e)
ændringer i beholdninger
f)
lagerændringer
Eksport
Skatter minus subsidier på forbrug i produktionen af produkter efter branche
9.42
Tabel 9.8 over produktskatter minus produktsubsidier er forenklet på følgende måde:
a)
Med hensyn til anvendelsen af produkter sondres der ikke mellem de forskellige former for produktskatter, og subsidier anføres ikke separat. Med hensyn til tilgangen af produkter sondres der kun mellem tre typer produktskatter og to typer subsidier. Generelt er det hensigtsmæssigt at anføre hver vigtig type produktskatter eller -subsidier separat og derefter fordele det samlede beløb på de forskellige produktgrupper.
b)
Skattesatser og subsidier kan variere efter de enkelte distributionskanaler. Der bør derfor også skelnes mellem de forskellige distributionskanaler, når der foreligger relevante og tilstrækkelige oplysninger.
9.43
Produktskatter og -subsidier er de beløb, der skal betales i henhold til myndighedernes skattepåligning, selvangivelser eller andet, eller de beløb, der faktisk er betalt. Ved udarbejdelsen af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller foretages der normalt et skøn over produktskatter og -subsidier ved at anvende de officielle skatte- eller subsidiesatser på de forskellige efterspørgselsstrømme. Herefter bør der foretages en vurdering af afvigelserne i forhold til den pålignede skat eller de faktisk betalte beløb.
a)
Nogle af disse afvigelser viser, at det oprindelige skøn over produktskatter i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne ikke er i overensstemmelse med ENS-definitionerne:
1)
i tilfælde af skattefritagelse sættes det oprindelige skøn over produktskatter derfor lavere.
2)
i tilfælde af sorte økonomiske aktiviteter eller unddragelse ved betaling af produktskatter (f.eks. når betaling af skatter er obligatorisk, men der ikke er nogen skattepåligning) sættes skønnet over produktskatterne derfor lavere.
b)
I nogle tilfælde kan afvigelserne være et udtryk for, at det oprindelige skøn vedrørende produktskatter og -subsidier er behæftet med fejl, f.eks. fordi produktionen af et bestemt produkt er underestimeret. I sådanne tilfælde kan der foretages ændringer af skønnene over strømme af varer og tjenester.
9.44
Moms kan være fradragsberettiget, ikkefradragsberettiget eller ikke pligtig at anvende:
a)
Fradragsberettiget moms lægges på størstedelen af forbruget i produktionen, størstedelen af de faste bruttoinvesteringer og en del af lagerændringerne.
b)
Ikkefradragsberettiget moms lægges ofte på husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug, en del af de faste bruttoinvesteringer som f.eks. nye ejerboliger, en del af lagerændringerne og en del af forbruget i produktionen, f.eks. offentlige enheders og finansielle selskabers forbrug i produktionen.
c)
Moms pålægges almindeligvis ikke:
1)
Eksport til lande uden for EU.
2)
Salg af varer og tjenester, som pålægges momssatsen 0 uanset anvendelse. En momssats på 0 indebærer imidlertid, at den moms, der er betalt på køb, stadig kan kræves godtgjort. Disse producenters forbrug i produktionen og faste bruttoinvesteringer korrigeres derfor med det beløb, der er blevet godtgjort i moms.
3)
Producenter, som er fritaget for momsregistrering (små foretagender, religiøse foreninger mv.). Disse har normalt begrænset ret til at kræve momsgodtgørelse af køb.
9.45
Moms registreres netto: Tilgang værdiansættes således altid i basispriser, dvs. uden faktureret moms. Forbrug i produktionen og endelig anvendelse registreres i køberpriser, dvs. uden fradragsberettiget moms.
Andre grundbegreber
9.46
I tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne indføres to korrektionsposter for at bringe overensstemmelse mellem værdiansættelsen af importen i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og i kontiene for de institutionelle sektorer.
I tilgangstabellen værdiansættes import af varer i cif-priser for at opnå en værdiansættelse, der er sammenlignelig med indenlandsk produktion i samme produktgruppe. Cif-prisen indbefatter transport- og forsikringstjenester leveret af residenter, f.eks. transport for egen regning eller transport udført af specialiserede residente transportforetagender. For at sikre en overensstemmende værdiansættelse mellem import og eksport bør eksport af tjenester indbefatte denne pris.
I kontiene for institutionelle sektorer værdiansættes import af varer i fob-priser, dvs. i overensstemmelse med værdiansættelsen for eksport af varer. I tilfælde af værdiansættelse i fob-priser vil værdien af transport- og forsikringstjenester, der ydes af residenter, og som indgår i eksport af tjenester, være mindre, da den kun omfatter de tjenester, der leveres inden for det eksporterende land. Anvendelsen af forskellige værdiansættelsesprincipper medfører således, at den samlede import er den samme beregnet netto, men at både den samlede import og den samlede eksport er større med værdiansættelsen i cif-priser.
Der kan skabes overensstemmelse mellem de to værdiansættelsesprincipper i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne ved at indføre korrektionsposter for både importen og eksporten. Korrektionsposterne skal svare til værdien af transport- og forsikringstjenesterne, som ydes af residenter, og som er indregnet i cif-værdien, men ikke i fob-værdien, dvs. med hensyn til transport og forsikring fra det eksporterende lands grænse til det importerende lands grænse. Når først sådanne korrektionsposter er indarbejdet i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne, nødvendiggør de ikke nogen særlig behandling i input-output-beregningerne.
9.47
Overførsel af eksisterende varer registreres i tilgangstabellen som en negativ udgift for sælgeren og en positiv udgift for køber. For den pågældende varegruppe betyder overførsel af en eksisterende vare en omklassificering af anvendelser. Det er kun transaktionens omkostninger, som ikke skal omklassificeres. De registreres som anvendelse af tjenester, f.eks. forretningsservice. Til beskrivelses- og analyseformål for visse produktgrupper vil det være hensigtsmæssigt at kende det relative omfang af overførsler af eksisterende varer, f.eks. antallet af brugte biler på markedet for både nye og brugte biler eller omfanget af genbrugspapir i tilgangen af papirvarer.
9.48
For bedre at kunne forstå tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne er det praktisk at opsummere nogle af de regnskabsprincipper, der er fastsat i ENS:
a)
En branche består af en gruppe faglige enheder, der udøver samme eller næsten samme form for aktivitet. Det er et vigtigt kendetegn ved tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller, at de sekundære aktiviteter registreres separat. Det indebærer, at lokale faglige enheder ikke behøver at være homogene i deres produktionsaktiviteter. Begrebet faglige enheder er forklaret nærmere i kapitel 2. En fuldstændig homogen produktionsenhed anvendes i en symmetrisk input-output-tabel i formatet produkt x produkt.
b)
Hvis en virksomhed, der udelukkende udøver hjælpeaktiviteter, er statistisk observerbar, eftersom der foreligger separate regnskaber for dens produktion, eller er beliggende i et andet geografisk område end den virksomhed, den servicerer, registreres den både i national- og regionalregnskaber som en separat enhed og henføres til den branche, der svarer til dens hovedaktivitet. Foreligger der ikke passende basisdata, kan hjælpeaktivitetens produktion anslås ved at sammenlægge omkostningerne.
Hvis ingen af disse to betingelser kan opfyldes, betragtes input i hjælpeaktiviteter, f.eks. materialer, arbejdskraft og realkapitalforbrug, som input i den hoved- eller biaktivitet, som de er knyttet til.
c)
Varer eller tjenester, der produceres og forbruges inden for samme regnskabsperiode og inden for samme lokale faglige enhed, opføres ikke separat. De registreres derfor ikke som en del af den pågældende lokale faglige enheds produktion eller forbrug i produktionen.
d)
Fremstilling, vedligeholdelse, service eller reparation i mindre omfang for en anden lokal faglig enhed registreres netto, dvs. eksklusive værdien af de anvendte varer.
e)
Import og eksport finder sted, når ejendomsretten overdrages mellem residente og ikkeresidente enheder. At varer rent fysisk passerer nationale landegrænser, indebærer ikke i sig selv, at der finder en import eller eksport af disse varer sted. Varer, der sendes til forarbejdning i udlandet, registreres ikke som eksport og import. Derimod registreres købs- og gensalgstransaktioner med varer med ikkeresidenter, uden at varerne passerer grænsen til mellemhandlerens økonomi, som eksport og import på producentens og den endelige købers konti, mens der på mellemhandlerens konti anføres en nettoeksport af varer i forbindelse med merchanting (transithandel).
f)
Varige goder kan lejes eller leases (operationel leasing). I sådanne tilfælde opgøres de som faste investeringer og realkapital inden for den branche, som ejeren henhører under. Inden for brugerens branche opføres den betalte leje som forbrug i produktionen.
g)
Personer, der arbejder via vikarbureauer, registreres som beskæftiget inden for disse bureauers branche og ikke i de brancher, hvor de rent faktisk arbejder. Som følge heraf opføres de gebyrer, der betales til bureauet for levering af arbejdskraft, i sidstnævnte branche som forbrug i produktionen (og ikke som aflønning af ansatte). Arbejdskraft stillet til rådighed for andre mod betaling behandles som leverede tjenester.
h)
Beskæftigelse og aflønning af ansatte er brede begreber:
1)
Beskæftigelse omfatter ligeledes arbejdspladser, der er oprettet af sociale grunde f.eks. for handicappede, langtidsarbejdsløse og arbejdssøgende unge. Følgelig betragtes de pågældende personer som lønmodtagere, der modtager aflønning som ansatte og ikke sociale overførsler, selv om deres produktivitet kan være lavere end andre ansattes.
2)
Beskæftigelse omfatter også tilfælde, hvor de pågældende personer slet ikke forventes at arbejde, f.eks. personer som efter afskedigelse i en periode modtager betalinger fra den tidligere arbejdsgiver. Denne konvention forvansker imidlertid ikke tallene vedrørende beskæftigelse i form af udførte arbejdstimer, eftersom der reelt ikke udføres arbejdstimer.
Supplerende oplysninger
9.49
Anvendelsestabellen 9.6 indeholder en række supplerende oplysninger: faste bruttoinvesteringer, faste aktiver og beskæftigelse efter branche. En opdeling i arbejdstagere og selvstændige uden ansatte er en værdifuld yderligere information. Oplysningerne om faste bruttoinvesteringer og faste aktiver efter branche er nødvendige for at kunne udlede forbrug af fast realkapital efter branche og for at kunne registrere ikkefradragsberettiget moms på faste bruttoinvesteringer. Oplysningerne om beskæftigelse efter branche er vigtige ved opstilling af regnskaberne:
—
Beskæftigelsestal anvendes ofte til at opregne tal vedrørende produktion, aflønning af ansatte, forbrug i produktionen og blandet indkomst.
—
Nøgletal som produktion, aflønning af ansatte og blandet indkomst efter arbejdsenhed (f.eks. antal arbejdstimer) kan sammenlignes over tid og efter branche for at kontrollere, om estimaterne er plausible.
—
De bidrager til at sikre konsistens mellem tallene efter branche og beskæftigelsesdata efter branche. Uden en direkte relation til beskæftigelsesdata kan afstemningen resultere i ændringer i tallene efter branche uden tilsvarende ændringer i beskæftigelsestallene.
At tilføje oplysninger om beskæftigelse efter branche er også nyttigt i forbindelse med analyse af beskæftigelsen og produktiviteten.
DATAKILDER OG AFSTEMNING
9.50
Ved opgørelsen af produktionen efter branche og produkt er de vigtigste datakilder sædvanligvis konjunkturundersøgelser i virksomhederne, produktionsundersøgelser og årsberetninger eller virksomhedsregnskaber fra større selskaber. Undersøgelserne er normalt totalundersøgelser for store selskabers vedkommende, mens der foretages en stikprøveundersøgelse for mindre virksomheders vedkommende. For en række særlige aktiviteter kan forskellige datakilder være relevante, f.eks. for tilsynsførende organer, regnskaber for statslig og kommunal forvaltning og service eller sociale kasser og fonde.
9.51
Sådanne data anvendes med henblik på udarbejdelse af et foreløbigt ufuldstændigt sæt tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller. Disse afstemmes i flere omgange. Manuel afstemning på et lavt aggregeringsniveau giver god mulighed for kontrol af fejlene i datakilderne og systemfejl, og samtidig kan der foretages ændringer i basisdataene, så der kan korrigeres for begrebsmæssige forskelle og manglende enheder. Hvis afstemningen foretages på et højere aggregeringsniveau under anvendelse af en automatisk afstemningsprocedure eller en meget streng sekventiel afstemningsprocedure, er det umuligt at foretage de fleste af disse kontroller, da eventuelle fejl udlignes, og årsagerne til fejlene ikke kan spores.
VÆRKTØJER TIL ANALYSE OG UDVIDELSER
9.52
Til analyser kan tre typer tabeller anvendes:
—
tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller
—
symmetriske input-output-tabeller branche x branche
—
symmetriske input-output-tabeller produkt x produkt.
Symmetriske input-output-tabeller kan udledes af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne i løbende priser og også i de foregående års priser.
9.53
Anvendelsestabellen 9.6 viser ikke, i hvilket omfang de anvendte varer og tjenester er indenlandsk produceret eller importeret. Denne oplysning er nødvendig i analyser, hvor relationen mellem tilgangen og anvendelsen af varer og tjenester inden for den nationale økonomi har betydning. Et eksempel herpå er analysen af den indvirkning, som bevægelser i eksporten eller udgifterne til forbrug har på importen, den indenlandske produktion og dertil knyttede variabler f.eks. beskæftigelsen. Input-output-systemet bliver derfor bedre, hvis der bruges separate anvendelsestabeller for importerede produkter og indenlandsk producerede varer og tjenester.
9.54
Anvendelsestabellen over importerede produkter udarbejdes på grundlag af alle foreliggende oplysninger om anvendelsen af importen; for eksempel vil man for nogle produkters vedkommende være bekendt med de vigtigste importforetagender, og for visse producenter vil der foreligge oplysninger om importens størrelse. Almindeligvis er der kun i meget begrænset omfang direkte statistiske data om anvendelsen af importen. Disse oplysninger skal derfor almindeligvis suppleres med antagelser om fordelingen af produktgrupperne på anvendelser.
9.55
Anvendelsestabellen for indenlandsk producerede varer og tjenester kan herefter opstilles ved at trække anvendelsestabellen over importerede produkter fra anvendelsestabellen for hele økonomien.
9.56
I teorien er der fire grundlæggende modeller for omdannelse af en tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel til en symmetrisk input-output-tabel. Disse modeller er baseret på enten antagelser om produktspecifik teknologi eller antagelser om faste salgsstrukturer. Oftest anvendes antagelsen om produktspecifik teknologi: Hvert produkt produceres på sin egen særlige måde, uanset hvilken branche det produceres inden for. Denne antagelse anvendes ofte ved opstillingen af en input-output-tabel i formatet produkt x produkt. Ved en anden almindelig model anvendes antagelsen om en fast salgsstruktur for produktet (markedsandelsantagelse): Hvert produkt har sin egen særlige salgsstruktur, uanset hvilken branche det produceres inden for. Denne antagelse anvendes ofte ved opstillingen af en input-output-tabel i formatet branche x branche. Det er også muligt at anvende hybridformer af modellerne, hvor disse antagelser blandes: Modeller baseret på enten antagelser om brancheteknologi eller faste branchesalgsstrukturer er af mindre praktisk relevans, da der ikke er stor sandsynlighed for, at de forekommer i praksis. En diskussion af de alternative modeller og omdannelsesprocedurer findes i kapitel 11 i håndbogen 
Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-output Tables (2008 edition)
 
(
1
)
.
9.57
Det er vanskeligt at afgøre, hvilken antagelse, det er mest hensigtsmæssigt at gå ud fra i hvert enkelt tilfælde. Det afhænger af strukturen i de enkelte landes brancher, f.eks. specialiseringsgraden, og homogeniteten i de nationale teknologier, der anvendes til fremstilling af produkter inden for samme produktgruppe, og ikke mindst af basisdataenes detaljeringsgrad.
Det giver uacceptable resultater, hvis man blot tager udgangspunkt i den produktspecifikke teknologi, da de heraf udledte input-output-koefficienter i nogle tilfælde er usandsynlige eller endog umulige (f.eks. negative koefficienter). Usandsynlige koefficienter kan skyldes opgørelsesfejl og uensartethed i produktudbuddet inden for en branche, hvor det overførte produkt indgår som hovedprodukt. Dette problem kan løses ved at foretage korrektioner på basis af supplerende oplysninger eller ved i størst mulig udstrækning at udnytte ekspertviden. En anden løsning er at anvende antagelsen om fast salgsstruktur for produktet. I praksis har den bedste fremgangsmåde til udarbejdelse af symmetriske input-output-tabeller vist sig at være anvendelse af blandede teknologiantagelser kombineret med supplerende oplysninger.
9.58
Den symmetriske input-output-tabel kan splittes op i to tabeller:
a)
En matrix over anvendelsen af importen. Denne tabels format svarer til formatet på importtabellen, der ledsager tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne, bortset fra at der anvendes en symmetrisk struktur med samme klassifikation på begge akser.
b)
En symmetrisk input-output-tabel for den indenlandske produktion.
Sidstnævnte tabel anvendes til beregning af de kumulerede koefficienter, dvs. den inverterede Leontief-matrix. Den inverterede Leontief-matrix er den inverse værdi af forskellen mellem identitetsmatrix I og matricen for tekniske inputkoefficienter udledt af matricen for indenlandsk produktion, der anvendes som forbrug i produktionen. Den inverterede Leontief-matrix kan også udledes for import. Man skulle da gå ud fra den antagelse, at importen er produceret på samme måde som de indenlandske produkter, som den konkurrerer med.
9.59
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne samt symmetriske input-output-tabeller kan også anvendes som hjælpemiddel i økonomiske analyser. Hver tabeltype har sine fordele. Symmetriske input-output-tabeller er umiddelbart egnede til beregning ikke blot af direkte, men også indirekte og kumulative virkninger. De kan også være af god kvalitet, når der er blevet anvendt ekspertviden og forskellige typer statistisk information ved udledning af tabellerne af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
9.60
Tabeller i formatet branche x branche er velegnede til analyser i forbindelse med brancher, f.eks. skattereformer, konsekvensanalyser, finanspolitik og pengepolitik. De ligger også tættere på de forskellige statistiske datakilder. Tabeller i formatet produkt x produkt er velegnede til analyser af homogene produktionsenheder, f.eks. produktivitet, sammenligning af omkostningsstruktur, beskæftigelsesmæssige konsekvenser, energipolitik og miljøpolitik.
9.61
De analytiske egenskaber ved tabeller i formatet produkt x produkt og branche x branche afviger imidlertid ikke væsentligt fra hinanden. Forskellene mellem tabeller i formatet produkt x produkt og branche x branche skyldes, at den sekundære produktion generelt er begrænset. I praksis gås der ved anvendelse af input-output-tabeller til analyseformål ud fra en antagelse om branchespecifik teknologi, uanset hvordan tabellerne oprindelig er blevet udarbejdet. Desuden er enhver tabel i formatet produkt x produkt i praksis en manipuleret tabel i formatet branche x branche, da den stadig indeholder alle kendetegnene for institutionelle faglige enheder og foretagender fra tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
9.62
Tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller og symmetriske input-output-tabeller er generelt egnet til mange forskellige typer analyser:
a)
analyser af produktion, omkostningsstrukturer og produktivitet
b)
prisanalyser
c)
beskæftigelsesanalyser
d)
analyser af strukturen i investeringer, forbrug, eksport osv.
e)
opdeling af den økonomiske vækst ved at anvende de kumulerede omkostningsandele til fordeling af importen på de forskellige endelige anvendelser
f)
analyser af eksportens bidrag til den økonomiske vækst og beskæftigelsen i andre (blokke) af lande
g)
analyser af energiimport
h)
analyser af virkningen af nye teknologier
i)
analyser af virkningen af ændrede skattesatser (f.eks. moms) eller indførelsen af en mindsteløn på nationalt plan
j)
analyser af forholdet mellem den indenlandske produktion og miljøet, f.eks. anvendelse af specifikke produkter som brændstof, papir og glas eller udledning af forurenende stoffer.
En makromodel kan også udelukkende indeholde de kumulerede omkostningsandele beregnet på grundlag af input-output-tabellerne. På denne måde indarbejdes oplysninger fra input-output-tabellen om direkte og indirekte virkninger, f.eks. betydningen af arbejdskraftomkostninger eller energiimport for det private forbrug eller eksporten, i makromodellen, hvorved de kan bruges til analyser og prognoser.
9.63
Til mere specifikke formål kan tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og de symmetriske input-output-tabeller ændres ved at indføre alternative og supplerende klassifikationer. Blandt de vigtigste eksempler kan nævnes:
a)
mere detaljerede produkt- og brancheklassifikationer, som er baseret på nationale klassifikationer, eller som skal dække mere specifikke behov, f.eks. til analyse af forskningens og udviklingens rolle i den nationale økonomi
b)
en mere detaljeret geografisk opdeling af importen og eksporten, f.eks. samhandelen inden for EU underopdelt efter land og handelen med tredjelande underopdelt efter økonomiske regioner og visse lande som Kina, Indien, Japan og USA
c)
klassifikation af importen i:
1)
import af produkter, som også produceres inden for landets grænser (»konkurrerende import«)
2)
import af produkter, som ikke produceres inden for landets grænser (»komplementær import«).
Begge former for import kan forventes af have forskellige relationer til og betydning for den nationale økonomi. Konkurrerende import kan være genstand for analyser og økonomisk politik, eftersom den kan være en erstatning for indenlandsk produktion. Denne import vil derfor kunne opføres som en separat kategori af potentiel endelig anvendelse i anvendelsestabellerne. Hvad angår komplementær import, f.eks. i tilfælde af en pludselig stigning i energipriserne, vil analyserne især dreje sig om den indvirkning, som bevægelser i priserne har på den nationale økonomi
d)
klassifikation af aflønningen af ansatte efter kriterier som f.eks. uddannelsesniveau, deltid/heltid, alder og køn. Denne klassificering vil også kunne anvendes på de supplerende oplysninger om beskæftigelsen. Således kan tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne også anvendes til analyser af arbejdsmarkedet
e)
opdeling af aflønningen af ansatte i:
1)
løn, heraf lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger
2)
arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger.
Denne underopdeling muliggør analyse af den betydning, bidragene til sociale ordninger har for arbejdskraftomkostningerne, og disse omkostningers indflydelse på bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
f)
klassificering af forbrug efter formål, hvilket for husholdninger er Coicop, mens det for NPISH'er er COPNI og for det offentlige COFOG. Den funktionelle klassificering af disse udgifter gør det muligt at vurdere hver funktions indvirkning på den øvrige del af økonomien. For eksempel er det således muligt at vurdere omfanget af de offentlige og private udgifter til sundhedspleje, transport og uddannelse.
(
1
)
  Eurostat
, Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables (2008 edition)
, 2008, (tilgængelig på: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu).
KAPITEL 10
MÅLING AF PRIS- OG MÆNGDEÆNDRINGER
10.01
I nationalregnskabssystemet udtrykkes samtlige strømme og beholdninger i monetære enheder. Den monetære enhed er den eneste fælles enhed, hvormed man kan værdiansætte de meget forskelligartede transaktioner, som optræder i nationalregnskabet, og beregne de relevante saldoposter.
Problemet ved at anvende den monetære enhed som måleenhed er, at denne enhed hverken er stabil over tid eller en international standard. Et af de vigtigste formål med økonomisk analyse er at måle den økonomiske vækst i mængde mellem forskellige perioder. Det er derfor i forbindelse med ændringer i værdien af visse økonomiske aggregater nødvendigt at skelne mellem ændringer, der udelukkende skyldes prisændringer, og øvrige ændringer, som kaldes »mængdeændringer«.
Økonomisk analyse omfatter endvidere geografiske sammenligninger, dvs. mellem forskellige nationale økonomier. Der fokuseres på internationale mængdesammenligninger på produktions- og indkomstniveau, men også prisniveauet er interessant. Det er derfor nødvendigt at opdele forskellene i værdien af økonomiske aggregater mellem landepar eller landegrupper i komponenter, som afspejler forskellene i mængde og forskellene i pris.
10.02
Når der er tale om tidsmæssige sammenligninger af strømme og beholdninger, er det vigtigt, at der lægges lige stor vægt på en præcis måling af prisændringer og af mængdeændringer. På kort sigt er iagttagelsen af prisudviklingen af lige så stor interesse som målingen af den udbudte og efterspurgte mængde. På længere sigt kan man ikke ved analysen af den økonomiske vækst se bort fra ændringer i de relative priser på de forskellige typer varer og tjenester.
Hovedformålet er ikke bare at tilvejebringe omfattende mål for pris- og mængdeændringer for hovedaggregaterne i nationalregnskabssystemet, men at samle et sæt af indbyrdes afhængige mål, som gør det muligt at gennemføre systematiske og detaljerede analyser af inflationen, den økonomiske vækst og de økonomiske udsving.
10.03
Det gælder generelt for geografiske sammenligninger, at der skal foretages præcise målinger for både mængde- og priskomponenterne i de økonomiske aggregater. Da spredningen mellem Laspeyres’ og Paasches formler ofte er betydelig i geografiske sammenligninger, er Fischers indeksformel den eneste, der kan accepteres til dette formål.
10.04
Nationalregnskabet udmærker sig ved at tilvejebringe en passende ramme for opstillingen af et system af mængde- og prisindeks og sikre konsistensen i de statistiske data. Fordelene ved at anvende nationalregnskabet kan opsummeres som følger:
a)
På det begrebsmæssige plan betyder anvendelsen af et regnskabssystem, som dækker hele det økonomiske system, at man nødvendigvis må specificere priser og fysiske enheder på en sammenhængende måde for de forskellige produkter og for det økonomiske systems forskellige strømme. I et sådant system defineres pris- og mængdebegreberne for samme produktgruppe på en ensartet måde på såvel tilgangs- som anvendelsessiden.
b)
På det statistiske plan medfører anvendelsen af nationalregnskabssystemet, at en række betingelser skal være opfyldt målt i både løbende priser og mængde, og anvendelsen af systemet kræver normalt nogle justeringer, således at der sikres konsistens mellem pris- og mængdeoplysningerne.
c)
Udarbejdelsen af et integreret system af pris- og mængdeindeks som led i et nationalregnskabssystem giver desuden nationalregnskabsstatistikerne en ekstra kontrolmulighed. Hvis man forudsætter, at der er udarbejdet et afstemt system af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller i løbende priser, kan man ved at opstille sådanne afstemte tabeller i mængde automatisk aflede et system af implicitte prisindeks. En undersøgelse af pålideligheden af disse afledte indeks kan medføre revision og korrektion af tallene i mængde og i visse tilfælde endog af værdierne i løbende priser.
d)
Anvendelsen af nationalregnskabet som ramme giver mulighed for at beregne pris- og mængdeændringer for visse saldoposter på kontiene, da disse pr. definition er afledt af andre elementer på kontiene.
10.05
Trods fordelene ved et integreret system baseret på balancen mellem tilgang og anvendelse for vare- og tjenestetransaktionerne totalt eller efter branche må det erkendes, at de således opnåede pris- og mængdeindeks ikke imødekommer alle behov eller besvarer alle spørgsmål vedrørende udviklingen i priser og mængder. De regnskabsmæssige krav og de valg, man træffer med hensyn til pris- og mængdeindeksformler, kan, hvor uundværlige de end måtte være ved opstillingen af et integreret system, undertiden vise sig at være til gene. Der er også behov for oplysninger for kortere perioder som f.eks. en måned eller et kvartal. I så fald vil det måske vise sig nyttigt at anvende andre former for pris- og mængdeindeks.
ANVENDELSESOMRÅDE FOR PRIS- OG MÆNGDEINDEKS I NATIONALREGNSKABER
10.06
Blandt de strømme, der optræder i nationalregnskabet i løbende priser, findes der nogle strømme — hovedsagelig vedrørende produkter — hvor sondringen mellem en prisændring og en mængdeændring kan sidestilles med sondringen på mikroøkonomisk plan. For mange andre strømme i systemet er det betydeligt vanskeligere at foretage en sådan sondring.
Når der er tale om strømme, som spænder over en gruppe elementære vare- og tjenestetransaktioner, hvor værdien af hver enkelt transaktion er lig med produktet af en række fysiske enheder og disses respektive pris pr. enhed, skal man blot vide, hvilke elementer der indgår i strømmen, for at kunne opgøre pris- og mængdeændringer over tid.
I tilfælde, hvor en strøm omfatter en række transaktioner inden for distribution og finansiel formidling samt saldoposter som f.eks. værditilvækst, er det vanskeligt eller endog umuligt direkte at opdele værdierne i løbende priser i pris- og mængdekomponenter, og særlige løsninger må derfor anvendes.
Der er desuden behov for at måle den reale købekraft for en række aggregater som f.eks. aflønning af ansatte, husholdningernes disponible indkomst eller nationalindkomsten. Det kan f.eks. ske ved at deflatere dem med prisindekset for de varer og tjenester, der kan købes for dem.
10.07
Formål og fremgangsmåde ved opgørelse af den reale købekraft for indkomstskøn er forskellige fra de tilfælde, hvor man skal deflatere varer, tjenester og saldoposter. Til strømme af varer og tjenester kan man opstille et integreret system af pris- og mængdeindeks, som giver et konsistent grundlag for måling af økonomisk vækst. Når indkomststrømme skal opgøres i reale værdier, anvendes prisindeks, som ikke er direkte forbundet med indkomststrømmen. Den pris, der vælges til måling af indkomstvækst kan således variere alt efter formålet med beregningen. Der er ikke fastsat nogen enhedspris i det integrerede pris- og mængdeindekssystem.
Det integrerede system af pris- og mængdeindeks
10.08
En systematisk opdeling af ændringerne i værdierne i løbende priser i deres bestanddele »prisændringer« og »mængdeændringer« er begrænset til strømme, der repræsenterer transaktioner, som er registreret på kontiene for varer og tjenester og i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne. Opdelingen foretages både for data vedrørende de enkelte brancher og produkter og for data vedrørende den samlede økonomi. Strømme, der er saldoposter, f.eks. værditilvækst, kan ikke direkte opdeles i pris- og mængdekomponenter. Dette kan kun gøres indirekte ved hjælp af de relevante strømme af transaktioner.
Når man anvender nationalregnskabssystemet, skal der ved beregningen af dataene tages hensyn til følgende to betingelser:
a)
Saldoen på kontoen for varer og tjenester skal for en hvilken som helst periode på to år opgøres i både løbende priser og mængde.
b)
I den samlede økonomi skal hver strøm være lig med summen af de tilsvarende strømme for de forskellige brancher.
En tredje betingelse, som ikke følger af anvendelsen af nationalregnskabssystemet, men som er resultatet af et bevidst valg, er, at enhver ændring i værdien af transaktioner enten skal opfattes som en prisændring eller som en mængdeændring, eller en kombination af disse.
Er disse tre betingelser opfyldt, betyder værdiansættelsen af kontiene for varer og tjenester og produktionskontiene i mængde, at der kan udledes et integreret pris- og mængdeindekssystem.
10.09
Til opbygningen af et sådant integreret indekssystem kræves følgende poster:
Produkttransaktioner
Produktion
P.1
Markedsmæssig produktion
P.11
Produktion til eget brug
P.12
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
P.13
Forbrug i produktionen
P.2
Udgifter til forbrug
P.3
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
P.31
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
P.32
Faktisk forbrug
P.4
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
P.41
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
P.42
Bruttoinvesteringer
P.5
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
P.51
Lagerændringer
P.52
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
P.53
Eksport af varer og tjenester
P.6
Eksport af varer
P.61
Eksport af tjenester
P.62
Import af varer og tjenester
P.7
Import af varer
P.71
Import af tjenester
P.72
Produktskatter og -subsidier
Produktskatter ekskl. moms
D.212 og D.214
Produktsubsidier
D.31
Moms
D.211
Saldoposter
Værditilvækst
B.1
Bruttonationalprodukt
B.1*g
Andre pris- og mængdeindeks
10.10
Foruden ovennævnte pris- og mængdemål kan nedenstående aggregater underopdeles i egne pris- og mængdekomponenter. Der kan være forskellige formål med denne opdeling.
Lagerbeholdninger ved henholdsvis begyndelsen og slutningen af hver periode må eventuelt opgøres i mængde for at nå frem til aggregaterne for statuskontoen. Beholdningen af producerede faste aktiver skal opgøres i mængde, for at man kan beregne kapitalkoefficienterne og have et grundlag for beregning af realkapitalforbruget i mængde. Aflønning af ansatte kan beregnes i mængde til brug for måling af produktiviteten og i nogle tilfælde også for at opgøre produktionsværdien som summen af omkostningerne i faste priser. Forbrug af fast realkapital og andre produktionsskatter og –subsidier skal også opgøres i mængde, når man beregner omkostninger i mængde.
10.11
Aflønning af ansatte er en bestanddel af indkomsten. Med henblik på at måle købekraften kan aflønning af ansatte værdiansættes i reale værdier ved at deflatere med et indeks, der afspejler priserne på de produkter, de ansatte køber. Også andre bestanddele af indkomsten, som f.eks. husholdningernes disponible indkomst og nationalindkomsten, kan måles i reale værdier på samme generelle måde.
GENERELLE PRINCIPPER FOR BEREGNING AF PRIS- OG MÆNGDEINDEKS
Definition af priser og mængder for markedsmæssige produkter
10.12
Der kan kun beregnes mængde- og prisindeks for variabler, som har pris- og mængdeelementer. Begreberne pris og mængde hænger nøje sammen med begrebet homogene produkter, dvs. produkter, for hvilke der kan defineres enheder, der alle betragtes som ækvivalente, og som derfor kan omsættes til samme monetære værdi. Det er således muligt at definere prisen på et homogent produkt som det pengebeløb, til hvilket hver enhed af produktet kan omsættes.
For hver strøm af homogene produkter, f.eks. produktion, kan man således definere en pris (p), en kvantitet (q) svarende til antallet af enheder og en værdi (v), som defineres ved ligningen:
Kvalitet, pris og homogene produkter
10.13
En anden måde at definere et homogent produkt på er at sige, at det består af enheder af samme kvalitet.
Homogene produkter spiller en væsentlig rolle i nationalregnskabet. Produktionen værdiansættes til en basispris, der bestemmes af markedet på det tidspunkt, hvor den finder sted, dvs. meget ofte inden den sælges. De producerede enheder skal derfor værdiansættes, ikke til den pris, de reelt vil blive solgt til, men til den pris, til hvilken tilsvarende enheder sælges på tidspunktet for produktionen af de pågældende enheder. Dette kan kun gøres konsekvent for homogene produkter.
10.14
I praksis kan to enheder af et produkt med identiske fysiske karakteristika dog blive solgt til forskellige priser af to grunde:
a)
To enheder med identiske fysiske karakteristika kan betragtes som ikkeækvivalente, hvis de sælges forskellige steder, på forskellige tidspunkter eller på forskellige betingelser. I så fald skal de pågældende enheder betragtes som forskellige homogene produkter.
b)
To enheder med identiske fysiske karakteristika kan sælges til forskellige priser på grund af manglende information, begrænset valgfrihed eller eksistensen af parallelle markeder. I så fald skal de pågældende enheder betragtes som værende samme homogene produkt.
Et homogent produkt kan således defineres som et produkt, hvoraf samtlige enheder ville blive solgt til samme pris på et marked med fuldkommen konkurrence. Er der ikke fuldkommen konkurrence, defineres det homogene produkts pris som gennemsnitsprisen for enheder af det. I nationalregnskabet er der følgelig én og kun én pris for hvert homogent produkt, således at man kan anvende generelle regler for værdiansættelse af produkter.
10.15
Manglende information betyder, at køberen måske ikke er korrekt informeret om prisforskellene og derfor kommer til at købe til højere priser. Dette — eller det modsatte — kan endvidere ske, når individuelle købere og sælgere forhandler eller tinger om en pris. Dog må forskellen mellem gennemsnitsprisen for en vare, der købes på et marked eller i en basar, hvor der ofte tinges om prisen, og prisen for den samme vare solgt i en anden type detailforretning, f.eks. et stormagasin, normalt behandles som en kvalitetsforskel på grund af de forskellige salgsbetingelser.
10.16
Prisdiskriminering betyder, at en sælger har mulighed for at kræve forskellige priser af forskellige kategorier af købere for identiske varer og tjenester, der sælges under nøjagtig samme vilkår. I sådanne tilfælde er der ingen eller kun begrænset valgfrihed for en køber, der hører til en særlig kategori. Ifølge det vedtagne princip er der tale om prisdiskriminering, når der opkræves forskellig pris for identiske enheder, der sælges under nøjagtig samme vilkår på et klart afgrænset marked, dvs. når der opkræves forskellige priser for samme homogene produkt. Prisvariationer som følge af sådan diskriminering er ikke mængdeforskelle.
Mulighed for videresalg af varer på et bestemt marked betyder, at prisdiskriminering for sådanne produkter i de fleste tilfælde kan forventes at være ubetydelig. Eventuelle prisforskelle på varer kan normalt fortolkes som begrundet i manglende information eller eksistensen af parallelle markeder.
I servicebrancherne, f.eks. inden for transport, kan producenterne tilbyde lavere priser til grupper af enkeltpersoner med typisk lavere indkomster som f.eks. pensionister eller studerende. Hvis sådanne enkeltpersoner frit kan vælge, hvornår de ønsker at lade sig transportere, betragtes det som prisdiskriminering. Hvis de derimod får lov til at betale de lavere priser på betingelse af, at de kun benytter transportmidlerne på visse tider af dagen, f.eks. uden for myldretiden, tilbydes de en transport af lavere kvalitet, eftersom transport med og uden betingelser kan betragtes som forskellige homogene produkter.
10.17
Der kan være flere forklaringer på eksistensen af parallelle markeder. Enten er udbuddet til den lave pris for lille til, at køberne kan få dækket deres behov og derfor må gå på et sekundært, parallelt marked, hvor priserne er højere. Eller der kan forekomme et parallelt marked, hvor sælgeren har mulighed for at undgå bestemte afgifter og derfor kan sælge billigere.
10.18
Hvis kvalitet således defineres som alle de karakteristika, der er fælles for alle enheder af et homogent produkt, beror kvalitetsforskelle på følgende faktorer:
a)
fysiske karakteristika
b)
forskellige leveringssteder
c)
levering på forskellige tider af døgnet eller af året
d)
forskelle i salgsbetingelser eller i de forhold eller de omstændigheder, under hvilke varerne eller tjenesterne leveres.
Priser og mængde
10.19
Introduktionen af begrebet mængde i nationalregnskabet udspringer af ønsket om at fjerne virkningerne af prisvariationer i værdier udtrykt i monetære enheder og kan således betragtes som en udvidet anvendelse af begrebet kvantitet for grupper af produkter. For et givet homogent produkt giver ligningen
mulighed for, at en ændring i værdi over tid kan opdeles i en prisændring og en mængdeændring. I praksis er der dog for mange homogene produkter til, at de kan behandles individuelt, så nationalregnskabsstatistikerne er nødt til at arbejde på et mere aggregeret niveau. På dette aggregerede niveau er ligningen
imidlertid ikke længere anvendelig, for selv om det er muligt at aggregere værdier, giver det ikke mening at aggregere kvantiteter med henblik på at udlede priser.
10.20
Der findes dog en simpel metode til opdeling af værdiændringen for et sæt homogene produkter mellem to perioder, hvoraf den ene betragtes som basisperioden og den anden som den løbende periode. Virkningerne af prisændringen kan udlignes ved at beregne, hvilken værdi det pågældende sæt produkter ville have haft, hvis priserne ikke havde ændret sig, dvs. ved at anvende basisperiodens priser på den løbende periodes kvantiteter. Denne værdi i basisperiodens priser definerer begrebet mængde.
Værdien af et sæt produkter i den løbende periode kan således udtrykkes som:
hvor eksponenten 1 refererer til den løbende periode og indekset i til et specifikt homogent produkt. Mængden (Volume) af det pågældende sæt produkter i den løbende periode bestemmes således i forhold til basisperioden ved formlen:
hvor eksponenten 0 refererer til basisperioden. Ved at sammenligne mængden af sættet af produkter i den løbende periode med disses samlede værdi i basisperioden kan man måle en ændring, som ikke er påvirket af prisvariationer. Et mængdeindeks kan således beregnes ved formlen:
Det således beregnede mængdeindeks er et Laspeyres-mængdeindeks, hvor hvert enkelt basisindeks er vægtet med den andel af basisproduktet, der indgår i den samlede værdi for basisperioden.
Når man har defineret mængdebegrebet, kan man analogt med ligningen
definere et prisindeks (ikke en pris). Prisindekset beregnes således som forholdet mellem værdien i den løbende periode og mængden, dvs. ved formlen:
Dette indeks er et Paasche-prisindeks, hvor hvert enkelt basisindeks er vægtet med den andel af basisproduktet, der indgår i den samlede værdi i den løbende periode.
De således beregnede mængde- og prisindeks tilfredsstiller ligningen:
Værdiindeks = prisindeks × mængdeindeks.
Denne ligning er en mere generel udgave af ligningen
og giver mulighed for at opdele en hvilken som helst ændring i værdien af et sæt produkter i en mængdeændring og en prisændring.
Ved mængdeberegningen vægtes kvantiteterne med priserne i basisperioden, således at resultatet afhænger af prisstrukturen. Prisstrukturen ændrer sig sandsynligvis mindre over korte perioder end over lange perioder. Mængde beregnes derfor kun for to på hinanden følgende år, dvs. i det foregående års priser.
Til sammenligninger over længere perioder beregnes der først Laspeyres-mængdeindeks og Paasche-prisindeks i forhold til det foregående år, hvorefter der beregnes kædeindeks.
10.21
De største fordele ved at anvende Paasche-prisindeks og Laspeyres-mængdeindeks er den nemme fortolkning og beregning samt værdiernes additivitet i tilgangs- og anvendelsesbalancerne.
10.22
Kædeindeks har den ulempe, at mængderne ikke er additive, således at de ikke kan anvendes i afstemningsprocedurerne for produkter baseret på tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller.
10.23
De ikkeadditive mængdedata beregnet ved hjælp af kædeindeks skal offentliggøres uden nogen form for korrektion. Denne metode er gennemskuelig og anskueliggør problemets omfang over for brugerne. Dette udelukker dog ikke muligheden af, at der kan være forhold, under hvilke de ansvarlige for udarbejdelsen af dataene måske vil foretrække at fjerne afvigelserne for at forbedre den samlede konsistens af dataene. Når referenceårværdier ekstrapoleres med kædemængdeindeks, er det nødvendigt at forklare brugerne, hvorfor der ikke er nogen additivitet i tabellerne.
10.24
Da det i praksis er umuligt at måle priser og mængder for alle homogene produkter i en økonomi, beregnes der mængde- eller prisindeks ved hjælp af stikprøver af repræsentative homogene produkter ud fra den antagelse, at mængder og priser for produkter, som ikke indgår i stikprøven, ændrer sig på samme måde som for stikprøvegennemsnittet. Det er derfor nødvendigt at anvende en produktnomenklatur, der er så detaljeret som muligt, således at hvert identificeret produkt har størst mulig grad af homogenitet, uanset i hvor detaljeret form de endelige resultater skal offentliggøres.
10.25
Da ligningen forbinder værdi-, pris- og mængdeindeks, skal der kun beregnes to indeks. Værdiindekset følger sædvanligvis direkte af en sammenligning mellem de samlede værdier for den løbende periode og basisperioden. Derefter vælger man at beregne enten et prisindeks eller et mængdeindeks. I de fleste tilfælde bliver den antagelse om parallelle ændringer, der ligger til grund for metoden, i højere grad bekræftet for priser end for mængder, fordi priserne på forskellige produkter ofte påvirkes betydeligt af visse fælles faktorer såsom råvare- og lønomkostninger. I så fald skal prisindekset beregnes ved hjælp af en stikprøve af produkter, hvis kvalitet er konstant over tid, og hvor kvaliteten ikke alene bestemmes af produktets fysiske karakteristika, men også af salgsbetingelserne, jf. ovenfor. På denne måde vil alle variationer i den samlede værdi, der skyldes strukturændringer blandt de forskellige produkter, fremstå som mængdevariationer, ikke som prisvariationer.
I nogle tilfælde vil det dog være nemmere at beregne et mængdeindeks og deraf udlede et prisindeks. Undertiden kan det endog være at foretrække at beregne værdiindekset på grundlag af et prisindeks og et mængdeindeks.
Nye produkter
10.26
Den ovenfor beskrevne metode til beregning af pris- og mængdeindeks bygger på den antagelse, at produkterne eksisterer i begge de på hinanden følgende år. Det er imidlertid et faktum, at mange produkter kommer til og andre forsvinder fra det ene år til det andet, hvilket pris- og mængdeindeksene skal afspejle. Når mængde bestemmes ved hjælp af priserne fra det foregående år, er der ingen særlige vanskeligheder forbundet med produkter, som eksisterede det foregående år, men som ikke længere eksisterer i det løbende år, da de blot knyttes til en kvantitet på nul i det løbende år. Nye produkter udgør et større problem, da det ikke er muligt at opgøre det foregående års pris for et produkt, der ikke fandtes.
I et sådant tilfælde er der to fremgangsmåder til opgørelse af prisen i det foregående år: I forbindelse med den første fremgangsmåde antages prisen for det nye produkt at ændre sig på samme måde som prisen for andre, lignende produkter, og i forbindelse med den anden fremgangsmåde søges det direkte beregnet, hvad prisen for det nye produkt ville have været, hvis det havde eksisteret i basisperioden. Den første fremgangsmåde går ganske enkelt ud på at anvende et prisindeks beregnet på grundlag af en stikprøve af homogene produkter, som eksisterer i begge de på hinanden følgende år, hvilket i praksis er den metode, der anvendes i forbindelse med de fleste nye produkter, da der som regel er for mange nye produkter til, at de kan angives eksplicit, især hvis man anvender definitionen af homogene produkter i snæver forstand. I forbindelse med den anden fremgangsmåde er de mest almindelige metoder den hedoniske metode, der består i at bestemme prisen for et produkt på grundlag af dets vigtigste karakteristika, og inputmetoden, der anvender et produkts omkostninger til at beregne dets pris.
Nye produkter har særlig betydning på bestemte områder. Mange kapitalgoder produceres kun i et eksemplar og fremstår derfor som nye produkter. Det samme gælder mange tjenester, der aldrig ydes på nøjagtig samme måde, f.eks. forsknings- og udviklingstjenester.
10.27
Når der er tale om levering af tjenester, er det ofte vanskeligere at pege på de karakteristika, der kendetegner de fysiske enheder, og der kan opstå uenighed om, hvilke kriterier der skal lægges til grund. Dette kan gælde store brancher som finansiel formidling, engros- og detailhandel, tjenester leveret til virksomheder, uddannelse, forskning og udvikling, sundhed og fritid. I håndbogen Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts 
(
1
)
 gøres der rede for, hvordan man vælger fysiske enheder for disse aktiviteter.
Principper for ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester
10.28
Ved udarbejdelsen af et komplet pris- og mængdeindekssystem, som dækker den samlede tilgang og anvendelse af varer og tjenester, støder man på en særlig vanskelighed, når det gælder måling af produktionen af ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester. Disse tjenester adskiller sig fra markedsmæssige tjenester derved, at de ikke sælges til en markedspris, og at deres værdi i løbende priser opgøres som summen af de påløbne omkostninger. Disse omkostninger er forbrug i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, andre skatter minus subsidier på produktionen og forbrug af fast realkapital.
10.29
Da der ikke findes nogen pris pr. enhed fra den almindelige omsætning, kan man betragte omkostningen pr. enhed ved en ikkemarkedsmæssig tjeneste som værende lig med prisen. Faktisk svarer prisen for et markedsmæssigt produkt til de udgifter, køberen må afholde for at overtage det, mens omkostningen pr. enhed ved en ikkemarkedsmæssig tjeneste svarer til de udgifter, samfundet må afholde for at kunne gøre brug af den. Når det er muligt at fastlægge kvantumsenheder for ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester, er det også muligt at anvende de ovenfor anførte generelle principper for beregning af mængde- og prisindeks.
Det er almindeligvis muligt at fastlægge kvantumsenheder for ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester, der forbruges individuelt, f.eks. undervisnings- og sundhedstjenester, hvoraf følger, at de generelle principper skal anvendes rutinemæssigt i forbindelse med sådanne tjenester.
Den metode, der består i at beregne mængden ved at anvende det foregående års enhedsomkostninger på det løbende års kvantiteter, kaldes outputmetoden.
10.30
Det er imidlertid vanskeligt at fastlægge kvantumsenheder for kollektive ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester såsom tjenester i forbindelse med offentlig forvaltning og service, retsvæsen og forsvar. Her skal der derfor anvendes andre metoder analogt med den generelle metode. Denne metode bestemmer mængde på grundlag af det foregående års priser, dvs. at den bestemmer mængde som de udgifter, køberne skulle have afholdt, hvis priserne ikke havde ændret sig. Denne bestemmelsesmetode kan anvendes, når det ikke er muligt at fastlægge en kvantumsenhed, forudsat at den ikke anvendes på en enhed af produktet, men på de samlede udgifter. Da værdien af en ikkemarkedsmæssig tjeneste bestemmes af omkostningerne ved tjenesten, er det således muligt at beregne mængden som værdien af omkostningerne i basisperiodens priser, dvs. som værdien af forbrug i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, andre skatter minus subsidier på produktion og forbrug af fast realkapital i de priser, der var gældende i basisperioden. Denne metode kaldes inputmetoden. Beregningen i mængde af aflønning af ansatte, forbrug af fast realkapital og produktionsskatter og –subsidier beskrives i det følgende.
Selv i de mest gunstige tilfælde, hvor ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester forbruges individuelt, som f.eks. undervisning og sundhed, er det ikke altid nemt at identificere homogene produkter. Disse tjenesters karakteristika er nemlig sjældent præcise nok til, at det med sikkerhed kan fastslås, om to forskellige tjenesteenheder skal betragtes som ækvivalente eller ej, dvs. som værende et og samme homogene produkt eller to separate produkter. Nationalregnskabsstatistikerne kan anvende to ækvivalenskriterier:
a)
Kriteriet omkostninger pr. enhed går ud på, at to enheder af ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester betragtes som ækvivalente, hvis omkostningerne pr. enhed er de samme. Dette kriterium beror på den antagelse, at de, der kollektivt nyder godt af offentlige tjenester, også er dem, der indfører dem og betaler for dem. For eksempel beslutter borgerne via deres repræsentanter at indføre offentlige tjenester og betaler for dem over skatterne. På disse vilkår kan borgerne ikke forventes at betale forskellige priser for tjenesteenheder, som de anser for at være ækvivalente. I henhold til dette kriterium skal to tjenesteenheder til forskellig pris derfor betragtes som forskellige produkter, og et ikkemarkedsmæssigt homogent produkt er karakteriseret ved ensartede enhedsomkostninger.
b)
Resultatkriteriet går ud på, at to enheder af ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester betragtes som ækvivalente, hvis resultatet er det samme. Dette kriterium beror på den antagelse, at der kan være forskellige omkostninger ved produktionen af to tjenesteenheder, selv om borgere betragter dem som ækvivalente, fordi de ikke foretager en fuldstændig verifikation af produktionsprocessen for de pågældende tjenester. Kriteriet omkostninger pr. enhed er da ikke længere relevant, og der skal i stedet anvendes et kriterium for de ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenesters nytteværdi for samfundet.
Da resultatkriteriet ofte synes mere relevant, er der gjort en stor indsats for at udvikle metoder baseret på dette kriterium, og der arbejdes fortsat på at forbedre dem. I praksis fører sådanne metoder ofte til, at der i forbindelse med mængdeberegningen indføres justeringskoefficienter for kvantiteter. I så fald kaldes de »metoder med eksplicit kvalitetsjustering«.
Det største problem ved gennemførelsen af disse metoder er definitionen og målingen af resultater. At kunne måle resultater forudsætter nemlig, at målsætningerne er veldefinerede, hvilket ikke er en selvfølge, når det gælder ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester. Hvilke målsætninger har f.eks. det offentlige sundhedsvæsen: at forbedre folkesundheden eller øge levetiden? Uden tvivl begge dele, men hvordan vægter man så de forskellige, ikkeækvivalente målsætninger? Hvilken behandling er f.eks. den bedste, den, der gør det muligt at leve et ekstra år ved godt helbred, eller den, der gør det muligt at leve to ekstra år med dårligt helbred? Hertil kommer, at resultatskøn ofte er kontroversielle, jf. den i mange lande tilbagevendende kontrovers vedrørende forbedringen eller forringelsen af elevers præstation i skolen.
I betragtning af de begrebsmæssige vanskeligheder og det forhold, at der ikke er enighed om kvalitetsjusterede outputmetoder (baseret på resultater), er disse metoder i Den Europæiske Union udelukket fra systemets hovedstruktur af hensyn til resultaternes sammenlignelighed. Disse metoder er forbeholdt frivillige supplerende tabeller, alt imens udredningen fortsætter. Inden for ikkemarkedsmæssige sundheds- og undervisningstjenester skal beregningerne af produktion og forbrug i mængde således foretages på grundlag af direkte resultatskøn — uden kvalitetsjustering — ved at vægte de producerede kvantiteter med det foregående års enhedsomkostninger ved disse tjenester uden nogen form for kvalitetsjustering. Disse metoder skal anvendes på et tilstrækkeligt detaljeret niveau; minimumsniveauet fremgår af Eurostats håndbog Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts.
Selv om man generelt bør undgå at anvende inputbaserede metoder, kan man på sundhedsområdet anvende inputmetoden, når tjenesterne er så forskelligartede, at det er praktisk umuligt at identificere homogene produkter. Nationalregnskabsopgørelserne skal desuden ledsages af forklarende bemærkninger, der gør brugerne opmærksomme på målemetoderne.
Principper for værditilvækst og BNP
10.31
Værditilvæksten, som er saldoposten på produktionskontoen, er den eneste saldo, der indgår i det integrerede pris- og mængdeindekssystem. Det er dog på sin plads at understrege denne posts helt specielle karakter og den særlige betydning af de dertil knyttede mængde- og prisindeks.
Til forskel fra de forskellige vare- og tjenestestrømme kan værditilvæksten ikke henføres til en bestemt kategori af transaktioner. Derfor kan den ikke direkte opløses i en priskomponent og en mængdekomponent.
10.32
Definition:
Værditilvæksten i mængde defineres som forskellen mellem produktionen i mængde og forbrug i produktionen i mængde.
hvor P og Q er priser og mængder for produktion, og p og q er priser og mængder for forbrug i produktionen. Den teoretisk korrekte metode til beregning af værditilvæksten i mængde er dobbelt deflatering, dvs. at man deflaterer de to strømme på produktionskontoen (produktion og forbrug i produktionen) separat og derefter beregner saldoen mellem disse to nyværdiansatte strømme.
10.33
I nogle tilfælde, hvor de statistiske data er ufuldstændige eller ikke er tilstrækkeligt pålidelige, kan det være nødvendigt at anvende en enkelt indikator. Findes der gode data om værditilvæksten i løbende priser, er et af alternativerne til dobbelt deflatering at deflatere den pågældende værditilvækst direkte med et prisindeks for produktionen. Det forudsættes derved, at priserne for forbrug i produktionen ændrer sig i samme takt som for produktionen. En anden mulig fremgangsmåde er at ekstrapolere værditilvæksten i basisåret med et mængdeindeks for produktionen. Dette mængdeindeks kan enten være beregnet direkte fra mængdedata eller ved at deflatere den pågældende værdi af produktionen med et passende prisindeks. Ved denne metode gås der således ud fra, at mængdeændringerne for produktionen er de samme som for forbrug i produktionen.
For visse servicebrancher for markeds- og ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester, som f.eks. finansiering, tjenester leveret til virksomheder eller forsvar, kan det være umuligt at opnå tilfredsstillende skøn over pris- og mængdeændringer for produktionen. I sådanne tilfælde kan bevægelser i værditilvæksten i mængde beregnes ved hjælp af ændringer i aflønning af ansatte efter det foregående års lønsatser og forbrug af fast realkapital i mængde. Ved sammenstillingen af dataene kan det være nødvendigt at anvende sådanne midler, også selv om der egentlig ikke er nogen grund til at antage, at arbejdsproduktiviteten forbliver uændret på kort eller lang sigt.
10.34
Mængde- og prisindeks for værditilvæksten er således væsensforskellige fra de tilsvarende indeks for vare- og tjenestestrømme.
Det samme gælder for pris- og mængdeindeks for aggregerede saldoposter som f.eks. bruttonationalproduktet. Sidstnævntes værdi er lig med summen af alle branchers samtlige værditilvækster — dvs. lig med de sammenlagte saldoposter — plus skatter minus subsidier på produkter, og kan fra en anden synsvinkel betragtes som værende saldoposten mellem endelig anvendelse i alt og import.
SÆRLIGE PROBLEMER VED ANVENDELSEN AF PRINCIPPERNE
10.35
Selv om det integrerede pris- og mængdeindekssystem egentlig er begrænset til vare- og tjenestetransaktioner, udelukker det dog ikke muligheden af at beregne mål for pris- og mængdeændringer for visse andre transaktioner.
Skatter og subsidier på produkter og import
10.36.
Den ovenfor nævnte mulighed foreligger blandt andet i forbindelse med skatter og subsidier, som er direkte knyttet til mængden eller værdien af de varer og tjenester, som er genstand for transaktionerne. Af tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne fremgår værdierne af disse skatter og subsidier klart. Ved at anvende de nedenfor beskrevne regler er det muligt at nå frem til pris- og mængdemål for de kategorier af skatter og subsidier, der er registreret på kontiene for varer og tjenester, nemlig:
a)
produktskatter eksklusive moms (D.212 og D.214)
b)
produktsubsidier (D.31)
c)
moms (D.211).
10.37.
I det enkleste tilfælde er der tale om skatter, som udgør et fast beløb pr. kvantumsenhed af det produkt, der er genstand for transaktionen. Provenuet fra en sådan skat er afhængigt af:
a)
kvantiteten af de produkter, som har været genstand for transaktionen
b)
det beløb, der opkræves pr. enhed, hvilket svarer til skattesatsen.
Opdeling af værdiændringen i dens to bestanddele giver næppe anledning til vanskeligheder. Mængdeændringen tilvejebringes gennem ændringen i mængden af de beskattede varer. Prisændringen svarer til ændringen i det beløb, der opkræves pr. enhed, dvs. ændringen i skattesatsen.
10.38.
Et hyppigere forekommende tilfælde er det tilfælde, hvor skatten udgør en vis procentdel af værdien af transaktionen. Provenuet fra en sådan skat er i så fald afhængig af:
a)
kvantiteten af de produkter, som har været genstand for transaktionen
b)
prisen på de produkter, som har været genstand for transaktionen
c)
skattesatsen (i procent).
Skattebeløbet pr. mængdeenhed findes altså ved at gange skattesatsen med produktets pris. Ændringen i provenuet fra en sådan skat kan også opsplittes i en mængdeændring, som svarer til udviklingen i mængden af de beskattede produkter, og en prisændring, som svarer til udviklingen i skattebeløbet pr. mængdeenhed (b × c).
10.39.
Værdien af produktskatter eksklusive moms (D.212 og D.214) måles i mængde ved at gange basisårets skattebeløb pr. enhed med de producerede eller importerede kvantiteter eller ved at gange basisårets skattesatser med værdien af produktionen eller importen omregnet til basisårets priser. Man skal være opmærksom på, at skattebeløbene kan variere mellem de forskellige anvendelser. Dette er der taget hensyn til i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne.
10.40.
På samme måde måles værdien af produktsubsidier (D.31) i mængde ved at gange basisårets subsidiebeløb pr. enhed med de producerede eller importerede kvantiteter eller ved at gange basisårets subsidiesatser med værdien af produktionen eller importen omregnet til basisårets priser, idet der samtidig tages hensyn til, at der er forskellige subsidiebeløb for de forskellige anvendelser.
10.41.
Produktmoms (D.211) beregnes — både i den samlede økonomi og i de forskellige brancher og for andre brugere — på nettobasis og vedrører kun ikkefradragsberettiget moms. Denne defineres som forskellen mellem den moms, der faktureres på produkterne, og den moms, som brugerne af disse produkter kan trække fra. Alternativt er det også muligt at definere produktmoms som summen af alle ikkefradragsberettigede beløb, som skal betales af brugerne.
Ikkefradragsberettiget moms i mængde kan beregnes ved at gange de i det foregående år gældende momssatser med de i det foregående års priser udtrykte strømme. Eventuelle ændringer i momssatsen for det løbende år vil følgelig give sig udtryk i prisindekset og ikke i mængdeindekset for den ikkefradragsberettigede moms.
Den andel, som den fradragsberettigede moms udgør af den fakturerede moms, og dermed af den ikkefradragsberettigede moms, kan variere:
a)
enten som følge af en ændring i fradragsmulighederne på grund af en ændring af skattelovene og skattereglerne med øjeblikkelig virkning eller med en vis tidsforskydning
b)
eller som følge af ændringer i anvendelsessammensætningen af produkterne (f.eks. en forøgelse af den del af anvendelserne, der nyder godt af fradragsmuligheden).
En ændring i værdien af den fradragsberettigede moms, som skyldes ændringer i fradragsmulighederne, vil efter den beskrevne metode blive behandlet som en ændring i skattebeløbet pr. enhed, hvilket også gælder for en ændring af momssatsen for den fakturerede moms.
På den anden side må en ændring i værdien af den fradragsberettigede moms, som skyldes en ændring i anvendelsessammensætningen, give sig udtryk i en ændring i mængden af fradragsberettiget moms, der vil afspejle sig i mængdeindekset for produktmomsen.
Andre skatter og subsidier på produktion
10.42.
Behandlingen af andre produktionsskatter (D.29) og -subsidier (D.39) giver anledning til et særligt problem, da det pr. definition ikke er muligt at henføre dem direkte til enheder, der produceres. For ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester forværres dette problem af, at de kun anvendes, når det ikke er muligt at fastlægge kvantumsenheder. Det er dog som regel muligt at undgå denne vanskelighed ved at fastsætte andre skatter og subsidier på produktion i mængde til det beløb, de ville have udgjort, hvis der generelt ikke havde været ændringer i skattereglerne og priserne i forhold til det foregående år. For eksempel kan ejendomsskatter eller skatter på anvendelsen af et aktiv opgøres i mængde ved at anvende det foregående års regler og aktivpriser på den løbende periode.
Forbrug af fast realkapital
10.43.
Det er ikke særlig vanskeligt at opstille mængdemål for forbrug af fast realkapital, hvis man har tilstrækkelige oplysninger om sammensætningen af beholdningen af faste aktiver (kapitalapparatet). De fleste lande anvender i forbindelse med beregningen af forbrug af fast realkapital i løbende priser en metode, der er baseret på kumulerede investeringer (PIM-metoden), hvilket først nødvendiggør beregningen af kapitalapparatet i mængde. For at kunne gå fra værdiansættelsen i den oprindelige anskaffelsespris til en værdiansættelse i genanskaffelsespriser må man først omregne værdien af kapitalgoder, som er erhvervet i løbet af forskellige perioder, til en ensartet værdi, dvs. til værdien i basisårets priser. De pris- og mængdeindeks, som anvendes til dette formål, vil også kunne anvendes til at beregne værdien i mængde og prisindekset for forbrug af fast realkapital.
Når metoden med kumulerede investeringer ikke anvendes, kan man nå frem til ændringen i forbrug af fast realkapital i mængde ved at deflatere værdien i løbende priser fordelt efter produkter med prisindeks for investeringer i disse produkter. I så tilfælde skal der tages højde for kapitalapparatets alderssammensætning.
Aflønning af ansatte
10.44.
For at kunne måle mængden af input fra arbejdskraften kan man som kvantumsenhed for aflønning af ansatte anvende en times arbejde for en given type job og et givet kvalifikationsniveau. Ligesom for varer og tjenester må man skelne mellem forskellige kvaliteter og beregne mængdeforholdstal for den enkelte type arbejde. Prisen for hver type er den aflønning, der betales pr. time, som naturligvis kan variere efter typen af arbejde. Et mængdemål for udført arbejde kan beregnes som et vægtet gennemsnit af mængdeforholdstallene for forskellige typer arbejde, vægtet med værdierne af aflønning af ansatte i året forud eller i et fastsat basisår. Alternativt kan der beregnes et lønindeks for arbejde ved at beregne et vægtet gennemsnit af de forholdsmæssige ændringer i timelønssatserne for forskellige typer arbejde, igen ved at anvende aflønning af ansatte som vægte. Beregnes mængdeindeks af Laspeyres-typen indirekte ved at deflatere ændringer i aflønning af ansatte i løbende priser med et indeks for gennemsnitlig ændring i timelønnen, skal sidstnævnte være et indeks af Paasche-typen.
Beholdninger af producerede faste aktiver og lagerbeholdninger
10.45.
Det er nødvendigt at råde over data om mængder i det foregående års priser både for beholdninger af producerede faste aktiver og lagerbeholdninger. For de producerede faste aktivers vedkommende er sådanne data, som er nødvendige for at kunne beregne kapitalkoefficienterne, tilgængelige, hvis man anvender PIM-metoden. I andre tilfælde kan oplysninger om værdien af beholdningerne af aktiver indhentes fra producenterne, og der kan foretages en deflatering med de prisindeks, der bruges til faste bruttoinvesteringer, idet der tages hensyn til beholdningernes aldersstruktur.
Lagerændringer måles ved hjælp af værdien af lagertilgang minus summen af værdien af lagerafgang og værdien af eventuelle løbende tab af varer, der ligger på lager i en given periode. Mængder i det foregående års priser fås ved at deflatere disse komponenter. I praksis råder man dog sjældent over oplysninger om lagertilgang og -afgang; ofte er værdien af beholdningerne ved begyndelsen og slutningen af perioden de eneste tilgængelige oplysninger. I så fald vil det ofte være nødvendigt at antage, at der har været regelmæssig lagertilgang og -afgang i den løbende periode, således at gennemsnitsprisen for perioden kan betragtes som relevant for både tilgang og afgang. Beregningen af lagerændringen som differencen mellem værdien af lagertilgang og -afgang svarer ud fra denne forudsætning til beregningen af differencen mellem værdien af primolager og ultimolager. Dernæst kan man beregne lagerændringen i mængde ved at deflatere primolager og ultimolager for at bringe dem i overensstemmelse med gennemsnitsprisen i basisperioden. Kender man lagerændringerne i kvantitet, kan man — under forudsætning af regelmæssig lagertilgang og lagerafgang — beregne lagerændringen i mængde ved at gange basisperiodens gennemsnitspris med lagerændringen i kvantitet.
MÅLING AF REALINDKOMST FOR DEN SAMLEDE ØKONOMI
10.46.
Det er generelt ikke muligt at opdele indkomststrømme i en pris- og en mængdekomponent, og derfor kan mål for pris og mængde ikke defineres på samme måde som for produktstrømmes og -beholdningers vedkommende. Indkomststrømme kan kun måles i reale værdier, hvis man vælger en særlig kurv af varer og tjenester, som indkomsten sædvanligvis bruges til, og anvender prisindekset for denne kurv som deflator for løbende indkomster. Valget er altid vilkårligt i den forstand, at indkomst sjældent bruges specielt på indkøb i den pågældende periode. Noget af den spares eventuelt op til indkøb i senere perioder, eller indkøb i den pågældende periode kan være delvis finansieret fra tidligere opsparing.
10.47.
Bruttonationalproduktet i det foregående års priser måler den samlede produktion (minus forbrug i produktionen) i mængde for hele økonomien. Residenters samlede realindkomst påvirkes ikke blot af denne produktionsmængde, men også af bytteforholdet mellem eksport og import fra udlandet. Forbedres bytteforholdet, skal der mindre eksport til for at betale for en given importmængde, således at varer og tjenester ved et givet niveau af indenlandsk produktion kan omfordeles fra eksport til forbrug eller investeringer.
Det reale bytteforholdskorrigerede bruttonationalprodukt kan udledes ved at lægge den såkaldte bytteforholdsgevinst til mængdetallene for bruttonationalproduktet. Bytteforholdsgevinsten eller eventuelt bytteforholdstabet defineres som:
dvs. nettoeksporten i løbende priser deflateret med et prisindeks P, minus forskellen mellem den deflaterede værdi af eksport og den deflaterede værdi af importen. Valget af en passende deflator P til de løbende vare- og tjenestebalancer bør overlades til de statistiske myndigheder i det enkelte land, idet der tages hensyn til det pågældende lands særlige forhold. Hvis der er usikkerhed med hensyn til valg af deflator, vil et gennemsnit af import- og eksportprisindeksene sandsynligvis udgøre en passende deflator.
Forskellige realindkomstaggregater identificeres og defineres som vist nedenfor:
Bruttonationalproduktet i mængde
plus
bytteforholdsgevinst eller -tab fra ændringer i bytteforholdet
lig
med det reale bytteforholdskorrigerede bruttonationalprodukt
plus
reale primærindkomster fra udlandet
minus
reale primærindkomster til udlandet
lig
med den reale bruttonationalindkomst
plus
reale løbende overførsler fra udlandet
minus
reale løbende overførsler til udlandet
lig
med real disponibel bruttonationalindkomst
minus
forbrug af fast realkapital i mængde
lig
med real disponibel nettonationalindkomst.
For at kunne udtrykke de forskellige nationalindkomstaggregater i reale værdier anbefales det at deflatere primære indkomster og overførsler til og fra udlandet med et indeks for indenlandsk endelig anvendelse, brutto. Real disponibel nationalindkomst skal udtrykkes netto ved at trække forbrug af fast realkapital i mængde fra dens bruttoværdi.
GEOGRAFISKE PRIS- OG MÆNGDEINDEKS
10.48.
Det forhold, at landene har forskellige prisniveauer og valutaer, er et problem i forbindelse med geografiske sammenligninger af priser og mængder. De nominelle valutakurser er ikke egnede omregningsfaktorer ved sådanne sammenligninger, da de ikke i tilstrækkelig grad afspejler prisniveauforskelle, og fordi de ikke er tilstrækkelig stabile over tid.
10.49.
I stedet anvendes købekraftspariteter (KKP'er). Købekraftspariteten defineres som det antal enheder af land B's valuta, der er nødvendig i land B for at købe det samme kvantum af varer og tjenester, som man med en enhed af land A's valuta vil kunne købe i land A. KKP'er kan således fortolkes som kursen på en kunstig valuta, der almindeligvis omtales som købekraftsstandarden (KKS). Hvis land A's og B's udgifter udtrykt i nationale valutaer omregnes til KKS, udtrykker de tal, man opnår, samme prisniveau i samme valuta, så det bliver muligt at foretage mængdemæssige sammenligninger.
10.50.
KKP'er for markedsmæssige varer og tjenester er baseret på internationale prisundersøgelser. Disse prisundersøgelser udføres samtidigt for en fælles stikprøve af produkter i alle de deltagende lande. De produkter, der indgår i stikprøven, er klart defineret ved deres tekniske karakteristika og andre variabler, der formodes at påvirke prisen, f.eks. monteringsomkostninger og salgsbetingelser. Der gives prioritet til stikprøveprodukternes sammenlignelighed, men der skal også tages hensyn til deres repræsentativitet på de nationale markeder. Ideelt set bør stikprøven være lige repræsentativ i alle de deltagende lande.
10.51.
For ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenesters vedkommende støder man ved geografiske sammenligninger på samme problem som ved tidsmæssige sammenligninger, da der ikke findes markedspriser i hverken det ene eller det andet tilfælde. Traditionelt har man anvendt en inputtilgang (eller en tilgang med inputomkostninger) ud fra den antagelse, at produktion er lig med summen af input. Ved denne tilgang, som indebærer direkte eller indirekte mængdesammenligninger af input, tages der ikke hensyn til forskelle i produktivitet. Derfor foretrækkes ligesom ved tidsmæssige sammenligninger metoder, der fokuserer enten på direkte måling af produktion eller på produktionspriser, som efterfølgende benyttes til deflatering af udgifterne, i det mindste for individuelle tjenester såsom undervisning og sundhed.
10.52.
Ved beregningen af KKP'er anvendes samme indeksformler som ved beregningen af tidsmæssige indeks. I en bilateral kontekst med to lande, A og B, kan det ene eller det andet land anvendes til at fastsætte vægtene. Set fra land A's synspunkt kan der beregnes et Laspeyres-indeks med vægte fra land A, ligesom der kan beregnes et Paasche-indeks, hvor der bruges vægte fra land B. Men hvis de to økonomier er strukturelt forskellige, kan spredningen mellem de to indeks være temmelig stor, og slutresultatet vil være kraftigt påvirket af valget af indeks. Til binære sammenligninger bør man derfor anvende et gennemsnit af de to i form af et Fisher-indeks.
10.53.
Eksplicitte numeriske vægte findes normalt ikke for de enkelte stikprøveprodukter. Der anvendes derfor en form for implicit vægtning baseret på, om landene betragter et bestemt produkt som repræsentativt for det hjemlige forbrugsmønster eller ej. Det laveste aggregeringsniveau, for hvilket der findes numeriske vægte, kaldes basisgruppeniveauet.
10.54.
Ved transitivitet forstås, at den direkte KKP mellem land A og C er lig med den indirekte KKP, der opnås ved at gange den direkte KKP mellem land A og B (eller ethvert andet tredjeland) med den direkte KKP mellem land B og C. Fisher-KKP'erne på basisgruppeniveau er ikke transitive, men man kan af disse udlede et sæt transitive KKP'er, der ligner de oprindelige Fisher-indeks ved til dette formål at anvende kriteriet med de mindste kvadrater. Ved at anvende den såkaldte Éltetö-Köves-Szulc-formel (EKS-formlen) minimerer man afvigelserne mellem de oprindelige Fisher-indeks og opnår et komplet sæt transitive KKP'er på basisgruppeniveau.
10.55.
Det således fremkomne sæt transitive KKP'er for alle lande og alle basisgruppeniveauer aggregeres til det samlede BNP-niveau, idet udgifterne fra nationalregnskaberne anvendes som vægte. Aggregatet KKP'er på BNP-niveau eller enhver anden kategori kan anvendes ved beregningen af f.eks. reale udgifter og geografiske mængdeindeks. Ved at dividere en KKP med den nominelle valutakurs mellem to lande opnås et prisniveauindeks, der kan anvendes til sammenligning af landenes prisniveauer.
10.56.
Europa-Kommissionen (Eurostat) er ansvarlig for beregningen af KKP'er for medlemsstaterne i henhold til forordning (EF) nr. 1445/2007 
(
2
)
. I praksis foretages disse KKP-beregninger inden for et mere omfattende program for købekraftspariteter, som Eurostat og OECD koordinerer i fællesskab. De metoder, der anvendes i programmet, er beskrevet detaljeret i håndbogen Eurostat-OECD Methodological manual on purchasing power parities 
(
3
)
.
(
1
)
  Eurostat, Handbook on price and volume measures in national accounts, 2001 (tilgængelig på: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu).
(
2
)
  Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 1445/2007 af 11. december 2007 om fælles regler for indberetning af basisoplysninger om købekraftspariteter og for beregningen og offentliggørelsen heraf (
EUT L 336 af 20.12.2007, s. 1
).
(
3
)
  Eurostat – OECD, Eurostat-OECD Methodological manual on purchasing power parities, 2006 (tilgængelig på: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu).
KAPITEL 11
BEFOLKNING OG FORBRUG AF ARBEJDSKRAFT
11.01
Sammenligninger mellem lande, mellem brancher eller mellem sektorer inden for samme økonomi giver større mening i nogle sammenhænge, når hovedaggregaterne i nationalregnskabet (f.eks. bruttonationalproduktet, husholdningernes forbrug, en branches værditilvækst og aflønning af ansatte) sættes i forhold til befolkningstallet og forbruget af arbejdskraft. I disse tilfælde skal definitionerne af befolkning og forbrug af arbejdskraft være konsistente med de begreber, der anvendes i nationalregnskabet, og afspejle produktionsgrænsen i nationalregnskaber.
11.02
Formålet med dette kapitel er at beskrive rammerne for befolknings- og beskæftigelsesstatistikken og de hermed forbundne opgørelser samt — i det omfang disse rammer svarer til nationalregnskabssystemet — at yde relevant vejledning.
11.03
Forbrug af arbejdskraft klassificeres på grundlag af samme statistiske enheder, som anvendes ved analysen af produktionen, nemlig den lokale faglige enhed og den institutionelle enhed.
11.04
Hovedaggregaterne, som befolkning og forbruget af arbejdskraft skal relateres til, er ofte årlige totaler. I så fald skal der anvendes årlige gennemsnitsværdier for befolkning og forbrug af arbejdskraft. Hvis der gennemføres flere undersøgelser i årets løb, vælges gennemsnittet af de resultater, der opnås på de forskellige referencetidspunkter. Hvis der foretages en undersøgelse i en bestemt periode af året, skal den pågældende periode være repræsentativ; ved estimering af data for året som helhed skal de seneste oplysninger om variationer i årets løb anvendes. Vil man f.eks. anslå den gennemsnitlige beskæftigelse, skal der korrigeres for, at nogle personer ikke arbejder hele året, f.eks. løsarbejdere og sæsonarbejdere.
DEN SAMLEDE BEFOLKNING
11.05
Definition:
 På en given dag omfatter et lands samlede befolkning alle personer, såvel statsborgere som udlændinge, der har fast bopæl inden for landets økonomiske område, også selv om disse personer er midlertidigt fraværende. Et årligt gennemsnit af befolkningstallet vil udgøre et hensigtsmæssigt grundlag for estimering af nationalregnskabsvariablerne eller som regningsenhed ved sammenligninger.
11.06
Den samlede befolkning defineres i nationalregnskabet i henhold til hjemstedsbegrebet som beskrevet i kapitel 2. En person, der opholder sig eller har til hensigt at opholde sig inden for landets økonomiske område i et år eller derover, betragtes som havende fast bopæl i landet. En person, som har fast bopæl i landet, men som opholder sig i eller har til hensigt at opholde sig i udlandet under et år, betragtes som midlertidigt fraværende. Alle personer, som tilhører samme husholdning, er residente i det land, hvor husholdningen har sit økonomiske hovedinteressecentrum, dvs. det land, hvor husholdningen har én eller flere boliger, som medlemmerne af husholdningen betragter og anvender som deres hovedbopæl. Et medlem af en resident husholdning er fortsat resident, selv om denne person hyppigt foretager rejser uden for det økonomiske område, eftersom vedkommendes økonomiske interessecentrum forbliver i det land, hvor husholdningen er resident.
11.07
Et lands samlede befolkning omfatter:
a)
statsborgere bosat i landet
b)
civile statsborgere, der befinder sig i udlandet i en periode på under et år, f.eks. grænse- og sæsonarbejdere og turister
c)
civile udlændinge bosat i landet i et år eller derover, herunder ansatte ved Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og civile internationale organisationer, og ledsagende medlemmer af deres husstand inden for landets geografiske område
d)
udenlandske militærpersoner, som arbejder for internationale militære organisationer inden for landets geografiske område
e)
udenlandsk teknisk personale, som er udstationeret i en længere periode og arbejder i landet i over et år, og som anses for at være beskæftiget af deres værtsregering på vegne af den regering eller internationale organisation, som finansierer deres arbejde.
Den samlede befolkning omfatter, uanset varigheden af udlandsopholdet, ligeledes:
a)
statsborgere, der studerer i udlandet
b)
medlemmer af de nationale væbnede styrker udstationeret i udlandet
c)
statsborgere ansat ved nationale videnskabelige baser beliggende uden for landets geografiske område
d)
statsborgere udstationeret ved nationale repræsentationer i udlandet
e)
statsborgere, som er besætningsmedlemmer på fiskerfartøjer, andre skibe, luftfartøjer og flydende platforme, der opererer uden for det geografiske område
f)
patienter, der modtager medicinsk behandling i udlandet.
11.08
I overensstemmelse hermed medregnes følgende ikke i den samlede befolkning:
a)
civile udlændinge, der befinder sig inden for landets geografiske område i en periode, der ikke overstiger ét år, f.eks. grænse- og sæsonarbejdere, turister og patienter
b)
civile statsborgere, der opholder sig i udlandet i et år eller derover
c)
militære statsborgere, der arbejder for internationale organisationer beliggende i udlandet
d)
statsborgere, der arbejder som teknisk personale med langvarig udstationering i udlandet, og som anses for at være ansat af værtsregeringen på vegne af den regering eller internationale organisation, som finansierer deres arbejde
e)
udenlandske statsborgere, der studerer i landet, uanset varighed
f)
medlemmer af et fremmed lands væbnede styrker udstationeret i landet
g)
udenlandske statsborgere ansat ved udenlandske videnskabelige baser beliggende inden for landets geografiske område
h)
fremmede statsborgere udstationeret ved fremmede repræsentationer inden for landets geografiske område.
11.09
Den ovenfor definerede befolkning adskiller sig fra den tilstedeværende befolkning (de facto-befolkningen), som omfatter de personer, der på en given dag befinder sig inden for det geografiske område. Den adskiller sig også fra den registrerede befolkning.
ERHVERVSAKTIV BEFOLKNING
11.10
Definition
: Den erhvervsaktive befolkning omfatter alle personer, som leverer, eller står til rådighed til at levere, arbejdskraft til produktive aktiviteter, som ligger inden for nationalregnskabets produktionsgrænse. Den erhvervsaktive befolkning omfatter alle personer, som opfylder kriterierne for klassificering i kategorien beskæftigede eller arbejdsløse som defineret i det følgende.
De relevante standarder for arbejdsstyrkestatistikken udarbejdes af Den Internationale Arbejdsorganisation (ILO). ILO-standarderne findes i de beslutninger (»resolutions«), der vedtages på møderne i ICLS (International Conference on Labour Statistics - den internationale konference for arbejdsmarkedsstatistikere). Beslutningen om statistikker over erhvervsaktiv befolkning, beskæftigelse, arbejdsløshed og underbeskæftigelse er den mest relevante for indsamlingen og udarbejdelsen af arbejdsstyrkedata 
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. Denne beslutning blev vedtaget på den 13. ICLS-konference i oktober 1982 og ændret på den attende ICLS-konference i december 2008. Denne resolution definerer arbejdsstyrken som personer, der udøver en aktivitet, som ligger inden for nationalregnskabets produktionsgrænse.
BESKÆFTIGELSE
11.11
Definition:
 Beskæftigede omfatter alle personer, der udøver produktiv virksomhed, som ligger inden for nationalregnskabets produktionsgrænse.
Beskæftigede er lønmodtagere eller selvstændige. Personer, der har mere end et job, klassificeres som lønmodtagere eller selvstændige, efter hvilket job der er deres hovedjob.
Lønmodtagere
11.12
Definition:
 Lønmodtagere defineres som personer, der ifølge en aftale arbejder for en resident institutionel enhed og modtager løn registreret som aflønning af ansatte.
»Lønmodtagere« svarer til ILO's definition af »lønnet beskæftigelse«. Der er tale om et arbejdsgiver/lønmodtagerforhold, når der mellem en virksomhed og en person foreligger en formel eller uformel kontrakt, som indgås frivilligt af begge parter, og ifølge hvilken personen arbejder for foretagendet mod betaling i form af penge eller naturalier.
Personer, der både har et lønmodtagerjob og et job som selvstændig, klassificeres som lønmodtagere, hvis lønmodtagerjobbet udgør deres hovedaktivitet målt efter indkomst. Hvis oplysningen om indkomst ikke foreligger, skal antal arbejdstimer anvendes i stedet for.
11.13
Lønmodtagere omfatter:
a)
personer, som er knyttet til en arbejdsgiver ved en ansættelseskontrakt, f.eks. arbejdere, over- og underordnede funktionærer, husassistenter og personer, som udfører en lønnet produktionsaktivitet som led i beskæftigelsesprogrammer
b)
tjenestemænd og andre offentligt ansatte under tjenestemandslignende aftaler
c)
militærpersoner, soldater på kontrakt og værnepligtige, inklusive værnepligtige i civil beskæftigelse
d)
præster, hvis de aflønnes direkte af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller af en nonprofitinstitution
e)
ejere af selskaber og kvasiselskaber, hvis de arbejder i disse foretagender
f)
studerende, som formelt har forpligtet sig til at bidrage med egen arbejdskraft til et foretagendes produktion til gengæld for betaling i kontanter eller naturalier i form af en uddannelse
g)
hjemmearbejdere, hvis der foreligger en eksplicit aftale om, at den hjemmearbejdende medarbejder modtager betaling for det udførte arbejde, dvs. den mængde arbejde, hvormed der er bidraget til en produktionsproces; en hjemmearbejder er lønmodtager, hvis kontrakten med arbejdsgiveren fortrinsvis vedrører levering af arbejdskraft
h)
personer ansat af vikarbureauer, der skal medregnes i det pågældende bureaus branche, og ikke i den branche, som den virksomhed, de rent faktisk arbejder for, tilhører.
11.14
Personer, der midlertidigt ikke er i arbejde, betragtes også som lønmodtagere, forudsat at de har formel tilknytning til en arbejdsplads. Denne formelle tilknytning skal være baseret på et eller flere af følgende kriterier:
a)
fortsat udbetaling af løn
b)
sikkerhed for tilbagevenden til arbejdspladsen ved afslutning af ledighedsperioden, eller en aftale om datoen for tilbagevenden.
Dette dækker personer, som midlertidigt ikke er i arbejde på grund af sygdom eller tilskadekomst, helligdag eller ferie, strejke eller lockout, uddannelsesorlov, barsels- eller forældreorlov, nedsat økonomisk aktivitet, midlertidige forstyrrelser i arbejdsprocessen eller indstilling af arbejdet på grund af f.eks.: dårligt vejr, mekanisk eller elektrisk sammenbrud, mangel på råvarer eller brændstof. Det dækker også andet midlertidigt fravær med eller uden orlov.
Selvstændige
11.15
Definition:
 Selvstændige er personer, som er eneejere eller medejere af de personlige foretagender, hvor de arbejder, undtagen de personlige foretagender, der klassificeres som kvasiselskaber. Personer, der både har et lønmodtagerjob og et job som selvstændig, klassificeres her, hvis det selvstændige job udgør deres hovedaktivitet, målt efter indkomst.
Hvis oplysningen om indkomst ikke umiddelbart kan fremskaffes, kan antal arbejdstimer anvendes i stedet for.
Selvstændige kan være midlertidigt fraværende fra arbejdspladsen i referenceperioden. Betalingen for selvstændigt erhverv er blandet indkomst.
11.16
Selvstændige omfatter følgende kategorier:
a)
ulønnede medhjælpende familiemedlemmer, herunder dem som arbejder i personlige foretagender, der beskæftiger sig med markedsmæssig produktion
b)
hjemmearbejdere, hvis indkomst afhænger af værdien af resultaterne af en eller anden produktionsproces, for hvilken de pågældende er ansvarlige. Disse hjemmearbejdere skal i henhold til deres kontrakt levere varer og tjenester til ordregiveren
c)
personer i arbejdsstyrken, som enten individuelt eller kollektivt beskæftiger sig med produktion udelukkende til eget forbrug eller egne investeringer. Denne produktion skal udgøre en væsentlig del af deres eget forbrug for at blive registreret.
Ulønnede frivillige arbejdstagere indgår i kategorien selvstændige, såfremt deres frivillige aktiviteter resulterer i produktion af varer som f.eks. opførelse af en bolig, en kirke eller anden form for bygning. Men hvis deres frivillige aktiviteter resulterer i produktion af tjenester som f.eks. ulønnet pasning og rengøring, indgår de ikke under beskæftigelse, eftersom disse frivillige tjenester ikke indgår under produktion.
Selv om de tjenester, husholdningerne leverer til sig selv som ejere af egne boliger, ligger inden for nationalregnskabets produktionsgrænse, forbruges der ikke arbejdskraft i forbindelse med disse tjenester; ejere af egen bolig betragtes ikke som selvstændige.
Beskæftigelse og hjemsted
11.17
Resultatet af produktionsenhedernes virksomhed er dækningsmæssigt konsistent med antallet af beskæftigede, hvis sidstnævnte omfatter både residente og ikkeresidente ansatte hos residente produktionsenheder.
Beskæftigede omfatter derfor også følgende kategorier:
a)
ikkeresidente grænsearbejdere, dvs. personer, som krydser grænsen hver dag for at arbejde i det økonomiske område
b)
ikkeresidente sæsonarbejdere, dvs. personer, som flytter ind i det økonomiske område for en periode, der ikke overstiger ét år, for at arbejde i de brancher, hvor der i perioder er brug for ekstra arbejdskraft
c)
medlemmer af de nationale væbnede styrker udstationeret i udlandet
d)
statsborgere ansat ved nationale videnskabelige baser beliggende uden for landets geografiske område
e)
statsborgere udstationeret ved nationale repræsentationer i udlandet
f)
besætningsmedlemmer på fiskerfartøjer, andre skibe, luftfartøjer og flydende platforme, der drives af residente enheder
g)
lokalt ansatte i offentlig forvaltning og service med sæde uden for det økonomiske område.
11.18
Beskæftigede omfatter ikke følgende kategorier:
a)
residente grænse- og sæsonarbejdere, dvs. personer, som arbejder inden for et andet nationalt økonomisk område
b)
statsborgere, der er besætningsmedlemmer på fiskerfartøjer, andre skibe, luftfartøjer og flydende platforme, der drives af ikkeresidente enheder
c)
lokalt ansatte i udenlandske offentlige forvaltninger, der har sæde inden for landets geografiske område
d)
personalet i Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og civile internationale organisationer inden for landets geografiske område (herunder lokalt ansatte, som er direkte rekrutteret)
e)
militærpersoner, der arbejder for internationale militære organisationer inden for landets geografiske område
f)
statsborgere, der arbejder på udenlandske videnskabelige baser inden for det økonomiske område.
11.19
For at muliggøre overgangen til de begreber, der sædvanligvis anvendes i arbejdsstyrkestatistikkerne (det indenlandske beskæftigelsesbegreb), skal følgende elementer i henhold til ENS vises separat:
a)
værnepligtige (er ikke medregnet i arbejdsstyrkestatistikkerne, men er medregnet i ENS under tjenester produceret af offentlig forvaltning og service)
b)
residenter, der arbejder for ikkeresidente produktionsenheder (er medregnet i arbejds-styrkestatistikkerne, men er ikke medregnet i det samlede antal beskæftigede ifølge ENS)
c)
ikkeresidenter, der arbejder hos residente produktionsenheder (er ikke medregnet i arbejds-styrkestatistikkerne, men er medregnet i det samlede antal beskæftigede ifølge ENS)
d)
erhvervsaktive residenter, som permanent opholder sig på institution
e)
erhvervsaktive residenter under den aldersgrænse, som anvendes i arbejdsstyrkestatistikker.
ARBEJDSLØSHED
11.20
Definition:
 I overensstemmelse med de retningslinjer, der er opstillet af ILO (trettende ICLS-konference) og nærmere beskrevet i EU-sammenhæng i Kommissionens forordning (EF) nr. 1897/2000 
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, omfatter begrebet arbejdsløshed de personer over en vis alder, som i referenceperioden:
a)
»var uden arbejde«, dvs. personer, som ikke var i lønnet beskæftigelse som lønmodtagere eller selvstændige
b)
»løbende var til rådighed for arbejdsmarkedet«, dvs. personer som var til rådighed for lønnet beskæftigelse som lønmodtagere eller selvstændige i referenceperioden, og
c)
»søgte arbejde«, dvs. personer, som i en nærmere angivet nyligt periode har truffet særlige foranstaltninger med henblik på at søge lønnet beskæftigelse som lønmodtagere eller selvstændige.
11.21
De særlige foranstaltninger kan omfatte registrering på et offentligt eller privat arbejdsanvisningskontor, ansøgning om arbejde hos arbejdsgivere, forespørgsler om beskæftigelse på arbejdspladser, landbrugsbedrifter, fabrikker, markedspladser eller andre forsamlingssteder, indrykning og reflektering på avisannoncer, henvendelser til familie, venner eller bekendte, søgen efter jord, bygninger, maskiner eller udstyr med henblik på at etablere egen virksomhed, ansøgning om tilladelser og licenser eller finansielle midler osv.
JOB
11.22
Definition:
 Et job er en eksplicit eller implicit aftale mellem en person og en resident institutionel enhed om udførelse af arbejde mod betaling for en nærmere fastsat periode eller på ubestemt tid.
Denne definition dækker følgende udtryk:
a)
Den eksplicitte eller implicitte aftale vedrører forbrug af arbejdskraft, og ikke produktion i form af en vare eller en tjeneste.
b)
Arbejde er enhver aktivitet, som bidrager til produktionen af varer og tjenester inden for produktionsgrænsen. Hvorvidt arbejdet og arbejdstagernes alder er i overensstemmelse med loven, er irrelevant.
c)
Betaling skal her fortolkes i bred betydning, dvs. også omfattende selvstændiges blandede indkomst.
Denne definition af job omfatter både lønmodtagerjob og selvstændiges job, dvs. lønmodtagerjob, hvis personen tilhører en anden institutionel enhed end arbejdsgiveren, og selvstændig virksomhed, hvis personen tilhører samme institutionelle enhed som arbejdsgiveren.
11.23
Begrebet job afviger fra begrebet beskæftigelse som defineret ovenfor:
a)
Job omfatter andet, tredje, osv. job, som én og samme person har. Disse anden, tredje, osv. job, som en person har, kan enten følge lige efter hinanden inden for referenceperioden (som regel en uge) eller løbe parallelt, f.eks. når en person har et aftenarbejde ved siden af dagarbejdet.
b)
Job omfatter derimod ikke personer, som midlertidigt ikke er på arbejde, men som har »formel tilknytning til deres job«, f.eks. i form af »sikkerhed for at kunne vende tilbage til sit job eller en aftale om, hvornår man kan vende tilbage til sit job«. En sådan aftale mellem en arbejdsgiver og en person, som er arbejdsløs på grund af tekniske årsager eller fraværende på grund af uddannelse, medregnes ikke som et job i systemet.
Job og bopæl
11.24
Et job inden for landets økonomiske område defineres som en eksplicit eller implicit aftale mellem en person (som kan være resident i et andet økonomisk område) og en institutionel enhed, der er resident i landet.
Ved måling af forbruget af arbejdskraft i den indenlandske økonomiske aktivitet er det kun den institutionelle produktionsenheds hjemsted, der er relevant, fordi kun residente producenter bidrager til bruttonationalproduktet.
11.25
Desuden gælder følgende:
a)
Job er omfattet af jobtællingen inden for det økonomiske område, når de beskæftigede hos en resident producent arbejder midlertidigt i et andet økonomisk område, og når aktivitetens art og varighed ikke berettiger til, at den behandles som en selvstændig resident enhed i dette andet område.
b)
Job er ikke omfattet af jobtællingen i det økonomiske område, når de udføres for ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder, dvs. for enheder med interessecentrum i et andet land, som ikke har til hensigt at udøve aktivitet på det indenlandske område i et år eller mere.
c)
Job besat af personale fra internationale organisationer og job besat af lokalt rekrutteret personale, som er ansat på udenlandske ambassader, er ikke medtaget i optællingen, eftersom arbejdsgiverenhederne ikke er residente.
DEN IKKEOBSERVEREDE ØKONOMI
11.26
Værdi af produktionsaktiviteter, som ikke observeres direkte, ligger principielt inden for nationalregnskabets produktionsgrænse. Det omfatter derfor de følgende tre typer aktiviteter:
a)
illegale aktiviteter, hvori parterne deltager frivilligt i en økonomisk transaktion
b)
sort arbejde og undergrundsaktiviteter, hvor transaktionerne som sådan ikke er lovstridige, men ikke indberettes for at undgå myndighedernes kontrol
c)
aktiviteter, der betegnes som »uformelle«, hvilket typisk er tilfældet, når de ikke registreres.
I princippet er aflønningen af disse arbejdstagere inkluderet i aflønning af ansatte eller blandet indkomst. Der skal justeres herfor i forbindelse med dataene om beskæftigelse og selvstændig virksomhed, når man beregner forholdstal og andre statistikker.
Illegale aktiviteter, hvori én af parterne ikke deltager frivilligt (f.eks. tyveri), er ikke økonomiske transaktioner og betragtes derfor ikke som liggende inden for produktionsgrænsen.
SAMLET ANTAL ARBEJDSTIMER
11.27
Definition:
 Det samlede antal arbejdstimer svarer til det antal timer, der rent faktisk er udført af en lønmodtager eller en selvstændig i løbet af regnskabsperioden for at opnå en vis produktion inden for produktionsgrænsen.
På grund af den brede definition af lønmodtagere, som dækker personer, der midlertidigt ikke er i arbejde, men som har en formel tilknytning til arbejdsmarkedet, samt deltidsbeskæftigede, bør man bruge det samlede antal arbejdstimer, og ikke antallet af ansatte, som målestok for beregningen af produktiviteten.
Det samlede antal arbejdstimer er den bedst egnede målestok for forbruget af arbejdskraft i nationalregnskabet.
Fastsættelse af det faktiske antal arbejdstimer
11.28
Det samlede faktiske antal arbejdstimer repræsenterer de arbejdstimer, der har bidraget til produktionen, og som kan defineres med henvisning til nationalregnskabets produktionsgrænse. I ILO-standarden i beslutningen om måling af arbejdstid, der blev vedtaget på den 18. ICLS-konference i december 2008 
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, defineres det faktiske antal arbejdstimer som den tid, der medgår til udførelsen af aktiviteter, som bidrager til produktionen af varer og tjenester i en nærmere bestemt referenceperiode. Beslutningen definerer antal arbejdstimer som følger:
1)
Det faktiske antal arbejdstimer vedrører alle jobtyper under varierende ansættelses- og aflønningsforhold, uanset om arbejdet er betalt eller ej, og hvor det er udført.
2)
Det faktiske antal arbejdstimer er ikke knyttet til administrative eller retlige begreber og vedrører derfor alle arbejdstagere og kan være udført i den normale eller den i ansættelseskontrakten fastsatte arbejdstid eller som overtid.
3)
I statistikken over det faktiske antal arbejdstimer medregnes følgende:
a)
det faktiske antal arbejdstimer i normale arbejdsperioder, som bidrager direkte til produktionen
b)
betalt arbejdstid anvendt på erhvervsuddannelse
c)
den tid, der arbejdes ud over den normale arbejdstid, dvs. overtid. Det skal bemærkes, at antallet af overarbejdstimer skal registreres, selv om der er tale om ikkebetalt overtid
d)
den tid, der bruges på opgaver som f.eks. forberedelse af arbejdspladsen, reparation og vedligeholdelse, forberedelse og rengøring af værktøj samt udarbejdelse af kvitteringer, arbejdssedler og beretninger
e)
den tid, der tilbringes med at vente under kortvarige afbrydelser af arbejdsdagen på grund af eksempelvis mangel på arbejde, maskinstop eller ulykker, eller den tid, der tilbringes på arbejdspladsen, i løbet af hvilken der ikke udføres arbejde, men som der ydes betaling for i henhold til en ansættelseskontrakt
f)
korte hvileperioder i løbet af arbejdsdagen, herunder kaffepauser
g)
tilkaldevagt. Når der er tale om tilkaldevagt uden for arbejdspladsen, f.eks. hjemme, medregnes den pågældende tid i det faktiske antal arbejdstimer, i det omfang personens ikkearbejdsrelaterede aktiviteter og bevægelsesfrihed er begrænset
h)
antal arbejdstimer udført af personale i forsvaret, herunder værnepligtige, medregnes, selv om de ikke er omfattet af landets arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelse.
4)
I statistikken over det faktiske antal arbejdstimer medregnes følgende ikke:
a)
betalt, men ikke udført arbejdstid, f.eks. betalt årlig ferie, betalte feriedage, betalt sygeorlov, forældreorlov, strejker, »korte fravær« til lægebesøg mv., indstilling af arbejdet på grund af dårligt vejr
b)
spisepauser
c)
den tid, der medgår til transport mellem hjem og arbejde; dog skal arbejde, der udføres under transporten, medregnes
d)
anden uddannelse end erhvervsuddannelse.
ICLS-beslutningen om måling af arbejdstid fra december 2008 
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 indeholder mere udtømmende definitioner af disse kriterier.
11.29
Det samlede antal arbejdstimer er det faktiske antal timer, som lønmodtagere og selvstændige rent faktisk har arbejdet i løbet af referenceperioden inden for det økonomiske område:
a)
inklusive arbejde, som udføres uden for det økonomiske område for residente institutionelle arbejdsgiverenheder, som ikke har noget økonomisk interessecentrum dér
b)
eksklusive arbejde, som udføres for udenlandske institutionelle arbejdsgiverenheder, som ikke har noget økonomisk interessecentrum inden for det økonomiske område.
11.30
I forbindelse med mange erhvervsundersøgelser registreres betalte timer, og ikke udførte arbejdstimer. I disse tilfælde skal antallet af arbejdstimer anslås for hver jobgruppe ved hjælp af alle de oplysninger, der er tilgængelige om betalt orlov osv.
11.31
Til brug for konjunkturforløbsanalyser kan det være nyttigt at justere det samlede antal arbejdstimer ved at operere med et fast antal arbejdsdage om året.
FULDTIDSBESKÆFTIGELSE
11.32
Definition:
 Fuldtidsbeskæftigelse, som svarer til antallet af fuldtidsjob, defineres som det samlede antal arbejdstimer divideret med det gennemsnitlige årlige antal arbejdstimer i fuldtidsjob inden for det økonomiske område.
11.33
Denne definition beskriver ikke nødvendigvis, hvorledes begrebet beregnes: Eftersom arbejdstiden i et fuldtidsjob har ændret sig over tid og varierer mellem brancher, anvendes der metoder, der for hver jobgruppe tilvejebringer den gennemsnitlige andel af job, der ikke er fuldtidsjob, samt den gennemsnitlige arbejdstid for disse. Først skal der for hver jobgruppe foretages en skønsmæssig ansættelse af en normal arbejdsuge. En jobgruppe inden for en bestemt branche kan defineres på grundlag af køn og arbejdets art. Kollektive arbejdstidsaftaler udgør for lønmodtagerjob de bedste kriterier for fastsættelse af disse tal. Antallet af fuldtidsbeskæftigede opgøres særskilt i hver jobgruppe, hvorefter de tælles sammen.
11.34
Det samlede antal arbejdstimer er den bedste målestok for forbruget af arbejdskraft, men hvis denne oplysning ikke foreligger, kan fuldtidsbeskæftigelse være et godt alternativ, da denne variabel er lettere at beregne og gør det muligt at foretage internationale sammenligninger med lande, som kun kan beregne fuldtidsbeskæftigelse.
FORBRUG AF ANSATTES ARBEJDSKRAFT OPGJORT I FASTE PRISER
11.35
Definition:
 Hvad angår forbruget af arbejdskraft af samme type og med de samme kvalifikationer i grundperioden måler forbruget af ansattes arbejdskraft opgjort i faste priser det aktuelle forbrug af arbejdskraft, vurderet efter de lønniveauer, som er fremherskende for lønmodtagerjob gennem en udvalgt grundperiode.
11.36
Aflønning af ansatte i løbende priser divideret med forbruget af arbejdskraft i faste priser giver et implicit lønindeks, som er sammenligneligt med det implicitte prisindeks for endelig anvendelse.
11.37
Formålet med forbrug af ansattes arbejdskraft opgjort i faste priser er at beskrive ændringerne i sammensætningen af arbejdsstyrken, f.eks. fra lavtlønnede til højtlønnede arbejdstagere. Hvis denne analyse skal være meningsfuld, skal den gennemføres for hver enkelt branche.
PRODUKTIVITETSOPGØRELSER
11.38
Definition:
 Produktivitet er et mål for resultatet af en produktionsproces pr. forbrugt enhed. Arbejdsproduktivitet måles f.eks. typisk som produktion pr. forbrugt arbejdstime. Det er derfor meget vigtigt, at arbejdskraftopgørelser, der anvendes i undersøgelser, hvor produktionen er baseret på nationalregnskabstal, er begrebs- og dækningsmæssigt konsistente med nationalregnskaberne.
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  http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_087481/lang–en/index.htm
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  Kommissionens forordning (EF) nr. 1897/2000 af 7. september 2000 om gennemførelse af Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 577/98 om gennemførelse af en stikprøveundersøgelse vedrørende arbejdsstyrken i Fællesskabet for så vidt angår en arbejdsdefinition af arbejdsløshed (
EUT L 228 af 8.9.2000, s. 18
).
(
3
)
  http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_112455/lang–en/index.htm
(
4
)
  http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/resolutions-adopted-by-international-conferences-of-labour-statisticians/WCMS_112455/lang–en/index.htm
KAPITEL 12
KVARTALSVISE NATIONALREGNSKABER
INDLEDNING
12.01
I dette kapital gøres der rede for de vigtigste principper og karakteristika i forbindelse med kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber.
12.02
Kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er nationalregnskaber, hvor referenceperioden er kvartalet. De udgør et system af integrerede kvartalsvise indikatorer. De kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er et omfattende regnskabssystem, som gør det muligt at udarbejde og fremlægge økonomiske data i et format, der egner sig til økonomisk analyse, beslutningstagning og politikudformning på kvartalsbasis.
12.03
I forbindelse med de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber anvendes samme principper, definitioner og struktur som i de årlige nationalregnskaber. Desuden anvendes begreberne fra de årlige nationalregnskaber, medmindre andet er anført i dette kapitel.
12.04
De kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber omfatter alle konti og statuskonti. I praksis betyder begrænsningerne med hensyn til datatilgængelighed, tid og ressourcer, at de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er mindre fuldstændige end de årlige nationalregnskaber.
Sammenlignet med det årlige nationalregnskab er dækningen af de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber mere begrænset. De fokuserer på opgørelse af BNP, måling af tilgang og anvendelse for varer og tjenester samt på indkomstdannelse. De indeholder kun få detaljerede oplysninger om branchernes aktiviteter og om specifikke transaktioner. Dette afspejler et kompromis mellem aktualitet og dækning, detaljeringsgrad og pålidelighed.
12.05
De kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber udarbejdes og offentliggøres hyppigere end det årlige nationalregnskab. De giver et tidligt overblik over den økonomiske udvikling og kan anvendes til en tidlig opgørelse af det årlige nationalregnskab.
12.06
Tidsserierne med kvartalsvise nationalregnskabstal påvirkes af sæsonudsving og kalenderbegivenheder, fordi de udarbejdes på kvartalsbasis. Sæsonudsvingene udjævnes ved sæson- og kalenderkorrektion.
12.07
De kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber beror på mere begrænsede data end det årlige nationalregnskab, og udarbejdelsen af dem kræver i højere grad anvendelse af statistiske og økonometriske metoder. Der er to tilgange til udarbejdelsen af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, den direkte og den indirekte.
12.08
Den direkte tilgang er baseret på, at der kvartalsvis er datakilder til rådighed, som svarer til dem, der anvendes til det årlige nationalregnskab. I forbindelse med denne tilgang anvendes der lignende metoder. I forbindelse med den indirekte tilgang anvendes der statistiske og økonometriske beregningsmetoder, som bruger oplysninger fra årsregnskabet og konjunkturindikatorer til at interpolere og ekstrapolere fra årsopgørelserne. Valget mellem disse tilgange afhænger af, hvorvidt de oplysninger der anvendes til udarbejdelse af årsregnskaber, er til rådighed i samme form på kvartalsbasis.
12.09
De kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber tjener ikke samme formål som det årlige nationalregnskab. Kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber fokuserer på økonomiens konjunkturmæssige udvikling og er et konsistent mål for denne udvikling inden for rammerne af nationalregnskabet. Hovedvægten lægges på vækstrater og disses karakteristika over tid såsom acceleration, opbremsning og ændring af fortegn. I det årlige nationalregnskab lægges hovedvægten på økonomiens niveauer og struktur samt på vækstrater.
Årlige nationalregnskaber er mindre velegnede til konjunkturanalyser end kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, eftersom økonomiens kortsigtede bevægelser ikke kan aflæses af de årlige data.
12.10
Kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber kan anvendes til udarbejdelse af årlige nationalregnskaber. De gør årlige nationalregnskaber mere pålidelige og aktuelle, og i nogle lande opstilles årlige nationalregnskaber direkte ved aggregering af det pågældende års kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber. Disse forskellige funktioner afspejler forskelle i datatilgængelighed og fremgangsmåder i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af regnskaberne.
12.11
Til udarbejdelse af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber anvendes en lang række data, f.eks. konjunkturstatistik over produktion, priser, beskæftigelse og udenrigshandel, erhvervs- og forbrugertillidsindikatorer samt administrative data såsom momsindtægter. I forhold til disse indikatorer giver de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber:
a)
en bredere dækning
b)
fuldstændighed
c)
et sammenhængende nationalregnskabssystem
d)
konsistens med nationalregnskabernes begreber og data
e)
international sammenlignelighed baseret på et internationalt metodologisk grundlag — SNA fra 2008.
12.12
De kvartalsvise nationalregnskabers dækning svarer til årsregnskabets, idet de omfatter hele kontosystemet og de tilsvarende aggregater såvel som tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne. Men da der er færre oplysninger til rådighed og tallene udarbejdes på kvartalsbasis, vil dækningen normalt være mere begrænset.
Kvartalsregnskaberne omfatter følgende:
a)
hovedaggregater, herunder beskæftigelse og befolkning
b)
finansielle og ikkefinansielle regnskaber efter institutionel sektor
c)
begrænsede detaljerede opdelinger af nøgleaggregater som f.eks. bruttoværditilvækst, udgifter til forbrug, faste bruttoinvesteringer, import og eksport af varer og tjenester samt beskæftigelse
d)
et forenklet kontosystem.
Til brug for opstillingen af regnskaberne komplementeres sådanne elementer ofte med forenklede tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller.
DE KVARTALSVISE NATIONALREGNSKABERS SÆRLIGE KARAKTERISTIKA
12.13
Faktorer, der er særlig vigtige i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, er:
a)
registreringstidspunkt
b)
flash-estimater
c)
afstemning og benchmarking
d)
kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser
e)
sæson- og kalenderkorrektion.
Registreringstidspunkt
12.14
Reglerne for registreringstidspunkt i forbindelse med kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er de samme som for årlige nationalregnskaber. Der opstår dog særlige opgørelsesproblemer i forhold til registreringstidspunktet på grund af den kortere registreringsperiode. Dette gælder navnlig opgørelsen af:
a)
produkter under fremstilling
b)
aktiviteter, der udøves i bestemte perioder af året
c)
betalinger, der foretages med lav hyppighed.
12.15
I forbindelse med de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er registreringen af aktiviteter og strømme, der er koncentreret i bestemte perioder af året, vigtig. Hvor stor betydning disse aktiviteter, f.eks. produktionen i landbruget, i bygge- og anlægssektoren og inden for turisme, har i det enkelte kvartal, afhænger af eksterne faktorer såsom vejrlig og officielle fri- og helligdage. Der kan være midlertidige kvartalsmæssige udsving i betalingen af løn, skatter, sociale ydelser og udbytte, f.eks. når der i en bestemt måned udbetales årlige bonusser. Fejl med hensyn til tidspunkt og omfang af sådanne begivenheder fører til fejl i målingen af den kvartalsvise vækst.
Produkter under fremstilling
12.16
Produkter under fremstilling er uafsluttet produktion, som ikke er klar til levering, fordi produktionen strækker sig over mere end en enkelt periode. Lange produktionsforløb forekommer f.eks. inden for landbrug, bygge- og anlægsarbejder, fremstilling af maskiner, biler og skibe og i serviceerhverv såsom udvikling af software, arkitekttjenester, indspilning af film og store sportsbegivenheder. Sådanne langvarige produktionsforløb ledsages ofte af acontobetalinger, især i forbindelse med skibsbygning, fremstilling af fly, vinproduktion og reklamekontrakter.
For at kunne opgøre en sådan produktion er det nødvendigt at opdele et enkelt forløb i forskellige perioder. Dette er vanskeligere i forbindelse med kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber end for det årlige nationalregnskab. Dog gælder de samme principper for opgørelse af produkter under fremstilling på kvartalsbasis som på årsbasis.
Aktiviteter, der udøves i bestemte perioder af året
12.17
Endelig produktion henføres normalt til bestemte perioder efter optjeningstidspunkt på grundlag af de påløbne omkostninger, men dette gælder ikke altid i fuldt omfang. Der bør ikke henføres produktion til perioder, hvor der ikke produceres noget, selv om der er fortløbende omkostninger. Dette gælder omkostningerne ved kapitalanvendelse, f.eks. leasingydelser for anvendelsen af maskiner. En sådan situation, hvor der i nogle perioder ikke produceres noget, kan forekomme i landbruget. Der kan også forekomme perioder uden produktion i fødevareforarbejdningsindustrien, når den er afhængig af høstprodukter.
Betalinger, der foretages med lav hyppighed
12.18
I forbindelse med aktiviteter, der udøves hele året igennem, forstås ved betalinger med lav hyppighed betalinger, der foretages én gang om året eller i form af uregelmæssige ratebetalinger fordelt over året. Som eksempler kan nævnes udbytte, renter, skatter, subsidier og bonusser til ansatte, f.eks. nytårsgratialer og feriepenge. Alle disse fordelingstransaktioner registreres efter optjeningstidspunkt, dvs. efter hvornår betalingskravet opstod, og ikke hvornår betalingen fandt sted. Spørgsmålet om, hvornår registreringen skal foretages, er også relevant i forbindelse med de årlige nationalregnskaber, hvor betalingerne delvist kan vedrøre et andet regnskabsår.
12.19
For at håndtere sådanne problemer med registreringstidspunktet skelnes der mellem to kategorier af betalinger.
a)
Rent ekstraordinære betalinger skal registreres i den periode, hvor de reelt foretages. Udbytte f.eks. opgøres som regel først efter afslutningen af regnskabsåret og er ikke nødvendigvis knyttet til virksomhedens driftsresultat det pågældende år.
b)
Betalinger, der klart vedrører en bestemt periode (som f.eks. er optjent i en tidligere periode eller over en række af regnskabsperioder), skal henføres til de perioder, hvori de er optjent. Eksempler herpå er indkomst- og produktskatter, der opkræves i en efterfølgende periode.
12.20
Da det i sådanne tilfælde kan være uhyre vanskeligt at anvende optjeningsprincippet på kvartalsdata, er det nødvendigt med alternative metoder, f.eks. en justeret kassebasis eller henførsel af sådanne betalinger til perioder på en sådan måde, at tidsseriernes egenskaber påvirkes mindst muligt.
Flash-estimater
12.21
Kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber giver et overblik over økonomien kort efter udløbet af referencekvartalet. At der foreligger sådanne oplysninger på et tidligt tidspunkt, gør det muligt at afdække og fortolke økonomiske udviklingstendenser. Af denne grund udarbejder de statistiske myndigheder hyppigere flash-estimater over makroøkonomiske nøgleaggregater, herunder vækst i BNP og kvartalsvise nationalregnskabsindikatorer.
12.22
Et flash-estimat er et tidligt estimat af en økonomisk variabel for den seneste referenceperiode. Flash-estimatet beregnes sædvanligvis på grundlag af ufuldstændige data, men ved hjælp af samme statistiske eller økonometriske model som almindelige estimater. Ved udarbejdelsen af flash-estimater medtages så mange data som muligt. Forskellene mellem flash-estimater og traditionelle estimater er følgende:
a)
aktualitet: Flash-estimater foreligger tidligere end traditionelle estimater
b)
nøjagtighed: Der foretages et kompromis mellem aktualitet og nøjagtighed. I forhold til traditionelle estimater er der generelt en større tilbøjelighed til, at flash-estimater bliver revideret
c)
dækning: Flash-estimater dækker et mindre antal variable end traditionelle estimater
d)
oplysninger: Flash-estimater er baseret på færre oplysninger. I mange tilfælde foreligger ikke alle de oplysninger, der er nødvendige for at kunne udarbejde traditionelle estimater
e)
beregningsmetode: På grund af manglende data beror flash-estimater i højere grad på økonometriske metoder og antagelser.
Afstemning og benchmarking af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber
12.23
Kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er et sammenhængende sæt af konti, der udarbejdes på kvartalsbasis. De er en integreret del af nationalregnskabssystemet og er konsistente med årsregnskabet.
12.24
Den interne konsistens i kvartalsregnskaberne opnås ved, at man afstemmer estimater af tilgang og anvendelse for kontiene på kvartalsbasis. Konsistensen med årsregnskabet sikres ved enten at benchmarke de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber i forhold til årsregnskabet eller ved at udlede årsregnskabet af kvartalsregnskaberne.
Afstemning
12.25
Afstemningen er en integreret del af forløbet med udarbejdelse af nationalregnskabet. De forskellige kilder til oplysninger, der ligger til grund for de forskellige opgørelser i regnskabet, udnyttes bedst muligt. Lidt forenklet er formålet med afstemningen at tilpasse de statistiske basisdata, der ligger til grund for de forskellige metoder til udarbejdelse af BNP og andre dele af regnskabet, til tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller og dermed anvende alle de disponible oplysninger på en effektiv måde.
12.26
De principper og procedurer, der anvendes ved afstemningen af årsregnskabet, gælder også for kvartalsregnskaber og suppleres af procedurer, som tager højde for, at disse regnskaber udarbejdes på kvartalsbasis, hvilket betyder, at der er behov for:
a)
at opretholde konsistens mellem sæsonkorrigerede og ikkekorrigerede data
b)
at sikre konsistens mellem løbende pris- og mængdeopgørelser
c)
at afstemme resultater opnået med forskellige metoder til beregning af BNP.
Forenklede kvartalsvise tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller vil være en hjælp, når det gælder afstemning af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber. Når der regelmæssigt udarbejdes årlige tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller, kan oplysningerne i de kvartalsvise tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller eksplicit knyttes til de årlige tabeller som led i afstemnings- og benchmarkingprocessen.
Konsistens mellem kvartals- og årsregnskaber — benchmarking
12.27
De kvartalsvise regnskaber kan bringes i overensstemmelse med årsregnskaberne på to forskellige måder:
a)
ved at afpasse kvartalsregnskaberne efter årsregnskabet, også kaldet benchmarking
b)
ved at udlede årsregnskabet af kvartalsregnskaberne.
12.28
Forskelle mellem kvartals- og årsregnskaber skyldes hovedsagelig forskelle i kilder og i tilgængeligheden af oplysninger fra fælles kilder.
12.29
Der kan anvendes mange forskellige metoder til afstemning af kvartalsvise aggregater og de tilsvarende årlige aggregater.
Den ideelle metode består i at finde frem til årsagerne til forskellene og ved hjælp af alle disponible oplysninger udlede nye, afstemte, kvartalsvise og årlige aggregater.
Benchmarking sikrer konsistens mellem de to sæt aggregater ved at anvende det ene som standard og tilpasse det andet, så der skabes konsistens, ved hjælp af en lang række forskellige metoder, lige fra enkle matematiske korrektioner til komplekse statistiske og økonometriske procedurer. Benchmarking har til formål at sikre regnskabsmæssig overensstemmelse mellem de to sæt aggregater i form af opretholdelse af bevægelser eller andre nærmere definerede kriterier.
Benchmarking er en integreret del af udarbejdelsen af regnskaberne og bør i princippet foretages på det mest detaljerede niveau. I praksis kan dette indebære, at forskellige serier skal benchmarkes i etaper over en periode, således at dataene for nogle serier, som allerede er benchmarket, anvendes til at beregne andre serier, efterfulgt af en anden eller en tredje runde med benchmarking.
12.30
Når man anvender kvartalsvise aggregater som benchmark, udledes de årlige aggregater ved at lægge de relevante kvartalstal sammen. Dette sikrer konsistens.
12.31
Afstemningen mellem de kvartalsvise og de årlige aggregater opnås meget ofte ved at anvende en blanding af forskellige benchmarkingmetoder. Der kan f.eks. udledes foreløbige årlige estimater ved at aggregere kvartalstal; når de årlige oplysninger foreligger og det årlige aggregat er revideret, kan den årlige benchmark anvendes til at revidere de tilsvarende kvartalstal.
Kædeindekserede målinger af pris- og mængdeændringer
12.32
For årlige nationalregnskaber sker målingen af pris- og mængdeændringer i princippet via et årligt kædeindeks. Af hensyn til konsistensen er de kvartalsvise målinger af pris- og mængdeændringer bundet til de årlige kædeindekserede målinger.
12.33
For at skabe konsistens mellem pris- og mængdeopgørelser i kvartals- og årsregnskaberne skal de årlige målinger udledes af de kvartalsvise målinger, eller kvartalstallene skal være bundet til de årlige tal ved benchmarkingmetoder. Dette gælder, selv om det grundlæggende krav — at de kvartalsvise og årlige målinger skal være baseret på de samme metoder for udarbejdelse og præsentation, f.eks. ved at anvende samme indeksformel, basisår og referenceperiode — er opfyldt. Konsistens i snæver forstand er ikke mulig, fordi kvartalsindeks normalt ikke vil vise nøjagtig samme vækst som de tilsvarende årsindeks på grund af indeksenes matematiske form.
12.34
Kvartalsvise kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser kan baseres på kvartalsvis kædeindeksering, men i princippet skal kædeindeksering foretages på årsbasis. Kvartalsvise mængdeopgørelser kædeindekseres på årsbasis.
12.35
Kædeindekserede mængdeserier i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er kvartalsvise mængdeændringer baseret på det foregående års gennemsnitlige priser. Der er tre metoder til årlig kædeindeksering af kvartalsvise mængde-indeks:
a)
»annual overlap«-metoden
b)
»one-quarter overlap«-metoden
c)
»over-the-year«-metoden.
Når der udarbejdes en tidsserie ved hjælp af en af disse tre kædeindekseringsmetoder, vil der i den kædeindekserede serie, der fremkommer, normalt optræde strukturelle brud, hvis virkninger afhænger af den valgte indekseringsmetode og af ændringerne i prisstrukturen over tid.
12.36
I metoden med »annual overlap« anvendes det relevante foregående års årlige gennemsnitsværdier i dette års priser. Det fører til årlige aggregater af kvartalsvise mængdeopgørelser, som er identiske med de uafhængigt beregnede kædeindekserede årlige nationalregnskabsserier. Desuden vil ændringsraterne fra kvartal til kvartal inden for samme kalenderår mellem første og fjerde kvartal ikke være påvirket af brud. Dog vil mængdeserierne være påvirket af brud, der opstår mellem årets fjerde kvartal og det efterfølgende års første kvartal, og som også optræder i den pågældende ændringsrate fra kvartal til kvartal.
12.37
Metoden med »one-quarter overlap« fører derimod generelt til uforvrængede ændringsrater fra kvartal til kvartal for alle årets kvartaler, eftersom kædeindeksene er knyttet til mængderne i det relevante foregående års fjerde kvartal opgjort i dette års gennemsnitspriser. Modsat »annual overlap«-metoden fører »one-quarter overlap«-metoden dog til kvartalsvise kædeindekserede serier, som ikke er konsistente med de uafhængigt beregnede kædeindekserede årlige nationalregnskabsserier.
12.38
»Over-the-year«-metoden til kædeindeksering fører til uforvrængede vækstrater fra år til år for alle kvartaler, eftersom kædeindeksene er knyttet til mængderne i samme kvartal af det relevante foregående år opgjort i dette års gennemsnitspriser. Denne metode fører dog til resultater, der er påvirket af strukturelle brud i hvert kvartal, således at hver enkelt ændringsrate fra kvartal til kvartal er påvirket af et brud. »Over-the-year«-metoden er således den, der mest påvirker en series profil inden for et givet år.
12.39
Forudsat at substitutionseffekterne (mængdeændringer på grund af forskydninger i prisstrukturen) inden for et år er begrænsede, fører de tre metoder til kvartalsvis kædeindeksering af mængder til meget ensartede resultater.
Af praktiske hensyn såsom konsistens mellem kvartalsvis vækst og årlig kædeindekseret vækst samt enkel og gennemsigtig beregning anbefales metoden med »annual overlap«.
Sæson- og kalenderkorrektion
12.40
Sæsonudsving er et mønster, der gentager sig regelmæssigt inden for den samme periode hvert år.
Et eksempel herpå er salg af is i sommerperioden. Regelmæssigt gentagne begivenheder fordeles jævnt over hele året ved sæsonkorrektion, mens virkningerne af uregelmæssige begivenheder forbliver uændrede. I forbindelse med sæsonkorrektion tages der også højde for forskellig længde af måneder og kvartaler. Sæsonkorrigerede resultater afspejler »normale« og gentagne begivenheder fordelt på hele det år, hvori de optræder. Sæsonkorrigerede serier viser f.eks. følgende tydeligere end ikkesæsonkorrigerede serier:
a)
ændringer i trenden
b)
vendepunkter i konjunkturerne.
12.41
Kalendereffekten er den indvirkning, følgende har på en tidsserie:
a)
antal og sammensætning af arbejds- og handelsdage
b)
faste og skiftende ferie- og helligdage
c)
skudår og fridage i forbindelse med helligdage o.l.
12.42
Når der forekommer sæson- og kalendereffekter i tidsserierne i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, maskerer det trenden i udviklingen af væksten i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskabsaggregater. Korrektion for sæson- og kalendereffekter gør det derfor nemmere at drage konklusioner om udviklingen på grundlag af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber; desuden tydeliggør sæsonkorrektion virkningerne af store uregelmæssigheder eller begivenheder, hvilket gør det nemmere at forstå den økonomiske udvikling ud fra de kvartalsvise nationalregnskabsstatistikker.
12.43
Sæsonudsving opstår sædvanligvis som følge af udsving i energiforbrug, turisme, vejrforhold, der påvirker udendørs aktiviteter såsom bygge- og anlægsarbejder, lønbonusser samt virkningerne af faste ferie- og helligdage såvel som alle former for institutionel eller administrativ praksis. Sæsonudsving i kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber afhænger også af de datakilder og beregningsmetoder, der anvendes.
12.44
For at kunne foretage en pålidelig estimation af sæsonfaktorerne, kan der være behov for at forhåndskorrigere tidsserierne. Herved forhindres det, at ekstreme observationer såsom ekstrempunkter, midlertidige skift og niveauskift, kalendereffekter og nationale ferie- og helligdage påvirker kvaliteten af sæsonestimaterne. Ekstreme observationer bør dog forblive synlige i de sæsonkorrigerede data, medmindre de skyldes fejl, da de kan være udtryk for særlige begivenheder som strejker, naturkatastrofer mv. Derfor bør ekstreme observationer genindsættes i tidsserierne, når sæsonkomponenterne er estimeret.
Etaper i udarbejdelsen af sæsonkorrigerede kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser
12.45
Udarbejdelsen af sæson- og kalenderkorrigerede kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber er resultatet af en række operationer, der omfatter sæson- og kalenderkorrektion, kædeindeksering, benchmarking og afstemning, foretaget på de foreliggende basisoplysninger eller aggregerede oplysninger.
12.46
Rækkefølgen af de forskellige etaper i udarbejdelsen af sæsonkorrigerede kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber afhænger af de specifikke forhold ved produktionsprocessen og af det aggregeringsniveau, udarbejdelsen sker på.
Ideelt set når man frem til sæsonkorrigerede kædeindekserede mængdeserier ved at foretage en sæsonkorrektion af de kædeindekserede serier, hvorefter de korrigerede kædeindekserede serier benchmarkes.
12.47
Der findes systemer til opstilling af kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, hvor der udarbejdes sæsonkorrigerede data på et meget detaljeret niveau, endog på et niveau, hvor der ikke anvendes kædeindeksering, f.eks. når der udarbejdes kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber ud fra kvartalsvise tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller. Rækkefølgen er i dette tilfælde sæsonkorrektion efterfulgt af afstemning, kædeindeksering og benchmarking. På et disaggregeret niveau kan beregningerne af sæsonkomponenten være mindre pålidelige end på højere niveauer af de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber. Der skal da udvises særlig omhu ved revisionerne af sæsonkomponenten. Desuden må afstemning og kædeindeksering af sæsonkorrigerede data ikke føre til sæsonudsving i serierne.
12.48
Mængdeopgørelser i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber i det foregående års gennemsnitspriser kan kædeindekseres ved hjælp af »one-quarter overlap«-, »annual overlap«- eller »over-the-year«-metoden. Set på baggrund af sæsonkorrektionen af mængdeopgørelser i de kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber foretrækkes »one-quarter overlap«- og »annual overlap«-metoden. »Over-the-year«-metoden anbefales ikke, da den kan føre til brud mellem alle kvartaler i serien.
12.49
Sæsonkorrigerede kædeindekserede kvartalsvise mængdeopgørelser er bundet til de tilsvarende ikkesæsonkorrigerede kædeindekserede årlige data ved hjælp af benchmarking- eller tilpasningsmetoder, der minimerer effekten på udviklingen fra kvartal til kvartal i serierne. Benchmarking er nødvendig af rent praktiske grunde, f.eks. af hensyn til konsistensen i de årlige gennemsnitlige vækstrater. Benchmarking må ikke føre til sæsonudsving i serierne. Referencen for kvartalsvise nationalregnskaber, der kun er sæsonkorrigerede, skal være de uafhængigt beregnede kædeindekserede årlige serier i ukorrigeret form. Undtagelser i forhold til den ønskede tidsmæssige konsistens kan accepteres, hvis sæsonmønstret ændrer sig hurtigt.
12.50
Kalendereffekten kan opdeles i en sæson- og en ikkesæsonkomponent. Førstnævnte henviser til den gennemsnitlige kalendersituation, der gentager sig hvert år i samme periode; sidstnævnte henviser til afvigelsen i kalendervariablerne, såsom antallet af handels- og arbejdsdage, skiftende ferie- og helligdage og skudår, i forhold til det måneds- eller kvartalsspecifikke gennemsnit.
12.51
Kalenderkorrektion fjerner ikkesæsonrelaterede kalenderkomponenter, der kan dokumenteres statistisk, og som har en økonomisk forklaring, fra serierne. De kalendereffekter, en serie korrigeres for, skal være identificerbare og tilstrækkelig stabile over tid, eller det skal være muligt at opstille en passende model for deres skiftende virkninger over tid.
KAPITEL 13
REGIONALREGNSKABER
INDLEDNING
13.01
I dette kapitel gives en generel beskrivelse af regionalregnskaber, og formålet med dem præciseres. Der gøres desuden rede for vigtige begrebsmæssige principper og typiske problemer i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af regionalregnskaberne.
13.02
Definition:
 Regionalregnskaberne er en regional udgave af de tilsvarende regnskaber for den nationale økonomi. De er en regional opdeling af de vigtigste aggregater såsom bruttoværditilvæksten efter branche og husholdningernes indkomster.
13.03
I regionalregnskaberne anvendes de samme begreber som i nationalregnskabet, medmindre andet er anført i dette kapitel.
Forskelle i regionale økonomiske forhold og resultater er ikke synlige i de nationale totaler. Befolkning og økonomiske aktiviteter er som regel ujævnt fordelt på regionerne. Byregioner er generelt specialiseret i tjenester, mens landbrug, minedrift og fremstillingsvirksomhed som regel foregår uden for byregionerne. I forbindelse med store spørgsmål såsom globalisering, innovation, aldring, beskatning, fattigdom, arbejdsløshed og miljø er der ofte et regionalt økonomisk aspekt. Regionalregnskaberne er derfor et vigtigt supplement til nationalregnskabet.
13.04
Regionalregnskaberne omfatter samme sæt konti som nationalregnskabet, hvori de synliggør regionale økonomiske strukturer, udviklinger og forskelle. På grund af begrebsmæssige problemer og opgørelsesvanskeligheder er det regionale sæt af konti dog mere begrænset i dækning og indeholder færre detaljerede oplysninger end de nationale.
Tabellerne over regionale produktionsaktiviteter efter branche viser:
a)
produktion og beskæftigelse efter region — omfang og dynamik
b)
i hvilket omfang regionerne bidrager til de nationale aggregater
c)
de enkelte regioners specialisering
d)
de forskellige regioners betydning for hver enkelt branche.
Regionale indkomstkonti for husholdningssektoren viser husholdningernes primære og disponible indkomst opdelt efter region samt kilder til og fordeling af indkomst mellem regionerne.
13.05
I adskillige medlemsstater har regioner på forskellige niveauer en væsentlig beslutningsautonomi. Regionalregnskaberne for disse regioner er derfor vigtige i forbindelse med den nationale og regionale politik.
13.06
Regionalregnskaberne tjener også vigtige administrative formål, f.eks.:
a)
at fordele indtægterne fra en specifik national skat på de regionale myndigheder
b)
at tildele midler som led i den europæiske samhørighedspolitik.
13.07
Regionalregnskaberne kan anvendes fleksibelt på forskellige aggregeringsniveauer, som ikke udelukkende svarer til geografiske regioner. Geografiske regioner kan også grupperes efter økonomisk struktur, beliggenhed og økonomiske forbindelser med andre (nabo) regioner. Dette er særlig relevant med henblik på analyse af nationale og europæiske økonomiske strukturer og udviklinger.
13.08
Regionalregnskaberne udarbejdes på grundlag af direkte indsamlede regionale data samt nationale data, som er regionalfordelt på basis af skøn. Jo mere fuldstændige de direkte indsamlede data er, jo mindre betyder skønnene. Mangelen på tilstrækkeligt fuldstændige, aktuelle og pålidelige regionale oplysninger gør det nødvendigt at anvende skøn i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af regionalregnskaber. Dette indebærer, at visse forskelle mellem regionerne ikke nødvendigvis kommer til udtryk i regionalregnskaberne.
DET REGIONALE OMRÅDE
13.09
Et lands regionale økonomi er en del af dets samlede økonomi. Den samlede økonomi defineres ved hjælp af institutionelle enheder og sektorer. Den omfatter alle institutionelle enheder, der har et økonomisk interessecentrum inden for landets økonomiske område (jf. punkt 2.04). Der er ikke et nøjagtigt sammenfald mellem et lands økonomiske område og dets geografiske område (jf. punkt 2.05). Et lands økonomiske område er opdelt i regionale områder og et ekstraregionalt område.
13.10
Det regionale område er den del af et lands økonomiske område, der direkte hører til en region, herunder eventuelle toldfrie zoner, toldlagre og fabrikker under toldopsyn.
13.11
Det ekstraregionale område omfatter de dele af et lands økonomiske område, der ikke kan siges at høre til en bestemt region. Det omfatter:
a)
det nationale luftrum, territorialfarvande og den del af kontinentalsoklen, der ligger i det internationale farvand, som er under landets overhøjhed
b)
territoriale eksklaver (dvs. geografiske områder beliggende i udlandet, og som i henhold til internationale traktater eller aftaler mellem stater anvendes af landets offentlige myndigheder — ambassader, konsulater, militærbaser, videnskabelige baser osv.)
c)
forekomster af olie, naturgas osv. i internationale farvande uden for landets kontinentalsokkel, der udnyttes af residente enheder i området.
13.12
NUTS-nomenklaturen indeholder en ensartet opdeling af Den Europæiske Unions økonomiske område. Til nationale formål kan der også opstilles regionalregnskaber på et mere detaljeret regionalt niveau.
ENHEDER OG REGIONALREGNSKABER
13.13
Der skelnes mellem to typer enheder i den nationale økonomi. For det første den institutionelle enhed, for hvilken der registreres strømme, som påvirker indkomst, kapital- og finanstransaktioner, andre strømme samt statuskonti. For det andet den lokale faglige enhed, for hvilken der registreres strømme, som indgår i produktionsprocessen og i anvendelsen af varer og tjenester.
Institutionelle enheder
13.14
For regionalregnskaber kan der, afhængigt af det regionale niveau, skelnes mellem to typer institutionelle enheder:
a)
Enkeltregionsenheder, hvis økonomiske interessecentrum ligger i én region. Husholdninger, selskaber, hvis lokale faglige enheder ligger i samme region, de fleste lokale og regionale myndigheder, en del af de sociale kasser og fonde samt NPISH'er er eksempler på enkeltregionsenheder.
b)
Flerregionsenheder, hvis økonomiske interessecentrum ligger i mere end én region. Selskaber og NPISH'er er eksempler på enheder, der kan være tværregionale. Andre eksempler er institutionelle enheder, hvis aktiviteter er landsdækkende, som f.eks. den centrale forvaltning og service og nogle få selskaber med monopolstilling eller monopollignende stilling.
13.15
Alle transaktioner foretaget af enkeltregionsenheder henregnes til den region, hvori disse enheder har deres økonomiske interessecentrum. For husholdninger er det økonomiske interessecentrum den region, hvor de bor, og ikke den region, hvor de arbejder. Andre enkeltregionsenheder har deres økonomiske interessecentrum i den region, hvori de er beliggende.
13.16
En del af flerregionsenhedernes transaktioner kan ikke fordeles på regioner. Dette gælder for de fleste fordelingstransaktioner og finansielle transaktioner. Følgelig registreres flerregionsenheders saldoposter som f.eks. opsparing og nettolångivning ikke på regionalt plan.
Lokale faglige enheder og regionale produktionsaktiviteter efter branche
13.17
Foretagender kan have produktionsaktiviteter mere end ét sted, og i forbindelse med regionalregnskaberne er det nødvendigt at henføre aktiviteterne til et sted. Når foretagender opdeles efter beliggenhed, kaldes de enkelte dele lokale enheder.
13.18
Institutionelle enheder kan klassificeres på grundlag af økonomiske aktiviteter med henblik på at beskrive økonomiens produktionsaktiviteter efter branche. Dette medfører heterogene brancher, da mange foretagender har væsentlige biaktiviteter, som adskiller sig fra deres hovedaktivitet. Det medfører også, at nogle branchers hovedprodukt fremstår som en lille del af deres samlede produktion. For at danne grupper af producenter, hvis aktiviteter er mere homogene med hensyn til produktion, omkostningsstruktur og produktionsteknologi, opdeles foretagenderne i mindre, mere homogene enheder. Disse kaldes faglige enheder.
13.19
Den lokale faglige enhed er den del af en faglig enhed, der er en lokal enhed. Når en faglig enhed har produktionsaktiviteter i flere regioner, opdeles oplysningerne om den faglige enhed for at kunne opstille regionalregnskaber. Til denne opdeling er der behov for oplysninger om aflønning af ansatte eller, hvis sådanne ikke foreligger, antallet af ansatte, og faste bruttoinvesteringer. For foretagender, der er beliggende ét sted, og hvis hovedaktivitet tegner sig for størsteparten af værditilvæksten, er den lokale faglige enhed identisk med foretagendet.
13.20
På regionalt niveau består en branche af en gruppe lokale faglige enheder, der udøver samme aktivitet eller beslægtede aktiviteter.
13.21
Når man skal afgrænse en lokal faglig enhed, er der tre mulige tilfælde:
a)
En produktionsaktivitet med et væsentligt forbrug af arbejdskraft og med en fast beliggenhed. Ved et væsentligt forbrug af arbejdskraft forstås i denne sammenhæng mindst ækvivalenten af én persons halvdagsarbejde i et år.
b)
En produktionsaktivitet uden et væsentligt forbrug af arbejdskraft, men med en fast beliggenhed betragtes generelt ikke som en særskilt lokal faglig enhed, og produktionen henregnes til den lokale enhed, der er ansvarlig for denne produktion. Der er dog undtagelser fra denne regel, f.eks. vindmøller, udvinding af olie og gas, internetknudepunkter og fuldautomatiske tankstationer. Disse produktionsaktiviteter kan være beliggende i én region og være fuldt ud forvaltet i en anden region. Hele produktionen registreres ikke i den region, hvor den forvaltes, da den foregår i den anden region. Faste bruttoinvesteringer skal registreres i samme region som den hertil knyttede produktion og værditilvækst.
c)
Når der er tale om en produktionsaktivitet uden en fast beliggenhed, skal begrebet hjemsted (jf. 2.04) på nationalt plan anvendes. For eksempel registreres store bygge- og anlægsarbejder, der udføres af kontrahenter fra andre regioner, som særskilte lokale faglige enheder. Eksempler på store bygge- og anlægsarbejder er opførelse af broer, dæmninger og kraftværker, som varer et år eller derover, og som forvaltes gennem et lokalt kontor. Ved bygge- og anlægsarbejder, der varer mindre end et år, henregnes produktionen til den region, hvor byggefirmaets moderselskab har sit hjemsted.
13.22
Når der foregår produktionstransaktioner mellem lokale faglige enheder, som tilhører samme institutionelle enhed og er beliggende i forskellige regioner, skal disse registreres. Dog registreres hjælpeaktiviteter mellem lokale faglige enheder ikke, medmindre de kan observeres (jf. 1.31). Dette betyder, at kun levering af hoved- og biproduktion mellem lokale faglige enheder registreres, i det omfang det er tilfældet i nationalregnskabet.
13.23
Hvis en virksomhed, der udelukkende udøver hjælpeaktiviteter, er statistisk observerbar, eftersom der foreligger separate regnskaber for dens produktion, eller er beliggende i et andet geografisk område end den virksomhed, den servicerer, bogføres den både i national- og regionalregnskaber som en separat enhed og henføres til den branche, der svarer til dens hovedaktivitet. Foreligger der ikke passende basisdata, estimeres hjælpeaktivitetens produktion ved at sammenlægge omkostningerne.
METODER TIL REGIONAL OPDELING
13.24
Regionalregnskaberne er baseret på transaktioner foretaget af enheder, som er residente i et regionalt område. Generelt udarbejdes regionalregnskaber ved hjælp af følgende metoder:
a)
bottom-up-metoden
b)
top-down-metoden eller
c)
en blanding af bottom-up- og top-down-metoden.
13.25
Ved bottom-up-metoden (nedefra og opefter) til opgørelse af et regionalt aggregat indsamles der data om residente enheder direkte, og der udarbejdes regionale estimater ved aggregering.
En pseudo-bottom-up-metode er acceptabel, hvis der ikke foreligger data om lokale faglige enheder. Data om lokale faglige enheder kan estimeres ud fra data om foretagendet, den faglige enhed eller den lokale enhed ved hjælp af distributionsmodeller. Estimaterne aggregeres til regionale totaler som i bottom-up-metoden.
I anden etape af udarbejdelsen afstemmes bottom-up-estimaterne med totalerne fra nationalregnskabet.
13.26
Hvis der kun foreligger oplysninger på et »enhedsniveau«, der omfatter flere lokale faglige enheder beskæftiget inden for forskellige aktiviteter og i forskellige regioner, anvendes der indikatorer såsom aflønning af ansatte og beskæftigelse efter region til at foretage regionale opdelinger efter branche.
13.27
Ved top-down-metoden fordeles et nationalt total på regionerne, uden at man forsøger at udskille residente enheder efter region. Det nationale tal fordeles ved hjælp af en indikator, der fordeles på regionerne på samme måde som den variabel, der skal estimeres.
Begrebet resident enhed efter region er nødvendigt for at opnå regional dækning for den indikator, der anvendes til foretage den regionale opdeling af den pågældende variabel.
13.28
Bottom-up-metoden anvendes sjældent i sin oprindelige form. Blandede metoder accepteres også. Det hænder f.eks., at man kun kan udarbejde regionale estimater af en variabel eller et aggregat af variabler ved at anvende bottom-up-metoden på makroregionalt niveau. For at opnå estimater på et mere detaljeret regionalt niveau anvendes der derefter en top-down-metode.
13.29
Direkte opgørelser af regionale værdier foretrækkes frem for indirekte opgørelser. Hvis der foreligger fuldstændige, pålidelige mikrodata på niveauet for lokale faglige enheder, estimeres de regionale værdier, som begrebsmæssigt svarer til de nationale værdier, ved hjælp af bottom-up-metoden. For at sikre konsistens med nationalregnskabstotalerne afstemmes disse regionalregnskabsestimater derefter med nationalregnskabsaggregaterne.
13.30
Indirekte opgørelse på grundlag af nationale aggregater og en indikator, der korrelerer med den variabel, der skal måles, er forbundet med en risiko for fejl. For eksempel kan nationale tal for bruttoværditilvækst efter branche fordeles på regionerne ved hjælp af regionale beskæftigelsesstatistikker ud fra den antagelse, at bruttoværditilvæksten pr. ansat er den samme i hver enkelt branche i alle regioner. Ved at udarbejde data på et detaljeret brancheopdelingsniveau forbedrer man top-down-beregningerne.
13.31
Aggregater for produktion henregnes til den region, hvor enheden, som foretager de relevante transaktioner, er resident. Den lokale faglige enheds hjemsted er et afgørende kriterium for, om disse aggregater henregnes til en bestemt region. Hjemstedsprincippet gives forrang for en territorial tilgang, hvor produktionsaktiviteterne henregnes på grundlag af hvor de finder sted.
13.32
I forbindelse med bestemte brancher, f.eks. bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed, energiforsyning, kommunikationsnet, transport og finansiel formidling, og for visse transaktioner på husholdningernes konti såsom formueindkomst, er der særlige problemer med den regionale opdeling. Af hensyn til regionalregnskabernes internationale sammenlignelighed anvender man de samme beregningsmetoder eller metoder, der giver de samme resultater.
13.33
Faste bruttoinvesteringer fordeles på regionerne på grundlag af ejerskab. Faste aktiver, som ejes af en flerregionsenhed, henregnes til den lokale faglige enhed, der anvender dem. Faste aktiver, der anvendes i henhold til en kontrakt om operationel leasing, registreres i ejerens region, mens faste aktiver, der anvendes i henhold til en kontrakt om finansiel leasing, registreres i brugerens region.
AGGREGATER FOR PRODUKTIONSAKTIVITETER
Bruttoværditilvækst og bruttonationalprodukt efter region
13.34
Der kan anvendes tre metoder til estimering af det regionale bruttonationalprodukt: opgørelse fra produktionssiden, opgørelse fra indkomstsiden og opgørelse fra anvendelsessiden.
13.35
Ved opgørelse fra produktionssiden beregnes det regionale bruttonationalprodukt i markedspriser som summen af bruttoværditilvæksten i basispriser plus produktskatter minus produktsubsidier. Bruttoværditilvæksten i basispriser beregnes som forskellen mellem produktionen i basispriser og forbrug i produktionen i køberpriser.
13.36
Ved opgørelse fra indkomstsiden beregnes det regionale bruttonationalprodukt i markedspriser ved at måle og aggregere de forskellige anvendelser i den regionale del af den samlede økonomis indkomstdannelseskonto: aflønning af ansatte, bruttooverskud af produktionen samt produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier. Der foreligger ofte oplysninger efter branche om aflønning af ansatte og beskæftigelse på regionalt plan. Disse oplysninger anvendes til at estimere bruttoværditilvæksten efter branche direkte eller ved opgørelse fra produktionssiden. Metoden med opgørelse af det regionale bruttonationalprodukt fra indkomstsiden er delvis identisk med metoden med opgørelse fra produktionssiden.
13.37
Der foreligger almindeligvis ikke oplysninger om bruttooverskud af produktionen opdelt efter branche og region. Der kan indhentes oplysninger om markedsproducenters bruttooverskud af produktionen i de pågældende foretagenders virksomhedsregnskaber. I mange tilfælde foreligger der ikke nogen opdeling efter institutionel sektor og region. Dette udgør en hindring for anvendelse af metoden med opgørelse af det regionale bruttonationalprodukt fra indkomstsiden.
13.38
Produktionsskatter (minus produktionssubsidier) består af produktskatter (minus produktsubsidier) og andre produktionsskatter (minus andre produktionssubsidier). Der gøres rede for fordelingen af produktskatter (minus produktsubsidier) i 13.43. Hvad angår andre produktionsskatter (minus produktionssubsidier) kan der i givet fald indhentes oplysninger opdelt efter branche i f.eks. virksomhedsundersøgelser, eller disse oplysninger kan udledes af den specifikke type skat eller subsidier, der er tale om i den pågældende branche. Derefter kan oplysningerne anvendes som indikator for fordeling af bruttoværditilvæksten på regionerne.
13.39
Det regionale bruttonationalprodukt beregnes ikke ved opgørelse fra anvendelsessiden på grund af manglende oplysninger. Der mangler f.eks. direkte oplysninger om køb og salg regionerne imellem og en opdeling af eksport og import mellem regionerne.
Fordeling af FISIM på brugerbrancher
13.40
Indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM) behandles på samme måde i regionalregnskaberne som i nationalregnskabet. Fordelingen af brugerbranchernes forbrug i produktionen af FISIM på regionerne er problematisk, da der som regel ikke foreligger estimater af beholdninger af lån og indskud efter region. I så fald foretages fordelingen af FISIM på brugerbrancherne efter næstbedste metode, hvor den regionale bruttoproduktion eller bruttoværditilvækst efter branche anvendes som fordelingsindikator.
Beskæftigelse
13.41
Regionale produktionsopgørelser er konsistente med beskæftigelsesopgørelserne i en region, når beskæftigelse omfatter både residente og ikkeresidente arbejdstagere, der arbejder i regionale producerende enheder. Regional beskæftigelse defineres konsistent med de principper, der gælder for beskæftigelse og hjemsted i den nationale økonomi (jf. punkt 11.17).
Aflønning af ansatte
13.42
Med hensyn til producenternes udgifter henregnes aflønning af ansatte til de lokale faglige enheder, hvor de ansatte arbejder. Foreligger disse data ikke, fordeles aflønning af ansatte som næstbedste løsning efter antal arbejdstimer. Hvis der hverken foreligger oplysninger om aflønning af ansatte eller antal arbejdstimer, anvendes antal ansatte opdelt efter lokal faglig enhed. Aflønning af ansatte på husholdningernes konti henregnes til regionerne efter bopæl.
Fra regional bruttoværditilvækst til regionalt BNP
13.43
Med henblik på beregning af BNP i markedspriser for regionerne fordeles produktskatter og -subsidier på regionerne. Pr. konvention sker fordelingen af disse overregionale skatter og subsidier på grundlag af den relative størrelse af bruttoværditilvæksten i alle regionens brancher værdiansat til basispriser. For områder med særlige skattesystemer, som indebærer meget forskellige satser for produktskatter og -subsidier inden for et land, kan der efter en konkret og individuel vurdering anvendes alternative fordelingsmetoder.
13.44
Der kan beregnes tal pr. indbygger for alle regioners BNP. Disse tal beregnes ikke for ekstraregionale opgørelser.
13.45
Det regionale bruttonationalprodukt pr. indbygger kan i høj grad være påvirket af pendlerstrømme regionerne imellem. Nettoindpendling øger regionernes produktion ud over, hvad den residente aktive befolkning ville kunne producere. BNP pr. indbygger er forholdsvis højt i regioner med nettoindpendling og forholdsvis lavt i regioner med nettoudpendling.
Mængdemæssige vækstrater for regional bruttoværditilvækst
13.46
Ved måling af pris- og mængdeændringer finder de principper, der anvendes i forbindelse med den nationale økonomi, også anvendelse på regionerne. Der er dog problemer med regionale data, som gør det vanskeligt at anvende disse principper på regionerne. Det drejer sig f.eks. om følgende:
a)
I mange tilfælde foreligger der ikke oplysninger om regionale prisændringer.
b)
Hvis man beregner den regionale værditilvækst i løbende priser direkte, ikke ved at trække forbrug i produktionen fra produktionen, er dobbelt deflatering af den regionale værditilvækst ikke mulig.
c)
Hvis man ikke råder over regionale tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller, kan man ikke måle og vurdere pris- og mængdeændringer inden for de givne rammer.
13.47
En udbredt fremgangsmåde består derfor i at deflatere den regionale værditilvækst efter branche på grundlag af nationale prisændringer efter branche. Dette gøres på det mest detaljerede niveau, på hvilket der foreligger en bruttoværditilvækst i løbende priser. Der tages hensyn til forskelle mellem nationale og regionale prisændringer, der skyldes forskelle i økonomisk struktur efter branche. Denne løsning forbliver dog sårbar over for store forskelle i nationale og regionale prisændringer. Som eksempler på sådanne forskelle kan nævnes:
a)
Forskelle i produktionens omkostningsstruktur og sammensætning inden for samme branche mellem producenter i forskellige regioner. Der kan være store forskelle i prisændringerne inden for en enkelt branche regionerne imellem.
b)
Regionale forskelle i prisændringerne for vigtige input, f.eks. ændringer i priserne for arbejdskraft, jord og leje af kontorer. Når der findes nationale lønaftaler, som ikke er differentieret på regionalt niveau, forekommer der ikke store regionale forskelle i ændringerne af lønsatser.
13.48
Regional værditilvækst deflateres ved hjælp af:
a)
Regionale deflatorer, når sådanne findes og er af tilstrækkelig god kvalitet, baseret på prisændringer for output snarere end for input. I nogle tilfælde kan der tilvejebringes regionale deflatorer indirekte ved at kombinere oplysninger om værdi- og mængdeændringer. Når der anvendes regionale priser (eventuelt kombineret med nationale deflatorer efter branche), beregnes de regionale vækstrater således, at de bliver konsistente med de nationale vækstrater.
b)
Dobbelt deflatering, når det er muligt. Dette er særlig relevant, når prisændringen for forbrug i produktionen afviger fra ændringen for produktionen, og når forbruget i produktionen er stort.
REGIONALE INDKOMSTKONTI FOR HUSHOLDNINGSSEKTOREN
13.49
Ved fordelingen og omfordelingen af indkomst fås saldoposter, nemlig primær indkomst og disponibel indkomst. I regionalregnskaberne opgøres disse indkomster kun for husholdninger.
13.50
De regionale konti for husholdningssektoren er en regional udgave af de tilsvarende regnskaber på nationalt plan. Af hensyn til opgørelsen er de begrænset til kun at omfatte følgende konti:
a)
kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst
b)
sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen.
På disse konti registreres primær indkomst og disponibel indkomst for husholdninger, der er residente i en region (jf. tabel 13.1).
Tabel 13.1 —
   
Regionale indkomstkonti for husholdningssektoren
Region
Korrektion for regionale strømme uden nationalt modstykke
National total
a
b
Ekstraregionalt område
Allokering af primær indkomst
Tilgang
B.2/B.3
Nettooverskud af produktionen/blandet indkomst
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
D.4
Formueindkomst, modtaget
Minus formueindkomst internt i regionen i forbindelse med B.2/B.3
Anvendelse
D.4
Formueindkomst, betalt
Minus formueindkomst internt i regionen i forbindelse med B.2/B.3
B.5
Primær indkomst (saldopost)
Sekundær indkomstfordelingskonto for husholdningssektoren
Tilgang
B.5
Primær indkomst
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler, modtaget
Anvendelse
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
D.61
Bidrag til sociale ordninger
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler, betalt
B.6
Disponibel indkomst (saldopost)
Supplerende oplysninger
Befolkning (indbyggerantal)
Primær indkomst per capita
Disponibel indkomst per capita
13.51
De regionale konti for husholdningssektoren er baseret på de husholdninger, der er residente i et regionalt økonomisk område. Det antal personer, der er medlemmer af husholdninger, som er residente i regionen, svarer til regionens samlede residente befolkning.
13.52
De regler, der bruges til at bestemme husholdningernes hjemsted på nationalt plan, anvendes også på regionalt plan. Dog betragtes studerende og langtidspatienter, der opholder sig i en værtsregion i over et år, som residente i værtsregionen, hvis denne er beliggende i samme land som hjemstedsregionen.
13.53
Husholdningernes konti kan udvides til også at omfatte indkomstanvendelseskonti. Dette forudsætter, at nationalregnskabsstatistikkerne over husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug fordeles på regionerne, og at der korrigeres for ændringen i husholdningernes nettoformue i pensionskassereserver. Saldoposten er husholdningernes opsparing på regionalt plan.
13.54
For at kunne fordele husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug på regionerne skal der foreligge pålidelige regionale oplysninger fra f.eks. en udvidet forbrugsundersøgelse. I mange tilfælde findes en sådan regional opdeling ikke, og i nationalregnskabet opgøres husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug ofte ved hjælp af andre oplysninger. Dette gør det vanskeligt at foretage en regional opdeling.
13.55
Den offentlige sektor kan spille en vigtig rolle ved at levere undervisning, sundhedspleje og sociale tjenester til husholdningerne gennem sociale overførsler i naturalier. Der er stor forskel på, hvor meget disse sociale overførsler i naturalier betyder, landene imellem og over tid. For at man kan fordele de sociale overførsler i naturalier på regionerne, skal der kunne tilvejebringes regionale oplysninger om husholdningernes faktiske forbrug og husholdningernes korrigerede disponible indkomst. Da de sociale overførsler i naturalier har stor betydning i nogle medlemsstater, kan en sammenligning mellem husholdningernes faktiske forbrug og deres faktiske disponible indkomst medlemsstaterne imellem give et andet billede end en sammenligning mellem husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug og deres disponible indkomst.
KAPITEL 14
INDIREKTE MÅLTE FINANSIELLE FORMIDLINGSTJENESTER (FISIM)
FISIM-BEGREBET OG EFFEKTEN PÅ HOVEDAGGREGATERNE AF FORDELINGEN AF FISIM PÅ BRUGERNE
14.01
En af de måder, hvorpå der traditionelt ydes finansielle tjenester, er ved finansiel formidling. Herved forstås, at en finansiel institution som f.eks. en bank modtager indskud fra enheder, der ønsker at modtage renter af midler, og låner dem ud til enheder, der ikke har tilstrækkelige midler til at dække deres behov. Banken skaber således forudsætninger for, at den første enhed låner penge til den anden enhed. Den enhed, der udlåner midlerne, accepterer en lavere rente end den, der betales af låntageren. »Referencerenten« er den rentesats, som både långiver og låntager ville finde fuldt tilfredsstillende. Forskellen mellem referencerenten og den rente, der reelt betales til indskyderne og skal betales af låntagerne, er en indirekte målt finansiel formidlingstjeneste (FISIM). FISIM i alt er summen af de to implicitte gebyrer, der betales af låntageren og långiveren.
14.02
Det er imidlertid sjældent, at den finansielle institutions udlånte midler nøjagtigt svarer til de midler, den får som indskud. Nogle midler kan være modtaget som indskud, men endnu ikke blevet udlånt; nogle lån kan være finansieret af bankens egenkapital og ikke af lånte midler. En indskyder modtager imidlertid samme rente og formidlingstjeneste, uanset om den pågældendes midler udlånes eller ej, og låntageren betaler samme rente og modtager samme formidlingstjeneste, uanset om dennes midler finansieres af lånte midler eller af bankens egenkapital. FISIM opgøres derfor for alle den finansielle institutions lån og indskud, uanset hvor midlerne kommer fra. De rentebeløb, der skal registreres, beregnes som referencerenten ganget med de pågældende udlånte eller indskudte beløb. Forskellen mellem disse beløb og de beløb, der reelt modtages af eller betales til den finansielle institution, registreres som et indirekte administrationsgebyr, der betales af låntageren eller indskyderen til den finansielle institution. De beløb, der registreres i systemet som renter, kaldes »ENS-renter«, og de samlede beløb, den finansielle institution reelt modtager eller betaler, kaldes »bankrenter«. Det samlede implicitte administrationsgebyr er summen af bankrenterne for lån minus ENS-renterne for de samme lån plus ENS-renterne for indskud minus bankrenterne for de samme indskud.
14.03
Der beregnes kun FISIM for lån/indskud, der ydes/modtages af finansielle institutioner. De finansielle institutioner behøver ikke være residente; det samme gælder for den finansielle institutions kunder. Der forekommer både import og eksport af FISIM. Den finansielle institution skal ikke nødvendigvis tilbyde både indskud og lån. Detailhandleres finansielle datterselskaber er eksempler på finansielle institutioner, der tilbyder lån uden at modtage indskud. En udlåner, der har tilstrækkelig detaljerede regnskaber til at blive betragtet som et selskab eller et kvasiselskab, kan modtage FISIM.
14.04
For at kunne vurdere effekten på BNP og nationalindkomsten af, at der foretages en fordeling af FISIM, sammenlignet med, at FISIM ikke fordeles, skal der tages hensyn til fem forskellige tilfælde:
a)
Residente finansielle formidlere yder lån og modtager indskud med henblik på forbrug i produktionen hos markedsproducenter (herunder husholdninger som ejere af personlige foretagender og boliger):
De finansielle formidleres produktion af FISIM opvejes af markedsproducenternes forbrug i produktionen. Der er derfor ingen effekt på BNP og nationalindkomsten.
b)
Residente finansielle formidlere yder lån og modtager indskud med henblik på ikkemarkedsproducenters forbrug i produktionen og husholdningers forbrug:
Når ikkemarkedsproducenter forbruger FISIM i produktionen, øges disse producenters produktion med samme beløb, da forbrug i produktionen indgår i summen af deres omkostninger, og den modsvarende strøm er en stigning i udgifterne til forbrug. BNP og nationalindkomsten øges derfor med det fordelte FISIM-beløb.
Når FISIM forbruges af husholdningerne i deres egenskab af forbrugere, øges BNP og nationalindkomsten ligeledes med det fordelte FISIM-beløb.
c)
Residente finansielle formidlere yder lån til og modtager indskud fra ikkeresidenter, som ikke er finansielle formidlere (eksport af FISIM):
Eksport af FISIM registreres, hvorved BNP stiger. Ved overgangen fra BNP til nationalindkomst opvejes denne stigning dog af et fald i modtagne renter minus betalte renter i forhold til udlandet (da FISIM trækkes fra de renter, der er modtaget på lån, og lægges til de renter, der er betalt på indskud). Eksport af FISIM påvirker derfor ikke nationalindkomsten.
d)
Ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere yder lån og modtager indskud med henblik på forbrug i produktionen hos markedsproducenter, herunder husholdninger som ejere af personlige foretagender og boliger (import af FISIM):
BNP falder med et beløb svarende til denne kategori af importeret FISIM, da den modsvarende strøm er forbrug i produktionen. Ved overgangen fra BNP til nationalindkomst opvejes dette fald dog af en stigning i modtagne renter minus betalte renter i forhold til udlandet (da FISIM lægges til de renter, der er modtaget på indskud, og trækkes fra de renter, der er betalt på lån). Denne kategori af import påvirker derfor ikke nationalindkomsten.
e)
Ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere yder lån og modtager indskud med henblik på ikkemarkedsproducenters forbrug i produktionen og husholdningers forbrug (import af FISIM):
Ikkemarkedsproducenters import af FISIM svarer til forbrug i produktionen. Disse producenters produktion øges med samme beløb, da forbrug i produktionen indgår i summen af deres omkostninger, og den modsvarende strøm er en stigning i udgifterne til forbrug. Når BNP opgøres fra produktionssiden, modsvares stigningen i forbrug i produktionen af stigningen i produktionen, mens værditilvæksten forbliver uændret. Når BNP opgøres fra anvendelsessiden, udlignes stigningen i udgifter til forbrug af stigningen i import af tjenester. Ved overgangen fra BNP til nationalindkomst sker der dog en stigning i modtagne renter minus betalte renter i forhold til udlandet (da FISIM lægges til de renter, der er modtaget på indskud, og trækkes fra de renter, der er betalt på lån). Nationalindkomsten stiger derfor med et beløb svarende til denne kategori af importeret FISIM.
Når husholdningerne i deres egenskab af forbrugere importerer FISIM, påvirker det ikke BNP, men nationalindkomsten stiger, da der sker en stigning i modtagne minus betalte renter i forhold til udlandet.
Der beregnes pr. konvention ikke FISIM for interbanklån og -indskud mellem residente finansielle formidlere og heller ikke mellem residente og ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere. Dog anvendes interbanklån og -indskud til at beregne referencerenter.
14.05
Ud fra de fem tilfælde, der beskrives i punkt 14.04, kan virkningerne af fordelingen af FISIM for BNP og nationalindkomst sammenfattes som følger:
a)
BNP stiger med det FISIM-beløb, der produceres af residente finansielle formidlere og fordeles på sektor S.13 (offentlig forvaltning og service), S.14 (husholdninger som forbrugere), S.15 (NPISH'er) og S.2 (udlandet).
b)
BNP falder med et beløb svarende til den importerede FISIM, der fordeles på S.11 (ikkefinansielle selskaber), S.12 (finansielle selskaber) bortset fra S.121 (centralbanken), S.122 (pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken) og S.125 (andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser) og S.14 (husholdninger som ejere af boliger og personlige foretagender).
c)
Nationalindkomsten stiger med det FISIM-beløb (produceret af residente finansielle formidlere eller importeret), der fordeles på sektor S.13 (offentlig forvaltning og service), S.14 (husholdninger som forbrugere) og S.15 (NPISH'er).
BEREGNING AF PRODUKTIONEN AF FISIM FOR SEKTOR S.122 OG S.125
14.06
FISIM produceres af følgende finansielle formidlere: centralbanken (S.121), pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122) og andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (S.125)
FISIM-beregningerne vedrører fortrinsvis delsektor S.122 og S.125; der beregnes pr. konvention ikke FISIM for centralbanken (jf. del VI).
Databehov
14.07
For hver af delsektorerne S.122 og S.125 er der behov for data i form af en tabel over beholdninger af lån og indskud opdelt på brugersektorer og gennemsnitligt fordelt over en periode på fire kvartaler med de tilsvarende påløbne renter. Renterne beregnes efter fordelingen af rentetilskud på modtagerne.
Referencerenter
14.08
På statuskontiene for de finansielle formidlere, som tilhører delsektor S.122 og S.125, deles låne- og indskudspositioner med residente enheder op, således at man kan sondre mellem:
—
lån og indskud som led i interbanktransaktioner (dvs. mellem de FISIM-ydende institutionelle enheder i delsektor S.122 og S.125)
—
lån og indskud mellem de finansielle formidlere og de institutionelle brugersektorer (S.11 — andre delsektorer af S.12 — S.13 — S.14 — S.15) (undtagen centralbanker).
Lån og indskud med udlandet (S.2) deles ligeledes op i lån og indskud med ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere og lån og indskud med andre ikkeresidenter.
Intern referencerente
14.09
Til opgørelse af de residente finansielle formidleres produktion af FISIM efter resident institutionel brugersektor beregnes den interne referencerente som forholdet mellem modtagne renter af lån inden for og mellem delsektor S.122 og S.125 og beholdninger af lån inden for og mellem delsektor S.122 og S.125 som følger:
I teorien er den interne referencerente den samme, uanset om den baseres på data for indskud eller for lån. På grund af manglende datakonsistens vil en beregning baseret på indskud dog give et andet resultat end en beregning baseret på lån.
Hvis dataene for indskud er mere pålidelige, bør den interne referencerente for interbankindskud beregnes som forholdet mellem:
Hvis dataene for lån og indskud er lige pålidelige, bør den interne referencerente for interbanklån og -indskud beregnes som forholdet mellem modtagne renter af lån plus betalte renter af indskud mellem finansielle formidlere og beholdninger af lån plus beholdninger af indskud, som finansielle formidlere har modtaget fra andre finansielle formidlere.
I tilfælde, hvor residente finansielle formidlere yder lån til og modtager indskud fra deres residente kunder i udenlandsk valuta, skal der beregnes en række »interne« referencerenter for de forskellige valutaer eller valutagrupper, hvis dette forbedrer estimaterne betydeligt. I givet fald skal både beregningen af de »interne« referencerenter og de residente finansielle formidleres lån til og indskud fra de enkelte brugersektorer opdeles i valutaer eller valutagrupper.
Eksterne referencerenter
14.10
Til beregning af import og eksport af FISIM anvendes som referencerente den gennemsnitlige interbankrente vægtet med positionerne på de finansielle formidleres statuskonto »lån mellem residente finansielle formidlere på den ene side og ikke-residente finansielle formidlere på den anden side« og »indskud mellem residente finansielle formidlere på den ene side og ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere på den anden side«. Den eksterne referencerente beregnes således som forholdet mellem renter af lån plus renter af indskud mellem residente og ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere på den ene side og beholdninger af lån plus beholdninger af indskud mellem residente og ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere på den anden side.
Der skal beregnes en række eksterne referencerenter for forskellige valutaer eller valutagrupper, hvis der foreligger data for de enkelte valutaer/valutagrupper for følgende kategorier, og hvis det forbedrer estimaterne betydeligt:
a)
lån og indskud mellem ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere og de enkelte brugersektorer
b)
lån og indskud mellem residente finansielle formidlere og ikkeresidente brugere.
Detaljeret underopdeling af FISIM efter institutionelle sektorer
14.11
Der beregnes pr. konvention ikke interbank-FISIM mellem residente finansielle formidlere og heller ikke mellem residente og ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere. Der beregnes kun FISIM for institutionelle brugersektorer, som ikke er banker.
For hver institutionel sektor, som ikke er en finansiel formidler, skal der opstilles følgende tabel over lån ydet af og indskud hos residente finansielle formidlere:
Beholdning
Renter modtaget af residente finansielle formidlere
Beholdning
Renter betalt af residente finansielle formidlere
Lån ydet af residente finansielle formidlere (S.122 og S.125)
Indskud hos residente finansielle formidlere (S.122 og S.125)
FISIM i alt efter institutionelle sektorer beregnes som summen af FISIM for lån, der ydes til den institutionelle sektor, og FISIM for den institutionelle sektors indskud.
FISIM for lån ydet til den institutionelle sektor beregnes som modtagne renter på lån minus (lånebeholdning ganget med den interne referencerente).
FISIM for den institutionelle sektors indskud beregnes som (beholdning af indskud ganget med den interne referencerente) minus betalte renter på indskud.
En del af produktionen eksporteres; af statuskontoen for finansielle formidlere kan man aflæse følgende:
Beholdning
Renter modtaget af residente finansielle formidlere
Beholdning
Renter betalt af residente finansielle formidlere
Lån til ikkeresidenter, bortset fra banker
Indskud hos ikkeresidenter, bortset fra banker
Eksport af FISIM for lån ydet til ikkeresidenter (bortset fra finansielle formidlere) beregnes ved hjælp af den eksterne interbankreferencerente som modtagne renter minus (lånebeholdning ganget med den eksterne referencerente).
Eksport af FISIM for ikkeresidenters (bortset fra finansielle formidleres) indskud beregnes som (indskudsbeholdning ganget med den eksterne referencerente) minus betalte renter.
Hvis der anvendes en række referencerenter for forskellige valutaer eller valutagrupper, opdeles lån og indskud efter både institutionelle brugersektorer og de pågældende valutaer (eller valutagrupper).
Underopdeling af FISIM til husholdninger på forbrug i produktionen og forbrug
14.12
FISIM henført til husholdninger opdeles i følgende kategorier:
a)
husholdningers forbrug i produktionen i deres egenskab af boligejere
b)
husholdningers forbrug i produktionen i deres egenskab af ejere af personlige foretagender
c)
husholdningers forbrug.
Beregningsmetoden medfører en opdeling af lån til husholdninger (beholdninger og renter) på følgende kategorier:
i)
boliglån
ii)
lån til husholdninger i deres egenskab af ejere af personlige foretagender
iii)
andre lån til husholdninger.
Lån til husholdninger i deres egenskab af personlige foretagender og boliglån anføres almindeligvis særskilt i de forskellige opdelinger af lån i finans- og valutastatistikker. Andre lån til husholdninger er den residualpost, der fremkommer ved at trække de to ovenfor nævnte kategorier af lån fra de samlede lån. FISIM for lån til husholdninger fordeles på de tre kategorier på grundlag af oplysninger om beholdninger og renter for hver af de tre grupper. Boliglån er ikke det samme som realkreditlån, da realkreditlån kan have andre formål.
Husholdningers indskud opdeles i:
1)
husholdningers indskud i deres egenskab af ejere af personlige foretagender
2)
husholdningers indskud som forbrugere.
Hvis der ikke foreligger statistiske oplysninger om husholdningers indskud i deres egenskab af ejere af personlige foretagender, beregnes beholdninger af indskud ved hjælp af én af følgende metoder:
Metode 1
Beholdningerne af indskud beregnes ud fra den antagelse, at forholdet mellem beholdninger af indskud og observeret værditilvækst for de mindste selskaber også gælder for personlige foretagender.
Metode 2
Beholdningerne af indskud beregnes ud fra den antagelse, at forholdet mellem beholdninger af indskud og observeret omsætning for de mindste selskaber også gælder for personlige foretagender.
FISIM for husholdningers indskud fordeles mellem FISIM for husholdningers indskud i deres egenskab af ejere af personlige foretagender og FISIM for husholdningers indskud i deres egenskab af forbrugere på grundlag af de gennemsnitlige beholdninger i disse to kategorier, for hvilke der — på grund af manglende oplysninger — kan anvendes samme rentesats.
Alternativt, når der ikke foreligger detaljerede oplysninger om husholdningernes lån og indskud, fordeles FISIM til husholdninger på forbrug i produktionen og forbrug således, at alle lån henføres til husholdninger i deres egenskab af producenter eller boligejere, og alle indskud henføres til husholdninger i deres egenskab af forbrugere.
BEREGNING AF IMPORTERET FISIM
14.13
Ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere yder lån til residenter og modtager indskud fra residenter. For hver institutionel sektor opstilles følgende tabel.
Beholdning
Renter modtaget af ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere og betalt af residente brugere
Beholdning
Renter betalt af ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere og modtaget af residente brugere
Lån ydet af ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere
Indskud hos ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere
Import af FISIM beregnes for hver institutionel sektor som følger:
Import af FISIM for lån beregnes som renter modtaget af ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere minus (lånebeholdning ganget med den eksterne referencerente)
Import af FISIM for indskud beregnes som (indskudsbeholdning ganget med den eksterne referencerente) minus renter betalt af ikkeresidente finansielle formidlere.
Det anbefales, at man anvender en række eksterne referencerenter for de forskellige valutaer eller valutagrupper (jf. punkt 14.10).
MÆNGDEMÅL FOR FISIM
14.14
Et mængdemål for FISIM beregnes ud fra beholdninger af lån og indskud deflateret til basisperiodens priser med et generelt prisindeks som f.eks. den implicitte prisdeflator for den endelige indenlandske efterspørgsel.
Prisen på FISIM består af to elementer, hvoraf det første er forskellen mellem bankrenten og referencerenten (eller omvendt for indskud), der udgør den margen, som den finansielle formidler indtjener, og det andet er det prisindeks, der anvendes til at deflatere beholdninger af lån og indskud til basisperiodens priser.
Et mængdemål for FISIM beregnes som følger:
Margen i basisperioden for lån er lig med effektiv udlånsrente minus referencerente.
Margen i basisperioden for indskud er lig med referencerente minus effektiv indskudsrente.
Nominelt er den effektive margen lig med forholdet FISIM/beholdning, således, at hvis man erstatter den effektive margen med dette forhold i de to ovenstående formler, opnår man følgende:
BEREGNING AF FISIM EFTER BRANCHE
14.15
Fordelingen af FISIM på brugerbrancher er baseret på de enkelte branchers beholdninger af lån og indskud, og, hvis disse oplysninger ikke er pålidelige, på produktionen i hver enkelt branche.
CENTRALBANKENS PRODUKTION
14.16
Centralbankens produktion opgøres pr. konvention som summen af dens omkostninger, dvs. forbrug i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, forbrug af fast realkapital og andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier. Der skal ikke beregnes FISIM for centralbanken.
Provisioner og gebyrer for direkte målte tjenester, som centralbanken fakturerer både residente og ikkeresidente enheder, bør henføres til disse enheder.
Kun den del af centralbankens samlede produktion (summen af omkostninger minus provisioner og gebyrer), der ikke sælges, skal pr. konvention henføres til andre finansielle formidleres forbrug i produktionen — delsektor S.122 (pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken) og S.125 (andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser) — i forhold til hver af disse delsektorers respektive værditilvækst.
For at få kontiene i delsektor S.122 og S.125 til at balancere skal deres respektive forbrug i produktionen af centralbankens tjenester opvejes af en løbende overførsel på samme beløb (klassificeret under D.759, »andre diverse løbende overførsler«) modtaget fra centralbanken.
KAPITEL 15
KONTRAKTER, LEASINGKONTRAKTER OG LICENSER
INDLEDNING
15.01
Kontrakter er aftaler, i henhold til hvilke varer, tjenester og aktiver leveres til kunden. Kontrakter om simpelt salg af varer, tjenester eller aktiver fastsætter værdien og tidspunktet for registreringen af transaktionen, som i tilfælde af varer er ejendomsrettens overgang. Forskellen mellem tidspunktet for betaling og tidspunktet for registrering afspejles i poster, der registreres som andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender på den finansielle konto.
15.02
Leasingkontrakter, licenser og tilladelser er kontrakter, der fastsætter klassificeringen af betalinger og den økonomiske ejendomsret til aktiver. Nogle af kontrakterne er en selvstændig type ikkefinansielle aktiver.
15.03
I dette kapitel behandles registreringen af forskellige grupper komplekse kontrakter og de underliggende strømme og beholdninger i syv afsnit:
a)
sondringen mellem operationel leasing, ressourceleasing og finansiel leasing
b)
tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer
c)
tilladelser til at udføre særlige aktiviteter
d)
offentlig-private partnerskaber
e)
koncessionskontrakter om tjenester
f)
omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter
g)
eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester
SONDRINGEN MELLEM OPERATIONEL LEASING, RESSOURCELEASING OG FINANSIEL LEASING
15.04
Der sondres mellem tre typer leasing af ikkefinansielle aktiver (jf. tabel 15.1):
a)
operationel leasing (udlejning)
b)
ressourceleasing
c)
finansiel leasing.
Hver af disse leasingformer vedrører anvendelsen af et ikkefinansielt aktiv:
—
Ved operationel leasing og ressourceleasing finder der ikke nogen overgang af den økonomiske ejendomsret sted, og den juridiske ejer vedbliver at være den økonomiske ejer. Ressourceleasing anvendes i forbindelse med naturressourcer som f.eks. jord og radiofrekvenser. Operationel leasing anvendes for alle andre ikkefinansielle aktiver.
—
Ved finansiel leasing finder der en overgang af den økonomiske ejendomsret til aktivet sted, og den juridiske ejer af aktivet anses ikke for at være den økonomiske ejer. Finansiel leasing kan anvendes i forbindelse med alle ikkefinansielle aktiver, herunder i nogle tilfælde naturressourcer.
15.05
Alle varer og tjenester, naturressourcer, finansielle aktiver og passiver og andre størrelser har både en juridisk ejer og en økonomisk ejer. I mange tilfælde er den økonomiske og den juridiske ejer den samme. Hvis ejeren ikke er den samme, har den juridiske ejer overdraget ansvaret for risikoen ved brugen af størrelsen i en økonomisk aktivitet til den økonomiske ejer sammen med de dertil knyttede fordele. Til gengæld får den juridiske ejer af den økonomiske ejer betaling for andre risici og fordele.
Tabel 15.1 —
   
Registrering af tre forskellige typer leasing
Leasingtype
Metode til registrering af brugeren
Operationel leasing (vedrører ikke naturressourcer)
Brugeren er ikke den økonomiske ejer af det ikkefinansielle aktiv
Leasingafgiften registreres som betaling for en tjeneste, forbrug i produktionen eller udgifter til forbrug afholdt af offentlig forvaltning og service, husholdninger og NPISH'er
Ressourceleasing (vedrører kun naturressourcer)
Brugeren er ikke den økonomiske ejer af naturressourcen. Betalinger er jordrente (formueindkomst)
Finansiel leasing
Brugeren er den økonomiske ejer af et ikke-finansielt aktiv, der er finansieret ved et lån fra leasinggiveren. Betalingerne er for størstedelens vedkommende tilbagebetaling af hovedstolen og betalinger af rente på lånet
En del af rentebetalingerne kan registreres som FISIM, hvis långiveren er en finansiel formidler. Denne betaling klassificeres som forbrug i produktionen eller udgifter til forbrug afholdt af offentlig forvaltning og service, husholdninger og NPISH'er
Tabel 15.2 —
   
Registrering af tre forskellige typer leasing efter transaktionstype
Transaktionstype
Type anvendelse og involveret aktiv
Forbrug i produktionen
Operationel leasing af producerede aktiver, f.eks. maskiner og intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
FISIM vedrørende finansiel leasing
Forbrug af fast realkapital
Kun for producerede aktiver og kun for den økonomiske ejer
Udgifter til forbrug
Operationel leasing af varige forbrugsgoder
Køb af varige forbrugsgoder (herunder hvis købet er finansieret ved finansiel leasing eller som afbetalingskøb)
FISIM vedrørende finansiel leasing til endelige forbrugere
Køb af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Faste investeringer
Køb af producerede aktiver (herunder hvis købet er finansieret ved finansiel leasing)
Anskaffelse af naturressourcer
Køb af naturressourcer, herunder af retten til at anvende dem, til de er udtømt
Anskaffelse af andre ikkeproducerede aktiver
Køb af retten til at anvende en naturressource i en længere periode, f.eks. en fiskekvote
Formueindkomstbetalinger
Jordrente mv.
Ressourceleasing, dvs. betaling for anvendelsen af en naturressource
Renter
Finansiel leasing, dvs. køb af et ikkefinansielt aktiv, der samtidig finansieres ved et lån
Finansiel transaktion: lån
Finansiel leasing, dvs. køb af et ikke-finansielt aktiv, der samtidig finansieres ved et lån
15.06
Definition
: Den økonomiske ejer af størrelser som f.eks. en vare eller tjeneste, en naturressource, et finansielt aktiv eller passiv er den institutionelle enhed, der har krav på fordelene i tilknytning til anvendelsen af størrelsen som led i en økonomisk aktivitet i kraft af at acceptere de dertil knyttede risici.
15.07
Definition
: Den juridiske ejer af størrelser som f.eks. en vare eller tjeneste, en naturressource, et finansielt aktiv eller passiv er den institutionelle enhed, der har et retligt og retligt gennemtvingeligt krav på fordelene i tilknytning til størrelserne.
Operationel leasing (udlejning)
15.08
Definition
: Operationel leasing er et leasingforhold, hvor den juridiske ejer også er den økonomiske ejer og accepterer driftsrisikoen og modtager de økonomiske fordele af aktivet ved at kræve betaling for anvendelsen af det som led i en produktionsaktivitet.
15.09
En indikator for, at der er tale om operationel leasing, er, at den juridiske ejer er ansvarlig for reparation og vedligeholdelse af aktivet.
15.10
Ved operationel leasing forbliver aktivet på leasinggiverens (udlejerens) statuskonto.
15.11
Betalingerne for producerede aktiver i forbindelse med operationel leasing kaldes leasingafgift og registreres som betaling for en tjeneste (jf. tabel 15.2). Hvordan operationel leasing fungerer, kan bedst beskrives i relation til materiel, da operationel leasing ofte anvendes i forbindelse med køretøjer, kraner, boreudstyr osv., men operationel leasing kan anvendes ved alle former for ikkefinansielle aktiver. Den ydelse, som leveres af leasinggiveren, er mere end blot at stille aktivet til rådighed. Den indbefatter andre elementer som f.eks. praktiske fordele og sikkerhed. I forbindelse med materiel har leasinggiveren eller ejeren af materiellet normalt en beholdning af materiel i god vedligeholdelsesmæssig stand, der kan lejes efter ønske eller med kort varsel. Leasinggiveren må normalt være specialist i anvendelse af materiellet. Dette er vigtigt i tilfælde af meget kompliceret materiel, f.eks. computere, hvor leasingtageren måske ikke har den nødvendige ekspertise eller de nødvendige faciliteter til at vedligeholde materiellet ordentligt. Leasinggiveren kan også være forpligtet til at udskifte materiellet i tilfælde af et alvorligt eller længerevarende funktionssvigt. I forbindelse med bygninger er leasinggiveren ansvarlig for bygningens statik og sikkerhed og for udbedring af skader ved f.eks. naturkatastrofer, ligesom han normalt skal sikre, at elevatorer, varme- og ventilationssystemer er i funktionsdygtig stand.
15.12
Operationel leasing blev oprindelig udviklet for at opfylde behovene hos brugere, der kun med mellemrum har brug for visse typer materiel. Ofte anvendes operationel leasing for kortere perioder, om end leasingtageren kan forlænge leasingperioden ved udløb, og den samme bruger kan anvende det samme materiel ved flere lejligheder. Med udviklingen i retning af stadig mere komplicerede former for udstyr, særlig på elektronikområdet, er de faciliteter i form af servicering og backup, som leasinggiveren stiller til rådighed, blevet vigtige faktorer, som kan foranledige en bruger til at lease frem for at købe. Andre faktorer, der kan tilskynde brugerne til at lease over længere perioder frem for at købe, er konsekvenserne for foretagendets statuskonto, likviditet eller skattebetalinger.
Finansiel leasing
15.13
Definition
: Finansiel leasing er et leasingforhold, hvor leasinggiveren er den juridiske ejer af et aktiv, men leasingtageren den økonomiske ejer, da sidstnævnte har driftsrisikoen og modtager de økonomiske fordele af aktivet ved anvendelsen af det som led i en produktionsaktivitet. Til gengæld accepterer leasinggiveren en anden pakke risici og fordele fra leasingtageren i form af tilbagebetalinger i tilknytning til et lån. Det forekommer ofte, at leasinggiveren, selv om han er den juridiske ejer af aktivet, ikke fysisk kommer i besiddelse af aktivet, men lader det levere direkte til leasingtageren. En indikator for, at der er tale om finansiel leasing, er, at det er den økonomiske ejers ansvar at sørge for den nødvendige reparation og vedligeholdelse af aktivet.
15.14
Finansiel leasing registreres som et lån, som den juridiske ejer yder leasingtageren, og som leasingtageren bruger til at anskaffe aktivet. Derefter opføres aktivet på leasingtagerens statuskonto og ikke på leasinggiverens. Det pågældende lån opføres som et aktiv for leasinggiveren og et passiv for leasingtageren. Betalinger i forbindelse med finansiel leasing behandles ikke som leasingafgifter, men som betaling af renter og afdrag på det imputerede lån. Hvis leasinggiveren er en finansiel formidler, behandles en del af betalingen også som en tjeneste (FISIM).
15.15
Meget ofte er det aktiv, der er genstand for et finansielt leasingforhold, af en helt anderledes art end de aktiver, som leasinggiveren bruger i sin produktionsaktivitet, f.eks. når en bank som juridisk ejer af et trafikfly leaser det til et luftfartsselskab. Der er ikke økonomisk nogen fornuft i at bogføre enten flyet eller dets forbrug af fast realkapital i bankens regnskaber eller at udelade dem fra luftfartsselskabets regnskaber. Ved finansiel leasing undgår man denne uønskede form for bogføring af ejendomsretten til flyet og af dets faldende værdi, samtidig med at nettoformuen for begge parter er korrekt igennem hele leasingperioden.
15.16
I forbindelse med finansiel leasing er leasingperioden normalt hele aktivets økonomiske levetid. I så fald svarer værdien af det imputerede lån til nutidsværdien af de betalinger, der skal foretages i henhold til leasingaftalen. Denne værdi omfatter aktivets kostpris og indbefatter normalt også et gebyr, som opkræves af leasinggiveren, og som periodiseres over leasingperioden. Betalinger, der foretages regelmæssigt til leasinggiveren, kan bogføres som fire komponenter: renter og afdrag på det imputerede låns hovedstol, leasinggebyret og FISIM (hvis leasinggiveren er en finansiel formidler). Hvis de første tre af disse elementer ikke er fastsat i aftalen, skal afdragene på hovedstolen svare til faldet i aktivets værdi (forbrug af fast realkapital), de forfaldne renter til forrentning af kapitalen vedrørende aktivet og administrationsgebyret til forskellen mellem det forfaldne beløb i alt og disse to elementer.
15.17
Der kan også være tale om finansiel leasing, hvis leasingperioden er kortere end aktivets økonomiske levetid. I så fald omfatter værdien af det imputerede lån aktivets kostpris og leasinggiverens gebyr plus værdien af det administrationsgebyr, der skal betales i henhold til leasingaftalen. De betalinger, der regelmæssigt foretages til leasinggiveren, bogføres som renter og afdrag på det imputerede låns hovedstol, leasinggebyr og FISIM (hvis leasinggiveren er en finansiel formidler). De kan også inkludere forudbetalinger, som skal finansiere genkøbet af aktivet ved udløbet af leasingperioden. Ved leasingperiodens udløb kan aktivet overgå til leasingtagerens balance, afhængigt af hvilken aftale der er truffet. Værdien af restgælden på lånet vil være lig med den forventede markedsværdi af aktivet ved leasingperiodens udløb som fastsat ved indgåelsen af leasingforholdet. På dette tidspunkt kan aktivet gives tilbage til leasinggiveren, leasingtageren kan have mulighed for retligt at erhverve aktivet, eller der kan indgås et nyt leasingforhold.
Ved finansiel leasing bærer leasingtageren risikoen og nyder godt af fordelene ved brugen af aktivet. Kapitalgevinster og -tab på den forventede værdi af aktivet ved leasingperiodens udløb tilfalder derfor leasingtageren. Hvis aktivet erhverves retligt af leasingtageren ved leasingperiodens udløb, bogføres de kontante betalinger som tilbagebetaling af lånet, da aktivet allerede er opført på leasingtagerens statuskonto.
Hvis aktivet går tilbage til leasinggiveren, bogføres der en transaktion i form af køb af aktivet til aktivets nutidsværdi. Provenuet anvendes til at betale restgælden på lånet, og en eventuel forskel mellem disse beløb bogføres som en kapitaloverførsel. Betalingerne i løbet af leasingperioden vil ofte inkludere forudbetalinger vedrørende anskaffelse af aktivet, således at transaktionen finder sted uden modydelse, da lånet er tilbagebetalt helt på dette tidspunkt.
Hvis der indgås aftale om en ny leasingperiode, må den nye aftale analyseres med henblik på at finde ud af, om den er en fortsættelse af et finansielt leasingforhold eller et operationelt leasingforhold.
15.18
Selv om et finansielt leasingforhold typisk vil løbe over flere år, er det ikke varigheden af leasingforholdet, der er afgørende for, om det skal betragtes som operationel leasing eller finansiel leasing. I nogle tilfælde kan aktivet leases for en kortere periode, eventuelt kun et år ad gangen, alt imens aftalen indbefatter den klausul, at leasingtageren overtager hele ansvaret for aktivet, herunder al vedligeholdelse, og hæfter for ekstraordinære skader. Selv om leasingperioden er kort, og selv om leasinggiveren måske ikke er en finansiel institution, bogføres leasingforholdet som finansiel leasing og ikke som operationel leasing, hvis leasingtageren accepterer hovedparten af risiciene og modtager fordelene ved anvendelsen af aktivet i produktionen. I praksis er det imidlertid vanskeligt at bogføre anderledes end i virksomhedsregnskaberne, som følger de internationale virksomhedsregnskabsstandarder, hvor finansiel leasing er begrænset til leasingforhold, der omfatter størstedelen af aktivets økonomiske levetid.
15.19
Alle selskaber, der er specialiseret i finansiel leasing, uanset om de kaldes ejendomsselskaber eller flyleasingselskaber, klassificeres som finansielle formidlere, der yder lån til de enheder, der leaser aktiver af dem. Hvis leasinggiveren ikke er en finansiel formidler, opdeles betalingerne i tilknytning til de imputerede lån i afdrag på hovedstolen og renter. Hvis leasinggiveren er et finansielt selskab, inkluderes der en yderligere komponent, der repræsenterer administrationsgebyret (FISIM).
15.20
Køb på afbetaling er en type finansiel leasing.
Definition
: Der er tale om køb på afbetaling, hvis et varigt gode sælges til en køber mod senere betaling af afdrag. Køberen tager omgående godet i besiddelse, skønt det i juridisk forstand forbliver sælgerens ejendom som sikkerhed/garanti, indtil alle aftalte afdrag er indbetalt af køberen.
15.21
Afbetalingskøb er normalt begrænset til varige forbrugsgoder, og de fleste købere findes i sektoren husholdninger. Enheder, som finansierer afbetalingskøb, er typisk selvstændige institutionelle enheder, som har et nært samarbejde med forhandlere af varige goder.
15.22
Ved afbetalingskøb bogføres det varige gode, som om det var anskaffet af køberen på det tidspunkt, hvor vedkommende får rådighed over aktivet, nærmere bestemt til den markedspris, der ville have været tale om i en dertil svarende transaktion. Køberen ydes et imputeret lån af tilsvarende værdi. Betalingerne fra køber til den enhed, som finansierer afbetalingskøbet, opføres som afdrag på hovedstolen og rentebetalinger efter samme metode som ved finansiel leasing. Den produktive aktivitet, som udøves af finansierende enheder, er finansiel formidling. Da de normalt ikke opkræver særskilt gebyr for deres formidlingsvirksomhed, er deres samlede produktion FISIM, beregnet som formueindkomst minus renteudgifter. Som det er tilfældet med finansiel leasing, kan det være vanskeligt at observere renteudgifterne, hvorfor de anslås skønsmæssigt.
Ressourceleasing
15.23
Definition
: Ressourceleasing er et leasingforhold, hvor ejeren af en naturressource stiller den til rådighed for en leasingtager mod betaling, der bogføres som leasingafgift.
15.24
Ved ressourceleasing forbliver ressourceaktivet på leasinggiverens balance, selv om det bruges af leasingtageren. Et fald i naturressourcens værdi opføres som økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver (under K.21, »udtømmelse af naturressourcer«). Det registreres ikke som en transaktion på linje med forbrug af fast realkapital, da der ikke er nogen fast realkapital at forbruge. Forfaldne beløb i et ressourceleasingforhold, og kun disse, bogføres som leasingafgift.
15.25
Et klassisk eksempel på et aktiv, der kan være genstand for ressourceleasing, er jord. Anvendelse af andre naturressourcer registreres imidlertid på samme måde, f.eks. tømmer, fisk, vand, mineralressourcer og radiofrekvenser.
Tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer
15.26
Tilladelser til udnyttelse af en naturressource kan udstedes af det offentlige eller af private ejere, f.eks. landmænd eller virksomheder.
15.27
Når der gives tilladelse til udnyttelse af en naturressource, kan der sondres mellem tre måder at opføre det på (jf. tabel 15.3):
a)
Ejeren kan forlænge eller inddrage tilladelsen til fortsat udnyttelse af aktivet fra den ene leasingperiode til den næste.
b)
Ejeren kan tillade, at ressourceaktivet udnyttes i en længere periode og på en sådan måde, at brugeren i praksis kontrollerer udnyttelsen af ressourcen i denne periode, mens ejeren slet ikke eller kun i begrænset omfang er involveret.
c)
Ejeren tillader, at ressourceaktivet udnyttes, til det er udtømt.
Den første mulighed bogføres som ressourceleasing og som jordrente.
Den anden mulighed kan ikke blot indebære, at der bogføres en leasingafgift, men også, at der opstår et aktiv for brugeren, der er uafhængigt af selve ressourcen, men hvor værdien af ressourceaktivet og det aktiv, hvorved der gives tilladelse til udnyttelse af det, er knyttet sammen.
Dette aktiv (kategori AN.222) bogføres kun, hvis dets værdi, dvs. fordelene for indehaveren ud over værdien af afgiften, kan realiseres ved at overdrage aktivet. Disse tilladelser observeres første gang gennem økonomisk opståen af aktiver (kategori K.1, jf. punkt 6.06, litra g). Hvis værdien af aktivet ikke realiseres, vil den falde hen imod nul, efterhånden som leasingperioden udløber.
Den tredje mulighed medfører salg (eller eventuelt ekspropriation) af selve naturressourcen.
Tabel 15.3 —
   
Bogføring af tre forskellige typer tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer
Type udnyttelse
Bogføringsmetode
Tilladelse til midlertidig udnyttelse, evt. for længere tid
Ressourceleasing: jordrente (formueindkomst)
Under brugerens kontrol i en længere periode, risici og fordele bæres af brugeren, tilladelsen kan overdrages til en realiserbar værdi
Jordrente og opståen af et nyt aktiv for retten til at udnytte naturressourcen
Udnyttelse, indtil naturressourcen er udtømt; permanent udnyttelse (alle risici og fordele bæres af brugeren)
Salg af naturressourcen
15.28
Ved sondringen mellem leasingafgift, opståen af et nyt aktiv og salg af naturressourcen er det vigtigste kriterium overdragelsen af risici og fordele. Naturressourcen anses som solgt, hvis alle risici og fordele er overdraget. Et nyt aktiv anses for at være opstået, hvis overdragelsen af risici og fordele medfører en separat og overdragelig tilladelse af en realiserbar værdi. Anvendelse af andre kriterier, f.eks. på forhånd aftalte betalinger, forudbetaling, tilladelsens varighed og behandling i virksomhedsregnskaberne, kan være vildledende, da de ikke nødvendigvis afspejler overdragelsen af risici og fordele.
15.29
Naturressourcer, f.eks. jord og mineralressourcer, kan erhverves af ikkeresidenter. Salg af naturressourcer skal imidlertid ikke bogføres som salg til en ikkeresident enhed. I sådanne tilfælde skabes der en fiktiv resident enhed, der har ejendomsretten til naturressourcen. Den ikkeresidente enhed ejer så den fiktive residente enheds egenkapital. Den samme bogføringsmetode anvendes, hvis residenter anskaffer naturressourcer i udlandet.
15.30
Det offentliges indtægter fra en bestemt type naturressourcer (f.eks. indtægter fra olie og naturgas) kan bestå af en lang række transaktioner. Eksempler herpå er:
a)
leasingafgift i tilfælde af ressourceleasing
b)
afhændelse af ikkeproducerede aktiver, f.eks. salg af naturressourcer eller salg af tilladelser til udnyttelse igennem en længere periode
c)
udbytte fra et offentligt selskab, der udnytter naturressourcer
d)
selskabsskat betalt af selskaber, der udnytter naturressourcer.
Tilladelser til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter
15.31
Ud over tilladelser til og leasingaftaler om udnyttelse af et aktiv kan der gives tilladelse til at udøve en bestemt aktivitet, helt uafhængigt af hvilke aktiver der er involveret i aktiviteten. Tilladelserne afhænger ikke af bestemte kvalifikationskriterier (f.eks. beståelse af en prøve for at få tilladelse til at køre bil), men har til formål at begrænse antallet af individuelle enheder, der har ret til at deltage i aktiviteten. Sådanne tilladelser kan udstedes af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller af private institutionelle enheder, og de to tilfælde behandles forskelligt.
Tabel 15.4 —
   
Bogføring af anvendelse og køb af ikkefinansielle aktiver, efter transaktionstype og strøm
Transaktionstype
Type anvendelse / køb og type aktiv og type betaling
Forbrug i produktionen
Operationel leasing af producerede aktiver, f.eks. maskiner og intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
Regelmæssige betalinger foretaget af selskaber for levering af vand
FISIM-tjenester i tilknytning til finansiel leasing
Forbrug af fast realkapital
Kun for producerede aktiver og kun for den økonomiske ejer
Udgifter til forbrug
Operationel leasing af varige forbrugsgoder
Køb af varige forbrugsgoder (herunder hvis købet er finansieret ved finansiel leasing eller som afbetalingskøb)
Køb af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Faste investeringer
Køb af producerede aktiver (herunder hvis købet er finansieret ved finansiel leasing)
Anskaffelse af naturressourcer
Køb af naturressourcer, herunder af retten til at anvende dem, til de er udtømt
Køb af retten til at anvende en naturressource i en længere periode, f.eks. en fiskekvote
Anskaffelse af andre ikkeproducerede aktiver
Omsættelige timeshareordninger
Køb af en kontrakt, der kan overdrages til tredjemand
Kontrakter om fremtidig produktion, f.eks. kontrakter med fodboldspillere og forfattere
Betaling som formueindkomst
Ressourceleasing, dvs. betaling for anvendelsen af en naturressource
Jordrente
Regelmæssige betalinger for retten til at udvinde vand
Finansiel leasing, dvs. køb af et ikkefinansielt aktiv, der samtidig finansieres ved et lån
Indkomstoverførsel
Tilladelser, der udstedes af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, til at udøve en bestemt aktivitet uafhængigt af kvalifikationskriterier eller med et uforholdsmæssigt gebyr i forhold til omkostningerne ved at administrere tilladelsesordningen
Emissionstilladelser udstedt af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service med henblik på at begrænse de samlede emissioner
Andre produktionsskatter
Finansiel transaktion: lån
Finansiel leasing, dvs. køb af et ikkefinansielt aktiv, der samtidig finansieres ved et lån
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer foretaget af ejeren
Ulovlig skovhugst, fiskeri eller jagt (ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse af dyrkede aktiver eller naturressourcer)
Ændringer i aktivers pris
Udløb af kontrakter og tilladelser, der er bogført som aktiver
15.32
Når sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eksempelvis begrænser antallet af biler, der har tilladelse til at køre som taxaer, eller begrænser antallet af kasinoer ved at udstede tilladelser, skaber de i realiteten monopoludbytte for de godkendte erhvervsdrivende og får en del af udbyttet ind igen som gebyr. Disse gebyrer bogføres som andre produktionsskatter. Dette princip finder anvendelse i alle tilfælde, hvor sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service udsteder tilladelser for at begrænse antallet af enheder, der opererer inden for et bestemt område, og hvor grænsen fastsættes tilfældigt og ikke er afhængig af kvalifikationskriterier alene.
15.33
Hvis tilladelsen er gyldig i flere år, bogføres betalingen i princippet efter optjeningstidspunktet med en postering som andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender for den del af gebyret for tilladelsen, der dækker de efterfølgende år.
15.34
Incitamentet til at erhverve en sådan tilladelse er, at indehaveren af tilladelsen mener, at han dermed erhverver retten til at få monopoludbytte, fordi den fremtidige indkomst forventes at være større end betalingen for at erhverve rettighederne til udbyttet. Fordelene for indehaveren ud over den værdi, der tilfalder udstederen, behandles som et aktiv, hvis indehaveren af tilladelsen kan realisere fordelene ved at overdrage aktivet. Aktivtypen beskrives som en tilladelse til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter (AN.223).
15.35
Tilladelsen til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter i form af et aktiv opføres først på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status. Værdimæssige ændringer, både i op- og nedadgående retning, registreres på omvurderingskontoen.
15.36
Værdien af tilladelsen som et aktiv fastsættes ud fra den værdi, til hvilken den kan sælges, eller beregnes, hvis et sådant tal ikke er tilgængeligt, som nutidsværdien af den fremtidige strøm af monopoludbytte. Hvis tilladelsen videresælges, overtager den nye ejer retten til at modtage en godtgørelse fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, hvis tilladelsen trækkes tilbage, samt retten til at få monopoludbyttet.
15.37
En af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service udstedt tilladelse til udøvelse af en bestemt aktivitet behandles kun som et aktiv, hvis alle følgende betingelser er opfyldt:
a)
Den pågældende aktivitet gør ikke brug af et aktiv, der tilhører sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. Hvis den gør, behandles tilladelsen til anvendelse af aktivet som operationel leasing, finansiel leasing, ressourceleasing eller eventuelt som anskaffelse af et aktiv, der repræsenterer tilladelsen til at anvende aktivet efter leasingtagerens skøn igennem en længere periode.
b)
Tilladelsen udstedes ikke efter et kvalifikationskriterium. Sådanne tilladelser behandles enten som skatter eller betaling for tjenester.
c)
Antallet af tilladelser er begrænset og giver således indehaveren mulighed for at få monopoludbytte ved udøvelsen af den pågældende aktivitet.
d)
Indehaveren af tilladelsen skal kunne sælge tilladelsen til tredjemand.
Hvis en eller flere af disse betingelser ikke er opfyldt, behandles betalingerne som skatter eller som betaling for tjenester.
15.38
For andre enheder end det offentlige er det langt sjældnere muligt at begrænse deltagelsen i en given aktivitet. Som eksempel kan nævnes, når det er enten obligatorisk eller ønskeligt at være medlem af en faglig sammenslutning, og der er en snæver grænse for antallet af deltagere i aktiviteten. Som eksempel kan nævnes et tilfælde, hvor en ejer af fast ejendom begrænser antallet af enheder, der udøver en aktivitet på hans ejendom, f.eks. et hotel med en politik om kun at tillade et enkelt taxafirma at afhente gæster. I sådanne tilfælde behandles tilladelserne som betalinger for tjenester. I princippet bogføres betalingen efter optjeningstidspunktet i den periode, for hvilken tilladelsen er gyldig. Der er principielt ingen grund til, at sådanne tilladelser ikke skulle kunne behandles som aktiver, hvis de var omsættelige, men dette forekommer ikke almindeligt.
15.39
En tilladelse der er udstedt af en enhed, der ikke henhører under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, til udøvelse af en bestemt aktivitet behandles kun som et aktiv, hvis alle følgende betingelser er opfyldt:
a)
Den pågældende aktivitet gør ikke brug af et aktiv, der tilhører udstederen af tilladelsen. Hvis den gør, behandles tilladelsen til at bruge aktivet som operationel leasing, finansiel leasing eller ressourceleasing.
b)
Antallet af tilladelser er begrænset og giver således indehaveren mulighed for at få monopoludbytte ved udøvelsen af den pågældende aktivitet.
c)
Indehaveren af tilladelsen skal retligt og i praksis kunne sælge tilladelsen til tredjemand.
Hvis en eller flere af disse betingelser ikke er opfyldt, behandles betalingerne som betaling for tjenester.
15.40
Det offentlige udsteder emissionstilladelser for at begrænse de samlede emissioner. Disse tilladelser indebærer ikke udnyttelse af en naturressource, da atmosfæren ikke er værdiansat, så det er ikke et økonomisk aktiv, og gebyrerne for tilladelserne klassificeres derfor som skatter. Tilladelserne er omsættelige, og der vil være et aktivt marked for dem. Tilladelserne udgør derfor aktiver og værdiansættes til den markedspris, som de kan sælges til.
Offentlig-private partnerskaber
15.41
Offentlig-private partnerskaber er langfristede kontrakter mellem to enheder, hvor den ene enhed erhverver eller opfører et aktiv eller sæt aktiver, driver det i en periode og derefter overdrager aktivet til en anden enhed. Sådanne ordninger indgås normalt mellem et privat foretagende og det offentlige, men andre kombinationer er mulige, med et offentligt selskab som den ene part eller en privat nonprofitinstitution som den anden part.
Det offentlige indgår offentlig-private partnerskaber af forskellige grunde, f.eks. i håbet om, at privat ledelse vil føre til en mere effektiv produktion, eller at der kan opnås adgang til en bredere række finansielle kilder, eller ud fra ønsket om at nedbringe den offentlige gæld.
I kontraktperioden har den private partner i det offentlig-private partnerskab den juridiske ejendomsret. Når kontraktperioden er udløbet, har det offentlige både den økonomiske og den juridiske ejendomsret.
Behandlingen af offentlig-private partnerskaber er behandlet mere indgående i kapitel 20 (offentlige regnskaber).
Koncessionskontrakter om tjenester
15.42
Koncessionskontrakter om tjenester giver et selskab eneret til at levere bestemte tjenester. I tilfælde af en koncessionskontrakt om offentlige tjenester kan et privat selskab f.eks. indgå en aftale med det offentlige om eneret til at drive, vedligeholde og foretage investeringer i et offentligt værk (f.eks. et vandforsyningssystem eller en betalingsmotorvej) i et bestemt antal år. Koncessionskontrakter om tjenester bogføres ikke som aktiver, for så vidt de ikke er omsættelige, eller der ikke kan realiseres nogen værdi ved at overdrage dem.
Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter (AN.221)
15.43
Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter er tredjemands ejendomsrettigheder vedrørende andre ikkefinansielle aktiver end naturressourcer. Leasingkontrakten skal give indehaveren økonomiske fordele ud over de gebyrer, der skal betales, og indehaveren kan realisere disse fordele ved at overdrage dem. Værdien af leasingkontrakten er fordelen for indehaveren ud over den værdi, som tilfalder udstederen. Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter kan omfatte alle former for lejeforhold og operationelle leasingkontrakter. F.eks. kan en lejer fremleje en lejlighed til tredjemand.
Eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester (AN.224)
15.44
Kontrakter om fremtidig produktion kan også give anledning til aktiver i form af tredjemands ejendomsrettigheder. Værdien af sådanne kontrakter er fordelen for indehaveren ud over den værdi, som tilfalder udstederen. Som eksempler kan nævnes:
a)
Eneret til at have en person til at arbejde for sig (f.eks. fodboldspillere) eller til at offentliggøre litterære værker eller til at afholde koncerter o.l. Værdien af disse rettigheder er det udbytte, der kan hentes ved at overdrage rettighederne til en pris, der er højere end omkostningerne ved at ophæve den eksisterende kontrakt.
b)
Timeshareordninger. Kun nogle timeshareordninger betragtes som anskaffelse af et aktiv:
1)
Hvis ejeren har et fast sted, der ikke er af tidsbegrænset karakter, er berettiget til at indgå i bestyrelsen for ordningen, eller kan sælge eller overdrage sin andel efter eget ønske, så er ordningen højst sandsynligt et aktiv af samme type som et hus.
2)
Hvis ejeren har en fast aftale om at have en form for bolig til rådighed i en given periode for et bestemt tidsrum, er det sandsynligt, at dette udgør et forudbetalt lejeforhold, dvs. forudbetalte udgifter til forbrug afholdt af husholdninger.
3)
Dette forudbetalte lejeforhold kan fremlejes i perioder eller sælges for resten af lejeforholdets løbetid som en omsættelig operationel leasingkontrakt.
4)
Det kan forekomme, at en deltager i en pointbaseret ordning har et forfaldent mellemværende kun i form af et aktiv.
KAPITEL 16
FORSIKRING
INDLEDNING
16.01
Forsikring er en aktivitet, hvorved institutionelle enheder eller grupper af enheder beskytter sig imod negative finansielle konsekvenser af specifikke usikre begivenheder. Der sondres mellem to typer forsikringer: socialforsikring og anden forsikring.
16.02
Socialforsikring er en ordning, der dækker sociale risici og behov. Den organiseres ofte kollektivt for en gruppe, og det er som regel obligatorisk at deltage i ordningen, eller der deltages efter opfordring fra tredjemand. Socialforsikring omfatter socialsikringsordninger, der pålægges, kontrolleres og finansieres af de offentlige myndigheder, og arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ordninger, der oprettes eller drives af arbejdsgivere på vegne af deres arbejdstagere. Socialforsikring beskrives i kapitel 17.
16.03
Anden forsikring end socialforsikring dækker begivenheder som død, opnåelse af en bestemt alder, brand, naturkatastrofer, oversvømmelse, trafikulykker osv. Forsikring, hvor forsikringssummen udbetales, hvis den forsikrede dør inden et bestemt tidspunkt, eller hvis den forsikrede er i live på et bestemt tidspunkt, går under betegnelsen livsforsikring, mens forsikring imod alle andre begivenheder går under betegnelsen skadesforsikring.
16.04
Dette kapitel omhandler livsforsikring og skadesforsikring. Det beskriver, hvorledes forsikringsaktiviteter registreres i regnskaberne.
16.05
Forsikringsrettigheder og -forpligtelser defineres i en forsikringspolice. Policen er en aftale mellem et forsikringsselskab og en anden institutionel enhed kaldet forsikringstager. I henhold til denne aftale betaler forsikringstager et beløb kaldet præmie til forsikringsselskabet, og når en specifik begivenhed indtræffer, betaler forsikringsselskabet et beløb kaldet erstatning til forsikringstager eller en udpeget person. Forsikringstager beskytter sig således imod visse typer risici, og ved at samle de forskellige risici forsøger forsikringsselskabet at have flere indtægter i form af præmieindbetalinger end udgifter i form af erstatning.
16.06
I forsikringspolicen defineres de involverede parters roller, som er følgende:
a)
forsikringsselskabet, der yder dækning
b)
forsikringstageren, der betaler præmierne
c)
den begunstigede, der modtager erstatning
d)
den forsikrede person eller genstand, der er omfattet af risikoen.
Forsikringstager, den begunstigede og den forsikrede kan i praksis være den samme person. I policen defineres disse roller, idet det specificeres, hvilke personer der har hvilken rolle.
16.07
Den mest almindelige form for forsikring kaldes direkte forsikring, hvor institutionelle enheder forsikrer sig hos forsikringsselskaberne imod de finansielle konsekvenser af specifikke risici. Direkte forsikringsselskaber kan imidlertid også forsikre sig ved at forsikre en del af de direkte forsikrede risici hos andre forsikringsselskaber. Dette kaldes genforsikring og ydes af genforsikringsselskaber.
Direkte forsikring
16.08
Direkte forsikring kan inddeles i to typer: livsforsikring og skadesforsikring.
16.09
Definition
: Ved en livsforsikring foretager forsikringstageren regelmæssige indbetalinger til et forsikringsselskab, og som modydelse garanterer sidstnævnte at udbetale et aftalt beløb eller en livrente til den begunstigede på en bestemt dato eller tidligere, hvis den forsikrede person dør før denne dato. I forbindelse med en livsforsikring kan en række ydelser komme til udbetaling som følge af forskellige risici. For eksempel giver en alderdomslivsforsikring anledning til en ydelse, når den forsikrede fylder 65 år, og når den forsikrede afgår ved døden, kan en ydelse udbetales til den overlevende ægtefælle, så længe denne er i live.
16.10
Livsforsikring omfatter ligeledes supplerende forsikring, der dækker i tilfælde af personskade, herunder erhvervsudygtighed, forsikring, der dækker i tilfælde af dødsfald som følge af en ulykke, og forsikring, der dækker i tilfælde af invaliditet som følge af en ulykke eller en sygdom.
16.11
Ved visse kategorier af livsforsikring udbetales der kompensation, hvis forsikringsbegivenheden indtræffer, f.eks. en forsikring, der er knyttet til et realkreditlån, og hvor der kun udbetales en ydelse til at tilbagebetale lånet, hvis indkomsthaveren dør, inden lånet udløber. De fleste af disse forsikringstyper indeholder et væsentligt opsparingselement kombineret med risikodækning. På grund af det betydelige opsparingselement betragtes livsforsikringer som en slags opsparing, og de tilsvarende transaktioner registreres på den finansielle konto.
16.12
Definition
: Skadesforsikring er en aktivitet, hvor forsikringstageren foretager regelmæssige indbetalinger til et forsikringsselskab, og som modydelse garanterer sidstnævnte at udbetale et aftalt beløb til den begunstigede, hvis en bestemt begivenhed undtagen dødsfald indtræffer. Som eksempler på sådanne hændelser kan nævnes: ulykker, sygdom, brand osv. Ulykkesforsikringer, der dækker livsrelaterede risici, klassificeres i de fleste europæiske lande som skadesforsikringer.
16.13
Livsforsikring, hvor der udbetales en ydelse i tilfælde af dødsfald inden for en bestemt periode, men ikke i andre tilfælde, hvilket som regel kaldes tidsbegrænset forsikring, betragtes i nationalregnskabet som skadesforsikring, fordi der kun udbetales en erstatning, hvis der indtræffer en uforudset hændelse, ellers ikke. På grund af forsikringsselskabernes bogføringspraksis kan det i praksis ofte være vanskeligt at sondre mellem tidsbegrænset forsikring og livsforsikring. I disse tilfælde kan tidsbegrænset forsikring behandles på samme måde som livsforsikring.
16.14
Både livsforsikring og skadesforsikring bygger på princippet om risikospredning. Forsikringsselskaberne modtager som regel mindre beløb regelmæssigt fra forsikringstagerne og udbetaler større beløb til de erstatningsberettigede, når forsikringsbegivenheden indtræffer. Ved skadesforsikring spredes risikoen over samtlige forsikringstagere. Forsikringsselskaberne fastsætter de præmier, der årligt skal betales for en forsikringstjeneste, på grundlag af omfanget af de erstatninger, de forventer at udbetale i det pågældende år. Antallet af erstatningsberettigede vil som hovedregel være langt mindre end antallet af forsikringstagere. Der er for den enkelte skadesforsikringstager ikke noget forhold mellem de præmier, der betales, og de erstatninger, der modtages, selv ikke på langt sigt, men forsikringsselskaberne etablerer årligt et sådan forhold for hver skadesforsikringskategori. Ved livsforsikring er forholdet mellem præmier og erstatninger på langt sigt vigtigt for både forsikringstagere og forsikringsselskabet. Personer, der tegner en livsforsikring, forventer at modtage et beløb, der mindst svarer til de præmier, der er indbetalt, indtil ydelsen kommer til udbetaling, og forsikringen udgør således en form for opsparing. Forsikringsselskabet skal ved fastsættelsen af forholdet mellem præmiestørrelse og forsikringsydelse kombinere dette forsikringsmæssige aspekt med de aktuarmæssige beregninger af den forventede levetid for hele gruppen af forsikrede, herunder risikoen for dødsulykker. Hertil kommer, at forsikringsselskabet i perioden mellem modtagelsen af præmier og udbetalingen af ydelser sikrer sig en indtægt ved at investere en del af præmieindbetalingerne. Denne indtægt har ligeledes betydning for præmiernes og ydelsernes størrelse, der fastsættes af forsikringsselskaberne.
16.15
Der er betydelige forskelle mellem livsforsikring og skadesforsikring, hvilket har ført til forskellige typer posteringer i regnskaberne. Skadesforsikring består af en omfordeling i en bestemt periode mellem alle forsikringstagere og nogle få erstatningsberettigede. Livsforsikring fungerer hovedsagelig som en omfordeling af præmier, således at de præmier, som en forsikringstager har indbetalt i en bestemt periode, omfordeles i form af ydelser, der senere udbetales til samme forsikringstager.
Genforsikring
16.16
Definition
: Et forsikringsselskab kan beskytte sig imod et uventet højt antal eller usædvanligt store erstatninger ved at indgå en genforsikringsaftale med et genforsikringsselskab. Genforsikringsselskaber er koncentreret i et begrænset antal finanscentre, og mange genforsikringsstrømme er således transaktioner med udlandet. Det er meget almindeligt for genforsikringsselskaber at indgå genforsikringsaftaler med andre genforsikringsselskaber for at sprede risikoen yderligere. Denne udvidede form for genforsikring kaldes retrocession.
16.17
Risikoen kan ligeledes begrænses, ved at en gruppe forsikringsselskaber, kaldet tegningsgaranter (underwriters), gensidigt accepterer de risici, der er forbundet med en enkelt forsikringsaftale. Hvert forsikringsselskab er kun ansvarligt for sin egen del af forsikringsaftalen, modtager den tilsvarende del af præmien og betaler den samme andel, hvis der skal udbetales en erstatning eller en ydelse. Forsikringen administreres enten af en konsortieleder eller en forsikringsmægler. Lloyds of London er et eksempel på et forsikringsmarked, hvor direkte og indirekte risici spredes over et stort antal tegningsgaranter.
16.18
Det direkte forsikringsselskab har forskellige muligheder for at opnå en indirekte dækning af de risici, som det har accepteret. Der sondres mellem følgende genforsikringsklasser:
a)
Forholdsmæssig genforsikring, hvor forsikringstageren overdrager en aftalt procentdel af alle risici eller af alle risici i en særlig portefølje af direkte forsikringsaftaler til et genforsikringsselskab. Dette betyder, at det direkte forsikringsselskab overfører den tilsvarende procentdel af præmierne til genforsikringsselskabet, der imødekommer den samme andel af erstatningskravene, når de opstår. I sådanne tilfælde betragtes genforsikringsprovision, der betales af genforsikringsselskabet til forsikringstageren, som en reduktion af de opkrævede genforsikringspræmier.
b)
Ikkeforholdsmæssig genforsikring også kaldet excedent genforsikring, hvor genforsikringsselskabet kun er udsat for en risiko, hvis den direkte erstatning overstiger en aftalt grænseværdi. Hvis der ikke er nogen eller blot nogle få erstatninger over grænseværdien, kan genforsikringsselskabet overdrage en del af sin fortjeneste til det direkte forsikringsselskab. Overskudsdeling behandles i regnskaberne som en løbende overførsel fra genforsikringsselskabet til det direkte forsikringsselskab på samme måde som ved betaling af erstatninger.
De involverede enheder
16.19
De institutionelle enheder, der er involveret i direkte forsikring og genforsikring, er overvejende forsikringsselskaber. Det er også muligt for andre foretagender at udøve forsikringsaktiviteter som biaktivitet, men lovgivningen på forsikringsområdet betyder som regel, at der skal føres separate regnskaber for alle forsikringsaktiviteter, og det er således muligt at identificere separate institutionelle enheder, der klassificeres i delsektorerne forsikringsselskaber (S.128) og pensionskasser (S.129). Offentlig forvaltning og service kan udøve andre forsikringsaktiviteter, men det er igen sandsynligt, at det er muligt at identificere en separat enhed. Efter således at have konstateret, at andre sektorer kan være involveret, forudsættes det i det efterfølgende, at residente eller ikkeresidente forsikringsselskaber udøver alle forsikringsaktiviteter.
16.20
Enheder, som hovedsagelig udøver aktiviteter i nær tilknytning til forsikring, men som ikke selv påtager sig risici, er forsikringsmæssige hjælpevirksomheder. Disse enheder klassificeres i delsektoren finansielle hjælpeenheder (S.126) og omfatter f.eks. følgende:
a)
forsikringsmæglere
b)
private nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
c)
enheder, hvis hovedaktivitet er at være tilsynsmyndighed for forsikringsselskaber, pensionskasser og forsikringsmarkeder.
PRODUKTION VED DIREKTE FORSIKRING
16.21
Forsikringsselskabet modtager en præmie fra kunden og beholder den, indtil der fremsættes et krav om erstatning eller forsikringsperioden udløber. I mellemtiden investerer forsikringsselskabet præmien, og den herved fremkomne formueindkomst udgør således en ekstra kilde til finansiering af eventuelle erstatninger. Forsikringsselskabet fastsætter de faktiske præmier således, at summen af præmierne plus den frembragte formueindkomst minus de forventede erstatninger resulterer i en margin, som forsikringsselskabet kan beholde. Denne margin udgør forsikringsselskabets produktion. Forsikringsbranchens produktion måles på en måde, der afspejler forsikringsselskabernes præmiefastsættelsespolitik. Det er i denne forbindelse nødvendigt at sondre mellem fire forskellige elementer, nemlig:
a)
indtjente præmier
b)
tillægspræmier
c)
forfaldne erstatninger eller forfaldne ydelser
d)
forsikringstekniske reserver.
Disse elementer beskrives enkeltvis, inden der gives en beskrivelse af målingen af produktionen ved henholdsvis direkte skadesforsikring, direkte livsforsikring og genforsikring.
Indtjente præmier
16.22
Definition
: De indtjente præmier er den del af de opkrævede præmier, der er blevet indtjent i regnskabsperioden. De opkrævede præmier dækker den periode, der er fastsat i forsikringsaftalen. Forskellen mellem de opkrævede præmier og de indtjente præmier er hensatte beløb, der indgår i reserverne for ikkeindtjente præmier. Disse beløb betragtes som forsikringstagernes aktiver. Begrebet »indtjente præmier« inden for forsikringsregnskaber er i overensstemmelse med nationalregnskabsprincippet om registrering på optjeningstidspunktet.
16.23
Forsikringspræmien er enten en regelmæssig månedlig eller årlig præmie eller en enkeltstående præmie, der som regel betales i starten af forsikringsperioden. Enkeltstående præmier forekommer som regel ved forsikring mod risici i forbindelse med større begivenheder, herunder opførelse af store bygninger eller anlæg samt vej-, jernbane-, sø- eller lufttransport af gods.
16.24
De præmier, der indtjenes i det pågældende år, består af følgende:
opkrævede præmier
plus
præmiereserverne i starten af regnskabsåret
minus
præmiereserverne i slutningen af regnskabsåret.
Eller set på en anden måde:
opkrævede præmier
minus
forskellen (minus stigning eller plus nedgang) i præmiereserverne.
16.25
Reserverne for ikkeindtjente præmier og andre reserver er omfattet af de forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (AF.61), og de forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring (AF.62). Punkt 16.43-16.45 indeholder en beskrivelse af forsikringstekniske reserver.
16.26
Forsikringstagere skal ofte betale en særlig afgift i forbindelse med betalingen af forsikringspræmie. I mange lande er livsforsikringspræmier ikke underlagt denne afgift. Da forsikringsselskaberne skal betale denne afgift videre til offentlig forvaltning og service, indgår de relevante beløb ikke i forsikringsselskabernes årsregnskaber. Kun et relativt beskedent beløb — restbeløbet for det pågældende år, som endnu ikke er betalt videre til det offentlige — kan eventuelt indgå i forsikringsselskabernes balance under handelskreditter. Betalingen af afgifter registreres ikke som sådan i forsikringsselskabernes regnskaber. Disse afgifter betragtes i nationalregnskabet som produktskatter. Forsikringstagere forventes at betale disse beløb direkte til skattemyndighederne.
Tillægspræmier
16.27
Definition
: Tillægspræmier er investeringsafkastet af forsikringsselskabernes forsikringstekniske reserver, der repræsenterer forpligtelser over for forsikringstagerne.
16.28
Især for livsforsikringer, men også i et mindre omfang for skadesforsikringer, overstiger det samlede erstatnings- eller ydelsesbeløb i en bestemt periode ofte de indtjente præmier. Præmier betales som regel regelmæssigt, ofte i starten af forsikringsperioden, mens erstatningerne udbetales senere, og i forbindelse med livsforsikringer udbetales ydelserne ofte mange år senere. Forsikringsselskabet har fra præmiens betalingstidspunkt og frem til udbetalingen af erstatning rådighed over det pågældende beløb til at investere og skabe et afkast. Disse beløb kaldes forsikringstekniske reserver. Indkomsten fra reserverne giver forsikringsselskaberne mulighed for at opkræve lavere præmier end det ellers ville være nødvendigt. Ved målingen af den tjeneste, der leveres, tages der højde for størrelsen af denne indkomst samt for præmiernes og erstatningernes relative størrelse.
16.29
For skadesforsikringer, selv om der eventuelt betales en præmie i starten af dækningsperioden, optjenes præmierne kun på en regelmæssig basis, efterhånden som perioden skrider frem. På et hvilket som helst tidspunkt inden dækningsperiodens udløb har forsikringsselskaberne et beløb, der skyldes forsikringstageren i form af fremtidige tjenester eller eventuelle fremtidige ydelser. Dette er en form for kredit, som forsikringstageren yder forsikringsselskabet, og som betegnes som ikkeindtjente præmier. Selv om forsikringsselskaberne skal honorere eventuelle erstatningskrav, når den begivenhed, der er specificeret i policen, indtræffer, betales disse erstatninger måske først efter en vis periode, ofte fordi parterne først skal blive enige om beløbets størrelse. Dette er en lignende form for kredit, der betegnes som reserver til udestående erstatningskrav.
16.30
Der findes lignende reserver for livsforsikringer men også to andre former for forsikringsreserver, nemlig aktuarmæssige reserver for livsforsikring og bonusreserver. De er reserver til betaling af fremtidige ydelser. Reserverne investeres som regel i finansielle aktiver, og der sikres en indkomst i form af investeringsafkast. De kan anvendes til at finansiere økonomiske aktiviteter, f.eks. inden for fast ejendom, til at generere et nettooverskud af produktionen enten i en separat virksomhed eller som en biaktivitet.
16.31
Al investeringsindkomst, der er henført til forsikringstagere, opføres som betalt til forsikringstagerne på primærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Ved skadesforsikring betales det samme beløb i så fald til forsikringsselskaberne som tillægspræmier på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Ved livsforsikringer opføres præmierne og tillægspræmierne på den finansielle konto.
Korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger og forfaldne ydelser
16.32
Definition
: 
Forfaldne erstatninger
 og 
forfaldne ydelser
 er forsikringsselskabernes finansielle forpligtelser over for den begunstigede for så vidt angår risikoen for, at begivenheden indtræffer i den pågældende periode som defineret i forsikringsaftalen.
16.33
Begrebet »forfaldne erstatninger« inden for skadesforsikring og begrebet »forfaldne ydelser« inden for livsforsikring er i overensstemmelse med nationalregnskabsprincippet om registrering på optjeningstidspunktet.
Korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger inden for skadesforsikring
16.34
Erstatninger kan inddeles i betalte og forfaldne erstatninger. De forfaldne erstatninger omfatter de beløb, der skal udbetales, fordi de dækkede risici er blevet en realitet/realiseres i årets løb. Det er irrelevant, om forsikringstageren har anmeldt den tilsvarende begivenhed. En del af erstatningerne vil blive udbetalt i det efterfølgende år eller endog senere, mens erstatningerne for de krav, der skyldes begivenheder i de forudgående år, udbetales i det indeværende år. Den ubetalte del af de forfaldne erstatninger overføres til reserven for udestående erstatninger.
16.35
Inden for skadesforsikring kan forfaldne erstatninger i det pågældende kalenderår bestå af følgende:
udbetalte erstatninger
minus
reserverne for udestående erstatninger i starten af regnskabsåret
plus
reserverne for udestående erstatninger i slutningen af regnskabsåret.
Eller set på en anden måde kan de bestå af:
udbetalte erstatninger
plus
ændringerne (plus stigning eller minus nedgang) i reserverne for udestående erstatninger.
16.36
Eventuelle eksterne eller interne omkostninger i forbindelse med erstatninger, der afholdes af forsikringsselskaberne, er ikke omfattet af begrebet »forfaldne erstatninger«. Disse omkostninger kan bestå af: anskaffelsesomkostninger, policeforvaltning, investeringsforvaltning og administration af erstatninger. Det vil kunne forekomme, at visse omkostninger ikke kan udskilles af de regnskabsmæssige basisdata. De eksterne omkostninger omfatter udgifter til arbejde, som forsikringsselskabet får udført af en anden enhed, og som derfor er registreret i regnskaberne som forbrug i produktionen. De interne omkostninger omfatter udgifter til arbejde, der udføres af forsikringsselskabernes egne ansatte, og som derfor registreres i regnskaberne som arbejdskraftomkostninger.
16.37
I tilfælde af katastrofer må de tab, som opstår, ikke påvirke erstatningernes størrelse. Tab ved katastrofer registreres som kapitaloverførsel fra forsikringsselskabet til forsikringstageren. Fordelen ved denne fremgangsmåde er, at forsikringstagerens disponible indkomst ikke stiger kontraintuitivt som den ville gøre, hvis erstatningerne blev registreret anderledes (jf. 16.92-16.93).
16.38
Produktionen af forsikringstjenester er en fortløbende proces, der ikke kun forekommer, når forsikringsbegivenheden indtræffer. Omfanget af forfaldne erstatninger til skadesforsikringstagere varierer imidlertid fra år til år, og der kan forekomme begivenheder, der medfører særlig mange erstatninger. Hverken forsikringstjenesternes mængde eller pris er direkte påvirket af erstatningernes volatilitet. Forsikringsselskaberne fastsætter præmieniveauet på grundlag af deres egen vurdering af sandsynligheden for erstatninger. Af denne årsag indgår der i formlen til beregning af produktionen korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger, der er et estimat korrigeret for erstatningernes volatilitet.
16.39
Estimatet af de korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger kan udledes statistisk på grundlag af en forventningsbaseret fremgangsmåde, der tager udgangspunkt i de hidtidige erfaringer med erstatninger. Ved gennemgangen af de tidligere udbetalte erstatninger skal der dog foretages en korrektion for andelen af de erstatninger, der udbetales i henhold til det direkte forsikringsselskabs genforsikringsaftale. For eksempel, når det direkte forsikringsselskab har excedente genforsikringsaftaler, også kaldet ikkeforholdsmæssig genforsikring, fastsætter det præmieniveauet således, at det dækker tab op til det maksimale tab, der dækkes af genforsikringsaftalen, plus den genforsikringspræmie, det skal betale. Ved en forholdsmæssig genforsikringsaftale fastsættes præmierne således, at de dækker den del af erstatningerne, der skal udbetales, plus genforsikringspræmien.
16.40
En alternativ metode til at korrigere de forfaldne erstatninger for at tage hensyn til deres volatilitet er at anvende regnskabsdata om ændringer i egenkapital og i udjævningsreserver. Udjævningsreserverne er hensættelser, som forsikringsselskaberne foretager i overensstemmelse med loven eller administrative forskrifter for at dække uregelmæssige eller uforudsigeligt store erstatninger i fremtiden Disse beløb er omfattet af de forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (AF.61).
Forfaldne livsforsikringsydelser
16.41
Forfaldne livsforsikringsydelser er beløb, der skal betales i henhold til forsikringsaftalen i den pågældende regnskabsperiode. Det er ikke nødvendigt at foretage korrektion for uventet volatilitet i forbindelse med livsforsikring.
16.42
Omkostninger i forbindelse med betalingen af forfaldne ydelser indgår ikke i forfaldne ydelser, men registreres som forbrug i produktionen og arbejdskraftomkostninger.
Forsikringstekniske reserver
16.43
Definition
: Forsikringstekniske reserver er hensættelser, som forsikringsselskaberne foretager. Disse reserver skal betragtes som aktiver for forsikringstagerne og som passiver for forsikringsselskaberne. Der kan med hensyn til tekniske reserver sondres mellem skadesforsikring og livsforsikring og livrenter.
16.44
I henhold til Rådets direktiv 91/674/EØF 
(
1
)
 sondres der mellem syv forskellige typer tekniske reserver. I hvert tilfælde fremgår bruttobeløbet, beløbet, der overdrages til genforsikringsselskaberne, og nettobeløbet af statuskontoen. De syv kategorier er følgende:
a)
Præmiereserver, som er forskellen mellem opkrævede præmier og indtjente præmier. Disse reserver kan, afhængigt af den nationale lovgivning, omfatte et separat element vedrørende ikkeafløbne risici.
b)
Livsforsikringsreserver, som afspejler nutidsværdien af de forventede fremtidige ydelser (inklusive men ikke udelukkende tildelte bonusser) minus nutidsværdien af fremtidige præmier. Tilsynsmyndighederne kan fastsætte en maksimal grænseværdi for den diskonteringssats, der anvendes ved beregning af nutidsværdien.
c)
Erstatningsreserver, som er forskellen mellem forfaldne og betalte erstatninger. Det svarer til det skønnede samlede beløb, som det vil koste et forsikringsselskab at erstatte alle de skader, der er sket inden regnskabsperiodens udløb, hvad enten de er anmeldt eller ej, minus de beløb, der allerede er udbetalt i erstatning for disse skader.
d)
Reserver for bonusser og præmierabatter (medmindre de fremgår af den kategori, der er omhandlet i litra b) ovenfor) omfatter de beløb, der er beregnet til forsikringstagere eller begunstigede i form af bonusser og præmierabatter, såfremt disse beløb ikke allerede er blevet krediteret forsikringstagerne eller de begunstigede.
e)
Udjævningsreserven omfatter de beløb, der ifølge loven eller administrative forskrifter er hensat til udligning af udsving i erstatningernes størrelse og antal i de kommende år eller til imødegåelse af særlige risici. De nationale myndigheder kan eventuelt forbyde sådanne reserver.
f)
Andre tekniske reserver omfatter bl.a. reserven for ikkeafløbne risici, hvis de ikke er omfattet af den kategori, der er omhandlet i kategori a) ovenfor. Denne post kan også omfatte reserver for aldring, der tager hensyn til det forhold, at der modtages flere erstatningskrav jo ældre forsikringstagerne bliver, f.eks. inden for sygeforsikring.
g)
Forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring, hvor investeringsrisikoen bæres af forsikringstagerne. Denne post omfatter tekniske reserver, der oprettes for at dække forpligtelser over for forsikringstagerne i forbindelse med livsforsikringsaftaler, når udbyttets størrelse fastsættes ud fra investeringer, for hvilke forsikringstageren bærer risikoen, eller ud fra et indeks, f.eks. indeksreguleret livsforsikring. Denne post omfatter ligeledes de tekniske reserver for tontiner.
16.45
Ved beregningen af ændringerne i de forsikringstekniske reserver (F.61 og F.62), der anvendes i forbindelse med beregningen af produktionen, tages der ikke højde for realiserede og ikkerealiserede kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Definition af forsikringsproduktionen
16.46
Forsikringsselskaberne leverer en forsikringstjeneste til deres kunder, men de opkræver ikke en særskilt betaling for deres tjeneste.
16.47
Forsikringsselskaberne opkræver præmier og udbetaler erstatninger eller ydelser, når forsikringsbegivenheden indtræffer. Erstatningerne eller ydelserne giver den begunstigede kompensation for de finansielle konsekvenser af den pågældende forsikringsbegivenhed.
16.48
De forsikringstekniske reserver er midler, som forsikringsselskaberne anvender til at investere og opnå en indkomst. Disse midler og den tilsvarende investeringsindkomst (tillægspræmier) er en forpligtelse over for de begunstigede.
16.49
Dette afsnit beskriver de oplysninger, der er nødvendige for at beregne produktionen af direkte forsikrings- og genforsikringstjenester.
Skadesforsikring
16.50
Forsikringsselskabets produktion er den tjeneste, der leveres til forsikringstagerne.
16.51
Hvis der anvendes en forventningsbaseret fremgangsmåde, anvendes følgende formel til beregning af produktionen:
indtjente præmier
plus
tillægspræmier
minus
korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger,
hvor de korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger er korrigeret for erstatningskravenes volatilitet på grundlag af historiske data eller regnskabsdata om ændringer i udjævningsreserverne og egenkapital. Tillægspræmier er mindre volatile end erstatninger, og det er således ikke nødvendigt at korrigere for volatilitet. Ved estimeringen af korrigerede erstatninger opdeles oplysningerne efter produkt, f.eks. bilforsikring, boligforsikring osv.
Hvis de nødvendige regnskabsdata ikke foreligger og de historiske statistiske data ikke er tilstrækkelige til at foretage rimelige gennemsnitsestimater af produktionen, kan skadesforsikringsproduktionen beregnes som summen af omkostninger (inklusive omkostninger til forbrug i produktionen, arbejdskraft og kapital) plus et beløb til dækning af »normalt overskud«.
Livsforsikring
16.52
For direkte livsforsikring beregnes produktionen separat på følgende måde:
indtjente præmier
plus
tillægspræmier
minus
forfaldne ydelser
minus
stigninger (plus fald) i de tekniske reserver og bonusreserver.
16.53
Hvis der ikke foreligger passende data for beregning af livsforsikring i henhold til denne formel, kan der anvendes en fremgangsmåde baseret på summen af omkostninger svarende til den, der er beskrevet for skadesforsikring. Lige som for skadesforsikring anvendes der et tillæg for normalt overskud.
16.54
Ved beregningen af produktion skal kapitalgevinster og -tab ikke medregnes.
Genforsikring
16.55
Formlen til at beregne produktionen af genforsikringstjenester er den samme som for direkte forsikring. Da genforsikring primært har til formål at begrænse det direkte forsikringsselskabs risici, opererer genforsikringsselskaber imidlertid med meget store erstatninger som led i deres almindelige aktiviteter. Af denne årsag, og fordi genforsikringsmarkedet er koncentreret i forholdsvis få store selskaber på verdensplan, er det mindre sandsynligt, at det enkelte genforsikringsselskab vil opleve uventet store tab, end det er tilfældet for et direkte forsikringsselskab, særlig i tilfælde af excedente genforsikringsaftaler.
16.56
Genforsikringsproduktionen beregnes på samme måde som produktionen af direkte skadesforsikring. Der er imidlertid visse særlige betalinger i forbindelse med genforsikring. Det drejer sig om provisioner, der betales til det direkte forsikringsselskab i forbindelse med forholdsmæssig genforsikring og overskudsdeling i forbindelse med excedente genforsikringsaftaler. Når der er taget højde for disse, beregnes genforsikringsproduktionen som følger:
indtjente præmier minus provisioner, der skal betales
plus
tillægspræmier
minus
både korrigerede forfaldne erstatninger og overskudsdeling.
TRANSAKTIONER I FORBINDELSE MED SKADESFORSIKRING
16.57
I dette afsnit beskrives de poster, hvormed konsekvenserne af en skadesforsikringsaftale registreres. Forsikringsaftaler kan indgås af virksomheder, husholdninger som enkeltpersoner og enheder i udlandet. Når en forsikringsaftale, der indgås af et medlem af en husholdning, kan betragtes som en socialforsikring, er de nødvendige poster imidlertid beskrevet i kapitel 17.
Fordeling af forsikringsproduktionen på brugere
16.58
Skadesforsikringsselskabernes produktion er beskrevet i punkt 16.51. Værdien af forsikringsselskabernes produktion registreres som følger:
a)
selskabernes forbrug i produktionen, inklusive følgende sektorer: ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11), finansielle selskaber (S.12), offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13), private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp (S.141) og selvstændige uden ansatte (S.142), eller nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (S.15)
b)
husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug som enkeltpersoner (S.143 og S.144), eller
c)
eksport til ikkeresidente forsikringstagere (S.2).
16.59
Produktionsværdien fordeles på brugere efter forsikringstype.
16.60
Alternativt fordeles produktionsværdien som anvendelse for forsikringstagerne i forhold til de faktiske præmier, de skal betale.
16.61
Fordelingen af produktion til forbrug i produktionen er opdelt efter erhverv.
Forsikringstjenester til og fra udlandet
16.62
Residente forsikringsselskaber kan levere forsikringsdækning til husholdninger og virksomheder i udlandet, og residente husholdninger og virksomheder kan indgå forsikringsaftaler med forsikringsselskaber i udlandet. Investeringsindkomsten, som residente forsikringsselskaber henfører til forsikringstagere, kommer også forsikringstagere i udlandet til gode. Disse ikkeresidente forsikringstagere betaler i så fald også tillægspræmier til det residente forsikringsselskab.
16.63
Lignende betragtninger gør sig gældende for behandlingen af residente virksomheder og husholdninger, der indgår forsikringsaftaler med ikkeresidente forsikringsselskaber. Residente forsikringstagere modtager imputeret investeringsindkomst fra udlandet og betaler præmier og tillæg til udlandet. Det er vanskeligt at estimere størrelsen af disse bevægelser, særlig når der ikke er noget resident forsikringsselskab, der kan sammenlignes med. Der kan eventuelt foretages estimater på grundlag af modpartsdata til brug for den nationale økonomi. Man skal have kendskab til de residente enheders transaktionsniveau, og forholdet mellem tillægspræmier og faktiske præmier i den økonomi, der leverer tjenesterne, kan anvendes til at estimere den tilgodehavende investeringsindkomst og de tillægspræmier, der skal betales.
Regnskabsposteringer
16.64
Der registreres i alt seks transaktionspar vedrørende skadesforsikring, der ikke indgår i nogen socialforsikringsordning: to par vedrørende måling af produktionen og forbruget af forsikringstjenester, tre par vedrørende distribution og et par vedrørende den finansielle konto. Under særlige omstændigheder kan en syvende transaktion vedrørende fordeling registreres på kapitalkontoen. Aktivitetens produktionsværdi, investeringsindkomsten, der henføres forsikringstagerne, og administrationsgebyrets værdi beregnes specifikt for skadesforsikring som anført nedenfor.
16.65
Produktions- og forbrugstransaktionerne er som følger:
a)
Eftersom alle sådanne aktiviteter, der udøves af residente institutionelle enheder, varetages af forsikringsselskaber, registreres produktionen (P.1) på forsikringsselskabernes produktionskonto.
b)
Tjenesten kan forbruges af en hvilken som helst økonomisk sektor eller udlandet. Dens værdi betales til forsikringsselskaberne. Betalinger foretaget af virksomheder udgør forbrug i produktionen (P.2) og posteres på deres produktionskonto. Forsikringsbetalinger foretaget af husholdninger som enkeltpersoner udgør udgifter til forbrug (P.3) og posteres på indkomstanvendelseskontoen. Betalinger foretaget af udlandet posteres som eksport af tjenester (P.62) på udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester.
16.66
Fordelingstransaktionerne er investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagerne i forbindelse med skadesforsikring, skadesforsikringspræmier netto, og erstatninger:
a)
Investeringsindkomst fra investering af forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring, henføres til forsikringstagerne (D.441), hvorfor den posteres således, at den betales af forsikringsselskaber og modtages af alle sektorer og udlandet. Investeringsindkomsten skal fordeles på forsikringstagerne i forhold til deres forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring, eller alternativt i forhold til den faktisk opkrævede (betalte) præmie. Både forpligtelser og fordringer posteres på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst.
b)
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring (D.711) er beløb bestående af præmier og investeringsindkomst, der anvendes til at finansiere forsikringsselskabernes udgifter. De beregnes som indtjente præmier plus tillægspræmier minus værdien af forsikringsselskabernes produktion. Disse nettopræmier posteres således, at de betales af alle sektorer af økonomien eller udlandet og modtages af forsikringsselskaberne. Fordelingen af nettopræmier på sektorer sker på samme måde som for fordelingen af produktion.
c)
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring (D.721), er beløb, som forsikringsselskaberne er pligtig til at betale til forsikringstageren, når en forsikringsbegivenhed indtræffer. Erstatningerne posteres således, at de modtages af alle sektorer af økonomien og udlandet og betales af forsikringsselskaberne. Både nettopræmier og erstatninger posteres på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Nogle erstatninger skyldes person- eller tingskader, som forårsages af forsikringstageren på tredjemand eller dennes ejendom. I sådanne tilfælde posteres gyldige erstatninger som betalt direkte af forsikringsselskabet til de skadelidte og ikke indirekte via forsikringstageren.
d)
Krav som følge af tab ved katastrofer er andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) og ikke løbende overførsler, og disse posteres på kapitalkontoen som beløb betalt af forsikringsselskaberne til forsikringstagerne.
e)
De forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring (AF.61), posteres på den finansielle statuskonto. Disse reserver posteres som forsikringsselskabernes passiver og alle sektorers og udlandets aktiver. Reserverne består af præmie- og erstatningsreserver. Der kræves ingen opdeling af denne kategori, selv om begge komponenter er nødvendige i beregningen af indtjente præmier og forfaldne erstatninger.
16.67
Tabel 16.1 giver et eksempel på bogføring af disse bevægelser.
Tabel 16.1 —
   
Skadesforsikring
AnvendelserTilgang
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende poster på
Tilsvarende poster på
I alt
Kontoen for varer og tjenester
Kontoen for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvalt. og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikke- finansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke- finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvalt. og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Kontoen for udlandet
Kontoen for varer og tjenester
Ialt
Udlandskonto
0
0
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
0
0
0
0
P.72
Import af tjenester
0
0
Produktionskonto
6
6
P.1
Produktion
6
6
6
4
0
4
0
3
0
0
1
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
4
4
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
6
6
6
D.441
Formueindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
5
0
0
1
0
6
0
6
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
44
1
43
0
31
4
0
8
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
44
44
44
45
0
45
45
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
6
0
1
35
0
42
3
45
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
2
2
2
P.3
Udgifter til endeligt forbrug
2
2
Finansiel statuskonto (primo)
74
0
74
0
40
0
9
25
AF.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver,skadesforsikring
74
74
74
Finansiel statuskonto (ultimo)
81
0
81
0
44
0
11
26
AF.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver,skadesforsikring
81
81
81
Finansielle transaktioner
7
0
7
0
4
0
2
1
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver,skadesforsikring
7
7
7
Omvurderingskonto
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
AF.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver,skadesforsikring
0
0
0
TRANSAKTIONER INDEN FOR LIVSFORSIKRING
16.68
I dette afsnit beskrives, hvorledes posteringerne for livsforsikring og skadesforsikring adskiller sig fra hinanden. I forbindelse med en livsforsikringsaftale betragtes de ydelser, der modtages i henhold til aftalen, som formueændringer, som posteres på den finansielle konto. For en forsikringsaftale, der skal betragtes som en socialforsikringsordning, posteres ydelserne i form af pension som indkomst på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Årsagen til denne forskel i behandlingen ligger i, at forsikringsaftaler, der ikke betragtes som socialforsikringsordninger, indgås fuldstændigt på forsikringstagerens eget initiativ. Forsikringsaftaler, der betragtes som socialforsikringsordninger, indeholder et element af tredjepartsdeltagelse, som regel de offentlige myndigheder eller arbejdsgiveren, tilskynde eller forpligte forsikringstageren til at etablere en indkomstreserve til denne skal pensioneres. Socialforsikring beskrives i kapitel 17.
16.69
Indehaveren af en livsforsikringsaftale er en enkeltperson, der klassificeres i sektoren husholdninger (S.143 eller S.144). Hvis en virksomhed tegner en livsforsikring for en medarbejder, betragtes dette som en tidsbegrænset forsikring og ikke en livsforsikring. Livsforsikringstransaktioner finder således kun sted mellem forsikringsselskaber (klassificeret i delsektoren forsikringsselskaber — S.128) og residente husholdninger som enkeltpersoner (S.143 og S.144), medmindre de eksporteres til ikkeresidente husholdninger (klassificeret i sektoren udland — S.2). Livsforsikringens produktionsværdi modsvares af værdien af husholdningens udgifter til forbrug og eksport af tjenester efter samme fremgangsmåde som for skadesforsikring. Investeringsindkomsten, der henføres forsikringstagere, behandles som tillægspræmier. Præmier og erstatninger opføres dog ikke særskilt i forbindelse med livsforsikring og behandles ikke som løbende overførsler. De udgør derimod komponenter i en nettotransaktion, der posteres på den finansielle konto, idet det pågældende finansielle aktiv svarer til livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder.
16.70
Kontiene omfatter fire transaktionspar: to par vedrørende produktion og forbrug af forsikringstjenester, et par for investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagerne og et par for ændringen i livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder:
a)
Livsforsikringsproduktionen (P.1) posteres på produktionskontoen for forsikringsselskaberne.
b)
Værdien af de forbrugte tjenester posteres som husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug (P.3) på kontoen for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst eller som betalt af udlandet, der behandles som eksport af tjenester (P.62) til ikkeresidente husholdninger. Husholdningernes betalinger til ikkeresidente forsikringsselskaber betragtes som import af tjenester (P.72).
c)
Investeringsindkomst fra investering af forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring, henført til forsikringstagerne (D.441), posteres på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst. Bonusser i forbindelse med livsforsikringsaftaler behandles som værende fordelt til forsikringstagere, også selv om de overstiger den investeringsindkomst, som er oppebåret af den institution, som udbetaler bonussen. Investeringsindkomsten posteres med forsikringsselskaberne som betalere og de residente husholdninger eller ikkeresidente husholdninger i udlandet som modtagere. Investeringsindkomsten skal fordeles på forsikringstagere i forhold til deres forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring, eller, hvis disse oplysninger ikke foreligger, i forhold til de opkrævede præmier.
d)
Den finansielle statuskonto indeholder poster for forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring, og livrenterettigheder (AF.62). Disse reserver posteres som passiver for forsikringsselskaberne og aktiver for husholdninger og udlandet. Disse beløb afspejler livsforsikringsaftalernes opsparingselement. Reserverne omfatter præmiereserver og betaling af ydelser. Der kræves ingen opdeling af denne kategori, selv om begge komponenter er nødvendige i beregningen af indtjente præmier og forfaldne ydelser.
16.71
Forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring, og livrenterettigheder er baseret på forsikringsaftaler, der udløser et engangsbeløb på en bestemt dato. Engangsbeløbet kan anvendes til at købe en livrente, hvormed et engangsbeløb konverteres til en betalingsstrøm. De enkelte forsikringstageres betingede rettigheder — det beløb, der modtages ved eller efter løbetidens udløb som et engangsbeløb eller en livrente — lægges ikke til værdien af forsikringstagerens forpligtelser. Forskellen består i, at beløbet er betinget, og i beregningen af nutidsværdien. Beløbet, der skal posteres under livsforsikring og livrenterettigheder, defineres i henhold til forsikringsselskabets regnskabsprincipper.
16.72
Tabel 16.2 giver et eksempel på disse bevægelser.
Tabel 16.2 —
   
Livsforsikring
Anvendelser eller aktiverTilgang eller passiver
S.1
S.15
S.14
S.13
S.12
S.11
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.1
Tilsvarende poster på
Tilsvarende poster på
I alt
Kontoen for varer og tjenester
Kontoen for udlandet
Den samlede økonomi
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlig forvalt. og service
Finansielle selskaber
Ikke- finansielle selskaber
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Ikke- finansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvalt. og service
Husholdninger
NPISH'er
Den samlede økonomi
Kontoen for udlandet
Kontoen for varer og tjenester
I alt
Udlandskonto
0
0
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
0
0
0
0
P.72
Import af tjenester
0
0
Produktionskonto
4
4
P.1
Produktion
4
4
4
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
7
7
7
D.441
Formueindkomst henført til
7
7
0
7
forsikringstagere
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
4
0
4
4
P.3
Udgifter til endeligt forbrug
4
4
Finansiel statuskonto (primo)
221
0
221
221
AF.62
Forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring
221
221
221
Finansiel statuskonto (ultimo)
243
0
243
243
AF.62
Forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring
243
243
243
Finansielle transaktioner
22
0
22
22
F.62
Forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring
22
22
22
Omvurderingskonto
0
0
0
0
AF.62
Forsikringstekniske reserver, livsforsikring
0
0
0
TRANSAKTIONER I FORBINDELSE MED GENFORSIKRING
16.73
Genforsikringsselskabernes konti er stort set de samme som de direkte forsikringsselskabers. Den eneste forskel består i, at de direkte forsikringstransaktioner med forsikringstagere, der ikke selv optræder som leverandører af forsikringstjenester, erstattes af forsikringstransaktioner mellem genforsikringsselskaber og direkte forsikringsselskaber.
16.74
Forsikringstransaktioner posteres uden fradrag for genforsikring. Præmierne skal først betales til det direkte forsikringsselskab, der herefter kan betale en del af præmien til genforsikringsselskabet (cession), der herefter kan betale en mindre del til et andet genforsikringsselskab og så fremdeles (retrocession). Det samme finder anvendelse analogt på erstatninger eller ydelser. Behandlingen på grundlag af bruttobeløbet er i overensstemmelse med den oprindelige forsikringstagers position. Denne forsikringstager har normalt ikke noget kendskab til de beløb, som det direkte forsikringsselskab overdrager til et genforsikringsselskab, og hvis genforsikringsselskabet går konkurs, er det direkte forsikringsselskab fortsat forpligtet til at betale det fulde erstatningsbeløb for de overdragede risici.
16.75
Direkte forsikringsproduktion beregnes uden fradrag for genforsikring. Den alternative beregning med fradrag for genforsikring består i at registrere den del af den direkte forsikringstagers præmier, der betales direkte til det direkte forsikringsselskab, og den del, der betales til genforsikringsselskabet, men denne bogføringsmetode, der kaldes »nettobogføring«, er ikke tilladt.
Nedenstående figur 1 viser dette forløb.
Figur 1 —
   
Strømme mellem forsikringstagere, direkte forsikringsselskaber og genforsikringsselskaber.
1a. Bruttopræmie
2a. Bruttoerstatning
3a. Bruttoformueindk
Forsikringstager
Direkte forsikr.sel.
1b. Genforsikringspr.
2b. Genforsik.erstat.
3b. Formueindkomst
Formueindkomst
Genforsik.sel.
16.76
Figur 1 viser følgende strømme:
1
Forsikringstageren foretager betaling af præmien uden fradrag for genforsikring til det direkte forsikringsselskab (1a), hvoraf genforsikringsdelen af bruttopræmien overdrages til genforsikringsselskabet (1b).
2
Tilsvarende posteres betalingen af erstatning, men i modsat retning. Erstatningen betales af genforsikringsselskabet til det direkte forsikringsselskab (2b). Det direkte forsikringsselskab forhøjer dette beløb med sin egen erstatning, der betales videre til forsikringstageren (2a).
3
Både det direkte forsikringsselskab og genforsikringsselskabet har opnået en formueindkomst ved at investere deres tekniske reserver. Formueindkomsten overføres af genforsikringsselskabet til det direkte forsikringsselskab (3b), der herefter lægger dette beløb til sin egen optjente formueindkomst og viderefordeler det til forsikringstageren (3b).
16.77
Alle bruttostrømme mellem forsikringstageren og det direkte forsikringsselskab omfatter de tilsvarende beløbsstrømme mellem det direkte forsikringsselskab og genforsikringsselskabet. Dette er grunden til, at disse pile er kraftigere i skemaet.
16.78
Ligesom for direkte forsikring — f.eks. efter en katastrofe — posteres en del af genforsikringskravene som kapitaloverførsler i stedet for som løbende overførsler.
16.79
Genforsikringsselskabets samlede produktion er forbrug i produktionen hos det direkte forsikringsselskab, der har tegnet genforsikringsaftalen. Som anført ovenfor indgås der mange genforsikringsaftaler mellem forsikringsselskaber, der er residente i forskellige økonomier. Produktionsværdien er i disse tilfælde udtryk for den import, der foretages af det forsikringsselskab, der indgår genforsikringsaftalen, og den eksport, der foretages af genforsikringsselskabet.
16.80
Posteringen af strømme i forbindelse med genforsikring ligner registreringen i forbindelse med skadesforsikring, dog med den undtagelse, at forsikringstageren i en genforsikringsaftale altid selv er et forsikringsselskab.
16.81
Produktions- og forbrugstransaktionerne er som følger:
a)
Produktionen (P.1) posteres på genforsikringsselskabernes produktionskonto. Genforsikringstjenester leveres ofte af ikkeresidente genforsikringsselskaber, og i så fald posteres de som import af tjenester (P.72).
b)
Genforsikringsselskabets tjenester kan kun forbruges af direkte forsikringsselskaber eller andre genforsikringsselskaber. Hvis det drejer sig om en resident forsikringstager, posteres brugen af genforsikringstjenesten som forbrug i produktionen (P.2) hos forsikringstageren. Hvis det drejer sig om en ikkeresident forsikringstager, posteres brugen som eksport af tjenester (P.62).
16.82
Fordelingstransaktionerne dækker investeringsindkomst, der henføres til forsikringstagere i forbindelse med genforsikring, nettogenforsikringspræmier og genforsikringserstatninger:
a)
Investeringsindkomst (D.441), der optjenes af genforsikringsselskaber ved investering af tekniske genforsikringsreserver, betales til forsikringstagere, der kan være enten direkte forsikringsselskaber eller andre genforsikringsselskaber. Både genforsikringsselskaber og direkte forsikringsselskaber kan være residente eller ikkeresidente.
b)
Skadesgenforsikringspræmier, netto (D.712), betales af forsikringstagere og modtages af genforsikringsselskaber. Både de enheder, der skal betale præmien, og de enheder, der modtager den, kan være ikkeresident.
c)
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring (D.722), betales af genforsikringsselskaber og modtages af forsikringstagere, der både kan være residente og ikkeresidente. Både nettopræmier og erstatninger posteres på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen.
d)
Den finansielle statuskonto indeholder posteringer for de tekniske genforsikringsreserver (under AF.61, »forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring«). Disse reserver posteres som passiver for genforsikringsselskaberne og aktiver for forsikringstagerne. Sådanne forsikringstagere kan være enten direkte forsikringsselskaber eller genforsikringsselskaber.
16.83
Provisioner, som genforsikringsselskaber skal betale til forsikringsselskaber i deres egenskab af genforsikringstagere, behandles som en nedsættelse af de præmier, der skal betales til genforsikringsselskaberne. Den del af overskudsdelingen, som genforsikringsselskabet skal betale til det direkte forsikringsselskab, posteres som en løbende overførsel. Selv om de posteres forskelligt, fører både de provisioner, der skal betales, og overskudsdelingen til en reduktion af genforsikringsselskabets produktion.
16.84
Hvis de direkte forsikringserstatninger behandles som kapitaloverførsler og ikke løbende overførsler, behandles genforsikringserstatninger for samme begivenhed også som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99).
TRANSAKTIONER I FORBINDELSE MED HJÆLPETJENESTER VEDRØRENDE FORSIKRING
16.85
Produktionen af hjælpetjenester vedrørende forsikring værdiansættes på grundlag af de opkrævede gebyrer eller provisioner. Ved nonprofitinstitutioner, der fungerer som erhvervsmæssige sammenslutninger for forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser, værdiansættes produktionen ud fra bidragene, der indbetales af sammenslutningernes medlemmer. Denne produktion bruges i forbrug i produktionen for sammenslutningernes medlemmer.
LIVRENTER
16.86
Det mest enkle tilfælde af livsforsikringsaftale er en, hvor forsikringstager over en periode foretager en række betalinger til forsikringsselskabet, der som modydelse foretager en engangsbetaling en gang i fremtiden. Ved den mest enkle form for livrente betaler forsikringstageren, kaldet rentenyderen, et engangsbeløb til forsikringsselskabet og modtager som modydelse regelmæssige betalinger enten i en fastsat periode eller i resten af rentenyderens levetid, eller i resten af både rentenyderens og en udpeget anden persons levetid.
16.87
Livrenter administreres af forsikringsselskaber og anvendes til risikoforvaltning. Rentenyderen undgår risici ved at acceptere en bestemt betalingsstrøm, der er fastsat enten i absolutte tal eller i form af en formel, f.eks. indeksreguleret, som modydelse for en engangsbetaling. Forsikringsselskabet løber en risiko, som består i at få et større afkast ved investering af engangsbetalingen end det beløb, der tilfalder rentenyderen som regelmæssige betalinger. Betalingsstrømmen fastsættes under hensyntagen til den forventede levetid.
16.88
Når en livrenteaftale indgås, sker der en overførsel af midler fra husholdningen til forsikringsselskabet. I mange tilfælde kan det imidlertid blot dreje sig om et engangsbeløb, der skal betales af denne eller et andet forsikringsselskab i henhold til en normal livsforsikringsaftale, der udløber, og som konverteres direkte til en livrente. Det er i disse tilfælde ikke nødvendigt at bogføre betalingen af engangsbeløbet og erhvervelsen af livrenten; der er blot tale om en overførsel fra livsforsikringsreserver til livrentereserver i delsektoren forsikringstagere og pensionskasser. Ved køb af en livrente uafhængigt af en livsforsikringsaftales udløb, bogføres dette som et par finansielle transaktioner mellem husholdning og forsikringsselskab. Husholdningen foretager betaling til forsikringsselskabet og modtager som modydelse et aktiv i henhold til livrentebetingelserne. Forsikringsselskabet modtager et finansielt aktiv fra husholdningen og påtager sig en forpligtelse over for denne.
16.89
Livrenter ophører ved rentenyderens død, idet alle resterende reserver afsat til den pågældende overgår til forsikringsselskabet. Hvis det antages, at forsikringsselskabet har kunnet forudsige den forventede levetid præcist for hele gruppen af rentenydere, vil de gennemsnitlige midler, som er til rådighed ved disses død, imidlertid være lig med nul. Hvis den forventede levetid ændrer sig, skal reserverne tages op til revision. For livrenter, der løber, vil en forlængelse af den forventede levetid reducere det beløb, som er til rådighed for forsikringsselskabet som en slags administrationsgebyr, idet det eventuelt går i minus. I sådanne tilfælde er forsikringsselskabet nødt til at anvende egne midler i håb om efterfølgende at genopbygge disse ved at opkræve et højere administrationsgebyr i forbindelse med nye livrenter.
BOGFØRING AF SKADESFORSIKRINGSERSTATNINGER
Behandling af korrigerede erstatninger
16.90
De forfaldne erstatninger bogføres som regel, når de pågældende begivenheder indtræffer. Dette princip finder også anvendelse, når betalingen — i tilfælde af omtvistede erstatninger — finder sted flere år efter den pågældende begivenhed. Der gøres en undtagelse i tilfælde, hvor det først er muligt at fremsætte et erstatningskrav længe efter, at begivenheden er indtruffet. Der blev således først givet mulighed for at fremsætte et betydeligt antal erstatningskrav, da det blev fastslået, at asbest kunne forårsage alvorlige sygdomme, og at det blev vurderet, at der ville kunne opnås erstatning i henhold til en forsikringsaftale, der var gyldig på det tidspunkt, hvor de pågældende var udsat for asbesten. I sådanne tilfælde bogføres erstatningen på det tidspunkt, hvor forsikringsselskabet accepterer forpligtelsen. Dette er ikke nødvendigvis sammenfaldende med det tidspunkt, hvor der opnås enighed om erstatningens størrelse, eller hvor erstatningen udbetales.
16.91
Da der i formlen til beregning af produktion anvendes korrigerede erstatninger og ikke faktiske erstatninger, vil nettopræmierne og erstatningerne kun modsvare hinanden i en bestemt periode, når de faktiske erstatninger har samme værdi som de forventede erstatninger. De burde imidlertid være nogenlunde lige store over en årrække med undtagelse af de år, hvor der opstår en katastrofe.
Behandling af tab ved katastrofer
16.92
Erstatninger bogføres som løbende overførsler, der betales af forsikringsselskabet til forsikringstageren. I et tilfælde bogføres erstatningerne som andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) og ikke som løbende overførsler, nemlig som følge af en større katastrofe. Kriterierne for, hvornår følgerne af en katastrofe skal behandles på denne måde, skal fastsættes i overensstemmelse med de nationale forhold, men de relevante kriterier kan bl.a. være antallet af berørte forsikringstagere og skadernes størrelse. Begrundelsen for at bogføre erstatningerne som kapitaloverførsler i dette tilfælde er, at mange af disse erstatninger vedrører ødelæggelse af eller alvorlig skade på aktiver, f.eks. boliger, bygninger og anlæg.
16.93
Efter en katastrofe bogføres den samlede værdi af de erstatninger, der overstiger præmierne, som kapitaloverførsel fra forsikringsselskabet til forsikringstageren. Oplysningerne om omfanget af erstatninger, der skal honoreres i henhold til forsikringsaftaler, indhentes hos forsikringsbranchen. Hvis forsikringsbranchen ikke kan fremlægge disse oplysninger, kan omfanget af katastroferelaterede erstatninger estimeres ud fra forskellen mellem de korrigerede erstatninger og de faktiske erstatninger i katastrofeperioden.
(
1
)
  Rådets direktiv 91/674/EØF af 19. december 1991 om forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber og konsoliderede regnskaber (
EFT L 374 af 31.12.1991, s. 7
)
KAPITEL 17
SOCIALFORSIKRING, DER OMFATTER PENSIONER
INDLEDNING
17.01
Definition:
 Socialforsikringsordninger er ordninger, hvor deltagerne fra tredjemands side forpligtes eller opfordres til at forsikre sig mod visse sociale risici eller omstændigheder, som kan få negative konsekvenser for deres eget eller de forsørgelsesberettigedes velfærd. I forbindelse med disse ordninger betaler lønmodtagerne eller andre personer eller arbejdsgivere på vegne af deres ansatte sociale bidrag for at give de ansatte eller andre bidrags-ydere, forsørgelsesberettigede eller deres efterladte ret til socialforsikringsydelser i den aktuelle eller de efterfølgende perioder. Bidrag til socialforsikringsordninger kan også betales af eller på vegne af ikkebeskæftigede eller selvstændige.
17.02
Socialforsikringsordningerne kan inddeles i to typer:
a)
Den ene type er socialsikringsordninger, som dækker hele eller store dele af samfundet, og som indføres, kontrolleres og finansieres af offentlige enheder. Pensionsydelser i henhold til disse ordninger kan være knyttet til ydelsesmodtagerens lønniveau eller beskæftigelsesperiode eller være uafhængige heraf. Ikkepensionsydelser er i mindre grad knyttet til lønniveauet.
b)
Den anden type er andre arbejdsmarkedspensioner. Disse ordninger bygger på et arbejdsgiver-/arbejdstagerforhold, hvor pension og eventuelt andre rettigheder er en del af ansættelsesvilkårene, og hvor ansvaret for ydelserne ikke påhviler offentlig forvaltning og service i henhold til bestemmelserne om socialsikring.
17.03
Socialforsikringsordningernes anvendelsesområde varierer fra land til land og fra ordning til ordning i samme land. Det drejer sig f.eks. om følgende ordninger:
a)
Offentlig forvaltning og service pålægger alle lønmodtagere at deltage i en socialsikringsordning.
b)
Arbejdsgiveren kan gøre det til et ansættelsesvilkår, at de ansatte deltager i en forsikringsordning, som arbejdsgiveren vælger.
c)
Arbejdsgiveren kan opfordre de ansatte til at tilslutte sig en ordning ved at indbetale bidrag på vegne af de ansatte.
d)
En fagforening opnår fordelagtige forsikringsvilkår, som kun fagforeningens medlemmer kan nyde godt af.
e)
Der kan oprettes andre ordninger end socialsikringsordninger med et forsikringsselskab i form af gruppeforsikringer eller en række forsikringer, eller de kan forvaltes af et forsikringsselskab mod betaling af et gebyr. Alternativt kan ordningerne forvaltes direkte af arbejdsgiveren på egne vegne eller af arbejdsgivere på vegne af deres ansatte og deres forsørgelsesberettigede eller af andre på vegne af en bestemt gruppe.
Tabel 17.1 —
   
Socialforsikringsordninger
Forsikringstype
Kendetegn
Organisationsform
Sektor/delsektor
Socialsikring
Deltagerne er i henhold til forskrifter forpligtet til at forsikre sig mod visse sociale risici.
Organiseres af offentlig forvaltning og service gennem sociale kasser og fonde
Sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
Anden arbejdsmarkedsrelateret socialforsikring end socialsikring
Arbejdsgiverne kan gøre det til et ansættelsesvilkår, at de ansatte forsikrer sig mod visse sociale risici
Organiseres af arbejdsgivere på vegne af deres ansatte og disses forsørgelsesberettigede eller af andre på vegne af en bestemt gruppe
Sektor eller delsektor for arbejdsgivere, forsikringsselskaber, pensionskasser eller nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Socialforsikringsordninger, social bistand og individuelle forsikringsaftaler
17.04
Social bistand er ikke en del af social forsikring. Sociale bistandsydelser udbetales uafhængigt af en eventuel deltagelse i en socialforsikringsordning, dvs. uden at der er blevet indbetalt adgangsgivende bidrag til en socialforsikringsordning.
17.05
Social bistand adskiller sig fra socialsikring ved retten til at modtage sociale bistandsydelser af offentlig forvaltning og service, og disse ydelser er ikke betinget af, at man har valgt at deltage i ordningen ved at betale bidrag. Som regel er alle medlemmer af residente husholdninger berettigede til at søge om social bistand, men udbetalingen er ofte underlagt en række restriktive betingelser. Der foretages ofte en vurdering af den disponible indkomst inklusive socialforsikringsydelser i forhold til en husholdnings formodede behov. Kun de husholdninger, der ligger under en bestemt grænseværdi, kan være berettiget til denne type social bistand.
17.06
Individuelle forsikringsaftaler betragtes som socialforsikringsordninger, når de dækker sociale risici og behov, f.eks. sygdom og alderdom. For at en individuel forsikring kan betragtes som en del af en socialforsikringsordning, skal de begivenheder eller omstændigheder, som deltagerne har forsikret sig mod, svare til de i punkt 4.84 anførte risici eller behov, hvortil kommer, at en eller flere af følgende betingelser skal være opfyldt:
a)
Det skal være obligatorisk at deltage i ordningen, enten i henhold til loven eller i henhold til ansættelsesvilkårene for den pågældende ansatte eller en gruppe af lønmodtagere.
b)
Ordningen er kollektiv til fordel for en nærmere angivet gruppe af arbejdstagere, hvad enten det er lønmodtagere, selvstændige eller ikkebeskæftigede, således at deltagelse i ordningen er begrænset til medlemmerne af denne gruppe.
c)
En arbejdsgiver yder et bidrag (faktisk eller imputeret) til ordningen på vegne af en ansat, uanset om den ansatte også selv betaler et bidrag.
17.07
Forsikringskrav i forbindelse med forsikringer, der er tegnet med det eneste formål at opnå et fradrag, selv om disse forsikringer er tegnet som led i en kollektiv overenskomst, er ikke omfattet af socialforsikring. Disse individuelle forsikringsaftaler bogføres som livs- og skadesforsikring. Forsikringskrav i forbindelse med forsikringsaftaler, som udelukkende er tegnet på den forsikredes eget initiativ uafhængigt af arbejdsgiveren eller offentlig forvaltning og service, er ej heller omfattet af socialforsikring.
Sociale ydelser
17.08
Der udbetales sociale ydelser, når visse begivenheder indtræffer, eller når der foreligger visse omstændigheder, der kan påvirke de berørte husholdningers velfærd i negativ retning, enten fordi de lægger yderligere beslag på deres ressourcer eller reducerer deres indkomst. Sociale ydelser ydes i kontanter eller naturalier. Der udbetales sociale ydelser i en række forskellige situationer:
a)
Ydelsesmodtagerne eller deres forsørgelsesberettigede har behov for lægebehandling, tandlægebehandling eller anden behandling eller hospitalsophold, rekreationsophold eller langtidspleje som følge af sygdom, personskade, barsel, kronisk invaliditet, alderdom osv. De sociale ydelser kan ydes i naturalier i form af behandling eller pleje, der er gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, eller ved at refundere husholdningens udgifter. Der kan ligeledes udbetales sociale ydelser i kontanter til ydelsesmodtagere, der har behov for sundhedspleje.
b)
Ydelsesmodtagerne er ansvarlige for forsørgelsesberettigede af forskellig slags: ægtefæller, børn, ældre slægtninge, handicappede osv. De sociale ydelser udbetales som regel i kontanter i form af regelmæssige ydelser til forsørgelsesberettigede eller familieydelser.
c)
Ydelsesmodtagerne indkomst reduceres, fordi de ikke er i stand til at arbejde eller have fuldtidsarbejde. De sociale ydelser udbetales som regel løbende i kontanter, så længe situationen varer ved. I visse tilfælde udbetales der et engangsbeløb ud over eller i stedet for de løbende udbetalinger. Der kan f.eks. være følgende årsager til, at man ikke er i stand til at arbejde:
1)
frivillig eller obligatorisk pensionering
2)
ufrivillig arbejdsløshed, herunder midlertidig afskedigelse og korttidsarbejde
3)
sygdom, ulykke, fødsel osv., der forhindrer en person i at arbejde eller i at have fuldtidsarbejde.
d)
Ydelsesmodtagerne modtager ydelser som kompensation for at miste en del af indkomsten, hvis hovedindkomstmodtageren afgår ved døden.
e)
Ydelsesmodtagerne får stillet en bolig til rådighed enten gratis eller til priser, som ikke er økonomisk signifikante, eller ved at godtgøre husholdningernes udgifter. Dette er sociale ydelser i naturalier.
f)
Ydelsesmodtagerne modtager ydelser til at dække udgifter til uddannelse til sig selv eller deres forsørgelsesberettigede. Uddannelsestjenester kan ydes som sociale ydelser i naturalier.
Sociale ydelser fra offentlig forvaltning og service
17.09
Offentlig forvaltning og service leverer sociale ydelser som betaling i forbindelse med socialsikring, social bistand eller sociale overførsler i naturalier.
17.10
Socialsikring refererer til socialforsikringsordninger, der forvaltes af offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.11
Definitionen af sociale ydelser omfatter levering af sundheds- og uddannelsestjenester. Offentlig forvaltning og service stiller typisk disse tjenester til rådighed for alle borgere, uden at der stilles krav om deltagelse i en ordning eller andre kvalificerende krav. Disse tjenester betragtes som sociale overførsler i naturalier og ikke som en del af socialsikrings- eller bistandsydelser. Ud over de sundheds- og uddannelsestjenester, der leveres af offentlig forvaltning og service, kan sådanne tjenester også leveres til enkeltpersoner af nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger. Disse tjenester betragtes også som sociale overførsler i naturalier og ikke som en del af socialforsikringsordninger.
Sociale ydelser leveret af andre institutionelle enheder
17.12
Sociale ydelser kan leveres af arbejdsgivere til deres ansatte og disses forsørgelsesberettigede eller af andre enheder, f.eks. fagforeninger. Alle sociale ydelser, der leveres af andre enheder end offentlig forvaltning og service, leveres i henhold til en socialforsikringsordning.
Pensioner og andre former for ydelser
17.13
For socialforsikringsydelser og de tilsvarende bidrag sondres der mellem dem, der vedrører pensioner, og dem, der vedrører andre former for ydelser. Den vigtigste pensionsydelse, der er omfattet af socialforsikringsordningerne, er indkomstpension, men der er også andre eksempler. Der udbetales således pensioner til den efterladte ægtefælle eller til personer, der har pådraget sig en erhvervsskade, således at de er uarbejdsdygtige. Hvis hovedindkomstmodtageren afgår ved døden eller bliver uarbejdsdygtig og således ikke kan oppebære en indkomst, udbetales der derfor ydelser, der bogføres som pensioner.
17.14
Alle andre ydelser grupperes under ikkepensionsydelser. Det er vigtigt at sondre mellem pensions- og ikkepensionsydelser, fordi der bogføres pensionsforpligtelser, uanset om der faktisk er hensat midler til at honorere disse rettigheder eller ej, men der bogføres kun reserver for ikkepensionsydelser, når de tilsvarende reserver rent faktisk findes.
ANDRE SOCIALFORSIKRINGSYDELSER END PENSIONER
17.15
Definition:
 Andre socialforsikringsydelser, eller ikkepensionsydelser, er ydelser, som ydelsesmodtagerne direkte eller indirekte modtager afhængigt af specifikke begivenheder og som regel på forudbestemte lovbestemte eller aftalebaserede betingelser.
Med undtagelse af indkomstpension kan en række andre hændelser være dækket, f.eks. ydelser i forbindelse med sygeforsikring, arbejdsløshedsforsikring og langtidsplejeforsikring.
17.16
Andre socialforsikringsydelser gives til modtagere i henhold til socialsikringsordninger og andre arbejdsmarkedsordninger end socialsikring.
Andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger
17.17
Definition:
 Andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger er aftalebaserede forsikringsordninger, hvor ydelsesmodtagerne som deltagere i en socialforsikringsordning forpligtes af offentlig forvaltning og service til at forsikre sig mod andre risici end alderdom og andre alderdomsrelaterede risici. Andre socialsikringsydelser end pensionsydelser, også kaldet ikkepensionsydelser, gives til ydelsesmodtagerne af offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.18
Ydelsesmodtagerne indbetaler som regel obligatoriske bidrag til en anden socialsikringsordning end en socialsikringspension, der ofte finansieres på pay-as-you-go-basis. Pay-as-you-go-bidrag anvendes i en periode til at finansiere ydelser i samme periode. Denne fremgangsmåde indeholder ikke noget opsparingselement, hverken for offentlig forvaltning og service, for arbejdsgiveren, der administrerer ordningen, eller for de ydelsesmodtagere, der deltager i ordningen. Som regel er der således ikke tale om noget overskud, og hvis der opstår et finansieringsproblem, kan offentlig forvaltning og service have beføjelse til at ændre betingelserne, ikke blot for så vidt angår fremtidig men også tidligere beskæftigelsesperioder. I visse lande kan andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger opbygge reserver kaldet stødpudereserver.
17.19
Andre socialsikringsrettigheder end pensionsrettigheder, f.eks. tilgodehavender i en socialsikringsordning, registreres ikke i ENS-systemets hovedkonti. Estimater af tilgodehavender i form af rettigheder i henhold til andre socialsikringsordninger end pensioner, såvel som enhver anden arbejdsmarkedsrelateret ikkepension, der tilbydes af offentlig forvaltning og service, er ikke omfattet i hovedkontiene og opføres ikke i tabel 17.5.
Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger
17.20
Definition:
 Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger er aftalebaserede forsikringsordninger, som enten er lovpligtige, eller som tredjemand har opfordret til at deltage i. Arbejdsgiverne kan i forbindelse med andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger stille krav om, at de ansatte deltager i en socialforsikringsordning valgt af arbejdsgiveren for at forsikre sig mod andre risici end alderdom og alderdomsrelaterede risici. Det er enten arbejdsgiveren eller andre enheder, der, på vegne af arbejdsgiveren, tilbyder disse arbejdsmarkedspensioner.
17.21
Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede socialforsikringsordninger betragtes — ligesom de hertil knyttede pensionsordninger — som en del af aflønningen af ansatte, og forhandlingerne mellem arbejdsgivere og ansatte kan eventuelt omhandle de gældende ansættelsesvilkår og lønskalaer. Andre socialforsikringsydelser end pensioner tilbydes ofte af private arbejdsgivere gennem ordninger, som arbejdsgiverne administrerer eller indgår en aftale med tredjemand om, f.eks. et forsikringsselskab, der udbetaler sociale ydelser, f.eks. i forbindelse med private sundhedsforsikringer.
Bogføring af beholdninger og strømme efter typen af ikkepensionsrelateret socialforsikringsordning
Socialsikringsordninger
17.22
Da socialsikring normalt finansieres på pay-as-you-go-basis, fremgår socialsikringsrettigheder, f.eks. sociale ydelser, herunder pensioner, ikke af nationalregnskabets hovedkonti.
17.23
Pensionsrettigheder, der stammer fra socialsikringsordninger, er omfattet af den supplerende tabel over optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger, men dette gælder ikke rettigheder, der stammer fra andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger.
17.24
Bogføringen af strømme i forbindelse med andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger vedrører bidrag fra arbejdsgiveren og de ansatte samt socialsikringsydelser.
17.25
Bidrag fra arbejdsgiveren betragtes som en del af aflønningen af ansatte. Det bogføres som en fordelingstransaktion, der betales af arbejdsgiveren og modtages af de ansatte. De ansatte betaler i så fald et beløb svarende til det, som de modtager fra arbejdsgiveren, sammen med deres egne eventuelle bidrag til socialsikringsordningen. Dette beløb bogføres som anvendelse for husholdningerne og som tilgang for offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.26
Bidrag fra selvstændige eller ikkebeskæftigede er også omfattet af husholdningernes bidrag til offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.27
Socialsikringsydelser bogføres som fordelingstransaktioner fra offentlig forvaltning og service til husholdningerne.
17.28
Tabel 17.2 viser transaktionerne i forbindelse med en socialsikringspension. De svarer til transaktionerne i forbindelse med andre socialsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger.
Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ikkepensionsmæssige socialforsikringsordninger
17.29
For andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ikkepensionsmæssige socialforsikringsordninger bogføres deltagernes rettigheder som regel, efterhånden som de optjenes. Investeringsindkomst fra eksisterende rettigheder bogføres som fordelt til ydelsesmodtagerne, som herefter geninvesterer disse i ordningen.
17.30
En arbejdsgivers sociale bidrag til en forsikringsordning på vegne af en ansat betragtes som en del af aflønningen af ansatte.
17.31
Investeringsindkomst fra optjente rettigheder bogføres som fordelt fra ordningen til husholdningerne. Investeringsindkomsten omfatter renter og udbytte plus, såfremt den institutionelle enhed har andele heri, den fordelte indkomst fra kollektive investeringsordninger. Ordningen kan eventuelt have fast ejendom og således generere et nettooverskud af produktionen, hvilket er omfattet af investeringsindkomsten, der fordeles til ydelsesmodtagerne. I dette tilfælde skal begrebet »investeringsindkomst« forstås således, at det omfatter denne indtægtskilde. Kapitalgevinster og –tab ved investering af de optjente rettigheder er ikke omfattet af investeringsindkomsten, men de bogføres som andre ændringer som følge af omvurderinger.
17.32
En del af indkomsten, der fordeles til husholdningerne, anvendes til at afholde ordningens administrationsomkostninger. Disse omkostninger vises som ordningens produktion og husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug. Den resterende del af den fordelte indkomst betragtes som supplerende bidrag, som husholdningerne betaler tilbage til ordningen.
17.33
Bidrag til sociale ordninger registreres som betalt af husholdningerne til ordningen. De samlede bidrag til sociale ordninger består af faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag som en del af aflønningen af ansatte, faktiske lønmodtagerbidrag og bidrag fra andre, der tidligere har deltaget i ordningen, selvstændige og ikkebeskæftigede samt pensionister samt supplerende bidrag som specificeret i punkt 17.32.
17.34
Bidragydere til en socialforsikringsordning, som ikke er lønmodtagere, kan være selvstændige eller ikkebeskæftigede, der deltager i kraft af deres erhverv eller tidligere ansættelsesforhold.
17.35
De sociale ydelser, som ordningens administrator udbetaler til husholdninger, registreres som fordelingstransaktioner under andre socialforsikringsydelser.
17.36
Betalingen for den tjeneste, som leveres af ordningens administrator, og som svarer til værdien af ordningens produktion, bogføres som husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug.
17.37
En stigning i rettigheder som følge af et overskud af bidrag i forhold til ydelser registreres som betaling fra socialforsikringsordningen til husholdningerne. Begrundelsen herfor er, at en sådan stigning i rettigheder påvirker husholdningernes nettoformue direkte og derfor også bør henføres til husholdningssektorens opsparing.
17.38
Justeringen for ændringerne i rettigheder, der udbetales af ordningen til husholdningerne, bogføres som et krav fra husholdningerne på ordningen.
17.39
Tabel 17.3 viser transaktionerne i forbindelse med en arbejdsmarkedsrelateret pensionsordning. De svarer til transaktionerne i forbindelse med andre socialforsikringsordninger end pensionsordninger.
PENSIONER
17.40
Definition:
 Pensionsydelser fra en socialforsikringsordning er ydelser, der udbetales til modtagerne, når de går på pension, som regel på forudbestemte lovbestemte eller aftalebaserede betingelser og typisk i form af en garanteret livrente.
Den vigtigste pensionsydelse i forbindelse med socialforsikringsordninger er indkomstpension, men der er også andre eksempler. Der udbetales således pensionsydelser til den efterladte ægtefælle eller til personer, der har pådraget sig en erhvervsskade, som gør dem uarbejdsdygtige. Der er tale om pension i forbindelse med alle begivenheder, der giver anledning til betaling af ydelser, fordi en indkomstmodtager, der er afgået ved døden eller er blevet uarbejdsdygtig, ikke længere er i stand til at oppebære en indkomst til sig selv eller de forsørgelsesberettigede.
Typer af pensionsordninger
17.41
Der kan være følgende former for pension:
a)
socialforsikringspensioner
b)
social bistand og
c)
individuelle pensionsforsikringer.
De tilbydes som regel af sociale kasser og fonde, andre offentlige forvaltningsenheder, forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser eller af institutionelle enheder, f.eks. arbejdsgivere. Der kan dog også afhængigt af de nationale forhold være tale om andre institutioner. Begrebet »sociale kasser og fonde« betyder ikke nødvendigvis, at der inden for ordningen er oprettet en fond eller kasse med aktiver. Sociale kasser og fonde og socialsikringsordninger er synonyme.
17.42
Socialforsikringspensioner ydes til modtagere, der deltager i socialforsikringsordninger. Den del, der ydes af offentlig forvaltning og service, kaldes socialsikringspensioner (inklusive sociale kasser og fonde), og den del, der ydes af andre enheder, kaldes andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger. Sondringen mellem de pensioner, der ydes gennem socialsikringsordninger, og dem, der ydes gennem andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede ordninger, varierer betydeligt fra land til land, hvilket medfører, at dækningen og således opfattelsen i de enkelte lande af begrebet »socialsikring« varierer betydeligt.
Socialsikringspensioner
17.43
Definition:
 Socialsikringspensioner er aftalebaserede forsikringsordninger, hvor offentlig forvaltning og service gør det obligatorisk for ydelsesmodtagerne som deltagere i en socialforsikringsordning at forsikre sig mod alderdom og andre alderdomsrelaterede risici, herunder invaliditet, sygdom osv. Sådanne socialsikringspensioner ydes af offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.44
Når offentlig forvaltning og service er ansvarlig for ydelse af pensioner til store dele af samfundet, fungerer socialsikringen som en multiarbejdsgiverordning.
17.45
Ydelsesmodtagerne indbetaler som regel obligatoriske bidrag til en socialsikringspension, der ofte finansieres på pay-as-you-go-basis. Bidragene i en periode anvendes til at finansiere ydelser i samme periode. Denne ordning indeholder ikke noget opsparingselement, hverken for offentlig forvaltning og service, for arbejdsgiveren, der driver ordningen, eller for de modtagere, der deltager heri. Ordningen giver således ikke noget overskud, og hvis der opstår finansieringsproblemer, kan offentlig forvaltning og service have beføjelse til at ændre betingelserne, ikke blot for så vidt angår fremtidig men også tidligere beskæftigelsesperioder. I visse lande kan socialsikringspensioner dog opbygge reserver kaldet stødpudereserver.
17.46
Den simpleste form for socialsikringspension er meget basal. Niveauet kan fastsættes uafhængigt af bidragenes størrelse, dog er det nødvendigt, at bidragene er indbetalt i en bestemt periode eller på visse andre særlige betingelser. En lønmodtagers pensionsrettigheder i henhold til en socialsikringsordning kan ofte overføres fra arbejdsgiver til arbejdsgiver.
17.47
I visse lande kan alle eller de fleste pensionsydelser derimod blive udbetalt gennem en socialsikringsordning. I så fald fungerer offentlig forvaltning og service som formidler for arbejdsgiverne, således at den, efter at have modtaget arbejdsgiverens og husholdningernes bidrag til ordningen, påtager sig ansvaret for at foretage de senere udbetalinger. Offentlig forvaltning og service overtager arbejdsgiverens risiko for, at pensionsudgifterne bliver for stor en byrde for det pågældende foretagende. Befolkningen får derved en garanti for, at pensionerne vil blive udbetalt, dog med det forbehold, at den kan ændre de forfaldne pensionsydelser, også med tilbagevirkende kraft.
17.48
Pensionsrettigheder i form af fordringer på en socialsikringspension registreres ikke i ENS-systemets hovedkonti. Estimater af fordringer i form af rettigheder i forbindelse med socialsikringspensioner og enhver anden ydelsesdefineret arbejdsmarkedsrelateret pension, der ydes af offentlig forvaltning og service, er ikke omfattet af hovedkontiene, men er bogført i den supplerende tabel over optjente pensionsrettigheder i tabel 17.5.
Andre arbejdsmarkedspensioner
17.49
Definition:
 Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger er aftalebaserede forsikringsordninger, som er lovpligtige, eller som det offentlige har opfordret til at deltage i, eller hvor det fra arbejdsgivernes side er en del af ansættelsesvilkårene, at de ansatte — ydelsesmodtagerne — deltager i en socialforsikringsordning efter arbejdsgiverens valg med henblik på at forsikre sig mod alderdom og andre alderdomsrelaterede risici. Det er enten arbejdsgiveren eller andre enheder, der, på vegne af arbejdsgiveren, tilbyder disse arbejdsmarkedspensioner.
17.50
Medmindre arbejdsgiverne og ydelsesmodtagerne aftaler at ændre ydelsernes størrelse, ændres pensionsordninger, der administreres af private arbejdsgivere, ikke med tilbagevirkende kraft. Der er imidlertid en risiko for, at arbejdsgiveren ikke er i stand til at betale, fordi han har indstillet sine aktiviteter. Det er blevet mere og mere almindeligt at beskytte ydelsesmodtagernes pensionsrettigheder. Det er nogle gange ikke muligt at overføre pensionsrettigheder fra den ene arbejdsgiver til den anden. Der er en stigende tendens til at der opbygges reserver i forbindelse med arbejdsgiverpensioner. Selv om der ikke er nogen reserver, skal de pågældende arbejdsgivere ifølge de gældende regnskabsregler opføre både de nuværende og tidligere ansattes pensionsrettigheder i deres regnskaber.
17.51
Andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger betragtes som en del af aflønningen af ansatte, og forhandlingerne mellem arbejdsgiver og ansatte kan eventuelt omhandle de gældende ansættelsesvilkår, lønskalaer og pensionsrettigheder. Private arbejdsgivere udbetaler ofte pensionsydelser fra ordninger, som arbejdsgiverne administrerer eller har indgået en aftale med tredjemand om, f.eks. et forsikringsselskab. Det er nogle gange muligt for en specialiseret enhed at påtage sig ansvaret for at yde pensionstjenester på vegne af en række arbejdsgivere til gengæld for, at de påtager sig ansvaret for at sikre en passende finansiering til at honorere de pågældende pensionsrettigheder. Dette kaldes en »multiarbejdsgiverpensionsordning«.
17.52
Både de nuværende og tidligere lønmodtagere, som er modtagere, kan bidrage til denne ordning og forventes at modtage en formueindkomst derfra. Denne formueindkomst betragtes efterfølgende som et supplerende bidrag, som de skal betale.
17.53
Pensionsordninger opdeles i bidragsdefinerede ordninger og ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
17.54
Definition:
 En bidragsdefineret ordning er en pensionsordning, hvor ydelserne udelukkende defineres ud fra de midler, der er oparbejdet af bidragene i hele lønmodtagerens arbejdsliv, hvortil kommer en eventuel værditilvækst som følge af de investeringer, som pensionsmanageren foretager med disse midler.
17.55
Den ansatte har det fulde ansvar for, at den bidragsdefinerede ordning giver en passende indkomstpension.
17.56
Det er forholdsvist nemt at opnå detaljerede oplysninger om bidragsdefinerede ordninger, da der skal foreligge fuldstændige regnskaber, og der ikke skal foretages nogen aktuarmæssige beregninger. De fleste af disse ordninger findes inden for selskabssektoren (kolonne A i tabel 17.5), men i visse tilfælde kan det offentlige fungere som manager. Pensionsrettighederne i alle bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger er opført i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti.
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger
17.57
Definition:
 En ydelsesdefineret ordning er en pensionsordning, hvor de ydelser, der skal betales til lønmodtageren ved pensionering, fastsættes på grundlag af en formel, enten alene eller kombineret med et garanteret minimumsbeløb.
17.58
Arbejdsgiveren eller en enhed, der handler på dennes vegne, har ansvaret for, at en ydelsesdefineret ordning giver en passende indkomstpension.
Fiktive bidragsdefinerede ordninger og hybride ordninger
17.59
Fiktive bidragsdefinerede ordninger og hybride ordninger hører under ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
17.60
Definition:
 En fiktiv bidragsdefineret ordning svarer til en bidragsdefineret ordning, dog med den forskel, at der er et garanteret minimumsbeløb.
17.61
I en fiktiv bidragsdefineret ordning krediteres og akkumuleres bidragene (både fra arbejdsgiver og ansat) på individuelle konti. Disse individuelle konti er fiktive i den forstand, at bidragene til ordningerne anvendes til at udbetale pensionsydelser til de deltagere, der allerede er gået på pension. På pensionstidspunktet konverteres det akkumulerede beløb til en livrente på grundlag af en formel, der bygger på en række faktorer, bl.a. en måling af den forventede levetid, og dette beløb dyrtidsreguleres årligt.
17.62
Hybride ordninger er ordninger, der både har et ydelsesdefineret og et bidragsdefineret element. En ordning betragtes som hybrid, enten fordi den indeholder både ydelsesdefinerede og bidragsdefinerede elementer, eller fordi den omfatter fiktive bidragsdefinerede elementer og samtidig enten ydelsesdefinerede eller bidragsdefinerede elementer. De forskellige elementer kan være blandet for en enkelt modtager eller differentieret efter modtagergrupper afhængigt af aftale, pension, der udbetales, osv.
17.63
I en fiktiv bidragsdefineret ordning og i en hydrid ordning deles ansvaret for at sikre en passende indkomstpension mellem arbejdsgiveren og den ansatte.
17.64
I visse tilfælde bæres arbejdsgiverens ansvar af multiarbejdsgiverordningen, der administrerer den bidragsdefinerede pensionsordning på vegne af arbejdsgiveren.
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger sammenlignet med bidragsdefinerede ordninger
17.65
Den grundlæggende regnskabsmæssige forskel mellem en ydelsesdefineret og en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning er, at ydelsen til den ansatte i den aktuelle periode inden for rammerne af en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning fastsættes ud fra arbejdsgiverens forpligtelser med hensyn til pensionsniveauet, mens ydelsen til den ansatte i den aktuelle periode inden for rammerne af en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning fastsættes ud fra de bidrag, der er indbetalt til ordningen, og den investeringsindkomst og de kapitalgevinster og -tab, som disse og tidligere bidrag har indbragt. Mens der således i princippet foreligger fuldstændige oplysninger om ydelserne til deltagerne i en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning, beregnes ydelserne til deltagerne i en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning aktuarmæssigt.
17.66
Der kan være fire forskellige årsager til ændringer i pensionsrettigheder i en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning. Den første af disse årsager, forøgelsen af pensionsrettigheder optjent i indeværende periode, er stigningen i rettigheder forbundet med de lønninger, der er tjent i den aktuelle periode. En anden årsag, nemlig forøgelsen af tidligere optjente pensionsrettigheder, er stigningen i værdien af rettigheder som følge af, at pensionstidspunktet (og dødstidspunktet) er rykket et år nærmere. Den tredje årsag til en ændring i niveauet af rettigheder er et fald som følge af betalingen af ydelser til de pensionister, der er omfattet af ordningen. Den fjerde årsag til en ændring skyldes andre faktorer, som afspejles i kontoen for andre ændringer i status.
17.67
Ligesom med en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning kan arbejdsgiveren og/eller den ansatte indbetale faktiske bidrag til ordningen i den aktuelle periode. Det kan dog forekomme, at disse betalinger ikke er tilstrækkelige til at dække stigningen i ydelser hidrørende fra det aktuelle års beskæftigelse. Der imputeres derfor et supplerende bidrag fra arbejdsgiveren for at skabe balance mellem de faktiske og imputerede bidrag og forøgelsen af pensionsrettigheder optjent i indeværende periode. Disse imputerede bidrag er som regel positive, men de kan også være negative, hvis summen af modtagne bidrag overstiger forøgelsen af pensionsrettigheder optjent i indeværende periode.
17.68
I slutningen af regnskabsperioden kan niveauet af pensionsforpligtelser over for tidligere og aktuelle ansatte beregnes ved på grundlag af aktuarmæssige beregninger at estimere den aktuelle værdi af de skyldige beløb, der skal betales som pension. En af årsagerne til den årlige stigning i dette beløb er, at den aktuelle værdi af de rettigheder, der eksisterer i starten af året, og som fortsat skal honoreres i slutningen af året, er steget, fordi man er rykket ét år tættere på fremtiden, og der således skal anvendes en diskonteringsfaktor mindre til beregning af den aktuelle værdi. Det er denne gradvise afvikling af diskonteringsfaktoren, der tager højde for forøgelsen af tidligere optjente pensionsrettigheder.
17.69
En yderligere grundlæggende forskel mellem en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning og en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning vedrører betalingen af pensionsordningens administrationsomkostninger. Ved en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning bæres alle risici af modtagerne. Pensionsordningen administreres på deres vegne, og de betaler omkostningerne i forbindelse hermed. Da ordningen kan administreres af andre enheder end arbejdsgiveren, er det hensigtsmæssigt at behandle administrationsomkostningerne som en del af investeringsindkomsten, som tilbageholdes i ordningen til at afholde udgifter og skabe en fortjeneste. I lighed med bogføringsreglerne i forbindelse med forsikring behandles investeringsindkomsten som værende fordelt helt og fuldt til modtagerne, idet en del anvendes til at afholde udgifter og resten geninvesteres i ordningen.
17.70
For en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning er situationen en anden. Her er det arbejdsgiveren eller en enhed, der handler på vegne af arbejdsgiveren, og ikke modtagerne alene, der bærer risikoen for, at der ikke er tilstrækkelige midler til at honorere pensionsrettighederne. Ordningen kan være direkte administreret af arbejdsgiveren og være en del af samme institutionelle enhed eller kan være fiktiv. Selv i dette tilfælde er der omkostninger forbundet med at administrere ordningen. Selv om disse omkostninger som udgangspunkt afholdes af arbejdsgiveren, er det hensigtsmæssigt at betragte dette som en slags indkomst i naturalier til de ansatte, og af praktiske hensyn kan de indgå i arbejdsgiverens bidrag. Dette forudsætter, at alle omkostninger afholdes af de aktuelle ansatte og ikke af pensionister. Det forudsætter ligeledes, at den fordeling, der skal foretages i tilfælde af fiktive ordninger, kan finde anvendelse i andre situationer.
17.71
Ved en ydelsesdefineret ordning er det usandsynligt, at selvstændige eller ikkebeskæftigede bidrager løbende, selv om det dog er muligt, hvis de tidligere var i et ansættelsesforhold, hvortil der var knyttet en ydelsesdefineret pension, og de har bevaret retten til at deltage. Personer, der tidligere befandt sig i et ansættelsesforhold, og uanset om de modtager en pension, modtager en formueindkomst og betaler supplerende bidrag.
Pensionsadministrator, pensionsmanager, pensionskasse og multiarbejdsgiverpensionsordning
17.72
Socialforsikringsordninger kan oprettes af arbejdsgivere eller offentlig forvaltning og service, de kan oprettes af forsikringsselskaber på vegne af ansatte, eller der kan være etableret separate institutionelle enheder til at opbevare og forvalte de aktiver, der skal anvendes til at oparbejde pensionsmidler og udbetale pensionsydelser. Delsektoren pensionskasser omfatter kun de socialforsikringspensionskasser, som er institutionelle enheder og er adskilt fra de enheder, der opretter dem.
17.73
En arbejdsgiver kan indgå en aftale med en anden enhed om at forvalte pensionsordningen og sørge for udbetaling til modtagerne. Dette kan foregå på forskellige måder.
17.74
For det første fungerer pensionsadministratoren som arbejdsgiverens repræsentant, idet han varetager den daglige administration af pensionsordningen, og det er fortsat arbejdsgiveren, der bærer risikoen for manglende midler i ordningen eller har fordelen ved overskud.
17.75
For det andet er pensionsmanageren ligeledes ansvarlig for at fastsætte betingelserne for en anden arbejdsgiverrelateret pensionsordning og har det endelige ansvar for pensionsrettighederne. Pensionsmanageren har ligeledes et betydeligt ansvar for den langsigtede investeringspolitik, herunder valget af investeringsformer og administrationsudbydere. Selv om den samme enhed ofte kan varetage begge funktioner som pensionsmanager og pensionsadministrator, er disse ansvarsområder i visse tilfælde fordelt på forskellige enheder.
17.76
For det tredje er det ikke usædvanligt for en enkelt enhed at indgå aftaler med en række arbejdsgivere med henblik på at forvalte deres pensionsordninger som en multiarbejdsgiverpensionsordning. Ifølge sådanne aftalebetingelser accepterer multiarbejdsgiverpensionsordningen ansvaret for, at der ikke er midler nok til at honorere forpligtelserne, til gengæld for at kunne beholde eventuelle overskydende midler. Ved at samle risiciene på flere forskellige arbejdsgivere giver en multiarbejdsgiverordning mulighed for at foretage en udligning af over- og underskud, således at der for alle ordningerne samlet set opnås et overskud, ligesom et forsikringsselskab samler risiciene for et stort antal kunder. I dette tilfælde fungerer multiarbejdsgiverpensionsordningen som pensionsmanager.
17.77
Når offentlig forvaltning og service overtager ansvaret for at betale ydelser til store dele af samfundet, fungerer socialsikringen som multiarbejdsgiverordning. Ligesom et forsikringsselskab bærer de offentlige myndigheder risikoen for manglende midler til at honorere pensionsforpligtelser, eller de er berettigede til at beholde et eventuelt overskud. Socialsikringen finansieres dog ofte på pay-as-you-go-basis, hvorfor der således ikke genereres noget overskud, og hvis der opstår et finansieringsproblem, kan de offentlige myndigheder have beføjelse til at ændre rettighederne, ikke blot for så vidt angår fremtidig men også tidligere beskæftigelse.
17.78
Pensionsmanagerens ansvar for underfinansiering eller overfinansiering af en pensionsordning bogføres som et aktiv/passiv-forhold med pensionsadministratoren. Ændringer i passiver mellem pensionsmanager og pensionsadministrator bogføres for hver periode. Det er ikke pensionsrettighederne i pensionsordningen, der bogføres som passiver for pensionsmanageren, men derimod forskellen mellem pensionsrettigheder og ordningens beholdning af aktiver. Når værdien af ordningens aktivbeholdning overstiger værdien af pensionsrettigheder, hvilket betragtes som overfinansiering, bogføres der et passiv/aktiv-forhold med pensionsmanageren, når det er sikkert, at en eventuel overfinansiering vil tilfalde pensionsmanageren, hvis ordningen skulle afvikles.
17.79
Eventuelle kapitalgevinster eller -tab i forbindelse med de aktiver, som forvaltes af pensionsadministratoren, tilfalder pensionsmanageren, således at pensionskassens nettoformue hele tiden er lig med nul.
Bogføring af beholdninger og strømme efter arten af socialsikringspension
Transaktioner i forbindelse med socialsikringspensioner
17.80
Da socialsikring normalt finansieres på pay-as-you-go-basis, fremgår pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger ikke af nationalregnskabets hovedkonti. Man ville uden videre kunne foretage internationale sammenligninger, hvis alle lande havde samme slags ydelser i forbindelse med socialsikrings- og socialforsikringsordninger. Dette er dog ikke tilfældet, og der er store nationale forskelle i opfattelsen af, hvad der er omfattet af socialsikring.
17.81
Pensionsrettighederne i socialsikringsordninger er ikke omfattet af nationalregnskabets hovedkonti. Disse ordninger og arbejdsgiverordninger findes i mange forskellige afskygninger, som varierer fra medlemsstat til medlemsstat. Pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger figurerer i den supplerende tabel over pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger (tabel 17.5) for at give mulighed for at sammenligne landespecifikke data.
17.82
Bogføringen af strømme i forbindelse med socialsikringspensioner vedrører arbejdsgiverbidrag og lønmodtagerbidrag og socialsikringsydelser.
17.83
Arbejdsgiverbidrag betragtes som en del af aflønningen af ansatte. De bogføres som en fordelingstransaktion fra arbejdsgiveren til den ansatte. Den ansatte betaler i så fald et beløb svarende til det, som modtages fra arbejdsgiveren, sammen med eventuelle bidrag på egne vegne til socialsikringsfonden. Dette beløb bogføres som betalt af husholdningerne til offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.84
Bidrag fra selvstændige eller ikkebeskæftigede medregnes også i husholdningernes bidrag til offentlig forvaltning og service.
17.85
Socialsikringsydelser bogføres som fordelingstransaktioner fra offentlig forvaltning og service til husholdningerne.
17.86
Tabel 17.2 viser transaktionerne i forbindelse med en socialsikringspension.
Tabel 17.2 —
   
Konti for bidrag til sociale ordninger og pensionsydelser, der betales via socialsikringen
Anvendelse
Konto-og transaktionstype
Tilgang
Arbejdsgiver
Sociale kasser og fonde
Husholdninger
Andre sektorer
Samlet økonomi
Arbejdsgiver
Sociale kasser og fonde
Husholdninger
Andre sektorer
Samlet økonomi
Indkomstdannelseskonto
139,0
139,0
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
139,0
139,0
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
226,0
226,0
Socialsikringsbidrag (pensioner)
226,0
226,0
139,0
139,0
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6111)
139,0
139,0
87,0
87,0
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6131)
87,0
87,0
210,0
210,0
Socialsikringspensionsydelser i kontanter
210,0
210,0
Transaktioner i forbindelse med andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger
17.87
For andre arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger bogføres deltagernes rettigheder som regel efterhånden som de optjenes. Investeringsindkomst fra eksisterende pensionsrettigheder bogføres som fordelt til modtagerne og geninvesteret af disse i pensionsordningen.
17.88
Bogføringen af transaktioner i forbindelse med en bidragsdefineret ordning er mindre kompliceret end bogføringen af transaktioner i forbindelse med en ydelsesdefineret ordning.
17.89
For begge typer ordninger antages det, at der findes en pensionskasse. En bidragsdefineret pensionsordning kræver, at der findes en pensionskasse. For en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning kan der være en faktisk eller en fiktiv pensionskasse. Hvis pensionskassen findes, kan den være en del af samme institutionelle enhed som arbejdsgiveren, en separat institutionel enhed med en selvstændig pensionsordning eller en del af en anden finansiel institution, som enten kan være et forsikringsselskab eller en multiarbejdsgiverpensionsordning.
Transaktioner i forbindelse med bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger
17.90
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning på vegne af en ansat betragtes som en del af aflønningen af ansatte.
17.91
Investeringsindkomsten fra optjente pensionsrettigheder bogføres ligeledes som fordelt til husholdninger fra pensionskassen. Investeringsindkomsten omfatter renter og udbytte plus den fordelte indkomst fra kollektive investeringsordninger, hvis pensionskassen har andele heri. Pensionskassen kan eventuelt have fast ejendom og således generere et nettooverskud af produktionen, der sammen med investeringsindkomsten, registreres som fordelt til pensionsmodtagerne. I dette tilfælde omfatter begrebet »investeringsindkomst« denne type indkomst, såfremt den findes. Kapitalgevinster og –tab, der opstår ved investering af de optjente pensionsrettigheder, medregnes ikke i investeringsindkomsten, men bogføres som andre ændringer som følge af omvurderinger.
17.92
En del af indkomsten, der fordeles til husholdningerne, anvendes til at afholde pensionskassens administrationsomkostninger. Disse omkostninger bogføres som pensionskassens produktion og som husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug. Den resterende del af den fordelte indkomst behandles som supplerende pensionsbidrag, som husholdningerne betaler tilbage til pensionskassen.
17.93
Bidrag til sociale ordninger bogføres som betalt af husholdningerne til pensionskassen. De samlede bidrag til sociale ordninger består af de faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, som er en del af aflønningen af ansatte, faktiske lønmodtagerbidrag og eventuelt bidrag fra andre personer, herunder personer, der tidligere har deltaget i ordningen, selvstændige og ikkebeskæftigede samt pensionister, samt de supplerende bidrag som nævnt i punkt 17.92. Af klarhedshensyn og for at gøre det nemmere at sammenligne med ydelsesdefinerede ordninger registreres de supplerende bidrag med deres fulde værdi. De samlede bidrag fra husholdningerne til pensionskassen angives netto ligesom forsikringspræmierne angives netto, hvilket svarer til samtlige bidrag minus gebyrer for den ydede tjeneste.
17.94
De, der ud over lønmodtagere bidrager til en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning, kan være selvstændige, der deltager i en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning, eller ikkebeskæftigede, der deltager i en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning i kraft af deres erhverv eller tidligere beskæftigelsesstatus.
17.95
Pensionsydelser, som husholdninger modtager fra en pensionskasse, bogføres som fordelingstransaktioner under andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.6221).
17.96
Der er ligeledes en transaktion for den tjeneste, der leveres af pensionskassen (svarende til værdien af pensionskassens produktion), som bogføres som husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug.
17.97
Stigningen i pensionsrettigheder som følge af et overskud af bidrag i forhold til ydelser bogføres som betalt af pensionskassen til husholdningerne. På tilsvarende vis bogføres et fald i pensionsrettighederne som følge af et underskud af bidrag i forhold til ydelser som betalinger fra husholdningerne til pensionskassen. Ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder påvirker husholdningernes nettoformue direkte og således også husholdningssektorens opsparing. Da en stor del af stigningen i pensionsrettighederne for deltagerne i en bidragsdefineret pensionsordning, og således i sidste instans finansieringen af ydelserne, hidrører fra kapitalgevinster, der ikke indgår i de supplerende bidrag fra deltagere i bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger, vil der ofte være tale om en negativ korrektion af ændringerne i disse personers pensionsrettigheder.
17.98
Korrektionen for ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder, der betales af pensionskassen til husholdningerne, bogføres som et krav fra husholdningerne på pensionskassen.
17.99
Tabel 17.3 viser de posteringer, der er nødvendige for at bogføre transaktioner i forbindelse med en bidragsdefineret ordning. Det er enklere end den tilsvarende tabel for en ydelsesdefineret ordning, fordi der ikke er nogen imputerede transaktioner.
Tabel 17.3 —
   
Konti for pensionsydelser i henhold til en bidragsdefineret ordning
Anvendelser
Konto-og transaktionstype
Tilgang
Arbejdsgiver
Pensions-kasse
Husholdninger
Andre sektorer
Samlet økonomi
Arbejdsgiver
Pensionskasse
Husholdninger
Andre sektorer
Samlet økonomi
Produktionskonto
Produktion (P.1)
1,4
1,4
Indkomstdannelseskonto
11,0
11,0
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
11,0
11,0
3,0
3,0
Formueindkomst (D.4)
3,0
3,0
16,2
16,2
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere (D.442)
16,2
16,2
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
37,3
37,3
Husholdningernes samlede pensionsbidrag
37,3
37,3
11,0
11,0
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6111)
11,0
11,0
11,5
11,5
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6131)
11,5
11,5
16,2
16,2
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6141)
16,2
16,2
–1,4
–1,4
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger (D.61SC)
–1,4
–1,4
26,0
26,0
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.6221)
26,0
26,0
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
1,4
1,4
Udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
11,3
11,3
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder (D.8)
11,3
11,3
–11,0
–11,8
25,8
–3,0
0
Opsparing
Ændringer i aktiver
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i passiver
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9)
–11,0
–11,8
25,8
–3,0
0,0
11,3
11,3
Pensionsrettigheder (F.63)
11,3
11,3
–11,0
–0,5
14,5
–3,0
0,0
Andre finansielle aktiver
Andre strømme i forbindelse med bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger
17.100
De øvrige faktorer, der påvirker ændringerne i statuskontoposteringen for ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder, registreres på kontiene for andre ændringer i status. Især gælder det, at modtagernes rettigheder udviser kapitalgevinster/-tab på omvurderingskontoen, der nøjagtig svarer til kapitalgevinsterne/-tabene for de aktiver, som pensionskassen har til at imødekomme disse forpligtelser.
17.101
Investeringen af rettighederne i forbindelse med bidragsdefinerede pensionsordninger fører til kapitalgevinster eller –tab. Disse opstår som følge af værdiændringer af pensionskassens aktiver, og et beløb, der svarer nøjagtig til kapitalgevinsterne og –tabene, betragtes som en stigning i modtagernes pensionsrettigheder. Dette bogføres på omvurderingskontoen.
Transaktioner i forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger
17.102
I ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger er arbejdsgiveren ansvarlig for at honorere pensionsbetalingerne. Alternative konstruktioner med en multiarbejdsgiverordning, eller hvor det offentlige påtager sig arbejdsgiverens ansvar, følger definitionerne i punkt 17.76 og 17.77.
17.103
Det samlede arbejdsgiverbidrag til en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning på vegne af sine ansatte skal være tilstrækkeligt til, at de inklusive faktiske bidrag fra de ansatte selv og eksklusive ordningens administrationsomkostninger svarer til forøgelsen af den ansattes pensionsrettigheder optjent i indeværende periode. Arbejdsgiverbidraget deles op i en faktisk og en imputeret del, idet den sidstnævnte beregnes således, at der er fuld overensstemmelse mellem alle bidragene, der forøger for den ansattes rettigheder, og betalingen for tjenesten i forbindelse med disse rettigheder.
17.104
Arbejdsgiverbidraget beregnes i forhold til de pensionsrettigheder, der optjenes i perioden, uanset om ordningen har haft en investeringsindkomst i samme periode, eller om ordningen er overfinansieret. Rettighederne i den aktuelle periode er en del af aflønningen af ansatte, og hvis ikke den fulde værdi af arbejdsgiverbidraget blev medregnet, ville det føre til en for lavt sat aflønning af ansatte og et for højt sat tal for arbejdsgiverens overskud af produktionen. Det er vigtigt at bogføre bidragene løbende, også i tilfælde af en bidragspause, hvor arbejdsgiveren ikke betaler noget faktisk bidrag. Arbejdsgiverbidraget betragtes som en ændring i passiverne mellem pensionskasse og arbejdsgiver. Dette medfører, at de begge har samme nettoformue som hvis bidragene ikke blev bogført i en bidragspause, uden at aflønningen af ansatte reduceres kunstigt.
17.105
Der kan i forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede ordninger fastsættes en karenstid, der først skal være overstået, før en lønmodtager kan modtage pensionsydelser. Til trods for denne karenstid skal både bidrag og rettigheder bogføres fra starten af ansættelsesforholdet, dog korrigeret med en faktor, der afspejler sandsynligheden for, at den ansatte faktisk fuldfører karenstiden.
17.106
Summen af faktiske og imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger betragtes som aflønning af ansatte. De bogføres som anvendelse for arbejdsgiveren på indkomstdannelseskontoen og som en tilgang for lønmodtageren på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst.
17.107
Stigningen i nutidsværdien af rettighederne for lønmodtagere, der fortsat bidrager, og lønmodtagere, der ikke længere bidrager, men bevarer retten til pensionsydelser i fremtiden, repræsenterer investeringsindkomsten, der fordeles til lønmodtagerne. Der foretages intet fradrag for noget beløb, der eventuelt finansieres via kapitalgevinster, eller som ikke faktisk modsvares af eksisterende midler. Den investeringsindkomst, der fordeles til lønmodtagerne, modsvarer det beløb, som lønmodtageren ubetinget har krav på i henhold til den gældende aftale. Hvorledes arbejdsgiveren i sidste instans vælger at honorere denne forpligtelse, er ikke relevant for bogføringen af dette som en investeringsindkomst, og hvorledes renter eller udbytte rent faktisk finansieres, påvirker heller ikke deres bogføring som investeringsindkomst. Investeringsindkomsten bogføres som anvendelse for pensionskassen og tilgang for husholdningerne. Den geninvesteres med det samme af husholdningerne i pensionskassen og er en del af deres supplerende pensionsbidrag.
17.108
På sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen er bidrag til sociale ordninger opført som anvendelse for husholdningerne og tilgang for pensionskassen. De samlede bidrag til sociale ordninger, der skal betales, består af faktiske og imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, som er en del af aflønningen af ansatte, eksklusive pensionsordningens administrationsomkostninger, men inklusive faktiske lønmodtagerbidrag og inklusive de supplerende bidrag som anført i punkt 17.107. Som beskrevet i punkt 17.54-17.56 i forbindelse med de bidragsdefinerede ordninger registreres den fulde værdi af bidragene og de supplerende bidrag, idet en udligningspost repræsenterer gebyret for den ydede tjeneste. Det faktisk betalte beløb er et nettobidrag.
17.109
Pensionsydelserne fra pensionsordningen til husholdningerne bogføres på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Når ydelserne modtages i form af en livrente, opføres livrentebetalingerne her, og ikke den engangsydelse, der er forfalden på pensioneringstidspunktet.
17.110
Der er på indkomstanvendelseskontoen en postering for betaling af pensionskassens tjeneste, der svarer til værdien af pensionskassens produktion plus produktionen i de foretagender, der forvalter livrenter, som er betalt med pensionsrettigheder. Der er tale om anvendelse for husholdningerne og tilgang for pensionskassen.
17.111
Der er på indkomstanvendelseskontoen ligeledes en postering, der viser stigningen i pensionsrettigheder, som fremkommer ved arbejdsgiverens indbetalinger, der forøger pensionsrettighederne, med fradrag af de ydelser, der udbetales. Dette beløb registreres som tilgang for husholdningerne og anvendelse for pensionskassen. Baggrunden herfor er, at en sådan ændring i pensionsrettigheder påvirker husholdningernes nettoformue direkte, hvorfor den bør medregnes i husholdningssektorens opsparing.
17.112
Beløbet på indkomstanvendelseskontoen, som pensionskassen betaler til husholdningerne, registreres på den finansielle konto som en ændring i husholdningernes aktiver i forhold til pensionskassen.
17.113
Andre organisationer, herunder fagforeninger, kan for sine medlemmer drive en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning, som i alle henseender svarer til en arbejdsgivers ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordning. Bogføringen er fuldstændig den samme, dog med den undtagelse, at pensionsmanager »erstatter« arbejdsgiver og deltager i ordningen »erstatter« lønmodtageren.
17.114
For at illustrere bogføringen af transaktioner i forbindelse med en ydelsesdefineret pensionsordning indeholder tabel 17.4 et taleksempel. Imputerede tal er anført med fed tekst, og de tal, der opstår ved omkanalisering, er anført i kursiv.
Tabel 17.4 —
   
Konti for pensionsydelser i henhold til en ydelsesdefineret ordning
Anvendelser
Konto-og transaktionstype
Tilgang
Arbejdsgiver
Pensionskasse
Husholdninger
Andre sektorer
Samlet økonomi
Arbejdsgiver
Pensionskasse
Husholdninger
Andre sektorer
Samlet økonomi
Produktionskonto
Produktion (P.1)
0,6
0,6
Indkomstdannelseskonto
10,0
10,0
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
4,1
4,1
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1221)
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1211)
10,0
10,0
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.1221)
4,1
4,1
2,2
2,2
Formueindkomst (D.4)
2,2
2,2
4,0
4,0
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere (D.442)
4,0
4,0
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
19,0
19,0
Husholdningernes samlede pensionsbidrag
19,0
19,0
10,0
10,0
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6111)
10,0
10,0
4,1
4,1
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6121)
4,1
4,1
1,5
1,5
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6131)
1,5
1,5
4,0
4,0
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger (D.6141)
4,0
4,0
–0,6
–0,6
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger (D.61SC)
–0,6
–0,6
16,0
16,0
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger (D.6221)
16,0
16,0
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
0,6
0,6
Udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
3
3
Korrektiv for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder (D.8)
3
3
–14,1
–1,2
17,5
–2,2
0
Opsparing
Ændringer i aktiver
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i passiver
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9)
–14,1
–1,2
17,5
–2,2
0
3
3
Pensionsrettigheder (F.63)
3
3
4,1
4,1
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere (F.64)
4,1
4,1
–10,0
–2,3
14,5
–2,2
0
Andre finansielle aktiver
17.115
Det fremgår af aktuarmæssige beregninger, at stigningen i pensionsrettigheder hidrørende fra aktuelle indbetalinger, dvs. nettoværdien af yderligere pensionsrettigheder, der er optjent i det pågældende år, er 15. Husholdningerne (forsikringstagerne/lønmodtagerne) bidrager med 1,5. Arbejdsgiveren skal derfor bidrage med 13,5. Desuden anslås ordningens administrationsomkostninger til 0,6. Arbejdsgiveren skal derfor bidrage med i alt 14,1. Det faktiske bidrag er på 10, og de resterende 4,1 er et imputeret bidrag. Produktionen på 0,6 fremgår af produktionskontoen, og forbruget af denne tjeneste bogføres på indkomstanvendelseskontoen. Arbejdsgiverbidragene bogføres som anvendelse for arbejdsgiveren på indkomstdannelseskontoen og som tilgang for husholdningerne på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst.
17.116
Formueindkomsten opføres på kontiene for allokering af primær indkomst. Stigningen i pensionsrettigheder hidrørende fra tidligere indbetalinger som følge af den gradvise afvikling af diskonteringsfaktoren, fordi pensioneringstidspunktet er rykket et år tættere på, er 4. Dette betragtes som en imputeret strøm af formueindkomst fra pensionskassen til husholdningerne. Samtidig har pensionskassen en faktisk indtjening på 2,2 som investeringsindkomst fra de midler, som den forvalter. På dette stadium er der således en manko på 1,8 i pensionskassen, men det fremgår ikke af de løbende konti.
17.117
Husholdningernes betalinger til pensionskassen fremgår af sekundærindkomstfordelingskontiene. Dette kan anskues på to måder. Summen af de bidrag, der betales af husholdningerne, bør svare til stigningen i rettigheder hidhørende fra de aktuelle indbetalinger (15) plus et beløb i form af indkomst fra tidligere rettigheder (4), dvs. i alt 19. De faktisk betalte beløb er 10 i form af faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, 4,1 i form af imputerede bidrag, 1,5 i form af husholdningernes egne bidrag, samt de supplerende bidrag på 4 minus gebyret for den ydede tjeneste på 0,6, hvilket igen giver i alt 19.
17.118
Ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder opføres ligesom køb af en tjeneste, som er en del af husholdningernes forbrug, på indkomstkontoen som anvendelse for pensionskassen og som tilgang for husholdningerne. I dette eksempel skal husholdningernes bidrag på 19 ses i forhold til pensionsydelserne på 16. Der er således en stigning i husholdningernes pensionsrettigheder på 3.
17.119
Husholdningerne har en opsparing på 17,5, hvoraf 3 er stigningen i deres pensionsrettigheder. Dette betyder, at de har erhvervet andre finansielle aktiver (eller har færre passiver) på 14,5. Dette tal er forskellen mellem modtagne ydelser (16) og husholdningernes faktiske bidrag på 1,5.
17.120
Det imputerede bidrag på 4,1 er opført på pensionskassens finansielle konto som pensionsadministratorens krav på arbejdsgiveren. Husholdningerne har et krav på pensionskassen på 3 hidrørende fra ændringen i pensionsrettigheder. Desuden nedbringer pensionskassen sine finansielle aktiver eller øger sine passiver med 2,3, hvilket svarer til den disponible indkomst eksklusive det imputerede bidrag fra arbejdsgiveren.
SUPPLERENDE TABEL OVER PENSIONSRETTIGHEDER I SOCIALSIKRINGSORDNINGER
Den supplerende tabels udformning
17.121
Den supplerende tabel (tabel 17.5) over optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger giver mulighed for at samle og fremlægge sammenlignelige statuskontodata og transaktionsdata samt andre data om strømme vedrørende alle former for pensionsrettigheder fra et debitor- (pensionsmanager) og et kreditorsynspunkt (husholdninger). Tabellen omfatter ligeledes data om strømme og beholdninger, der ikke fuldt ud bogføres i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti for specifikke pensionsordninger, herunder ikkefondsbaserede ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger med offentlig forvaltning og service som pensionsmanager, og socialsikringspensioner.
17.122
Den supplerende tabel omfatter kun den del af socialforsikringen, som vedrører alderspension, herunder de pensioner, der betales før normal pensionsalder. Social bistand, syge- og langtidsplejeforsikring, separat sygeorlovsforsikring og forsikring mod invaliditet er ikke omfattet af tabellen. Den dækker heller ikke individuelle forsikringsaftaler. Det kan dog i praksis være umuligt eller ikke tilstrækkelig vigtigt fuldstændigt at udskille de ikkepensionsmæssige elementer af socialforsikringen. Det er nogle gange ikke muligt at udskille social bistand indeholdt i pensionsordninger, der almindeligvis er oprettet som socialforsikring, hvorfor de fremgår af den supplerende tabel.
17.123
Den supplerende tabel omfatter rettigheder for efterladte (f.eks. forsørgelsesberettigede ægtefæller, børn og forældreløse) ligesom invaliditetsrelaterede ydelser, når de er en integrerende del af pensionsordningen.
17.124
Alle elementer i den supplerende tabel er opført uden fradrag for beskatning, yderligere sociale bidrag eller de gebyrer for ydet tjeneste, der er forbundet med pensionsordningen.
Tabel 17.5 —
   
Supplerende tabel over pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger
Forbindelser
Række nr.
Bogføring
Nationalregnskabets hovedkonti
Ikke omfattet af nationalregnskabets hovedkonti
Pensionsordninger i alt
Modposteringer: Pensionsrettigheder for ikkeresidente husholdninger
 (
4
)
Pensionsmanager
Ikke offentlig forvaltning og service
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger og andre
 (
1
)
 ikkebidragsdefinerede ordninger
I alt
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger for offentligt ansatte
 (
2
)
Socialsikringspensioner
Klassificeret i finansielle selskaber
Klassificeret i offentlig forvaltning og service
 (
3
)
Klassificeret i offentlig forvaltning og service
Kolonne nr.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Primostatuskonto
1
Pensionsrettigheder
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af transaktioner
Σ 2.1 til 2.4 - 2.5
2
Stigning i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af sociale bidrag
2.1
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
2.2
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
2.3
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
2.4
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag
 (
5
)
 til sociale ordninger
2.5
Minus: gebyrer til pensionsordninger
3
Anden (aktuarmæssig) ændring i pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringspensioner
4
Reduktion i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af udbetaling af pensionsydelser
2 + 3 - 4
5
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af bidrag til sociale ordninger og pensionsydelser
6
Overførsler af pensionsrettigheder mellem ordninger
7
Ændring i rettigheder forårsaget af forhandlede ændringer i ordningernes struktur
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af andre strømme
8
Ændringer i rettigheder forårsaget af omvurderinger
 (
6
)
9
Ændringer i rettigheder forårsaget af andre mængdeændringer
 (
6
)
Ultimostatuskonto
1+ Σ 5 til 9
10
Pensionsrettigheder
Beslægtede indikatorer
11
Produktion
Tabellens kolonner
17.125
Kolonnerne i tabellen refererer til følgende tre forskellige grupper af pensionsordninger:
1)
inddeling efter bogføringen af pensionsordninger, der opføres med det fulde beløb i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti (kolonne A-F) og pensionsordninger, hvor rettighederne kun opføres i den supplerende tabel (kolonne G og H)
2)
inddeling efter pensionsmanager i ikkeoffentlige (kolonne A-C) og offentlige pensionsordninger (kolonne D-H); pensionsordninger inklusive socialsikring, der klassificeres i den offentlige sektor, er opført i kolonne D, F, G og H, og
3)
inddeling efter pensionsordninger i bidragsdefinerede (kolonne A og D) og ydelsesdefinerede ordninger (kolonne B og E-G).
17.126
Ydelsesmodtagerne i pensionsordninger er for det meste residente husholdninger. Antallet af ikkeresidente husholdninger, der modtager pensionsydelser, kan dog i visse lande være ganske betydeligt. I dette tilfælde tilføjes kolonne J for at vise det samlede antal ikkeresidente husholdninger.
17.127
Beslutningen om, hvorvidt man bør opføre pensionsrettighederne i ikkefondsbaserede, ydelsesdefinerede arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger, hvor det offentlige er pensionsmanager, på nationalregnskabets hovedkonti eller kun i den supplerende tabel, afhænger af, hvilken type ydelsesdefineret ordning det drejer sig om. Det ledende princip for, hvorvidt en ordning skal registreres i nationalregnskabet, er, i hvor høj en grad den pågældende ordning kan betragtes som en national socialsikringspension.
17.128
Der er store forskelle mellem ordningerne i EU, og det ville føre til en inkonsekvent bogføring, hvis alle ordninger skulle registreres. Rettigheder i ikkefondsbaserede, ydelsesdefinerede arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger, hvor det offentlige er pensionsmanager, opføres således kun i den supplerende tabel. Dette påvirker beregningsmetoden i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti for de imputerede sociale arbejdsgiverbidrag til disse ordninger.
17.129
Endvidere klassificeres pensionsordninger efter pensionsmanager, idet der skelnes mellem offentlige og ikkeoffentlige pensionsmanagere. Begrebet pensionsmanager er defineret i punkt 17.75.
17.130
Visse arbejdsgiverrelaterede pensionsordninger har blandede medlemmer, f.eks. både offentligt ansatte og ansatte i offentlige selskaber, og mange pensionsordninger har »fastfrosset« medlemskabet for de deltagere, der har skiftet arbejdsgiver. Der er ikke noget i vejen for, at en ordning, der har forholdsmæssig få ikkeoffentligt ansatte, betragtes som en ordning med offentlig pensionsmanager.
17.131
Offentligt finansierede ydelsesdefinerede ordninger for deres egne ansatte vises i kolonne E og F. Kolonne E indeholder ordninger, der forvaltes af en pensionskasse eller et forsikringsselskab, og kolonne F indeholder de ordninger, der forvaltes af det offentlige selv. Offentlige ordninger for egne ansatte, hvor pensionsrettighederne ikke er opført på nationalregnskabets hovedkonti, vises i kolonne G. Summen af kolonne E, F og G viser således den offentlige sektors samlede forpligtelser vedrørende de offentlige ansattes pensionsrettigheder.
17.132
Pensionsordninger klassificeres efter ordningens art i bidragsdefinerede (kolonne A og D) og ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger (kolonne B, E, F og G). Kolonne H vedrører socialsikringspensioner.
Tabellens rækker
17.133
Tabellens rækker vedrører statuskontoposter, transaktioner og andre strømme i forbindelse med pensionsrettigheder i ordninger, der indgår i den supplerende tabel, og de er opført separat i tabel 17.6. Der foretages en afstemning mellem primobeholdningen af pensionsrettigheder i sådanne ordninger i starten af en periode og ultimobeholdningen af pensionsrettigheder i slutningen af en periode, idet der tages hensyn til alle transaktioner og andre strømme i løbet af perioden. For de ordninger, der er opført i kolonne G og H, bogføres mange af transaktionerne i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti, men ikke beholdningen af pensionsrettigheder.
Tabel 17.6 —
   
Rækkerne i den supplerende tabel over pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger
Række nr.
Primostatuskonto
1
Pensionsrettigheder
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af transaktioner
2
Stigning i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af sociale bidrag
2.1
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
2.2
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
2.3
Husholdningernes arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
2.4
Husholdningernes supplerende arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
7
)
2.5
Minus: gebyrer til pensionsordninger
3
Anden (aktuarmæssig) stigning i pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringspensioner
4
Reduktion i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af udbetaling af pensionsydelser
5
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af bidrag til sociale ordninger og pensionsydelser
6
Overførsler af pensionsrettigheder mellem ordninger
7
Ændring i rettigheder forårsaget af forhandlede ændringer i ordningernes struktur
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af andre økonomiske strømme
8
Ændringer i rettigheder forårsaget af omvurderinger
 (
8
)
9
Ændringer i rettigheder forårsaget af andre mængdeændringer
 (
8
)
Ultimostatuskonto
10
Pensionsrettigheder
Beslægtede indikatorer
11
Produktion
Primo- og ultimostatuskonti
17.134
Række 1 viser primobeholdningen af pensionsrettigheder, som svarer nøjagtig til ultimobeholdningen for den forrige regnskabsperiode. Række 10 viser den tilsvarende ultimobeholdning af pensionsrettigheder i slutningen af regnskabsperioden.
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af transaktioner
17.135
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag og faktiske lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger er opført i række 2.1 og 2.3 ligesom i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti. For visse pensionsordninger, bl.a. socialsikringspensioner, er det nødvendigt at sondre mellem faktiske sociale bidrag vedrørende pensioner og sociale bidrag vedrørende andre sociale risici som arbejdsløshed.
17.136
For ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger opgøres imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger generelt som saldopost, idet ændringer i rettigheder i løbet af året, som ikke er indeholdt i andre rækker i tabellen, er anført i række 2.2. Denne række dækker »erfaringsmæssige virkninger«, hvor det observerede resultat af modelantagelser for pensioner (lønvækst, inflationsrate og diskonteringssats) afviger fra de antagne niveauer. Der er i denne række anført et nul for bidragsdefinerede ordninger.
17.137
Række 2.4 viser ordningernes frembragte eller imputerede formueindkomst, der kanaliseres gennem husholdningssektoren eller sektoren udlandet. Det skal bemærkes, at for alle ydelsesdefinerede ordninger, herunder fondsbaserede eller ikkefondsbaserede socialsikringsordninger, følger denne formueindkomst afviklingen af diskonteringssatsen. Med andre ord beregnes denne værdi som diskonteringssatsen gange pensionsrettighederne i regnskabsperiodens begyndelse.
17.138
Visse posteringer i rækkerne i kolonne G og H, især de faktiske bidrag fra både arbejdsgivere og lønmodtagere figurerer på nationalregnskabets hovedkonti, selv om rettighederne og ændringer i rettigheder ikke gør. Andre posteringer i kolonne G og H, der kun vises i den supplerende tabel, står med gråt i tabellen og er forklaret nedenfor.
17.139
Det imputerede bidrag fra arbejdsgivere til de offentlige ordninger, hvor rettighederne er anført i kolonne G men ikke på nationalregnskabets hovedkonti, kræver særlig opmærksomhed. På nationalregnskabets hovedkonti skal de imputerede bidrag estimeres på grundlag af aktuarmæssige beregninger. Kun i tilfælde, hvor de aktuarmæssige beregninger ikke giver et tilstrækkelig pålideligt resultat, kan offentlige arbejdsgiveres imputerede bidrag til pensionsordninger beregnes på en af følgende to måder:
1)
på grundlag af en rimelig procentdel af den løn, der udbetales til nuværende ansatte, eller
2)
som forskellen mellem de løbende udbetalte ydelser og de faktisk indbetalte bidrag (af både de ansatte og den offentlige arbejdsgiver).
Poster for husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger og andre ændringer i rettigheder registreres på samme grundlag som for private ordninger.
17.140
En post, der beregnes på samme aktuarmæssige grundlag med hensyn til social sikring, er anført i række 3 som »anden (aktuarmæssig) stigning i pensionsrettigheder i sociale kasser og fonde«. Det holdes således adskilt fra imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger.
17.141
Eftersom den supplerende tabel giver en fuldstændig beskrivelse af ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder i løbet af regnskabsperioden, er det nødvendigt at indsætte en særlig række for at tage højde for det tilfælde, hvor de faktiske sociale bidrag til socialsikringspensioner ikke er aktuarmæssigt beregnet, og der er således et imputeret bidrag, som arbejdsgiveren ikke er ansvarlig for. Disse imputerede transaktioner i forbindelse med socialsikringspensioner er anført i række 3 som en anden aktuarmæssig stigning i pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringspensioner. Posteringerne i denne række kan være positive eller negative, idet de negative tal forekommer i en socialsikringspension, hvor diskonteringssatsen er højere end ordningens interne forrentning. En pensionsordnings interne forrentning er diskonteringssatsen, der svarer til nutidsværdien af de faktisk betalte bidrag og den tilbagediskonterede værdi af pensionsrettighederne hidrørende fra disse bidrag. Negative posteringer kan f.eks. forekomme, når der opkræves bidrag over det krævede aktuarmæssige niveau med henblik på at finansiere en kortsigtet mangel på likvide midler.
17.142
Række 3 repræsenterer ikke kontante overførsler fra skatteindtægter og bliver bogført på standardkontiene som løbende overførsler mellem offentlige enheder, hvis de ikke har nogen indvirkning på pensionsrettighederne. I visse medlemsstater foretager offentlig forvaltning og service overførsler til pensionsordninger, hvilket øger pensionsrettighederne (f.eks. når der sker overførsler til særlige samfundsgrupper, der ikke er i stand til at bidrage direkte), hvilket peger i retning af, at beløbene bør medregnes implicit i dette »rækkebeløb«, der beregnes som forskellen.
17.143
Forskelle i regnskabsperioden mellem antaget og faktisk lønvækst (dvs. lønvækstdelen af de »erfaringsmæssige virkninger« eller de »aktuarmæssige virkninger« ved anvendelse af modeller) skal fremgå af transaktionerne (imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger) sammen med alle andre erfaringsmæssige virkninger.
17.144
Række 3 dækker »erfaringsmæssige virkninger«, der observeres for socialsikringspensioner, hvor det observerede resultat af modelantagelser for pensioner (lønvækst, inflationsrate og diskonteringssats) for et vilkårligt år afviger fra de antagne niveauer.
17.145
Række 4 indeholder de pensionsydelser, der er udbetalt i regnskabsperioden. Udbetalingen af pensionsydelser har som effekt at »afvikle« nogle af de pensionsrettigheder, der er omfattet af primobeholdningen i række 1.
17.146
Række 5 vedrører ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af bidrag og ydelser. De beregnes som række 2 plus række 3 minus række 4. Denne saldopost, der opgøres fra de ikkefinansielle konti, svarer til den, der opgøres på de finansielle konti.
17.147
Karakteristisk for de skiftende rammebetingelser for pensioner er den mere og mere udbredte mulighed for »portabilitet«, hvor en person, der skifter arbejde, kan overføre pensionsrettigheder fra den gamle til den nye arbejdsgiver. Når dette forekommer, forbliver husholdningens pensionsrettigheder uændrede, men der sker en transaktion mellem de to pensionsordninger, eftersom den nye ordning overtager forpligtelserne fra den tidligere, og der sker en modpartstransaktion med visse aktier for at modsvare disse forpligtelser.
17.148
Hvis offentlig forvaltning og service overtager ansvaret for pensionsydelserne til de ansatte i ikkeoffentlige enheder gennem en eksplicit transaktion, skal betalinger fra den ikkeoffentlige enhed bogføres som forudbetalte bidrag til sociale ordninger (F.89). Dette behandles nærmere i punkt 20.272-20.275.
17.149
Der bogføres to transaktioner i række 6, når ansvaret for pensionsrettighederne overgår fra én enhed til en anden. I første omgang er der en overførsel af pensionsrettigheder fra den oprindelige pensionsordning til den nye pensionsordning. I anden omgang kan der være en overførsel i kontanter eller andre finansielle aktiver til at dække den nye pensionsordnings ekstraudgifter. Svarer værdien af de overførte finansielle aktiver ikke til værdien af de overførte pensionsrettigheder, er det nødvendigt med en tredje postering for kapitaloverførsler for på korrekt vis at afspejle ændringerne i de to enheders nettoformue.
17.150
Arbejdsgiverne foretager i stigende grad ændringer af de pensionsordninger, som de forvalter, for at tage højde for demografiske og andre faktorer. Disse ændringer kan være i form af en ændring af vilkårene for udbetaling af ydelser, en ændring i pensionsalderen eller en ændring af andre bestemmelser.
17.151
Kun gennemførte ændringer af pensionsordninger registreres i nationalregnskabet, i estimaterne for pensionsrettigheder i det år, hvor ændringen gennemføres, og efterfølgende i de observerede strømme. Hvis en arbejdsgiver blot erklærer at have til hensigt at ændre en pensionsordning, er det ikke et tilstrækkeligt grundlag for at indføre virkningerne af eventuelle ændringer i nationalregnskabet,
17.152
Når der foretages ændringer, kan arbejdsgiveren i visse tilfælde vælge ikke at røre ved eksisterende medlemmers erhvervede rettigheder, således at ændringerne kun finder anvendelse på efterfølgende erhvervelse af supplerende rettigheder. Der vil da ikke være nogen umiddelbar effekt på de løbende pensionsydelser. Effekten vil vise sig for fremtidige målinger af pensionsydelser, hvilket er i overensstemmelse med princippet om rettigheder optjent til dato.
17.153
Nogle gange beslutter arbejdsgiveren sig for at foretage ændringer, der påvirker de eksisterende medlemmers til dato optjente rettigheder, f.eks. en generel forhøjelse af pensionsalderen for alle medlemmer. Denne type ændringer påvirker beholdningen af pensionsrettigheder i løbet af det år, hvor de gennemføres. Denne effekt skal bogføres som en strøm. Den kan være meget omfattende, da den påvirker både aktuelle og fremtidige pensionsrettigheder.
17.154
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder bogføres som transaktioner på følgende måde:
a)
Hvis rettighederne til en pensionsordning indgår i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti, og hvis arbejdsgiveren accepterer at ændre vilkårene ved forhandling med de berørte ansatte, bogføres denne ændring som en transaktion i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti (under imputerede sociale arbejdsgiverbidrag).
b)
Hvis rettighederne til en pensionsordning ikke er bogført i nationalregnskabets hovedkonti, og hvis arbejdsgiveren accepterer at ændre vilkårene for pensionsrettigheder ved forhandling med de berørte ansatte, bogføres denne ændring som en transaktion i den supplerende tabel.
c)
Hvis det drejer sig om socialsikring, og ændringerne i pensionsrettigheder er vedtaget af landets parlament, bogføres ændringerne i den supplerende tabel, som om de var resultatet af forhandlinger.
17.155
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder, der gennemføres uden forhandling, bogføres som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
17.156
Ændringer i til dato optjente rettigheder hidrørende fra tidligere optjente rettigheder bogføres som kapitaloverførsler.
17.157
Række 7 viser effekten af strukturelle ændringer i en pensionsordning på tidligere optjente rettigheder.
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af andre økonomiske strømme
17.158
Række 8 og 9 vedrører de øvrige strømme, f.eks. omvurderinger og andre mængdeændringer i forbindelse med socialsikringspensioner. Tabel 17.7 viser de andre strømme, inddelt i omvurderinger og andre mængdeændringer.
17.159
Omvurderinger skyldes ændringer af grundlæggende modelantagelser i de aktuarmæssige beregninger. Disse antagelser er diskonteringssatsen, lønstigningstakten og inflationsraten. De erfaringsmæssige virkninger er ikke medtaget her, medmindre det ikke er muligt at udskille dem. Det er mere sandsynligt, at andre ændringer i aktuarmæssige estimater bogføres som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status. Effekten af prisændringer som følge af investering af rettigheder bogføres som omvurderinger på omvurderingskontoen.
17.160
Når de demografiske antagelser, der anvendes i forbindelse med de aktuarmæssige beregninger, ændres, bogføres de som andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
Tabel 17.7 —
   
Andre strømme som f.eks. omvurderinger og andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Omvurderinger
Ændringer i antaget diskonteringssats
Ændringer i antaget lønudvikling
Ændringer i antaget prisudvikling
Andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i demografiske antagelser
Andre ændringer.
Beslægtede indikatorer
17.161
Finansielle tjenester, der produceres af en pensionsordning, bogføres som betalt af ordningens medlemmer, og omkostningerne i forbindelse med pensionsordningen bogføres således ikke som forbrug i produktionen for den arbejdsgiver, der administrerer ordningen. I skema 17.1 er de finansielle tjenester således adskilt fra bidrag til sociale ordninger. Når de finansielle tjenester vises på denne måde, betyder det, at de bidrag, som de ansatte modtager af deres arbejdsgivere, er af nøjagtig samme størrelse som den del af bidragene, der betales af de ansatte til pensionsordningen. Det er desuden ikke nødvendigt at vise, hvilken del af bidragene til sociale ordninger der udgør tjenesteelementet. Det er husholdningens supplerende bidrag, der udgør tjenesteelementet i en bidragsdefineret ordning, og enten arbejdsgiverens eller husholdningernes bidrag, der udgør tjenesteelementet i en ydelsesdefineret ordning.
Da der bogføres en produktion for alle arbejdsgiverpensioner, som medlemmerne forbruger, viser række 11 produktionen for de forskellige pensionstyper.
Skema 17.1 —
   
Pensionsrettigheder og ændringer heraf
Bidrag
(faktiske, imputerede,
heraf: formueindkomst)
(række 2 og 3)
Pensionsydelser (række 4)
Finansielle tjenester
Andre strømme
(omvurderinger,
andre mængdeændringer)
(række 8 og 9)
Ændringer i
pensionsrettigheder
(forårsaget af transaktioner og
andre økonomiske strømme)
Pensionsrettigheder
i starten
af perioden (række 1)
Pensionsrettigheder
i slutningen
af perioden (række 10)
Beholdning pr. t
0
Transaktioner og andre strømme mellem t
0
 og t
1
Beholdning pr. t
1
Dette skema er udelukkende illustrativt, og de forskellige rubrikkers størrelse skal ikke tillægges nogen betydning.
Aktuarmæssige antagelser
De til dato optjente rettigheder
17.162
Pensionsrettigheder bogføres i nationalregnskabet med deres bruttoværdi. Der tages ikke højde for aktiver eller akkumulerede bidrag til sociale ordninger med henblik på at udarbejde eventuelle nettorettigheder. Der tages kun hensyn til pensionsrettigheder i forbindelse med aktuelle og fremtidige pensionsydelser.
17.163
Princippet om til dato optjente forpligtelser passer til nationalregnskabsmæssige formål. Det omfatter nutidsværdien af pensionsrettigheder på grundlag af allerede optjente pensionsrettigheder. Det omfatter f.eks. de pensionsrettigheder, der er optjent af de nuværende ansatte, inklusive udskudte pensionsrettigheder, og de resterende pensionsrettigheder for eksisterende pensionister.
17.164
Ligesom for alle nationalregnskabsdata beregnes disse data ex post, da de kun omfatter de løbende værdier af rettigheder, som hidrører fra de optjente pensionsrettigheder på statusdagen. Metoden bygger på observerbare tidligere begivenheder og transaktioner, f.eks. medlemskab af pensionsordningen og indbetalte bidrag. Disse efterfølgende beregninger bygger dog også på en række antagelser i modelberegningen. Der foretages estimater af sandsynligheden for, at de nuværende bidragsydere dør eller bliver invalide, inden de når pensionsalderen. Beregningerne afspejler også fremtidige ændringer i betalingsstrømmen som følge af lovgivning, der vedtages inden det år, hvor pensionsrettighederne beregnes. Endelig kræver metoden en række vigtige antagelser vedrørende den fremtidige udvikling, herunder med hensyn til diskonteringssatsen for fremtidige pensionsudbetalinger.
Diskonteringssats
17.165
Diskonteringssatsen, der anvendes i forbindelse med estimater af fremtidige pensionsydelser ved til dato optjente rettigheder, er en af de enkeltstående mest betydningsfulde antagelser, der skal foretages ved modelberegninger vedrørende pensionsordninger, eftersom den kan have en meget stor akkumuleret effekt over flere årtier. Den diskonteringssats, der anvendes i forbindelse med en bestemt fremgangsmåde, kan ændre sig med tiden, hvilket vil føre til omvurderinger i regnskabet.
17.166
Diskonteringssatsen kan betragtes som svarende til det forventede risikofri afkast af pensionsordningens aktiver. Hvad angår de pensionsrettigheder, der skal betales i fremtiden, kan diskonteringssatsen også betragtes som kapitalomkostninger i den forstand, at de fremtidige betalinger skal finansieres af det offentlige gennem de sædvanlige kilder:
a)
nettoanskaffelse af passiver, f.eks. lån og gældsværdipapirer
b)
nettosalg af aktiver og
c)
offentlige indtægter.
Der kan udledes en diskonteringssats af disse finansieringsomkostninger.
17.167
Diskonteringssatsen bør være et risikofrit afkast. Der angives nedenfor en række kriterier for fastsættelsen af passende satser. Diskonteringssatsen på førsteklasses stats- og selskabsobligationer, f.eks. med en AAA-rating, er en passende reference. Afkastet af førsteklasses selskabsobligationer anvendes som regel kun på meget brede markeder. Obligationerne skal have samme restløbetid som pensionsrettighederne. Det anbefales at anvende en diskonteringssats baseret på en lang løbetid, dvs. mindst 10 år. Et gennemsnit af diskonteringssatsen over flere år sammenkædet med varigheden af de økonomiske konjunkturer kan anvendes til at udligne tidsserierne af diskonteringssatser. Antagelserne vedrørende diskonteringssats og fremtidig lønudvikling bør være konsistente. Medlemsstaterne skal på grundlag af ovenstående kriterier påvise, at diskonteringssatsen kan anvendes til pensionsrettigheder.
17.168
Der skal anvendes samme diskonteringssats for alle pensionsordninger (herunder socialsikringspensioner), hvor offentlig forvaltning og service på alle forvaltningsniveauer er pensionsmanager, eftersom det ønskede resultat bør ligge tæt op ad et risikofrit afkast.
Lønvækst
17.169
Ved ydelsesdefinerede pensionsordninger anvendes der ofte en formel i forbindelse med det enkelte medlems løn (slutlønnen, gennemsnitslønnen over en årrække eller livstidslønnen) til at fastsætte pensionsniveauet. De endelige pensionsydelser, der udbetales, afhænger af den gennemsnitlige vækst i medlemmernes løn, herunder gennem forfremmelser og karriereudvikling.
17.170
Det er derfor hensigtsmæssigt at overveje, hvilke antagelser der skal anvendes for den fremtidige lønudvikling. Den antagne lønudvikling på lang sigt bør svare til den observerede diskonteringssats. Begge variabler er på lang sigt indbyrdes afhængige.
17.171
Regnskabsbranchen anvender to aktuarmæssige metoder til at måle virkningen af lønstigninger. Ved ABO-metoden (accrued benefit obligation — forpligtelser mht. optjente ydelser) registreres kun de ydelser, der er optjent til dato. Det repræsenterer det beløb, som man som ansat kan tage med sig, hvis man forlader virksomheden, og det kan f.eks. lægges til grund for vurderingen af en persons nettoformue i forbindelse med en bodeling ved skilsmisse.
17.172
PBO-metoden (projected benefit obligation — de forventede ydelsesforpligtelser) er en mere forsigtig måling til bestemmelse af de forventede ydelser. PBO beror på en antagelse af, hvor mange gange den pågældende person kan forventes at blive forfremmet, og en beregning af den heraf følgende slutløn. Hvis den pågældende således kun har arbejdet 20 ud af de forventede 40 år, bliver slutlønnen halveret, og pensionsrettighederne beregnes på grundlag af dette lønniveau. ABO-beløbet stiger trinvis i takt med eventuelle forfremmelser, mens PBO-beløbet stiger støt over tid. En persons PBO er altid højere end den pågældendes ABO indtil pensioneringstidspunktet, hvor ABO indhenter PBO.
17.173
Lønstigningernes virkning skal afspejles i transaktionerne, fordi beslutningen om at give en lønstigning er en bevidst økonomisk beslutning, truffet af arbejdsgiveren. Hertil kommer, at ABO- og PBO-metoderne på lang sigt fører til samme bogføring, selv om tidspunkterne for de forskellige transaktioner varierer efter ordningens demografiske forhold.
17.174
Ændringer af antagelser vedrørende fremtidige lønændringer, der som regel foretages med nogle års mellemrum i forbindelse med en overordnet revision af modelantagelser for pensioner eller som følge af større omstruktureringer af arbejdsstyrken, bogføres som andre strømme (omvurderinger).
17.175
Der observeres i praksis en række mulige varianter i anvendelsen af ABO- og PBO-metoderne afhængigt af, hvorledes pris- og løneffekten behandles.
17.176
En vigtig faktor er behandlingen af pensionernes indeksering, hvor de pensionsydelser, der skal betales, stiger i overensstemmelse med den nominelle lønvækst efter pensionering.
17.177
Løneffekten har stor betydning, og det anbefales derfor, at valget mellem ABO- og PBO-metode foretages på grundlag af pensionsordningens ydelsesformel. Når denne formel eksplicit eller implicit indeholder en faktor for lønstigninger (før eller efter pensionering), anvendes PBO-metoden. I modsat fald anvendes ABO-metoden.
Demografiske antagelser
17.178
De fremtidige pensionsudbetalinger afhænger af den demografiske udvikling for så vidt angår medlemmernes alders- og kønsfordeling samt levetid. Der findes veletablerede demografiske tabeller til modelberegninger i forbindelse med pensions- og livsforsikringsordninger.
17.179
Et medlemskab af en arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede pensionsordninger er som regel veldefineret, og de relevante data er således tilgængelige. Ved socialsikringsordninger anvendes almindelige befolkningsdata, hvis der ikke foreligger specifikke data om medlemskabet af socialsikringsordningen.
17.180
Når der anvendes levetidstabeller, også kaldet dødelighedstabeller, anbefales de tabeller, der indeholder data opdelt efter køn og lønmodtagergrupper. For den gruppe medlemmer, der modtager en invalidepension, bør modelberegningen om muligt baseres på andre levetidsantagelser.
17.181
Der bør i forbindelse med levetidsantagelser tages højde for den konstante levetidsforøgelse.
17.182
Der kan ved modelberegninger for pensionsordninger anvendes andre demografiske antagelser end levetid, f.eks. fremtidige fertilitetskvotienter, erhvervsfrekvens eller immigrationstal, når pensionsydelsen eller indekseringsformlen er baseret på en »forsørgelsesprocent« eller en lignende fremgangsmåde.
17.183
Når førtidig pensionering inden for en bestemt ordning er aktuarmæssigt neutral, har det ikke indflydelse på modelberegningen. Ikkeaktuarmæssigt neutrale førtidige pensioneringer har en effekt, og disse forekommer ofte, da der som regel anvendes forskellige rentesatser ved førtidig pensionering. Det er derfor vigtigt at foretage en korrekt modelberegning for adfærden med hensyn til førtidig pensionering, særlig når den fremtidige pensionsalder hæves.
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  S
ådanne andre ikkebidragsdefinerede ordninger, ofte betegnet hybride ordninger, har både et ydelsesdefineret og et bidragsdefineret element.
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Ordninger oprettet af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service for dens aktuelle og tidligere ansatte.
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Disse er ikkeselvstændige ydelsesdefinerede ordninger, hvor pensionsrettighederne bogføres i hovedkontiene.
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Modpartsdata for ikkeresidente husholdninger opføres kun særskilt, når pensionsforbindelserne med udlandet er signifikante.
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Disse supplerende bidrag repræsenterer afkastet af medlemmernes fordringer på pensionsordningerne. Det drejer sig om både investeringsindkomst af aktiver i bidragsdefinerede ordninger og om afkast, der fremkommer ved afviklingen af den anvendte diskonteringssats i forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
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Kolonne G og H bør for så vidt angår disse positioner opdeles mere detaljeret på grundlag af modelberegningerne for disse ordninger. Sorte celler (█) er ikke relevante. Grå celler (▒) indeholder data, som afviger fra hovedkontiene.
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Disse supplerende bidrag repræsenterer afkastet af medlemmernes fordringer på pensionsordninger, både i form af investeringsindkomst fra aktiver i bidragsdefinerede ordninger og afkast, der fremkommer ved afviklingen af den anvendte diskonteringssats i forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
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Kolonne G og H bør for så vidt angår disse positioner opdeles mere detaljeret på grundlag af modelberegningerne for disse ordninger (jf. punkt 17.158-17.160).
KAPITEL 18
KONTI FOR UDLANDET
INDLEDNING
18.01
Kontiene for residente institutionelle sektorer viser økonomisk aktivitet: produktion; indkomstdannelse, indkomstfordeling og indkomstomfordeling; forbrug; akkumulering af aktiver og passiver. På disse konti registreres transaktioner blandt residente enheder og residenters transaktioner med ikkeresidente enheder, der udgør udlandet.
18.02
ENS er et lukket system, idet alle transaktioner registreres på kontienes anvendelsesside og tilgangsside. For residente enheders vedkommende giver dette mulighed for at opstille et konsistent og samlet sæt konti, og alle de økonomiske aktiviteter for hver institutionel enhed indgår i kontosystemet. Dette gør sig ikke gældende for ikkeresidente enheder. Ikkeresidente enheder kan kun observeres gennem deres interaktion med residente enheder i den økonomi, der måles, og kun deres transaktioner med residente enheder kan derfor registreres. Dette gøres ved at oprette en sektor ved navn »udlandet« og ved at udarbejde et særligt sæt konti med et begrænset antal poster, som viser ikkeresidente enheders transaktioner med residente enheder.
18.03
Kontosystemet for sektoren udlandet er som følger:
a)
Udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester (V.I), der omfatter import og eksport af varer og tjenester
b)
Udlandskontoen for primær og sekundær indkomst (V.II), der omfatter aflønning af ansatte, formue- og investeringsindkomst samt løbende overførsler som f.eks. personlige overførsler (inklusive arbejdstageres overførsler) og international bistand
c)
Udlandskontiene for akkumulation (V.III) bestående af
1)
kapitalkontoen (V.III.1), der viser kapitaloverførsler samt anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle, ikkeproducerede aktiver
2)
den finansielle konto (V.III.2), der viser transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver
3)
kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status (V.III.3.1), der viser ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse mv.
4)
omvurderingskontoen (V.III.3.2), der viser nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
d)
Kontoen for aktiver og passiver over for udlandet (V.IV) indeholder primostatuskontoen og ultimostatuskontoen og viser ændringerne i værdien af disse aktiver og passiver mellem primostatuskontoen og ultimostatuskontoen.
Hele kontosystemet fremgår af kapitel 8, og kontonumrene i parentes ovenfor henviser til kontonumrene i nævnte kapitel.
18.04
Da kontiene opstilles fra udlandets synspunkt, vises import til den indenlandske økonomi som en tilgang, og eksport fra den indenlandske økonomi vises som en anvendelse på udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester. En tilsvarende omvendt relation findes i alle kontiene for udlandet. Hvis en saldo er positiv, betyder det et overskud for udlandet og et underskud for hele den indenlandske økonomi. På samme måde viser en negativ saldo et underskud for udlandet og et overskud for den indenlandske økonomi. Et finansielt aktiv, der ejes af udlandet, er et passiv for den indenlandske økonomi, og et passiv, der ejes af udlandet, er et indenlandsk aktiv.
18.05
Standardreglerne for statistikker om transaktioner og positioner mellem en økonomi og udlandet er fastsat i »Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual 2008« (sjette udgave) (BPM6) 
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1
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. Denne manual er harmoniseret med FN's System of National Accounts 2008, men beskriver samspillet mellem den indenlandske økonomi og udlandet i et sæt konti, herunder statuskonti, hvor oplysningerne præsenteres på en anden måde. I dette kapitel gøres der rede for kontiene for udlandet i ENS 2010, og det beskrives, hvordan de hænger sammen med de internationale konti i BPM6.
ØKONOMISK OMRÅDE
18.06
Ved økonomisk område forstås i al almindelighed det område, som faktisk kontrolleres økonomisk af en enkelt regering. Valutaunioner, økonomiske unioner, regioner eller verden som helhed kan imidlertid anvendes, da de også kan være emne for makroøkonomisk politik eller analyse. Den fuldstændige definition fremgår af kapitel 2 (punkt 2.04-2.06).
18.07
Med henblik på at fastlægge, om en enhed er resident på et givet økonomisk område, tages følgende forhold i betragtning:
1)
om enheden er en institutionel enhed; og i så fald
2)
om enheden også opfylder kriterierne i kapitel 2 vedrørende fastlæggelse af hjemsted.
Hjemsted
18.08
Hver institutionel enheds hjemsted er det økonomiske område, hvor enheden har sit økonomiske interessecentrum. Begreberne er identiske i ENS, SNA 2008 og BPM6. Begrebet »økonomisk interessecentrum« betyder ikke, at enheder med væsentlige aktiviteter i to eller flere områder ikke længere behøver at blive splittet op (jf. punkt 18.12), eller at der kan ses bort fra institutionelle enheder uden nogen væsentlig fysisk tilstedeværelse (jf. punkt 18.10 og 18.15). Hjemstedsbegrebet generelt og mere specielt for husholdninger, foretagender og andre enheder er beskrevet indgående i kapitel 2.
INSTITUTIONELLE ENHEDER
18.09
Begrebet »institutionel enhed« er det samme i ENS, SNA 2008 og BPM6. Den generelle definition fremgår af kapitel 2 (punkt 2.12-2.16). På grund af fokusset på den indenlandske økonomi behandles enhederne specielt i forbindelse med grænseoverskridende transaktioner. I nogle tilfælde samles juridiske enheder til en enkelt institutionel enhed, hvis de er residente i samme økonomi, mens de ikke samles, hvis de er residente i forskellige økonomier. På samme måde kan en enkelt juridisk enhed opdeles, hvis den har væsentlige aktiviteter i to eller flere økonomier. Når enhederne behandles på denne måde, bliver hjemstedet for dem mere klart, og begrebet økonomisk område bliver mere stringent.
18.10
Når selskaber og sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service anvender SPE'er, er det normalt for at rejse kapital. Hvis SPE'en er resident i samme økonomi som moderselskabet, er behandlingen ligetil. SPE'en vil normalt ikke have nogen af de kendetegn, som gør, at den er en særskilt enhed i forhold til moderselskabet, og SPE'ens aktiver og passiver vil fremgå af moderselskabets regnskaber. Hvis SPE'en er ikkeresident, følger det af hjemstedskriteriet for sektoren udlandet, at den betragtes som en separat enhed. I så fald opføres SPE'ens aktiver og passiver i sektoren udlandet og ikke i en sektor i den indenlandske økonomi. Behandlingen af ikkeresidente SPE'er, der henhører under offentlig forvaltning og service, er beskrevet i punkt 2.14.
18.11
Alle medlemmer af en husholdning skal være residente i den samme økonomi. Hvis en person er resident i en anden økonomi end de andre medlemmer af en husholdning, betragtes denne person ikke som medlem af den pågældende husholdning, selv om de har fælles indtægter og udgifter eller ejer aktiver sammen.
FILIALER SOM BEGREB ANVENDT PÅ BETALINGSBALANCENS INTERNATIONALE KONTI
18.12
En filial er et foretagende, som ikke er etableret i selskabsform, og som tilhører en ikkeresident enhed, der benævnes moderselskabet. Den behandles som en resident og et kvasiselskab på det område, hvor den er beliggende. Filialer anses kun for at være separate institutionelle enheder, hvis der foreligger væsentlige aktiviteter, der kan adskilles fra resten af enheden. I følgende tilfælde er der tale om en filial:
a)
der foreligger enten et fuldstændigt regnskab, herunder en balance, for filialen, eller
b)
det er muligt og hensigtsmæssigt, både ud fra et økonomisk og juridisk synspunkt, at udarbejde et sådant regnskab. At der udarbejdes separate regnskaber er et tegn på, at der reelt findes en enhed, og er desuden praktisk ved udarbejdelsen af statistikker.
Derudover gør en eller flere af følgende faktorer sig normalt gældende:
a)
Filialen udøver eller har til hensigt at udøve produktionsaktiviteter i betydeligt omfang på et geografisk område, der ikke er det samme som hovedsædets, i et år eller mere:
i)
Hvis produktionsprocessen indebærer fysisk tilstedeværelse, skal aktiviteterne fysisk finde sted på det pågældende område.
ii)
Hvis produktionen ikke indebærer fysisk tilstedeværelse, f.eks. visse former for bank- eller forsikringsvirksomhed, andre finansielle tjenester, ejendomsret til patenter, varemærker eller ophavsrettigheder, merchanting og »virtuel produktion«, bør aktiviteterne anses for at blive udøvet på det pågældende område, hvis de ved registrering eller retligt hjemsted hører til der.
b)
Filialen er indkomstskattepligtig i den økonomi, hvor den er beliggende, også selv om den måtte være fritaget for skat.
18.13
Identificeringen af filialer har konsekvenser for den statistiske registrering af både moderselskabet og filialen. Filialens aktiviteter medregnes ikke under den institutionelle enhed, som moderselskabet henhører under, og afgrænsningen mellem moderselskab og filial skal foretages konsekvent i begge de berørte økonomier. Der kan være tale om en filial i forbindelse med bygge- og anlægsprojekter eller mobile aktiviteter som f.eks. transport, fiskeri eller konsulentvirksomhed. Hvis aktiviteterne imidlertid ikke er betydelige nok til, at det er muligt at identificere en filial, behandles de som eksport af varer eller tjenester fra hovedsædet.
18.14
I nogle tilfælde er indledende aktiviteter i tilknytning til fremtidige direkte investeringer forud for oprettelsen af et selskab tilstrækkelig dokumentation for, at hjemstedskriteriet er opfyldt, således at der oprettes et kvasiselskab. For eksempel opføres tilladelser og udgifter til juridisk bistand til et sådant projekt som henhørende til et kvasiselskab og indgår i de direkte investeringsstrømme til den pågældende enhed frem for at opføres som henholdsvis salg af tilladelser til ikkeresidenter eller eksport af tjenester til hovedsædet.
FIKTIVE RESIDENTE ENHEDER
18.15
Når jord inden for et område ejes af en ikkeresident enhed, oprettes der til statistiske formål som ejer af jorden en fiktiv enhed, der behandles som resident. Denne residente enhed er et kvasiselskab. En sådan behandling af en fiktiv enhed som resident finder også anvendelse på bygninger, konstruktioner og andre værdiforøgende foranstaltninger på jorden, bortforpagtning af jord over længere perioder og ejendomsret til andre naturressourcer end jord. Som følge af en sådan behandling er ikkeresidenten ejer af den fiktive residente enhed og ikke direkte ejer af jorden, og der opstår således et passiv over for ikkeresidenten, men jorden og andre naturressourcer er altid aktiver i den økonomi, hvor de er beliggende. Den fiktive residente enhed leverer normalt tjenester til ejeren, f.eks. indkvartering i tilfælde af ferieboliger.
18.16
Hvis en ikkeresident enhed har et langtidslejemål vedrørende fast ejendom som f.eks. en bygning, antages den ikkeresidente enhed normalt at udøve en produktionsaktivitet i den økonomi, hvor den er beliggende. Hvis der af den ene eller den anden grund ikke er nogen produktionsaktivitet involveret, oprettes der også en fiktiv resident enhed til at omfatte et sådant lejeforhold. Derfor behandles den ikkeresidente enhed som ejer af den fiktive residente enhed og ikke bygningen, som tilhører den økonomi, hvori den er beliggende.
FORETAGENDER, DER OPERERER I FLERE OMRÅDER
18.17
Enkelte foretagender udøver aktiviteter hen over flere økonomiske områder; det drejer sig typisk om grænseoverskridende aktiviteter som f.eks. flyselskaber, rederier, vandkraftanlæg ved grænsefloder, rørledninger, broer, tunneller og undersøiske kabler. Der må i sådanne tilfælde defineres separate filialer, medmindre enheden drives som et enkelt foretagende uden selvstændige regnskaber eller beslutningsprocedurer for hvert område, den opererer inden for. På grund af det centrale fokus på data for hver national økonomi er det nødvendigt at opdele aktiviteterne mellem de forskellige økonomier. Aktiviteterne opdeles i så fald forholdsmæssigt efter en egnet foretagendespecifik indikator for, hvor stor en del af aktiviteterne der finder sted inden for hvert område. En sådan forholdsmæssig opdeling kan også anvendes for foretagender i områder, der forvaltes i fællesskab af to eller flere regeringer.
GEOGRAFISK OPDELING
18.18
Med henblik på udarbejdelsen af regnskaberne for Den Europæiske Union underopdeles kontiene for sektoren udlandet (S.2) i:
a)
medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (S.21)
1)
EU-medlemsstaterne (S.211)
i)
EU-medlemsstater inden for euroområdet (S.2111)
ii)
EU-medlemsstater uden for euroområdet (S.2112)
2)
EU-institutioner og -organer (S.212)
i)
Den Europæiske Centralbank (ECB) (S.2121)
ii)
EU-institutioner og -organer, undtagen ECB (S.2122)
b)
Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i EU (S.22)
18.19
Ved udarbejdelsen af regnskaberne for euroområdet kan ovennævnte delsektorer grupperes som følger:
EU-medlemsstater inden for euroområdet og Den Europæiske Centralbank
(S.2I = S.2111 + S.2121)
Lande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente inden for euroområdet
(S.2X = S.2112 + S.2122 + S.22)
Kapitel 19 indeholder en beskrivelse af de europæiske regnskaber.
DE INTERNATIONALE KONTI PÅ BETALINGSBALANCEN
18.20
De nationale konti adskiller sig fra de internationale konti, der fremgår af BPM6. De internationale konti viser transaktionerne mellem en indenlandsk økonomi og udlandet set ud fra den indenlandske økonomis synspunkt. Importen vises således som en anvendelse (debitering), og eksport som en tilgang (kreditering).
Tabel 18.1 indeholder en oversigt over de internationale konti, som de fremgår af BPM6.
18.21
En anden vigtig forskel mellem de internationale konti på betalingsbalancen og kontiene for sektoren udlandet i ENS er, at der anvendes funktionelle kategorier i de internationale konti frem for instrumenter som ved klassificeringen af finansielle transaktioner i ENS. Dette spørgsmål behandles mere indgående i punkt 18.57 og 18.58.
SALDOPOSTER PÅ KONTIENE FOR LØBENDE TRANSAKTIONER I DE INTERNATIONALE KONTI
18.22
Strukturen af saldoposterne på betalingsbalancen adskiller sig noget fra strukturen i nationalregnskabet, da hver konto i de internationale konti har sin egen saldopost og en anden saldopost, som overføres til næste konto. Eksempelvis har kontoen for primær indkomst sin egen saldopost (saldo for primær indkomst) og en kumulativ saldo (saldo for varer, tjenester og primær indkomst). Saldoen på udlandskontoen for primær indkomst svarer til saldoen for primære indkomster og er den post, der indgår i BNI. Den løbende saldo over for udlandet svarer til udlandets opsparing over for den indenlandske økonomi. Saldoposterne i kontosystemet i BPM6 fremgår af tabel 18.1.
Tabel 18.1 —
   
De internationale strømkonti på betalingsbalancen
Betalingsbalance
Løbende konti
Kredit
Debet
Saldo
Konto for varer og tjenester
Varer
462
392
70
Tjenester
78
107
–29
Varer og tjenester
540
499
41
Konto for primær indkomst
Aflønning af ansatte
6
2
Renter
13
21
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
36
17
Reinvesteret indtjening
14
0
Primær indkomst
69
40
29
Varer, tjenester og primær indkomst
609
539
70
Konto for sekundær indkomst
Kredit
Debet
Saldo
Indkomst- og formeskatter
1
0
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
2
11
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
12
3
Løbende internationale overførsler
1
31
Diverse løbende overførsler
1
10
Sekundær indkomst
17
55
–38
Saldo på de løbende poster
32
Kapitalkonto
Anskaffelser/afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
Kapitaloverførsler
1
–4
Saldo for kapitalkontoen
–3
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
29
Finansiel konto (funktionel opdeling)
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver
Saldo
Direkte investeringer
–4
8
Porteføljeinvesteringer
17
7
Finansielle derivater o.l.
3
0
Andre investeringer
42
22
Reserveaktiver
8
—
Ændringer i aktiver/passiver i alt
66
37
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (finansiel)
29
Fejl og mangler, netto
0
KONTIENE FOR SEKTOREN UDLANDET OG DERES SAMMENHÆNG MED DE INTERNATIONALE KONTI PÅ BETALINGSBALANCEN
Udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester
18.23
Kontoen for varer og tjenester indeholder kun import og eksport af varer og tjenester, da dette er de eneste transaktioner med varer og tjenester, der har en grænseoverskridende dimension. Varer og tjenester registreres, når den økonomiske ejendomsret overgår fra en enhed i en økonomi til en enhed i et andet land. Selv om varerne normalt flyttes fysisk, når ejendomsretten overgår, behøver dette ikke at være tilfældet. I forbindelse med merchanting kan der ske overdragelse af ejendomsretten til varerne, uden at de flyttes, indtil de sælges videre til tredjemand.
Tabel 18.2 og 18.3 viser et eksempel på, hvordan primær og sekundær indkomst registreres i ENS og BPM6.
Tabel 18.2 —
   
Udlandskonto for varer og tjenester (ENS V.1)
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
540
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
499
P.61
Eksport af varer
462
P.71
Import af varer
392
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
78
P.72
Import af tjenester
107
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
–41
Tabel 18.3 —
   
Kontoen for varer og tjenester i BPM6
Løbende konti
Kredit
Debet
Saldo
Konto for varer og tjenester
Varer
462
392
70
Tjenester
78
107
–29
Varer og tjenester
540
499
41
18.24
Varer, der flyttes fra en økonomi til en anden, men hvor der ikke finder en overdragelse af den økonomiske ejendomsret sted, figurerer ikke som import og eksport. Varer, der sendes til udlandet med henblik på forarbejdning, eller som sendes tilbage efter forarbejdning, figurerer således ikke som import og eksport af varer. Kun den aftalte pris for forarbejdningen figurerer som en tjeneste.
18.25
I betalingsbalancen sondres der mellem varer og tjenester. Denne sondring udspringer af politiske interesser, idet varer og tjenester er omfattet af separate internationale traktater. Den afspejler også datakildeaspektet, idet data om varer normalt fås fra toldkilder, mens data om tjenester normalt fås fra registreringer af betalinger eller undersøgelser.
18.26
Hovedkilden til data om varer er statistikker over den internationale varehandel. De internationale standarder er fastlagt i FN's »International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and Definitions Rev. 2 
(
2
)
 (IMTS)«. I BPM6 peges der på en række mulige kilder til forskelle mellem den vareværdi, der registreres i varehandelsstatistikkerne og på betalingsbalancen. Den anbefaler også en standardafstemningstabel, der kan hjælpe brugerne til at forstå disse forskelle. En væsentlig kilde til forskelle er, at der i IMTS-standarderne anvendes en cif-værdiansættelse (cif: cost, insurance and freight) for import, mens der i betalingsbalancen anvendes en ensartet fob-værdiansættelse (fob: værdien ved den eksporterende økonomis toldgrænse, dvs. frit om bord) for både eksport og import. Det er derfor nødvendigt at fratrække transport- og forsikringsomkostninger, der opstår mellem eksportørens toldgrænse og importørens toldgrænse. På grund af forskelle mellem fob-værdiansættelsen og de faktiske kontraktbestemmelser er det nødvendigt at omkanalisere nogle af transport- og forsikringsomkostningerne.
Værdiansættelsesprincipperne er de samme i ENS og betalingsbalancen. Der anvendes derfor fob-værdiansættelse ved registrering af eksport og import af varer (jf. punkt 18.32).
18.27
At ejendomsrettens overgang anvendes som basis i forbindelse med betalingsbalancen, betyder, at vareposter har et registreringstidspunkt, der stemmer overens med de tilsvarende finansielle strømme. I BPM6 er der ikke længere undtagelser fra princippet om ejendomsrettens overgang. I modsætning hertil følges i IMTS tidspunktet for toldbehandlingen. Dette tidspunkt er ofte en acceptabel tilnærmet værdi, men det kan i nogle tilfælde være nødvendigt med justeringer, f.eks. i forbindelse med varer i konsignation. Hvis der er tale om varer, der sendes til udlandet med henblik på forarbejdning, uden at ejendomsretten overdrages, indgår varernes værdi i IMTS, men ejendomsrettens overgang er det afgørende kriterium i betalingsbalancen, og derfor viser betalingsbalancen kun omkostningerne til »produktionstjenester vedrørende fysisk input ejet af andre«. Varebevægelsernes værdi anbefales imidlertid som supplerende poster til forståelse af arten af disse aftaler. Længere fremme i dette kapitel beskrives registreringen af disse aftaler om forarbejdning nærmere. Det kan være nødvendigt at foretage andre justeringer i forhold til IMTS for at bringe skønnene på linje med den økonomiske ejendomsrets overgang, enten generelt eller på grund af landespecifikke forhold med hensyn til dækning. Som eksempler kan nævnes merchanting, ikkemonetært guld, ulovlig import eller eksport og varer, der anskaffes i havne af transportforetagender.
18.28
Reeksport er udenlandske varer (varer, der er produceret i andre økonomier og tidligere importeret med overgang af den økonomiske ejendomsret), der eksporteres uden væsentlig omdannelse i forhold til den tilstand, i hvilken de tidligere blev importeret. Da reeksporterede varer ikke produceres i den pågældende økonomi, har de mindre tilknytning til økonomien end anden eksport. Økonomier, der er store transitknudepunkter og hjemsted for grossister, har ofte stor reeksport. Reeksport indebærer, at tallene for både import og eksport bliver større, og hvis der er tale om reeksport i betydeligt omfang, stiger andelen af import og eksport i forhold til de økonomiske aggregater også. Det er derfor hensigtsmæssigt at opføre reeksport separat. Varer, der er blevet importeret og afventer reeksport, registreres i den residente økonomiske ejers lagre.
Der er tale om transithandel, hvis varer krydser et land på vej til det endelige bestemmelsessted, og de medregnes normalt ikke i udenrigshandelsstatistikkerne, betalingsbalancestatistikkerne eller nationalregnskabet for det land, der krydses.
Kvasitransithandel er varer, der importeres til et land, og som toldbehandles med henblik på fri omsætning inden for EU, hvorefter de sendes videre til et tredjeland i EU. Den enhed, der anvendes ved toldbehandlingen, er normalt ikke en institutionel enhed som defineret i kapitel 2 og får derfor ikke ejendomsret til varerne. I dette tilfælde bogføres importen i nationalregnskabet som en direkte import til det endelige bestemmelsessted på samme måde som ved simpel transithandel og til den værdi, der registreres, når varerne kommer ind på det endelige bestemmelseslands område.
18.29
Varer fremgår på et aggregeret niveau på betalingsbalancen. Ud fra IMTS-dataene kan der fås en mere detaljeret opdeling.
18.30
På betalingsbalancen optræder følgende tolv standardtjenestegrupper i mere detaljeret form:
a)
produktionstjenester vedrørende fysisk input ejet af andre
b)
vedligeholdelses- og reparationstjenester i.a.n.
c)
transport
d)
rejser
e)
bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
f)
forsikring og pension
g)
finansielle tjenester
h)
afgifter for brug af intellektuel ejendomsret i.a.n.
i)
telekommunikation, computer- og informationstjenester
j)
anden forretningsservice
k)
personlige tjenester, kultur og forlystelser
l)
offentlige varer og tjenester i.a.n.
18.31
Tre af standardgrupperne på betalingsbalancen nævnt ovenfor er transaktionspartbaserede, dvs. at de vedrører erhververen eller leverandøren og ikke selve produktet. Der er tale om grupperne rejser, bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed og offentlige varer og tjenester i.a.n.
a)
Rejser omfatter alle varer og tjenester, der erhverves af ikkeresidenter under besøg, enten til eget brug eller som gave til andre. Rejser indbefatter varer, lokal transport, indkvartering, måltider og andre tjenester.
b)
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed omfatter den samlede værdi af det produkt, som entreprenøren leverer, herunder materialer, der er fremskaffet lokalt, og som derfor ikke registreres under import og eksport af varer.
c)
Offentlige varer og tjenester i.a.n. omfatter en række poster, der ikke kan henføres til mere specifikke rubrikker.
Ud over disse tre transaktionspartbaserede poster er de resterende grupper produktbaserede, nærmere bestemt på grundlag af de mere detaljerede undergrupper i CPA rev. 2. Yderligere standarder for handel med tjenester fremgår af Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services 
(
3
)
 (MSITS), som er harmoniseret med de internationale konti.
Værdiansættelse
18.32
Værdiansættelsesprincipperne er de samme i ENS og de internationale konti. I begge tilfælde anvendes markedsværdien; den nominelle værdi anvendes dog for nogle poster vedrørende instrumenter, hvor markedsprisen ikke kan observeres. I de internationale konti er værdiansættelsen af eksport og import af varer et særligt tilfælde, hvor der anvendes et ensartet værdiansættelseskriterium, nemlig værdien ved den eksporterende økonomis toldgrænse, dvs. fob-værdiansættelse (frit om bord). På denne måde opnås der en konsistent værdiansættelse mellem eksportør og importør og et konsistent grundlag for værdiansættelse i tilfælde, hvor parterne kan have en hel række forskellige aftaler lige fra »ab fabrik« (hvor importøren er ansvarlig for at sørge for al transport og forsikring) til »leveret told betalt« (hvor eksportøren har ansvaret for at sørge for al transport, forsikring og eventuelle importafgifter).
Varer til videreforarbejdning
18.33
Mellem ENS 95 og ENS 2010 er der sket en grundlæggende ændring i behandlingen af varer, der sendes til videreforarbejdning i udlandet uden overdragelse af ejendomsretten. I ENS 95 bogførtes sådanne varer som eksport, når de blev sendt til udlandet, og som import, når de vendte tilbage fra udlandet, nærmere bestemt til en højere pris som følge af videreforarbejdningen. Dette blev kaldt bruttoregistreringsmetoden og indebærer i praksis, at der imputeres en overdragelse af ejendomsretten, således at de internationale handelstal repræsenterer et skøn over værdien af de varer, der handles. SNA 2008, BPM6 og ENS 2010 imputerer ikke en overdragelse af ejendomsretten, men viser kun en enkelt postering — en import af videreforarbejdningstjenesten. Dette svarer til en eksport af tjenesten i det land, hvor videreforarbejdningen finder sted. Denne bogføringsmetode er bedre i overensstemmelse med international bogføringspraksis og de dertil knyttede finansielle transaktioner. Den forårsager dog en inkonsistens med statistikkerne over international varehandel (IMTS). I IMTS vil bruttoværdien af eksport til videreforarbejdning og af importerede varer, der vender tilbage efter videreforarbejdning, fortsat blive lagt til grund.
18.34
For at undgå en sådan inkonsistens i nationalregnskabet kan værdien af de eksporterede varer bogføres parallelt med værdien af de importerede varer som supplerende størrelser og med den værdi, der lægges til grund for IMTS-statistikkerne. Dette vil gøre det muligt at udlede nettovidereforarbejdningstjenesten som værdien af de eksporterede videreforarbejdede varer minus værdien af de ikke videreforarbejdede varer, der er importeret. Det er denne tjeneste, der bogføres i nationalregnskabet. For det land, der får varerne videreforarbejdet i udlandet, vil eksporten således fremgå parallelt med importerede videreforarbejdede varer som supplerende størrelser på udlandskontoen for varer og tjenester. På denne måde bringes IMTS-statistikkerne i overensstemmelse med tallet for nettoimport af tjenester, der afspejler omkostningerne til videreforarbejdning.
18.35
Ændringen kan illustreres ved et eksempel på behandlingen af varer til videreforarbejdning i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne. Man kan forestille sig en fødevareproducent, der høster og forarbejder grøntsager, derefter outsourcer konserveringen og emballeringen i dåser af grøntsagerne til et 100 procent ejet datterselskab i udlandet og så importerer grøntsagerne på dåse og sælger dem videre.
18.36
Det fremgår af tabel 18.4 vedrørende behandlingen i ENS 95 af varer til videreforarbejdning som international handel, hvordan import- og eksporttallene i ENS 95 skulle svare til dataene i IMTS-statistikkerne. Eksporten af varer til den som datterselskab ejede konservesfabrik i udlandet er 50, og grøntsagerne på dåse returneres derefter som import til 90.
Tabel 18.4 —
   
Behandlingen i ENS 95 af varer til videreforarbejdning som international handel
Køb
Endelig efterspørgsel
I alt
Salg
Fødevareproduktion
Husholdningers udgifter
Eksport
Fødevarer
90
50
140
Import af konserves
90
90
Værditilvækst
50
BNP(E) =
50
Produktion i alt
140
Tabel 18.5 —
   
Behandlingen i ENS 2010 af varer til videreforarbejdning som international handel
Køb
Endelig efterspørgsel
I alt
Salg
Fødevareproduktion
Husholdningers udgifter
Eksport
Fødevarer
90
0
90
Import af konserveringstjenester
40
40
Værditilvækst
50
BNP(E) =
50
Produktion i alt
90
18.37
Tabel 18.5 viser behandlingen i ENS 2010 af varer til videreforarbejdning på nettobasis: Kun handelen med tjenester er opført, og der er ingen overensstemmelse med de varebevægelser, der registreres i IMTS-statistikkerne. Nettoposten i form af eksport minus import vil fremgå af de internationale konti på betalingsbalancen og de tilsvarende konti vedrørende sektoren udlandet. BPM6 anbefaler, at hvis importen og eksporten i IMTS-statistikkerne vides at afspejle en situation, hvor der ikke sker overgang af ejendomsretten, så registreres de to størrelser side om side på betalingsbalancen, således at tjenesteelementet umiddelbart kan beregnes. For fødevareindustrien vil de grøntsager, der sendes til udlandet for at blive konserveret, fremgå som en eksport på 50, og de reimporterede konserverede grøntsager vil fremgå som en import på 90. Disse tal kan sammenstilles i IMTS-statistikkerne som supplerende størrelser, hvor eksporten registreres som negativ import, hvorved der fremkommer en nettoimport af konserveringstjenester på 40.
Bogføringen af dette eksempel i BPM6 er vist i tabel 18.6.
Tabel 18.6 —
   
Bogføring af videreforarbejdning i BPM6
Løbende konti
Kredit
Debet
Saldo
Konto for varer og tjenester
–40
Tjenester (standardgrupper)
»Produktionstjenester vedrørende fysisk input ejet af andre«
40
–40
Supplerende størrelser
Varer til videreforarbejdning i udlandet
50
90
–40
Merchanting
Merchantingvarer
18.38
Merchanting defineres som køb af varer foretaget af en resident (i den registrerende økonomi) hos en ikkeresident kombineret med efterfølgende videresalg af de samme varer til en anden ikkeresident, uden at varerne fysisk befinder sig i den registrerende økonomi. Merchanting finder sted i forbindelse med transaktioner med varer, hvor ejerens fysiske besiddelse af varerne ikke er nødvendig for, at processen kan gennemføres. Denne og de følgende forklaringer på merchanting følger de tilsvarende afsnit i BPM6 (jf. 10.41-10.48).
18.39
Merchanting forekommer i forbindelse med engros- og detailhandel. Merchanting kan også anvendes ved varemægling og ved forvaltning og finansiering af globale produktionsprocesser. Et foretagende kan f.eks. indgå kontrakt om, at et eller flere andre foretagender skal samle en vare, således at varerne erhverves af førstnævnte foretagende og videresælges, uden at de passerer igennem ejerens område. Hvis varernes fysiske form i løbet af den periode, hvori de ejes, ændres som følge af forarbejdningstjenester ydet af andre enheder, registreres varetransaktionerne under almindelige varer i stedet for under merchanting. I andre tilfælde, hvor varernes form ikke ændres, medregnes varerne under merchanting, idet salgsprisen afspejler mindre forarbejdningsomkostninger samt engrosavance. I tilfælde hvor mellemhandleren sørger for en global produktionsproces, kan salgsprisen også omfatte elementer som f.eks. planlægning, forvaltning, patenter og anden knowhow, markedsføring og finansiering. Særlig ved højteknologiske varer kan disse ikkefysiske bidrag være store i forhold til værdien af materialerne og samlingen.
18.40
Merchantingvarer bogføres på ejerens konti på samme måde som andre varer, denne ejer. Varerne opføres imidlertid særskilt i betalingsbalancestatistikkerne for mellemhandlerens økonomi, fordi de er af interesse i sig selv, og fordi de ikke er omfattet af toldsystemet i den pågældende økonomi.
Behandlingen af merchanting indebærer:
a)
Mellemhandleres erhvervelse af varer opføres under varer som en negativ eksport fra mellemhandlerens økonomi.
b)
Salg af varer opføres under solgte varer i forbindelse med merchanting som en positiv eksport fra mellemhandlerens økonomi.
c)
Forskellen mellem salg og køb af varer ved merchanting fremgår af posten »nettoeksport af merchantingvarer«. Denne post indbefatter mellemhandleres avance, kapitalgevinster og -tab samt lagerændringer vedrørende merchantingvarer. Som følge af lagernedgange og -forøgelser kan nettoeksporten af merchantingvarer i nogle tilfælde være negativ.
d)
Merchantingposter værdiansættes til den transaktionspris, som parterne er blevet enige om, ikke fob.
18.41
Merchantingvarer opføres kun som eksport på kontiene for den økonomi, som mellemhandleren henhører under. I de eksporterende og importerende modpartsøkonomier indregnes eksportsalg til mellemhandlere og importkøb fra mellemhandlere under almindelige varer.
18.42
Engroshandel, detailhandel, varemægling og produktionsmanagement kan også finde sted som led i ordninger, hvor varerne fysisk forefindes i ejerens økonomi; i så fald registreres de som almindelige varer og ikke som merchanting. I tilfælde hvor varerne ikke passerer igennem ejerens økonomi, men varernes fysiske form ændrer sig, fordi de videreforarbejdes i en anden økonomi, registreres internationale transaktioner under almindelige varer og ikke som merchanting. (Prisen for forarbejdningen registreres som en forarbejdningstjeneste, som ejeren har betalt).
18.43
Når en mellemhandler videresælger varer til en resident i den samme økonomi som mellemhandleren, opfylder det ikke definitionen på merchanting. Tilsvarende fremgår køb af varer som import af almindelige varer til økonomien i dette tilfælde. Hvis den enhed, som købte varer af en mellemhandler i samme økonomi, efterfølgende videresælger varerne til en resident i en anden økonomi, uanset om varerne kommer ind på mellemhandlerens økonomiske område eller ej, registreres salget af varerne som eksport af almindelige varer fra mellemhandlerens økonomi. (Et sådant tilfælde er meget parallelt med merchanting, men det opfylder ikke definitionen i 18.38. Dertil kommer, at den første mellemhandler i praksis ikke kan registrere købet som merchanting, fordi han ikke nødvendigvis ved, om den anden mellemhandler vil føre varerne ind i økonomien.)
Import og eksport af FISIM
18.44
Faktisk betalte og modtagne renter på lån omfatter et indkomstelement og en pris for en tjeneste. Penge- og finansieringsinstitutter arbejder ved at tilbyde deres indskydere renter, der er lavere end de satser, de kræver af deres låntagere. Rentemarginalen bruger de finansielle selskaber til at betale deres udgifter og til at skabe et driftsoverskud. Rentemarginalen er et alternativ til at lade kunderne betale direkte for finansielle tjenester. ENS foreskriver, at der skal imputeres et gebyr for disse indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM). Begrebet FISIM og retningslinjerne for at fastsætte et skøn for FISIM-værdien er nærmere beskrevet i kapitel 14.
18.45
De penge- og finansieringsinstitutter, der implicit opkræver FISIM, er ikke nødvendigvis residente, og deres kunder behøver heller ikke at være det. Derfor er import og eksport af denne type finansielle tjenester mulig. Retningslinjerne for beregning af import og eksport af FISIM findes i punkt 14.10.
Udlandskontoen for primær og sekundær indkomst
Tabel 18.7 og 18.8 viser et eksempel på, hvordan primær og sekundær indkomst registreres i ENS og BPM6.
Tabel 18.7 —
   
Udlandskonto for primær og sekundær indkomst (ENS V.II)
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B 11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
–41
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
6
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
2
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
0
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
0
D.3
Subsidier
0
D.3
Subsidier
0
D.4
Formueindkomst
63
D.4
Formueindkomst
38
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
1
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
0
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
0
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
0
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
16
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
55
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
–32
Tabel 18.8 —
   
Kontoen for primær indkomst og kontoen for sekundær indkomst i BPM6
ENS-kode
Kredit
Debet
Saldo
Fra varer og tjenester
41
Konto for primær indkomst
Aflønning af ansatte
D.1
6
2
Renter
D.4
13
21
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
36
17
Reinvesteret indtjening
14
0
Produktions- og importskatter
D.2
0
0
Subsidier
D.3
0
0
Primær indkomst
69
40
29
Varer, tjenester og primær indkomst
609
539
70
Konto for sekundær indkomst
Indkomst- og formeskatter
D.5
1
0
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
D.6, D.7, D.8
2
11
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
12
3
Løbende internationale overførsler
1
31
Diverse løbende overførsler
1
10
Sekundær indkomst
17
55
–38
Saldo på de løbende poster
32
Konto for primær indkomst
18.46
På betalingsbalancen omfatter posterne på kontoen for primær indkomst aflønning af ansatte og formueindkomst helt ligesom på kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst i ENS. Residenters betaling af produktionsskatter og residenters modtagelse af subsidier fra den hjemlige sektor offentlig forvaltning og service registreres på indkomstdannelseskontoen, der ikke er en del af betalingsbalancen. Residenters betaling af produktionsskatter til en anden offentlig sektor samt subsidier, som en resident modtager fra en anden offentlig sektor, bogføres på betalingsbalancens konto for primær indkomst. De dertil svarende posteringer for hjemlandets offentlige sektor fremgår af kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst og for udenlandske offentlige sektorer i udlandskolonnen på denne konto og på betalingsbalancens konto for primær indkomst.
18.47
Leje af jord kan optræde i forbindelse med grænseoverskridende transaktioner, men sjældent, fordi al jord anses for at være ejet af residenter, om nødvendigt ved oprettelse af en fiktiv resident enhed. Hvis disse fiktive residente enheder ejes af ikkeresidenter, klassificeres den indkomst, som disse enheder måtte have, som direkte investeringsindkomst og ikke som leje. Som eksempel, hvor leje bogføres på de internationale konti, kan nævnes rettigheder til fiskeri i territorialfarvand, som for en kortere periode gives til udenlandske fiskerfartøjer. På de internationale konti anvendes normalt begrebet investeringsindkomst i betydningen formueindkomst eksklusive leje. Investeringsindkomst er indkomst, der opstår ved ejendomsret til finansielle aktiver, og opsplitningen af investeringsindkomst stemmer overens med opsplitningen af finansielle aktiver og passiver, således at der kan beregnes et afkast.
Indkomst fra direkte investeringer
18.48
Direkte investeringer spiller en særlig vigtig rolle, der afspejles både i strømmene og posterne på de internationale konti. I tilfælde af direkte investeringer antages det, at en andel af foretagendets tilbageholdte overskud udloddes til den direkte investor som en form for investeringsindkomst. Denne andel svarer til den direkte investors ejerandel af foretagendet.
18.49
Tilbageholdt overskud svarer til foretagendets overskud af produktionen plus al indtjent formueindkomst minus formueindkomst, der skal betales (før beregning af reinvesteret indtjening), plus modtagne løbende overførsler minus løbende overførsler, der skal betales, og minus posten for korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder. Reinvesteret indtjening fra umiddelbare datterselskaber indgår i formueindkomst, som det foretagende, der er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, modtager.
18.50
Reinvesteret indtjening kan være negativ, f.eks. hvis foretagendet har underskud, eller hvis udbyttet udloddes af kapitalgevinster, eller i et kvartal, hvor der betales årligt udbytte. På samme måde som reinvesteret indtjening behandles som den direkte investors tilførsel af egenkapital i det foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, behandles negativ reinvesteret indtjening som udtræk af egenkapital.
For et foretagende, som står for udenlandske direkte investeringer, og som er 100 % ejet af en ikkeresident, er den reinvesterede indtjening lig med tilbageholdt overskud, og saldoen for primær indkomst er præcis nul.
Kontoen for sekundær indkomst (løbende overførsler) i BPM6
18.51
Kontoen for sekundær indkomst viser de løbende overførsler mellem residenter og ikkeresidenter. Posterne for løbende overførsler svarer fuldstændig til posterne på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen. Flere af disse er særlig vigtige på de internationale konti, især løbende internationalt samarbejde og pengeoverførsler, som enkeltpersoner, der arbejder i udlandet, foretager til deres hjemland.
18.52
Grænseoverskridende personlige overførsler er overførsler mellem husholdninger og er af interesse, fordi de er en vigtig international finansieringskilde for nogle lande, der har et stort antal arbejdstagere, der igennem længere tid arbejder i udlandet. Personlige overførsler omfatter pengeoverførsler foretaget af arbejdstagere, der igennem længere tid arbejder i udlandet, dvs. arbejdstagere, der skifter hjemstedsøkonomi.
18.53
Andre arbejdstagere, f.eks. grænsegængere og sæsonarbejdere, beholder deres hjemlige økonomi som hjemstedsøkonomi. Disse arbejdstageres internationale transaktioner behandles ikke som overførsler, men omfatter aflønning af ansatte, skatter og rejseudgifter. På betalingsbalancen er personlige overførsler og disse relaterede poster samlet i en supplerende oversigt, som omfatter personlige overførsler, aflønning af ansatte minus skatter og rejseudgifter samt kapitaloverførsler mellem husholdninger.
18.54
Forsikringsstrømme, særlig strømme i tilknytning til genforsikring, kan internationalt være af stor betydning. Transaktionerne mellem forsikringsselskabet og genforsikringsselskabet bogføres som et helt særskilt sæt transaktioner, og der finder ikke nogen konsolidering sted mellem på den ene side forsikringsselskabets transaktioner i dets egenskab af udsteder af policer til dets kunder og på den anden side som forsikringstager hos genforsikringsselskabet.
Udlandskapitalkontoen
18.55
Elementerne på kapitalkontoen vedrørende internationale transaktioner er mere begrænsede end dem, der indgår i de indenlandske sektorer. Posterne på kapitalkontoen omfatter kun anskaffelser og afhændelser af ikkefinansielle, ikkeproducerede aktiver samt kapitaloverførsler. Der registreres ikke nogen transaktioner som investering i producerede aktiver, fordi den endelige anvendelse af eksport og import af varer ikke kendes på registreringstidspunktet. Heller ikke anskaffelse og afhændelse af jord indgår.
18.56
Fordringserhvervelse, netto, er saldoposten for summen af løbende konti og kapitalkontoen og for den finansielle konto. Den omfatter alle instrumenter, der anvendes ved fremskaffelse eller erhvervelse af kapital, ikke blot låntagning og -givning. Principielt har posten fordringserhvervelse, netto, i BPM6 den samme værdi som den tilsvarende nationalregnskabspost for den samlede økonomi og den samme som nationalregnskabsposten for udlandet med omvendt fortegn. Tabel 18.9, 18.10 og 18.11 viser registreringen af elementerne på de løbende konti og kapitalkontoen og den deraf følgende saldo i både ENS og BPM6.
Tabel 18.9 —
   
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler (ENS V.III.1.1)
 (
4
)
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
–32
D.9
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
4
D.9
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–1
B101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
–29
Tabel 18.10 —
   
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver (ENS V.III.1.2)
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler
–29
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–29
Tabel 18.11 —
   
Kapitalkontoen i BPM6
Kredit
Debet
Saldo
Saldo på de løbende poster
32
Kapitalkonto
Anskaffelser/afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
Kapitaloverførsler
1
4
Saldo på kapitalkontoen
–3
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
29
Udlandets finansielle konto og kapitalbalancen over for udlandet (international investeringsposition - IPP)
18.57
Betalingsbalancens finansielle konto og IPP er af særlig betydning, da de giver en forståelse af international finansiering og af international likviditet og sårbarhed. Sammenlignet med den klassificering af finansielle instrumenter, der anvendes i ENS, er klassificeringen af de finansielle instrumenter på betalingsbalancen baseret på funktionelle kategorier (jf. punkt 18.21) med supplerende data om instrumenter og institutionelle sektorer. Tabel 18.12 og 18.13 viser den finansielle konto i hhv. ENS og i BPM6.
Tabel 18.12 —
   
Den finansielle konto (ENS V.III.2)
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
37
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
66
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
11
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–2
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
9
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
20
F.4
Lån
4
F.4
Lån
45
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
14
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
10
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–14
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–29
Tabel 18.13 —
   
Den finansielle konto i BPM6
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (løbende konti og kapitalkontoen)
29
Finansiel konto (funktionel opdeling)
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver
Saldo
Direkte investeringer
–4
8
Porteføljeinvesteringer
17
7
Finansielle derivater o.l.
3
0
Andre investeringer
42
22
Reserveaktiver
8
—
Ændringer i aktiver/passiver i alt
66
37
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (finansiel konto)
29
Fejl og mangler, netto
0
18.58
De funktionelle kategorier i BPM6 giver oplysninger om parternes bevæggrunde og indbyrdes forhold, hvilket er af særlig interesse i forbindelse med internationale økonomiske analyser. Data efter funktionel kategori underopdeles yderligere efter instrument og institutionel sektor, hvilket gør det muligt at knytte dem til de tilsvarende poster i ENS og finansstatistikkerne. Klassificeringen af institutionelle sektorer i BPM6 er den samme som i ENS, selv om den normalt er mindre detaljeret (begrænset til fem sektorer i standardgrupperne). Derudover anvendes der for de monetære myndigheder en supplerende delsektor, som er en funktionel delsektor knyttet til valutareserverne. Den omfatter centralbanken og de dele af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller finansielle selskaber bortset fra centralbanken, som opbevarer valutareserver, og er således relevant for lande, hvor nogle eller alle valutareserver opbevares uden for centralbanken.
18.59
Sammenhængen mellem kategorierne for finansielle instrumenter i nationalregnskaberne og de funktionelle kategorier i de internationale konti er i hovedtræk vist i tabel 18.14. De funktionelle kategorier anvendes både på aktivsiden og passivsiden af den finansielle konto i BPM6. Mindre almindelige led i sammenhængen er ikke vist.
Tabel 18.14 —
   
Sammenhæng mellem de funktionelle kategorier i BPM6 og kategorierne for finansielle instrumenter i ENS
Funktionelle kategorier på den internationale konto
ENS-instrumenter
Direkte investeringer
Porteføljeinvesteringer
Finansielle derivater
Andre investeringer
Reserveaktiver
Monetært guld
X
Særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
X
X
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
Sedler og mønt
X
X
Interbankpositioner
X
X
Andre transferable indskud
X
X
X
Andre indskud
X
X
X
Gældsværdipapirer
X
X
X
Lån
X
X
X
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
Ejerandele:
Noterede aktier
X
X
X
Unoterede aktier
X
X
X
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
X
X
Andele i investeringsforeninger
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
X
X
X
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
X
X
X
X
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
X
X
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
X
X
Pensionsrettigheder
X
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
X
X
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
X
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
X
X
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
Finansielle derivater
X
X
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
X
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
X
X
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
X
X
STATUSKONTI FOR SEKTOREN UDLANDET
18.60
Den del af statuskontiene, der er omfattet af de internationale konti, kaldes kapitalbalancen over for udlandet (den internationale investeringsposition (IIP)). Denne terminologi viser, hvilke specifikke komponenter af de nationale statuskonti der indgår. IIP omfatter kun finansielle aktiver og passiver. Hvis en ikkeresident enhed ejer fast ejendom i et land direkte, anses en fiktiv resident enhed for at være ejer af den faste ejendom, og den fiktive residente enhed anses for at være ejet af den ikkeresidente enhed i form af et finansielt aktiv. Se også punkt 18.16. Hvis der er tale om finansielle fordringer, opstår det grænseoverskridende element, hvis den ene part er en resident, og den anden part er en ikkeresident. Guldbarrer er et aktiv, der ikke har noget modsvarende passiv, og indgår i IIP, hvis de indgår som et reserveaktiv, på grund af deres rolle i internationale betalinger. Ikkefinansielle aktiver medregnes imidlertid ikke, da de ikke har noget modsvarende passiv eller andet internationalt aspekt.
18.61
Saldoposten på IIP er IIP netto. IIP netto plus ikkefinansielle aktiver på den nationale statuskonto er lig med den nationale nettoformue, fordi finansielle fordringer mellem residenter netto er nul på den nationale statuskonto. Tabel 18.15 viser et eksempel på en statuskonto for sektoren udlandet, og tabel 18.16 viser et eksempel på IIP.
18.62
Der anvendes samme bredt anlagte kategorier for investeringsindkomst og IIP. Følgelig kan der beregnes gennemsnitlige afkast. Afkast kan sammenlignes over tid og for forskellige instrumenter og løbetider. For eksempel kan tendensen for afkastet på direkte investeringer analyseres, eller afkastet kan sammenlignes med andre instrumenter.
Tabel 18.15 —
   
Statuskonti for sektoren udlandet (ENS)
Primostatuskonto
Ændringer som følge af transaktioner
Andre mængdeændringer
Omvurdering
Ultimostatus
Aktiver
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
Finansielle aktiver
805
37
0
7
849
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
1
0
0
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
105
11
0
0
116
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
125
9
0
4
138
AF.4
Lån
70
4
0
0
74
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
345
2
0
3
350
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
26
0
0
0
26
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
0
0
0
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
134
10
0
0
144
Passiver
1 074
66
0
3
1 143
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
770
0
0
0
770
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
116
–2
0
0
114
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
77
20
0
2
99
AF.4
Lån
17
45
0
0
62
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
25
14
0
1
18
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
25
0
0
0
25
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
7
3
0
0
10
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
59
–14
0
0
45
Nettoformue
269
265
Tabel 18.16 —
   
Den integrerede opgørelse af kapitalbalancen over for udlandet i BPM6
Kapitalbalancen over for udlandet (IIP)
Stilling primo
Transaktioner
Andre mængdeændringer
Omvurdering
Stilling ultimo
Aktiver
Direkte investeringer
42
–4
0
1
39
Porteføljeinvesteringer
40
17
0
2
59
Finansielle derivater
0
3
0
0
3
Andre investeringer
152
42
0
0
194
Valutareserver
63
8
0
0
71
Aktiver i alt
297
66
0
3
366
Passiver
Direkte investeringer
132
8
0
2
142
Porteføljeinvesteringer
180
7
0
5
192
Finansielle derivater
0
0
0
0
0
Andre investeringer
261
22
0
0
283
Passiver i alt
573
37
0
7
617
Nettokapitalbalancen over for udlandet (IIP netto)
– 276
29
0
–4
– 251
(
1
)
  International Monetary Fund, 
Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual
, Sixth Edition (BPM6), 2009, ISBN 978-1-58906-812-4 (available on http://www.imf.org).
(
2
)
  International Merchandise Trade Statistics: Concepts and definitions, De Forenede Nationer, 1998, ISBN 92-1-161410-4 (tilgængelig på: http://unstats.un.org).
(
3
)
  De Forenede Nationer, Eurostat, OECD, IMF, WTO o.a., Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services, 2011, (tilgængelig på: http://unstats.un.org)
(
4
)
  
            
For udlandet refererer dette til ændringer i nettoformuen forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler.
KAPITEL 19
EUROPÆISKE REGNSKABER
INDLEDNING
19.01
Den europæiske integrationsproces har gjort det nødvendigt at opstille et fuldstændigt regnskab, der afspejler den europæiske økonomi som helhed og giver mulighed for bedre analyse og politikudformning på EU-plan. De europæiske regnskaber omfatter de samme konti og er baseret på de samme begreber som medlemsstaternes nationale regnskaber.
19.02
I dette kapitel beskrives de særlige kendetegn ved de europæiske regnskaber, dvs. Den Europæiske Unions og euroområdets regnskaber. I forbindelse med de europæiske regnskaber skal man være særlig opmærksom på definitionen af residente enheder, kontiene for udlandet og nettoficeringen af økonomiske transaktioner (strømme) inden for Europa og finansielle statuskonti (beholdninger).
19.03
Den Europæiske Unions økonomiske områder omfatter:
a)
EU-medlemsstaternes økonomiske områder og
b)
EU-institutionernes økonomiske områder.
19.04
Euroområdets økonomiske område omfatter:
a)
de økonomiske områder, der tilhører medlemsstaterne i euroområdet, og
b)
Den Europæiske Centralbanks økonomiske område.
FRA NATIONALE TIL EUROPÆISKE REGNSKABER
19.05
De europæiske regnskaber er ikke lig med summen af medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber efter omregning til en fælles valuta. Regnskaberne for de residente EU-institutioner skal lægges til. Hjemstedsbegrebet får en anden dækning, når man går fra medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber til de europæiske regnskaber. Den måde, hvorpå man behandler den indtjening, som foretagender, der er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, reinvesterer, eller formålsbestemte enheder (SPE'er), er gode eksempler i denne sammenhæng. I medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber kan et foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, have investorer, som er residente i en anden EU-medlemsstat/et andet land i euroområdet. Den tilsvarende reinvesterede indtjening registreres ikke som sådan i de europæiske regnskaber. Det kan desuden være nødvendigt at omklassificere SPE'er i samme institutionelle sektor som deres moderselskab, når dette er resident i en anden medlemsstat. Endelig skal grænseoverskridende økonomiske strømme og finansielle beholdninger mellem europæiske lande omklassificeres. Disse forskelle fremgår af figur 19.1 og 19.2, som for nemheds skyld opererer med et europæisk område bestående af blot to medlemsstater: A og B. Strømme og beholdninger, som involverer residenter og ikkeresidenter, er vist skematisk ved hjælp af pile.
Figur 19.1 —
   
Aggregering af medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber
Når A's og B's nationalregnskaber er aggregeret, registreres strømmene mellem A og B samt med andre lande og EU-institutionerne på de aggregerede konti for udlandet.
EU-institutionerne
Land A
Land B
Figur 19.2 —
   
Europæiske regnskaber
Den Europæiske Union/euroområdet betragtes som en enkelt enhed: Den omfatter EU-institutionernes/Den Europæiske Centralbanks regnskaber, og kun residente enheders transaktioner med tredjelande bogføres på kontiene for udlandet.
EU–institutionerne
Land A
Land B
Omregning af data, der foreligger i forskellige valutaer
19.06
I de europæiske regnskaber skal økonomiske strømme og beholdninger af aktiver og passiver udtrykkes i en enkelt møntfod. Med henblik herpå omregnes data, som er registreret i forskellige nationale valutaer, til euro ved enten:
a)
at anvende de markedskurser, der er gældende i den periode, hvor regnskaberne udarbejdes (eller et gennemsnit heraf)
eller
b)
at anvende faste kurser for hele perioden. Den faste kurs kan være den, der var gældende ved udløbet af perioden eller i begyndelsen heraf, eller et gennemsnit af valutakurserne i hele perioden. Den kurs, der anvendes, påvirker en given medlemsstats (faste) vægt i de europæiske aggregater
eller
c)
at beregne et indeks mellem på hinanden følgende perioder som et vægtet gennemsnit af vækstindeksene for de i national valuta udtrykte data for de enkelte medlemsstater. Vægtene svarer til hver enkelt medlemsstats andel — omregnet ved hjælp af vekselkursen — i den første sammenligningsperiode. Når en referenceperiode er valgt som benchmark, kan kædeindekset ganges med denne benchmark til beregning af niveauer for andre observationsperioder.
Ved metode a) ajourføres medlemsstaternes vægte i de europæiske aggregater efter pariteten af deres respektive valutaer. De europæiske aggregaters niveauer vil derfor altid være ajourført, men deres bevægelser kan blive påvirket af valutakurssvingninger. Hvad angår forholdstal kan virkningerne af valutakurssvingninger på tæller og nævner i stort omfang udligne hinanden.
Ved metode b) ajourføres medlemsstaternes vægte ikke, hvilket beskytter de europæiske aggregaters bevægelser mod valutakurssvingninger. De europæiske aggregaters niveauer kan derimod blive påvirket af valget af (faste) valutakurser, der afspejler medlemsstaternes valutapariteter på et givet tidspunkt.
Ved metode c) beskyttes de europæiske aggregaters bevægelser mod valutakurssvingninger, mens aggregaternes niveauer stort set afspejler de gældende pariteter i hver periode. Dette er på bekostning af additivitet og andre regnskabsmæssige krav. Om nødvendigt skal disse krav opfyldes i en sidste etape.
19.07
Der kan også udarbejdes europæiske regnskaber ved at omregne data, der foreligger i forskellige nationale valutaer, til købekraftsstandarder (KKS'er). Metode a), b) eller c) i 19.06 kan anvendes til dette formål ved at erstatte valutakurserne med tilsvarende købekraftsstandarder (KKS'er).
EU-institutionerne
19.08
I ENS omfatter EU-institutionerne følgende enheder:
a)
ikkefinansielle EU-institutioner: Europa-Parlamentet, Det Europæiske Råd, Rådet, Europa-Kommissionen, Den Europæiske Unions Domstol og Den Europæiske Revisionsret
b)
ikkefinansielle EU-organer, herunder enheder, som er omfattet af Den Europæiske Unions almindelige budget (f.eks. Det Europæiske Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg, Regionsudvalget, EU-agenturerne mv.) og Den Europæiske Udviklingsfond
c)
finansielle EU-institutioner og -organer, herunder navnlig: Den Europæiske Centralbank, Den Europæiske Investeringsbank og Den Europæiske investeringsfond.
Bemærk, at EU-organerne i kategori b) ikke omfatter markedsregulerende organer på landbrugsområdet, hvis hovedaktivitet består i at købe og sælge landbrugsprodukter for at stabilisere priserne. Disse organer betragtes som residente i den medlemsstat, hvor de udøver deres aktiviteter.
19.09
De ikkefinansielle EU-institutioner og -organer, der er omfattet af Den Europæiske Unions almindelige budget, udgør én enkelt institutionel enhed, der hovedsagelig yder ikkemarkedsmæssige offentlige tjenester til fordel for Den Europæiske Union. Den klassificeres derfor i delsektoren »EU-institutioner og -organer« (S. 1315) 
(
1
)
 under sektoren »Offentlig forvaltning og service« (S.13)
19.10
Da budgettet for Den Europæiske Udviklingsfond ikke vedtages som en del af Den Europæiske Unions almindelige budget, er EUF en særskilt institutionel enhed, der falder ind under delsektoren »EU-institutioner og -organer« (S. 1315) under sektoren »Offentlig forvaltning og service« (S.13).
19.11
Den Europæiske Centralbank er en institutionel enhed, der klassificeres i delsektoren »Centralbanken« (S.121) under sektoren »Finansielle selskaber« (S.12).
19.12
Den Europæiske Investeringsbank og Den Europæiske Investeringsfond er særskilte institutionelle enheder, der falder ind under delsektoren »Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser« (S.125) under sektoren »Finansielle selskaber« (S.12).
19.13
EU-institutionernes økonomiske område omfatter også territoriale enklaver i EU-medlemsstaterne eller i ikke-EU-lande som f.eks. repræsentationer, delegationer og kontorer.
19.14
EU-institutionernes vigtigste transaktioner registreres under tilgang og anvendelse som beskrevet i bilaget.
Konto for udlandet
19.15
I de europæiske regnskaber registreres på kontiene for udlandet økonomiske strømme og finansielle beholdninger af aktiver og passiver mellem Den Europæiske Unions/euroområdets residente enheder og ikkeresidente enheder. De europæiske konti for udlandet omfatter således ikke transaktioner, der finder sted inden for Den Europæiske Union/euroområdet. Strømme inden for EU/euroområdet, kaldes »interne strømme«, og finansielle positioner mellem residenter i EU/euroområdet kaldes »interne beholdninger«.
19.16
Import og eksport af varer omfatter også kvasitransithandel, dvs.:
a)
varer, som en enhed, der ikke betragtes som en institutionel enhed, importerer fra et tredjeland til en EU-medlemsstat/et land i euroområdet, og som derefter sendes til en anden EU-medlemsstat/et andet land i euroområdet, og
b)
varer, der ankommer fra en EU-medlemsstat/et land i euroområdet, og som en enhed, der ikke betragtes som en institutionel enhed, derefter eksporterer til et tredjeland.
Eksporterede varer værdiansættes fob ved Den Europæiske Unions/euroområdets grænse.
For varer i kvasitransit bestemt til eksport betragtes transport- og distributionsomkostninger inden for EU/euroområdet som produktion af transporttjenester, hvis transportøren er resident i EU/euroområdet, og som import af transporttjenester, hvis det ikke er tilfældet.
19.17
I de europæiske regnskaber omfatter merchanting kun varer, som en resident i Den Europæiske Union/euroområdet køber af en ikkeresident, hvorefter de sælges til en ikkeresident, uden at varerne forefindes i Den Europæiske Union/euroområdet. Transaktionen bogføres først som negativ eksport af varer og derefter som positiv eksport af varer, og eventuelle tidsforskelle mellem køb og salg registreres som lagerændringer (jf.18.41 og 18.60).
Når en mellemhandler, der er resident i Den Europæiske Union/euroområdet, køber varer af en ikkeresident og derefter sælger dem til en resident i en anden medlemsstat, bogføres købet som negativ eksport i nationalregnskabet for mellemhandlerens medlemsstat, men som import i de europæiske regnskaber.
19.18
Et foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, er et resident foretagende i Den Europæiske Union/euroområdet, i hvilket en ikkeresident investor ejer mindst 10 % af stamaktierne eller har 10 % af stemmerettighederne (for selskaber) eller tilsvarende (for personlige foretagender).
I medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber kan et foretagende, som er genstand for udenlandske direkte investeringer, have investorer, som er residente i en anden EU-medlemsstat/et andet land i euroområdet. Den tilsvarende reinvesterede indtjening registreres ikke som sådan i de europæiske regnskaber.
Afstemning af transaktioner
19.19
En af metoderne til udarbejdelse af de europæiske konti for udlandet består i at trække de interne europæiske strømme på både tilgangs- og anvendelsessiden fra medlemsstaternes konti for udlandet. I teorien skulle disse spejlstatistiske strømme balancere, men det er generelt ikke tilfældet i praksis, fordi samme transaktion bogføres asymmetrisk i de pågældende modparters nationalregnskaber.
19.20
Asymmetrier skaber uoverensstemmelse i de europæiske regnskaber mellem den samlede økonomi og kontiene for udlandet. Udarbejdelse af europæiske regnskaber kræver derfor afstemning af kontiene. Dette gøres ved hjælp af afstemningsmetoder såsom de mindste kvadraters metode eller proportionel fordeling. Hvad angår varer kan der anvendes statistiske oplysninger om handelen inden for EU til at fordele asymmetrier efter udgiftskategori.
19.21
Ved fjernelsen af asymmetrier og den efterfølgende afstemning af kontiene opstår der yderligere forskelle mellem de europæiske aggregater og summen af medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber.
Pris- og mængdeopgørelser
19.22
Der kan for transaktioner i varer og tjenester udarbejdes ikkefinansielle europæiske regnskaber i det foregående års priser ved hjælp af en metode svarende til den, der anvendes til europæiske regnskaber i løbende priser. Først aggregeres de i det foregående års priser udarbejdede regnskaber for medlemsstaterne og EU-institutionerne/Den Europæiske Centralbank. Fra kontiene for udlandet fjernes derefter medlemsstaternes interne grænseoverskridende transaktioner, som er værdiansat til det foregående års priser. Til sidst fjernes de heraf følgende uoverensstemmelser mellem tilgang og anvendelse ved hjælp af den metode, der er anvendt til afstemning af europæiske transaktioner i løbende priser.
19.23
De europæiske regnskaber i det foregående års priser kan anvendes til at beregne mængdeindeks mellem den løbende periode og det foregående år. Når en referenceperiode er valgt som benchmark, kan mængdeindeksene sammenkædes og derefter anvendes på de europæiske regnskaber i benchmark-årets løbende priser. Således kan man udarbejde europæiske regnskaber i mængde for en hvilken som helst observationsperiode. Den serie, der opnås på denne måde, er ikke additiv. Hvis der stilles krav om additivitet og andre regnskabsmæssige krav i forbindelse med opgørelser i mængde til særlige formål, skal disse krav opfyldes i en sidste etape for at opnå additive tilpassede serier.
Statuskonti
19.24
I de europæiske regnskaber kan der udarbejdes finansielle statuskonti efter samme fremgangsmåde som for transaktioner:
a)
medlemsstaternes finansielle statuskonti kompletteres af beholdninger af aktiver og passiver, som er overtaget af EU-institutioner, og som er residente i EU/euroområdet
b)
beholdninger af finansielle aktiver, der ejes af en resident i EU/euroområdet, men opbevares hos en anden resident (interne beholdninger), trækkes fra de nationale konti for udlandet, og
c)
uligevægt, der opstår ved uoverensstemmelse mellem interne beholdninger af finansielle aktiver og de tilsvarende passiver, fordeles på de forskellige sektorer ved afstemning.
19.25
I de europæiske regnskaber kan der udarbejdes ikkefinansielle statuskonti som summen af EU-medlemsstaternes/lande i euroområdets ikkefinansielle statuskonti.
»Fra hvem til hvem«-matricer
19.26
»Fra hvem til hvem«-matricer viser detaljerede oplysninger om økonomiske transaktioner (eller beholdninger af finansielle aktiver) mellem institutionelle sektorer. I medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber giver disse matricer en detaljeret oversigt over transaktioner/finansielle aktiver mellem oprindelses/kreditorsektorer og bestemmelses/debitorsektorer samt mellem indenlandske sektorer og udlandet.
19.27
I de europæiske regnskaber kan der opstilles »fra hvem til hvem«-matricer ved aggregering af de nationale matricer og omklassificering af interne europæiske strømme og beholdninger som residente strømme og beholdninger. Til dette formål skal der i de nationale matricer sondres mellem transaktioner og beholdninger af finansielle aktiver i forhold til residente enheder i EU/euroområdet og i forhold til ikkeresidenter på kontoen for udlandet. Herudover skal strømme og beholdninger i forhold til residente enheder i EU/euroområdet opdeles yderligere efter modpartssektorer.
BILAG 19.1
EU-INSTITUTIONERENS REGNSKAB
Tilgang
19.28
De ikkefinansielle EU-institutioners og -organers vigtigste indtægtskilder er følgende:
a)
told og landbrugsafgifter
b)
produktionsafgifter, der pålægges producenter af sukker, isoglucose og inulinsirup
c)
den moms-baserede indtægt
d)
den BNI-baserede indtægt.
19.29
I EU-institutionernes regnskaber bogføres disse strømme som tilgang for delsektoren »EU-institutioner og -organer« (S.1315) og som anvendelse for udlandet (S.211).
19.30
Told og landbrugsafgifter opkræves i henhold til den fælles toldtarif ved Den Europæiske Unions ydre grænser. De klassificeres som »Importskatter og told eksklusive moms« (D.212) og omfatter også opkrævningsomkostninger.
19.31
Der opkræves produktionsafgifter på producenternes kvoter for sukker, isoglucose og inulinsirup. De klassificeres som »Produktskatter eksklusive moms og importskatter« (D.214) og omfatter også opkrævningsomkostninger.
19.32
En fast andel af de beløb, der opkræves i henhold til 19.28, litra a) og b), tilbageholdes af medlemsstaterne som opkrævningsomkostninger. Denne andel lå på 25 % i 2009. I EU-institutionernes regnskaber bogføres disse opkrævningsomkostninger på anvendelsessiden som »Forbrug i produktionen« (P.2) under delsektoren »EU-institutioner og -organer« (S.1315). På tilgangssiden bogføres de som »Import af tjenester« (P.72) på kontiene for udlandet (S.211).
19.33
Den momsbaserede indtægt beregnes ved at anvende en fast procentsats, momsbidragssatsen, på hver enkelt medlemsstats harmoniserede momsberegningsgrundlag. Der er loft over momsgrundlaget i forhold til bruttonationalindkomsten. Herved forstås, at hvis en medlemsstats momsgrundlag overstiger en bestemt procentdel af dens BNI-beregningsgrundlag, skal momsbidragssatsen ikke anvendes på momsgrundlaget, men på den pågældende procentdel af BNI-beregningsgrundlaget. Den momsbaserede indtægt omfatter både betalinger for det løbende år og udligningsbeløb fra tidligere år, som fremkommer ved korrektion af tidligere momsgrundlag. Den momsbaserede indtægt klassificeres som »Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter« (D.76).
19.34
Den BNI-baserede indtægt er et restbidrag til EU-institutionernes budget, som beregnes på grundlag af de enkelte medlemsstaters bruttonationalindkomst. Denne indtægt klassificeres som »Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter« (D.76) og omfatter både refusioner og udligningsbeløb for de foregående år. Korrektionen af budgetuligevægt, som betales til de berørte lande af de øvrige medlemsstater, registreres også under D.76 som tilgang og anvendelse for udlandet (S.211).
19.35
Medlemsstaternes bidrag til Den Europæiske Udviklingsfond klassificeres som »Løbende internationalt samarbejde« (D.74).
19.36
Den kapital, som medlemsstaterne har indbetalt til Den Europæiske Investeringsbank, Den Europæiske Investeringsfond og Den Europæiske Centralbank, registreres på de finansielle konti som »Andre ejerandelsbeviser« (F.519). De bogføres som ændringer i aktiver for udlandet (S.211) og ændringer i passiver under delsektorerne »Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser« (S.125)/»Centralbanken« (S.121).
19.37
Forfaldne renter på lån ydet af Den Europæiske Investeringsbank klassificeres efter fratrækning af indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM) som »Renter« (D.41). I EU-institutionernes regnskaber bogføres de som anvendelse for udlandet (S.2) og som tilgang hos »Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser« (S.125).
19.38
Forfaldne renter på lån ydet af Den Europæiske Centralbank klassificeres som »Renter« (D.41). I EU-institutionernes regnskaber bogføres de som anvendelse for udlandet (S.2111) og som tilgang under delsektoren »Centralbanken« (S.121).
Anvendelse
19.39
Ikkefinansielle EU-institutioners og -organers betalinger består af:
a)
Transaktioner i forbindelse med deres aktiviteter som ikkemarkedsproducenter, herunder hovedsagelig: »Forbrug i produktionen« (P.2), »Faste bruttoinvesteringer« (P.51) og »Aflønning af ansatte« (D.1).
b)
Fordelingstransaktioner i forbindelse med overførsler fra EU-institutionerne til medlemsstaterne. Det drejer sig hovedsagelig om »Produktsubsidier« (D.31), »Andre produktionssubsidier« (D.39), »Løbende internationalt samarbejde« (D.74), »Andre diverse løbende overførsler« (D.759), »Investeringstilskud« (D.92) og »Andre kapitaloverførsler« (D.99).
c)
Den Europæiske Udviklingsfonds betalinger til tredjelande, som klassificeres som »Løbende internationalt samarbejde« (D.74).
19.40
I EU-institutionernes regnskaber registreres ikkefinansielle EU-institutioners og -organers betalinger som anvendelse for delsektor »EU-institutioner og -organer« (S.1315) og som tilgang for udlandet (S.211 eller S.22).
19.41
Ikkefinansielle EU-institutioners og -organers betalinger registreres som regel på grundlag af udgiftsopgørelser indleveret af medlemsstaterne. Forudgående og efterfølgende betalinger bogføres på EU-institutionernes finansielle konti som »Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger« (F.89).
19.42
Finansielle EU-institutioners og -organers betalinger består af:
a)
Transaktioner i forbindelse med deres aktiviteter som markedsproducenter af finansielle tjenester, herunder hovedsagelig: »Forbrug i produktionen« (P.2), »Faste bruttoinvesteringer« (P.51) og »Aflønning af ansatte« (D.1).
b)
Rentebetalinger (D.41).
Da medlemsstaternes kapitaldeltagelse i Den Europæiske Investeringsbank ikke betragtes som udenlandske direkte investeringer, skal der i dens regnskaber ikke registreres nogen imputeret strøm af reinvesteret indtjening (D.43).
19.43
I EU-institutionernes regnskaber registreres finansielle EU-institutioners og -organers betalinger som anvendelse for delsektoren »Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser« (S.125) og tilgang for udlandet (S.211 eller S.22).
Konsolidering
19.44
I de europæiske regnskaber konsolideres strømmene under tilgang og anvendelse normalt ikke mellem medlemsstaterne og EU-institutionerne inden for sektoren »Offentlig forvaltning og service« (S.13). Hvad angår »Løbende internationalt samarbejde« (D.74) foretages der imidlertid en konsolidering af medlemsstaternes betalinger til EU-institutionerne med henblik på finansiering af f.eks. Den Europæiske Udviklingsfond, og de registreres i de europæiske regnskaber som anvendelse for den nationale sektor »Offentlig forvaltning og service (undtagen social sikring)« (S.1311) og som tilgang for udlandet (S.22).
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  Denne kode er specifik for de europæiske regnskaber. Den nævnes ikke i kapitel 23, »Klassifikationssystemet«, da kapitel 23 indeholder de koder, der skal anvendes i medlemsstaternes nationalregnskaber, hvorimod europæiske institutioner registreres i sektoren udlandet.
KAPITEL 20
KONTI FOR OFFENTLIG FORVALTNING OG SERVICE
INDLEDNING
20.01
Offentlig forvaltning og services aktiviteter beskrives separat i forhold til den øvrige økonomis aktiviteter, fordi offentlig forvaltning og services beføjelser, motivation og funktioner adskiller sig fra de øvrige sektorers. I dette kapitel beskrives kontiene for offentlig forvaltning og service og statistikkerne over offentlige finanser, der giver et samlet billede af offentlig forvaltning og services økonomiske aktiviteter: indtægter, udgifter, underskud/overskud, finansiering, andre økonomiske strømme og statuskonto.
20.02
Det offentlige har beføjelser til at opkræve skatter og andre obligatoriske afgifter og til at udstede regler, der påvirker økonomiske enheders adfærd. Det offentlige har følgende primære økonomiske funktioner:
a)
at stille varer og tjenester til rådighed for samfundet, enten til kollektivt forbrug som f.eks. offentlig forvaltning, forsvar og retshåndhævelse eller individuelt forbrug som f.eks. uddannelse, sundhed, fritid og kultur, og at finansiere disse varer og tjenester på grundlag af skatter og andre indtægter
b)
at omfordele indkomst og formue ved hjælp af indkomstoverførsler som f.eks. skatter og sociale ydelser
c)
at deltage i andre former for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion.
20.03
Statistikkerne over offentlige finanser i tilknytning til offentlig forvaltning og services økonomiske aktiviteter præsenterer det sædvanlige kontosystem på en måde, der er mere hensigtsmæssig for analytikerne af de offentlige finanser og for de økonomiske beslutningstagere. I statistikkerne over offentlige finanser anvendes aggregater og saldoposter i overensstemmelse med begreberne, definitionerne, klassifikationerne og regnskabsreglerne i ENS, således at de måles helt parallelt med andre makroøkonomiske variabler og med samme måleenheder i andre lande. Poster som f.eks. opsparing og nettofordringserhvervelse findes allerede i kontosystemet. Andre poster, f.eks. drifts- og kapitalindtægter i alt, drifts- og kapitaludgifter i alt, skattebyrde og gæld i alt, fremgår ikke eksplicit.
20.04
Afsnit »Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål i forbindelse med sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service« indeholder supplerende regler om en række mere vanskelige spørgsmål med hensyn til klassifikation og måling vedrørende den offentlige sektor.
DEFINITION AF SEKTOREN OFFENTLIG FORVALTNING OG SERVICE
20.05
Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13) består af alle offentlige enheder og alle ikkemarkedsmæssige nonprofitinstitutioner, der kontrolleres af offentlige enheder. Den omfatter også andre ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter (jf.20.18-20.39).
20.06
Offentlige enheder er juridiske enheder, der er oprettet ved en politisk proces, og som har lovgivende, dømmende eller udøvende magt over andre institutionelle enheder inden for et givet område. Deres vigtigste funktion er at levere varer og tjenester til samfundet og til husholdningerne på en ikkemarkedsmæssig basis og at omfordele indkomst og formuer.
20.07
En offentlig enhed har normalt bemyndigelse til at skaffe midler gennem obligatoriske overførsler fra andre institutionelle enheder. For at opfylde kriterierne for en institutionel enhed skal en offentlig enhed have egne midler, der enten fremkommer ved indkomst fra andre enheder eller modtages som overførsler fra andre offentlige enheder, og skal have bemyndigelse til at bruge disse midler til at forfølge sine politiske mål. Den skal også kunne låne midler for egen regning.
Enheder i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
Offentlige enheder
20.08
I alle lande er der en central enhed, især inden for statslig forvaltning og service, der på nationalt plan udøver den udøvende, lovgivende og dømmende magt. Dens indtægter og udgifter reguleres og kontrolleres direkte af et finansministerium eller tilsvarende ved hjælp af et almindeligt budget, der godkendes af den lovgivende myndighed. På trods af sin størrelse og uensartede karakter er denne enhed normalt en enkelt institutionel enhed. Ministerier, agenturer, styrelser, udvalg, retslige myndigheder og organer med lovgivende myndighed er en del af denne centrale enhed inden for offentlig forvaltning og service. De enkelte ministerier inden for den betragtes ikke som særskilte institutionelle enheder, da de ikke har beføjelse til at eje aktiver, indgå forpligtelser eller foretage transaktioner for egen regning.
20.09
Delsektorer inden for offentlig forvaltning og service, f.eks. delstatsmyndigheder og kommunal forvaltning og service, kan indbefatte centrale hovedforvaltningsenheder som beskrevet i 20.08, hver med tilknytning til et givet forvaltningsniveau og geografisk område.
20.10
Ud over denne hovedforvaltningsenhed er der forvaltningsenheder med særskilt juridisk identitet og stor grad af autonomi, herunder handlefrihed med hensyn til mængden og sammensætningen af deres udgifter og en direkte indtægtskilde, f.eks. øremærkede skatter. Sådanne enheder oprettes ofte for at udføre bestemte funktioner, f.eks. vejanlæg eller ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion af sundheds-, uddannelses- eller forskningstjenester. Disse enheder anses for at være særskilte forvaltningsenheder, hvis de fører et fuldstændigt sæt regnskaber, ejer varer eller aktiver for egen regning, udøver ikkemarkedsmæssige aktiviteter, som de er retligt ansvarlige for, og kan påtage sig forpligtelser og indgå kontrakter. Sådanne enheder (sammen med nonprofitinstitutioner, der kontrolleres af det offentlige) kaldes »enheder uden for budgettet«, fordi de har særskilte budgetter og modtager overførsler i væsentligt omfang fra hovedbudgettet, og fordi deres primære finansieringskilder suppleres af egne indtægtskilder, der falder uden for hovedbudgettet. Disse enheder uden for budgettet klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, medmindre de overvejende er markedsproducenter, der kontrolleres af en anden offentlig enhed.
20.11
Det almindelige budget for ethvert administrativt niveau kan omfatte foretagender, der ikke er etableret i selskabsform, og som er markedsproducenter og kvasiselskaber. Hvis de opfylder kriterierne for institutionelle enheder, betragtes sådanne foretagender ikke som en del af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, men klassificeres i den ikkefinansielle eller den finansielle selskabssektor.
20.12
Sociale kasser og fonde er offentlige enheder, der som opgave har at varetage socialsikringsordninger. Socialsikringsordninger er socialforsikringsordninger, der dækker hele eller en stor del af samfundet som helhed, og som er gjort obligatoriske og kontrolleres af det offentlige. Sociale kasser og fonde er institutionelle enheder, hvis de er organiseret særskilt fra offentlige enheders andre aktiviteter, holder deres aktiver og passiver adskilt fra disse og foretager finansielle transaktioner for egen regning.
NPI'er, der henregnes til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
20.13
Nonprofitinstitutioner (NPI'er), der er ikkemarkedsproducenter og kontrolleres af offentlige enheder, er enheder under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
20.14
Offentlige myndigheder kan vælge at anvende NPI'er i stedet for offentlige institutioner til at gennemføre offentlig politik, fordi de anses for at være mere uafhængige og objektive og mindre udsat for politisk pres. Forskning og udvikling og fastsættelse og ajourføring af standarder inden for sundhed, sikkerhed, miljø og undervisning er eksempler på områder, hvor NPI'er kan være mere effektive end offentlige agenturer.
20.15
Kontrol med en NPI defineres som beføjelser til at bestemme NPI'ens generelle politik eller strategi. Offentlige foranstaltninger i form af generelle bestemmelser, der gælder for alle enheder, der udøver samme aktivitet, er irrelevante ved afgørelsen af, om det offentlige kontrollerer en individuel enhed eller ej. For at afgøre, hvorvidt en NPI er kontrolleret af det offentlige, bør der tages hensyn til følgende fem indikatorer:
a)
udnævnelse af ledende ansatte
b)
andre bestemmelser i det instrument, hvorved nonprofitinstitutionen er blevet oprettet, f.eks. forpligtelser i nonprofitinstitutionens vedtægter
c)
kontraktmæssige aftaler
d)
finansieringsgrad
e)
risikograden.
At en enkelt indikator er opfyldt, kan være nok til, at en nonprofitinstitution må anses for at være kontrolleret af det offentlige. Hvis en nonprofitinstitution, der hovedsagelig finansieres af det offentlige, fortsat er i stand til at bestemme sin politik eller strategi i betydeligt omfang som nævnt i de øvrige indikatorer, anses den imidlertid ikke for at være kontrolleret af det offentlige. I de fleste tilfælde er det en række indikatorer, der tilsammen peger på, at nonprofitinstitutionen er kontrolleret af det offentlige. Det vil være en skønsmæssig afgørelse, der kan træffes på grundlag af disse indikatorer.
20.16
En nonprofitinstitutions ikkemarkedsmæssige kendetegn bestemmes på samme måde som for andre enheder under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
Andre enheder under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
20.17
Det kan være vanskeligt at afgøre klassificeringen af producenter af varer og tjenester, der arbejder under indflydelse af offentlige enheder. De kan henregnes til offentlig forvaltning og service eller klassificeres som offentlige selskaber, hvis de er institutionelle enheder. I sådanne tilfælde anvendes nedenstående beslutningstræ.
Figur 20.1 —
   
Beslutningstræ
Er der tale om en institutionel enhed?
Nej
Del af den kontrollerende enhed
Ja
Kontrolleres enheden af det offentlige?
Nej
Enheden henføres til den private sektor
Ja
Er enheden en ikke-markedsproducent?
Nej
Enheden klassficeres som et offentligt selskab
Ja
Enheden er en del af offentlig forvaltning og service
Offentlig kontrol
20.18
Kontrol med en enhed defineres som beføjelser til at bestemme enhedens generelle politik eller strategi. Ved afgørelsen af, om der foreligger offentlig kontrol, anvendes de samme kriterier som for selskaber, som kan antages at være offentlige selskaber, se 2.32.
Markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig
Begrebet økonomisk signifikante priser
20.19
Ikkemarkedsproducenter leverer al eller det meste af deres produktion gratis eller til økonomisk ikke signifikante priser til andre. Økonomisk signifikante priser er priser, som har en væsentlig indflydelse på de mængder produkter, producenter er villige til at levere, og på de mængder, køberne ønsker at erhverve. Det er det kriterium, der anvendes ved klassificering af produktion og producenter som markedsmæssige eller ikkemarkedsmæssige og dermed til at afgøre, om en institutionel enhed, i hvilken det offentlige har en kontrollerende interesse, skal betegnes som en ikkemarkedsproducent og følgelig klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller som en markedsproducent og følgelig klassificeres som et offentligt selskab.
20.20
Vurderingen af, om en pris er økonomisk signifikant, foretages for hvert produktionselement for sig, mens kriteriet vedrørende en enheds markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige karakter anvendes på enhedens niveau.
20.21
Hvis producenterne er private selskaber, må det antages, at priserne er økonomisk signifikante. Hvis der derimod foreligger offentlig kontrol, kan en enheds priser fastsættes eller ændres ud fra samfundspolitiske hensyn, hvilket kan gøre det vanskeligt at afgøre, om priserne er økonomisk signifikante. Offentlige selskaber oprettes ofte af det offentlige for at levere varer og tjenester, som markedet ikke ville producere i de mængder og til de priser, der opfylder målene for det offentliges politik. For sådanne offentlige enheder, der får støtte fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, kan salgsindtægterne dække en stor del af deres omkostninger, men de vil reagere anderledes på markedskræfterne end private selskaber.
20.22
For at kunne analysere forskellen mellem en markedsproducent og en ikkemarkedsproducent i relation til ændringer i markedsforholdene er det praktisk at slå fast, hvilke enheder der er forbrugere af de pågældende varer og tjenester, og om producenten rent faktisk konkurrerer på markedet eller er eneleverandør.
Køberen af en offentlig producents produktion anvendt som kriterium
Produktionen sælges hovedsagelig til selskaber og husholdninger
20.23
Der er normalt tale om økonomisk signifikante priser, når følgende to hovedbetingelser er opfyldt:
1)
Producenten har et incitament til at afpasse udbuddet med det formål at opnå fortjeneste på lang sigt eller som minimum at få dækket sine kapitalomkostninger og andre produktionsomkostninger, herunder forbrug af fast realkapital gennem salgsindtægterne.
2)
Forbrugere har et frit valg på grundlag af de priser, der kræves.
Produktionen sælges udelukkende til det offentlige
20.24
Nogle tjenester er typisk nødvendige som hjælpetjenester. Heriblandt kan nævnes transport, finansiering og investering, køb, salg, markedsføring, computertjenester, kommunikation, rengøring og vedligeholdelse. En enhed, der leverer denne type tjenester udelukkende til sin moderenhed eller til andre enheder i samme gruppe af enheder, er en hjælpeenhed. Det er ikke en særskilt institutionel enhed og klassificeres sammen med sin moderenhed. Hjælpeenheder leverer al deres produktion til deres ejere med henblik på forbrug i produktionen eller faste bruttoinvesteringer.
20.25
Hvis en offentlig producent sælger udelukkende til det offentlige og er den eneste leverandør af de tjenester, der er tale om, antages den at være en ikkemarkedsproducent, medmindre den konkurrerer med en privat producent. Som typisk eksempel kan nævnes afgivelse af bud på en kontrakt med det offentlige på kommercielle vilkår, hvor betalingerne fra det offentlige følgelig kun vedrører de leverede tjenester.
20.26
Hvis en offentlig producent er en af flere leverandører til det offentlige, anses den for at være en markedsproducent, hvis den konkurrerer med andre producenter på markedet og dens priser opfylder det generelle kriterium at være økonomisk signifikante, jf. 20.19-20.22.
Produktionen sælges til det offentlige og andre
20.27
Hvis en offentlig producent er den eneste leverandør af de tjenester, der er tale om, antages den at være en markedsproducent, hvis dens salg til enheder, der ikke henhører under det offentlige, udgør over halvdelen dens samlede produktion, eller hvis dens salg til det offentlige opfylder betingelsen vedrørende udbud som nævnt i 20.25.
20.28
Hvis der er flere leverandører, er en offentlig producent en markedsproducent, hvis den konkurrerer med de øvrige producenter ved at byde på en kontrakt med det offentlige.
Kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig.
20.29
Sektorklassificeringen af centrale offentlige enheder, der som aktivitet har levering af varer og tjenester på ikkemarkedsmæssigt grundlag og/eller omfordeling af indkomst og formue, er enkel.
For andre producenter, hvis aktiviteter er underlagt det offentliges kontrol, er det nødvendigt at foretage en vurdering af deres aktiviteter og ressourcer. For at kunne afgøre, om de er markedsmæssige enheder og kræver økonomisk signifikante priser, skal der tages stilling til kriterierne i 20.19-20.28. I korte træk er betingelserne som følger:
a)
Producenten er en institutionel enhed (en nødvendig betingelse, se også beslutningstræet i 20.17).
b)
Producenten er ikke udelukkende leverandør af hjælpetjenester.
c)
Producenten er ikke den eneste leverandør af varer og tjenester til det offentlige, eller, hvis han er det, har han konkurrenter.
d)
Producenten har en tilskyndelse til at tilpasse udbuddet, at udøve en rentabel overskudsgivende aktivitet, at være i stand til at agere på markedsvilkår og at opfylde sine økonomiske forpligtelser.
Evnen til at udøve en markedsmæssig aktivitet vurderes først og fremmest ud fra det sædvanlige kvantitative kriterium (50 %-kriteriet), hvor salget sættes i forhold til produktionsomkostningerne (jf.20.30 og 20.31). For at være en markedsproducent skal den offentlige enhed dække mindst 50 % af sine omkostninger ved sit salg over en fortløbende flerårig periode.
20.30
Ved vurderingen af kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig svarer salg af varer og tjenester til salgsindtægter, med andre ord den markedsmæssige produktion (P.11) forhøjet med betalinger for eventuel ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.131). Produktion for egen regning anses ikke for at være en del af salget i denne sammenhæng. Som salg anses ikke betalinger modtaget fra det offentlige, medmindre de ydes andre producenter, der udøver samme aktivitet.
20.31
Produktionsomkostningerne er summen af forbruget i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, forbruget af fast realkapital og andre produktionsskatter. I forbindelse med vurderingen af kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig forhøjes produktionsomkostningerne med nettorentebyrden og nedsættes med værdien af eventuel imputeret produktion, bl.a. produktion for egen regning. Produktionssubsidier fratrækkes ikke.
Finansiel formidling og afgrænsningen af det offentlige
20.32
Der gælder særlige forhold for enheder, der beskæftiger sig med finansielle aktiviteter. Finansiel formidling er den aktivitet, hvor enheder erhverver finansielle aktiver og samtidig indgår forpligtelser for egen regning ved at foretage finansielle transaktioner.
20.33
En finansiel formidler tager en risiko ved at indgå forpligtelser for egen regning. Hvis en offentlig finansiel enhed f.eks. forvalter aktiver, men ikke tager en risiko ved at indgå forpligtelser for egen regning, er den ikke en finansiel formidler, og enheden klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service frem for i den finansielle selskabssektor.
20.34
Anvendelse af det kvantitative kriterium ved afgørelsen af, om der er tale om markedsmæssige/ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester, i forbindelse med offentlige selskaber, der beskæftiger sig med finansiel formidling eller forvaltning af aktiver, er generelt ikke relevant, fordi deres indtjening stammer fra både formueindkomst og kapitalgevinster.
Grænsetilfælde
Offentlige hovedsæder
20.35
Offentlige hovedsæder er enheder, hvis hovedopgave er at kontrollere og lede en gruppe af datterselskaber under en offentlig enheds kontrol. Der skelnes mellem to situationer:
a)
Hvis det offentlige hovedsæde er en institutionel enhed og beskæftiger sig med forvaltning af markedsproducenter, klassificeres det efter gruppens hovedaktivitet, nærmere bestemt i sektor S.11, hvis hovedaktiviteten er at producere varer og ikkefinansielle tjenester, eller i sektor S.12, hvis den hovedsagelig producerer finansielle tjenester (se også 2.23 og 2.59).
b)
Hvis det offentlige hovedsæde ikke er en institutionel enhed, eller hvis det handler som en offentlig enhed med et samfundspolitisk sigte, f.eks. ved at kanalisere midler mellem datterselskaber, og står for privatisering eller afvikling, klassificeres det i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
20.36
Begrebet offentligt hovedsæde i denne sammenhæng omfatter enheder, der også kaldes »offentlige holdingselskaber«.
20.37
Datterselskaber, der er en del af gruppen, og som beskæftiger sig med produktion og fører et fuldstændigt regnskab, betragtes som institutionelle enheder, selv om de har overdraget dele af deres frie beslutningsret til den centrale enhed (jf.2.13). Kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig anvendes på de enkelte enheder. Det kan således forekomme, at et enkelt datterselskab, men ikke andre, anerkendes som ikkemarkedsmæssigt og henregnes til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
Pensionskasser
20.38
Pensionsordninger i arbejdsgiverregi er ordninger, der er etableret for at sikre deltagerne pensionsydelser, og som er baseret på en aftale mellem arbejdsgiveren og arbejdstageren. De omfatter fondsbaserede, ikkefondsbaserede og delvis fondsbaserede ordninger.
20.39
En bidragsdefineret ordning, der er oprettet af en offentlig enhed, behandles ikke som en social sikringsordning, hvor der ikke er nogen offentlig garanti for størrelsen af pensionsrettighederne, og hvor størrelsen af pensionsudbetalingerne er usikker, fordi den afhænger af aktivernes forrentning. Følgelig anses den enhed, der forvalter ordningen — samt pensionskassen selv, hvis det er en særskilt institutionel enhed — for at være et finansielt selskab og klassificeres i delsektoren forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser.
Kvasiselskaber
20.40
Kvasiselskaber er foretagender, som ikke er etableret i selskabsform, men som fungerer, som om de var selskaber. Kvasiselskaber behandles som selskaber, dvs. som særskilte institutionelle enheder i forhold til de enheder, som de tilhører, idet der tages hensyn til deres særlige økonomiske og finansielle adfærd. Markedsforetagender, der kontrolleres af offentlige enheder, og som anses for offentlige kvasiselskaber, henregnes således til samme gruppe som selskaber i den ikkefinansielle selskabssektor eller den finansielle selskabssektor.
20.41
Et offentligt foretagende eller en gruppe af foretagender, der beskæftiger sig med samme form for produktion under fælles forvaltning, behandles som et offentligt kvasiselskab, hvis:
a)
det tager økonomiske signifikante priser for sin produktion
b)
det anses for at have fri beslutningsret
c)
der findes et komplet sæt regnskaber, der gør det muligt særskilt at identificere og måle dets driftsresultat, opsparing, aktiver og passiver, eller det er muligt at udarbejde et sådant fuldstændigt sæt regnskaber.
20.42
Det er ejeren, der afgør, hvor stor en del af indtægterne der skal udtrækkes af et kvasiselskab i en given regnskabsperiode. Et sådant udtræk svarer til, at et selskab betaler udbytte til sine aktionærer. Ud fra, hvor stor en del af indtægterne der trækkes ud, kan det bestemmes, hvor stor en del af indtægterne der beholdes i kvasiselskabet. Ejeren kan investere mere kapital i foretagendet eller trække kapital ud af det ved at sælge nogle af dets aktiver, og sådanne kapitalstrømme skal også fremgå af regnskaberne, når de finder sted. Investerings- og formueindkomststrømme i kvasiselskabet bogføres på samme måde som lignende strømme i selskaber. Det skal særlig bemærkes, at investeringstilskud bogføres som kapitaloverførsler.
20.43
De producentenheder, der ikke behandles som kvasiselskaber, behandles som henhørende under de offentlige enheder, der ejer dem. Offentlige enheder består hovedsagelig af ikkemarkedsproducenter, men inden for en offentlig enhed kan der være markedsforetagender. Disse markedsforetagenders salg lægges til de særlige salg, som er sekundær produktion, der sælges af ikkemarkedsforetagender til økonomisk signifikante priser. Følgelig er det muligt for en offentlig enhed at have et nettodriftsoverskud, der ikke er nul, nemlig i form af det nettodriftsoverskud, der skabes af markedsforetagender.
Omstruktureringsagenturer
20.44
Nogle offentlige enheder deltager i omstrukturering af selskaber. Disse selskaber kan i nogle tilfælde være kontrolleret af det offentlige. Omstruktureringsagenturerne kan være veletablerede offentlige enheder eller agenturer, der er oprettet med dette særlige formål. Det offentlige finansierer omstruktureringen på forskellige måder, enten direkte gennem kapitalindskud som f.eks. kapitaloverførsler, lån eller anskaffelse af egenkapital eller indirekte gennem udstedelse af garantier. Det vigtigste kriterium ved afgørelsen af, hvilken sektor omstruktureringsagenturer skal henregnes til, er, hvorvidt disse enheder er finansielle formidlere, om deres hovedaktivitet er markedsmæssig, og hvilken grad af risiko det offentlige agentur påtager sig. I mange tilfælde er den risiko, som omstruktureringsagenturet påtager sig, lille, da det handler med offentlig økonomisk støtte og på vegne af det offentlige. Omstruktureringsagenturer kan tage sig af privatisering eller afvikling.
Privatiseringsagenturer
20.45
Den første type omstruktureringsagentur administrerer privatisering af enheder i den offentlige sektor. To situationer kan gøre sig gældende:
a)
Omstruktureringsenheden handler uanset sin juridiske status direkte på vegne af det offentlige eller har begrænset levetid. Dens hovedopgave er at omfordele national indkomst og formue ved at kanalisere midler fra den ene enhed til den anden. Omstruktureringsenheden henregnes til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
b)
Omstruktureringsenheden er et holdingselskab, der kontrollerer og forvalter en gruppe datterselskaber, og kun en mindre del af dens aktiviteter er rettet mod gennemførelse af privatisering og kanalisering af midler fra det ene datterselskab til det andet på det offentliges vegne og af samfundspolitiske hensyn. Enheden klassificeres som et selskab, og transaktioner, der gennemføres på det offentliges vegne, omkanaliseres gennem offentlig forvaltning og service.
Afviklingsselskaber
20.46
Den anden type omstruktureringsagentur tager sig af værdiforringede aktiver og kan etableres under en bankkrise eller en anden finansiel krise. Sådanne agenturer betegnes afviklingsselskaber eller »bad banks«. Et omstruktureringsagentur klassificeres efter den grad af risiko, det påtager sig, under hensyn til hvor megen økonomisk støtte det får fra det offentlige.
I de fleste tilfælde køber omstruktureringsagenturet aktiverne til over markedspris med direkte eller indirekte økonomisk støtte fra det offentlige. Dets aktiviteter medfører omfordeling af national indkomst og formue. Hvis afviklingsselskabet ikke selv løber en risiko, klassificeres det i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
Special purpose entities (SPE'er)
20.47
SPE'er (benævnes også »special purpose vehicles« (SPV'er)) kan etableres af praktiske økonomiske hensyn af det offentlige eller af private enheder. En SPE kan beskæftige sig med finanspolitiske aktiviteter, herunder securitisation af aktiver, låntagning på vegne af det offentlige osv. Sådanne SPE'er er ikke særskilte institutionelle enheder, hvis de er residente. Disse enheder klassificeres efter ejerens hovedaktivitet, og SPE'er, der udfører finanspolitiske transaktioner, klassificeres i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
20.48
Ikkeresidente SPE'er betragtes som særskilte institutionelle enheder. Alle strømme og beholdningspositioner mellem offentlig forvaltning og service og den ikkeresidente SPE bogføres i både regnskaberne for offentlig forvaltning og service og SPE'en. Når sådanne ikkeresidente SPE'er optager lån på det offentliges vegne eller afholder udgifter på det offentliges vegne i udlandet, imputeres transaktionerne desuden i både det offentliges og den ikkeresidente enheds regnskaber for at afspejle det offentliges finanspolitiske aktiviteter, også selv om der ikke registreres nogen strømme mellem det offentlige og SPE'en i tilknytning til disse finanspolitiske aktiviteter. Hvis en ikkeresident SPE deltager i en securitisationstransaktion uden salg af et aktiv, bliver denne transaktion betegnet som en lånoptagelse fra det offentliges side. Den økonomiske substans i denne transaktion registreres ved at imputere et lån optaget af offentlig forvaltning og service hos den ikkeresidente SPE til samme værdi og på samme tidspunkt, som SPE'en påtager sig en forpligtelse over for den udenlandske kreditor.
Joint ventures
20.49
Mange offentlige enheder indgår aftaler med private enheder eller andre offentlige enheder med henblik på at udføre en række aktiviteter i fællesskab. Sådanne aktiviteter kan føre til markedsmæssig eller ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion. Fælles projekter kan i grove træk opdeles i tre typer: i fællesskab kontrollerede enheder, her benævnt joint ventures; i fællesskab kontrollerede aktiviteter; i fællesskab kontrollerede aktiver.
20.50
Et joint venture kræver, at der oprettes et selskab eller et partnerskab eller en anden institutionel enhed, hvor hver part har fælles kontrol med enhedens aktiviteter. Som en institutionel enhed kan joint venture-selskabet indgå kontrakter i sit eget navn og rejse midler til egne formål. Et joint venture fører selvstændigt regnskab.
20.51
Normalt vil kontrol kunne vurderes ud fra, hvor mange procent der ejes. Hvis hver ejer ejer en lige stor procentdel af et joint venture, må de andre indikatorer for kontrol tages i betragtning.
20.52
Offentlige enheder kan også deltage i fælles projekter, der ikke varetages af særskilte institutionelle enheder. I så fald er der ikke nogen enheder, der skal klassificeres, men det er vigtigt at sikre, at ejendomsretten til aktiverne registreres korrekt, og at deling af indtægter og udgifter finder sted i overensstemmelse med bestemmelserne i projektkontrakten. For eksempel kan to enheder aftale at stå for forskellige faser af en fælles produktionsproces, eller den ene enhed kan eje et aktiv eller en samling aktiver, samtidig med at enhederne er enige om at dele indtægter og udgifter.
Markedsregulerende enheder
20.53
Offentlige enheder, der har aktiviteter inden for landbrug, beskæftiger sig med to former for aktivitet:
a)
enten at købe, lagre og sælge landbrugsvarer og andre fødevarer på markedet eller
b)
udelukkende eller hovedsagelig at være fordeler af subsidier og andre overførsler til producenter.
I første tilfælde klassificeres den institutionelle enhed i sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11), da den handler som en markedsproducent. I det andet tilfælde klassificeres den institutionelle enhed i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13).
20.54
Hvis den markedsregulerende enhed udøver begge de aktiviteter, der er beskrevet i 20.53, opdeles den i to institutionelle enheder efter hovedaktivitet, og den ene klassificeres i sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber (S.11), den anden i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13). Hvis det vil være vanskeligt at opdele enheden på denne måde, anvendes pr. konvention den sædvanlige klassificeringsmetode, hvor hovedaktiviteten bestemmes på grundlag af omkostningerne. Hvis enhedens omkostninger i meget betydelig grad hænger sammen med markedsforvaltningsaktiviteten, klassificeres enheden i sektoren ikkefinansielle selskaber. Det anbefales at anvende en 80 %'s tærskel for omkostningerne i forhold til omsætningen. Hvis forholdet mellem omkostninger og omsætning i forbindelse med den regulerende aktivitet er under denne tærskel, klassificeres enheden i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service (S.13).
Overnationale myndigheder
20.55
Nogle lande er part i en institutionel aftale, hvor landene udgør en del af en overnational myndighed. Normalt indebærer en sådan ordning pengeoverførsler fra medlemslandene til den overnationale myndighed og omvendt. Den overnationale myndighed beskæftiger sig også med ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion. I medlemslandenes nationalregnskaber er de overnationale myndigheder ikkeresidente institutionelle enheder, der henregnes til en særlig delsektor af sektoren udlandet.
Delsektorer under offentlig forvaltning og service
20.56
Alt efter de administrative og juridiske forhold er der normalt mere end et enkelt forvaltningsniveau i et land. I kapitel 2 er der beskrevet tre forvaltningsniveauer: statslig forvaltning og service, offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau eller regionalt niveau og kommunal forvaltning og service med en delsektor for hvert niveau. Det forhold, at der findes socialsikringsordninger, og at de har en anselig størrelse og spiller en finanspolitisk rolle, gør det nødvendigt, at der ud over disse forvaltningsniveauer udarbejdes statistikker for alle socialsikringsenheder som en fjerde særskilt delsektor under offentlig forvaltning og service. Ikke alle lande har alle niveauer; nogle har måske kun en statslig forvaltning eller en statslig forvaltning og et niveau derunder. I lande, der har mere end tre niveauer, henregnes de forskellige enheder alle til et af ovennævnte niveauer.
Statslig forvaltning og service
20.57
Delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (undtagen social sikkerhed) (S.1311) består af alle offentlige enheder, der har beføjelser på nationalt niveau, undtagen socialsikringsenheder. De politiske beføjelser, som et lands statslige forvaltning har, gælder hele landets territorium. Den statslige forvaltning og service kan pålægge alle residente institutionelle enheder og ikkeresidente enheder, der udøver økonomiske aktiviteter i landet, skatter. Den statslige forvaltning og service er typisk ansvarlig for at levere kollektive tjenester til gavn for samfundet som helhed, f.eks. nationalt forsvar, forbindelser med andre lande, offentlig orden og sikkerhed, og for at regulere landets sociale og økonomiske system. Derudover kan den have udgifter til tjenester som f.eks. uddannelse og sundhed, hovedsagelig til gavn for individuelle husholdninger, og den kan foretage overførsler til andre institutionelle enheder, herunder andre forvaltningsniveauer.
20.58
Udarbejdelse af statistikker om den statslige forvaltning og service er vigtig på grund af den særlige rolle, sektoren spiller ved analyser af den økonomiske politik. Det er hovedsagelig gennem statslig forvaltning og service, at finanspolitikken har indvirkning på inflationære eller deflationære tendenser i økonomien. Det er normalt på niveauet statslig forvaltning og service, at en beslutningstagende enhed fastlægger og gennemfører politikker, der har landsdækkende økonomiske målsætninger.
20.59
Delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service er en stor og kompleks delsektor i de fleste lande. Den består normalt af en central gruppe afdelinger eller ministerier, der udgør en enkelt institutionel enhed, samt forskellige enheder, der kontrolleres af den statslige forvaltning og service, og som har særskilt juridisk identitet og selvstændighed nok til at danne yderligere enheder under statslig forvaltning og service.
20.60
Kernen i statslig forvaltning og service kaldes på engelsk undertiden »budgetary central government« (dvs. den statslige budgetmyndighed) som udtryk for, at den som en af sine vigtigste opgaver har at tage sig af budgettet (finansloven). Budgettet kan på denne måde siges at være en implicit afgrænsning af denne institutionelle enhed under statslig forvaltning og service. Den kaldes også »staten«, hvilket ikke må forveksles med »stat« i betydningen »delstat« i en forbundsstat. Ved udarbejdelsen af et fuldstændigt regnskab for denne kerne inden for statslig forvaltning og service er det ofte hensigtsmæssigt at inddrage aktiviteter udført af enheder uden for budgettet, når disse ikke er institutionelle enheder, og generelt alle de af statskassens aktiviteter, der ikke indgår i budgettet.
20.61
Den anden komponent af statslig forvaltning og service består af andre statslige forvaltningsenheder, også kaldet enheder uden for budgettet, hvilket omfatter agenturer eller enheder uden for budgettet, som er institutionelle enheder, ikkemarkedsmæssige offentlige foretagender med juridisk status og ikkemarkedsmæssige offentligt kontrollerede NPI'er.
20.62
Statslig forvaltning og service kan således opdeles i to komponenter: den statslige budgetmyndighed og andre statslige forvaltningsmyndigheder. Denne opdeling er en skønssag og kan være påvirket af praktiske overvejelser. Et vigtigt kriterium er »budgettets« institutionelle dækning. Den nøjagtige sammensætning bør imidlertid kendes præcist af og være aftalt mellem dem, der udarbejder statistikker på nationalt niveau, for at gøre kildedataene mere konsistente. At kunne udarbejde et komplet sæt regnskaber for disse to »delsektorer« under statslig forvaltning og service er vigtigt ved vurderingen af dataenes kvalitet.
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
20.63
Delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (undtagen social sikkerhed) (S.1312) består af alle offentlige enheder i et føderalt system, der har beføjelser på delstatsniveau eller regionalt niveau, eventuelt undtagen socialsikringsenheder. En delstat er det største geografiske område, som et land som en helhed er opdelt i til politiske eller administrative formål. Sådanne områder kan have forskellige navne som f.eks. Länder, kantoner, republikker eller administrative regioner. Alle har de beføjelser på det niveau, der er nødvendigt i et føderalt forvaltningssystem. De lovgivende, dømmende og udøvende beføjelser tilhørende offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau strækker sig over hele den enkelte delstats område, der normalt omfatter en hel række lokaliteter, men strækker sig ikke over andre delstater. I mange lande findes der ikke offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau. I forbundslande kan offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau være tillagt betydelige beføjelser og stort ansvar, og i sådanne tilfælde er det hensigtsmæssigt at arbejde med en delsektor for offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau.
20.64
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau har normalt bemyndigelse til at beskatte institutionelle enheder, der er residente eller udøver økonomiske aktiviteter inden for dens kompetenceområde. Der er tale om en offentlig enhed, hvis enheden kan eje aktiver, rejse midler og påtage sig gældsforpligtelser for egen regning, og enheden skal også have kompetence til at bruge eller tildele i det mindste nogle af de skatter eller andre indtægter, den får ind som følge af sin egen politik. Enheden kan imidlertid modtage øremærkede overførsler fra sektoren statslig forvaltning og service. Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau kan udnævne ledende ansatte uafhængigt af ekstern administrativ kontrol. Hvis en offentlig enhed, der har aktiviteter i en delstat, er helt afhængig af midler fra sektoren statslig forvaltning og service, og hvis sidstnævnte også bestemmer, hvordan disse midler skal bruges, så er enheden en institution under statslig forvaltning og service.
Kommunal forvaltning og service
20.65
Delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (undtagen social sikkerhed) (S.1313) består af offentlige enheder, der har beføjelser på kommunalt niveau (eventuelt med undtagelse af socialsikringsenheder). Kommunal forvaltning og service leverer typisk en lang række tjenester til borgerne, hvoraf nogle kan være finansieret gennem støtte fra højere forvaltningsniveauer. Statistikkerne over kommunal forvaltning og service omfatter mange forskellige offentlige enheder på forskellige forvaltningsniveauer, f.eks. regioner, kommuner, byer, skoledistrikter osv. alt efter det enkelte land. Ofte har enheder på dette niveau med forskellige funktionelle ansvarsområder beføjelser over samme geografiske områder. For eksempel har særskilte forvaltningsenheder, der repræsenterer en by, en region og et skoledistrikt, beføjelser over det samme område. To eller flere forvaltninger på kommunalt niveau, der grænser op til hinanden, kan desuden oprette en forvaltningsenhed med regionale beføjelser, som er ansvarlig over for de kommunale forvaltningsenheder. Sådanne enheder klassificeres i delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service.
20.66
De lovgivende, dømmende og udøvende beføjelser tilhørende kommunal forvaltning og service er begrænset til de mindste geografiske områder, som der skelnes imellem til administrative og politiske formål. Kommunale forvaltningsenheder har normalt langt mere begrænsede beføjelser end statslig forvaltning og service og offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau, og kommunale forvaltningsenheder kan have, men har ikke nødvendigvis, ret til at opkræve skat af institutionelle enheder eller økonomiske aktiviteter på deres område. De er ofte afhængige af tilskud fra højere forvaltningsniveauer og optræder i et vist omfang som repræsentanter for statslig forvaltning og service eller offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau. For at blive behandlet som institutionelle enheder skal de imidlertid kunne eje aktiver, rejse midler og indgå gældsforpligtelser ved at låne for egen regning. De skal også kunne bestemme, hvordan sådanne midler anvendes, og de skal kunne udnævne deres egne ledende ansatte uafhængigt af administrativ kontrol udefra.
Sociale kasser og fonde
20.67
Delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314) består af alle socialsikringsenheder, uanset hvilket forvaltningsniveau der driver eller forvalter ordningerne. Hvis en socialsikringsordning ikke opfylder kriterierne for at være en institutionel enhed, klassificeres den sammen med sin moderenhed i en af de andre delsektorer under statslig forvaltning og service. Offentlige sygehuse, der leverer en ikkemarkedsmæssig tjeneste til samfundet som helhed, og som kontrolleres af socialsikringsordninger, klassificeres i delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde.
STATISTIK OVER OFFENTLIGE FINANSER
Kontekst
20.68
Erfaringen har vist, at for den offentlige sektors vedkommende er en anden fremstilling end det centrale ENS-kontosystem bedre egnet til en række analyseformål. Til en sådan fremstilling kan anvendes statistikker over offentlige finanser. De giver et andet men stadig integreret billede af regnskaberne for offentlig forvaltning og service med følgende størrelser som mål for det offentliges økonomiske aktiviteter: indtægter, udgifter, underskud/overskud, finansiering, andre økonomiske strømme og statuskonti.
20.69
Statistikkerne over offentlige finanser baseret på ENS består af transaktioner, der er registreret på de forskellige ENS-konti (kontoen for løbende transaktioner, kapitalkontoen og den finansielle konto), der for de ikkefinansielle transaktioners vedkommende omordnes til en samlet kontopræsentation, der er mere egnet til finanspolitiske analyser.
20.70
I dette system defineres indtægter som aggregatet af alle transaktioner, der registreres under positive tilgange i det centrale ENS-kontosystem, og subsidier, der modtages, på kontiene for løbende transaktioner samt kapitaloverførsler, der registreres på kapitalkontoen. Udgifter er et aggregat af alle transaktioner, der registreres under positive anvendelser og under subsidier, der betales, på kontiene for løbende transaktioner samt kapitaludgifter — bruttoinvesteringer plus kapitaloverførsler, der betales — som registreres på kapitalkontoen. Denne måling af indtægter og udgifter er specifik for præsentationen af statistikkerne over de offentlige finanser, men de tilgrundliggende transaktioner er de samme som i ENS.
20.71
Forskellen mellem indtægter og udgifter, svarende til overskuddet/underskuddet, er fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9). Finansieringen af overskuddet/underskuddet fremgår af den finansielle konto, hvor nettoændringer i de finansielle aktiver registreres. Udgifts- og indtægtsposter har en modpostering på den finansielle konto. Finansielle transaktioner kan også medføre to posteringer på den finansielle konto. Dette afspejler princippet om dobbelt bogholderi, hvor enhver transaktion har en modsvarende transaktion på den finansielle konto. I princippet kan fordringserhvervelse, netto, også udledes af transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver.
20.72
Præsentationen af statistikkerne over offentlige finanser fremgår af følgende tabel:
Statistikker over offentlige finanser
Indtægter
Skatter og afgifter
Bidrag til sociale ordninger
Salg af varer og tjenester
Andre løbende indtægter
Kapitaloverførsler, indtægt
minus
Udgifter
Forbrug i produktionen
Aflønning af ansatte
Renter
Subsidier
Sociale ydelser
Andre løbende udgifter
Kapitaloverførsler, udgift
Investeringsudgifter
lig med
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
lig med
Finansielle transaktioner, netto
20.73
I systemet findes der yderligere konti for andre økonomiske strømme samt statuskonti i overensstemmelse med ENS-kontosystemet. Disse konti gør det muligt at afstemme ændringerne på statuskontoen og de strømme, der finder sted, i løbet af regnskabsperioden. For hvert aktiv eller passiv gælder følgende ligning:
Primostatuskonto
plus
transaktioner
plus
omvurderinger
plus
andre mængdeændringer
lig med
Ultimostatuskonto
20.74
Statuskontoen viser de samlede aktiver — ikkefinansielle og finansielle — samt beholdningen af passiver, hvorved følgende kan udledes: nettoformuen i form af aktiver i alt minus passiver i alt samt den finansielle nettoformue i form af finansielle aktiver i alt minus passiver i alt.
20.75
Statistikkerne over offentlige finanser viser de økonomiske resultater for offentlig forvaltning og service og delsektorerne herunder — og eventuelle grupper af offentlige enheder — samt individuelle institutionelle enheder som f.eks. den statslige budgetmyndighed.
Indtægter
20.76
En indtægtstransaktion er en transaktion, hvorved nettoformuen øges, og som har en positiv virkning på fordringserhvervelsen, netto. Det offentliges indtægter udgøres normalt hovedsagelig af obligatoriske afgifter, som det offentlige pålægger i form af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger. For nogle offentlige forvaltningsniveauer er overførsler fra andre offentlige enheder og tilskud fra internationale organisationer en væsentlig indtægtskilde. Blandt andre generelle indtægtskategorier kan nævnes formueindkomst, salg af varer og tjenester og forskellige andre overførsler end tilskud. Det offentliges indtægter i alt i en regnskabsperiode beregnes ved at sammenlægge de transaktioner, der er udtryk for tilgodehavender, som følger:
Indtægter i alt
=
skatter og afgifter i alt
D.2 + D.5 + D.91
+
bidrag til sociale ordninger i alt
D.61
+
salg af varer og tjenester i alt
P.11 + P.12 + P.131
+
andre løbende indtægter
D.39 + D.4 + D.7
+
anden kapitalindkomst
D.92 + D.99
Skatter og afgifter og bidrag til sociale ordninger
20.77
Skatter og afgifter i alt omfatter produktions- og importskatter (D.2), løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. (D.5) samt kapitalskatter (D.91). Bidrag til sociale ordninger i alt består af faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.611) og imputerede bidrag til sociale ordninger (D.612).
20.78
Det kan være vanskeligt at foretage en skønsmæssig beregning af bidrag til sociale ordninger. De problemer, det giver, og de anbefalede løsninger er beskrevet i afsnit »Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål i forbindelse med sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service« i dette kapitel. Skatter registreres på flere konti i ENS-kontosystemet, men i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser fremgår alle skatter som en enkelt indtægtskategori med underinddelinger, alt efter hvilket grundlag skatten opkræves på. Kapitalskatter optræder som indkomstskatter i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser.
20.79
Data om provenuet fra skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger 
(
1
)
 anvendes til at beregne forholdstal for den samlede skattebyrde, f.eks. forholdet mellem skatter i alt og BNP, der anvendes i internationale sammenligninger. I denne sammenhæng præsenteres obligatoriske bidrag til sociale ordninger samtidig med skattestatistikker og indgår i målingen af skattebyrde eller obligatoriske afgifter.
Salg
20.80
Salg af varer og tjenester i alt består af markedsmæssig produktion (P.11) og betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.131). Denne størrelse omfatter også — undtagen hvis den anvendes ved vurderingen af kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig (jf.20.30) — produktion til eget brug (P.12). Størstedelen af produktionen i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service består af varer og tjenester, der ikke sælges, eller som sælges til priser, der ikke er økonomisk signifikante. Levering i sig selv af ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion stemmer ikke overens med indtægtsbegrebet. For varer og tjenester indgår kun faktisk salg og bestemte former for imputeret salg i indtægten.
20.81
Det offentliges markedsmæssige produktion (P.11) omfatter:
a)
den markedsmæssige produktion, der finder sted i markedsforetagender henhørende under det offentlige, f.eks. en våbenfabrik, der er en del af forsvarsministeriet, eller kantiner, som offentlige enheder har etableret for deres ansatte, og som sælger til økonomisk signifikante priser
b)
særlige salg, dvs. sekundær produktion, der sælges af ikkemarkedsforetagender, f.eks. produkter, der udspringer af FoU-kontrakter mellem offentlige universiteter og selskaber, eller publikationer, der sælges af offentlige enheder til økonomisk signifikante priser.
20.82
Disse særlige salg adskiller sig fra den symbolske entré, som museumsgæster betaler, og som normalt er delvis betaling for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.131). Blandt andre former for signifikant delvis betaling kan nævnes betalinger til hospitaler eller skoler, hvis disse er ikkemarkedsmæssige.
20.83
Værdien af investeringer for egen regning behandles som indtægter i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser og henregnes under salg. Salg indbefatter værdien af varer og tjenester, der produceres og leveres som aflønning af ansatte i naturalier eller som anden betaling i naturalier.
20.84
Salgsprovenu i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser ses i et produktionsperspektiv: Det adskiller sig ikke fra produktion, mens det faktiske salg til kunder adskiller sig i kraft af lagerændringer. Sådanne lagerændringer er dog som regel små for offentlige enheder og andre ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter, der hovedsagelig beskæftiger sig med produktion af tjenester frem for produktion af varer. Salg værdiansættes til basispris.
Boks 20.1 —
   
Sammenhængen mellem transaktioner og aggregater i ENS' hovedstruktur og statistikkerne over offentlige finanser
Tilgange i ENS
Indtægter i ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser
P.1
Produktion, heraf
Markedsmæssig produktion (P.11)
Salg af varer og tjenester
Produktion til eget brug (P.12)
Salg af varer og tjenester
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.13), heraf
—
Betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.131)
Salg af varer og tjenester
—
Anden ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (P.132)
Indgår ikke i indtægter i alt
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
Skatter og afgifter i alt
D.3
Subsidier
Andre løbende indtægter
D.4
Formueindkomst
Andre løbende indtægter
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
Skatter og afgifter i alt
D.61
Bidrag til sociale ordninger
Bidrag til sociale ordninger i alt
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
Andre løbende indtægter
D.91r
Kapitalskatter
Skatter og afgifter i alt
D.92r
Investeringstilskud
Anden kapitalindkomst
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler
Anden kapitalindkomst
Anvendelser og kapitaltransaktioner i ENS
Udgifter i ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
Forbrug i produktionen
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
Aflønning af ansatte
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
Andre løbende udgifter
D.3
Subsidier
Subsidier
D.41
Renter
Renter
D.4
Formueindkomst (undtagen D.41)
Andre løbende udgifter
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
Andre løbende udgifter
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier via markedsproducenter
Sociale overførsler i naturalier via markedsproducenter
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
Andre løbende udgifter
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
Andre løbende udgifter
P.31
Individuelle forbrugsudgifter til markedsmæssig produktion
Sociale overførsler i naturalier via markedsproducenter
P.31
Individuelle forbrugsudgifter til ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
Indgår ikke i udgifter i alt
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
Indgår ikke i udgifter i alt
P.5
Bruttoinvesteringer
Kapitaludgifter
NP
Anskaffelse minus afhændelse af ikkeproducerede aktiver
Kapitaludgifter
D.92p
Investeringstilskud
Kapitaludgifter
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler
Kapitaludgifter
I ENS-kontosystemet er fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9) kapitalkontoens saldopost. Saldoposten for offentlig forvaltning og service i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser er identisk med fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9). Nedenfor er dette forklaret nærmere.
ENS-kontosystemet
Den første konto er produktionskontoen, og derfor er den første tilgang for en institutionel sektor i ENS dens produktion. Da størstedelen af de tjenester, der leveres af det offentlige, ikke sælges til økonomiske signifikante priser og således er ikkemarkedsmæssige, måles det offentliges produktion pr. konvention som summen af produktionsomkostningerne.
På samme måde måles udgifter til kollektivt forbrug bestående af tjenester, som det offentlige yder til samfundet (f.eks. generelle tjenester, forsvar, sikkerhed og offentlig orden), som summen af produktionsomkostningerne. Ligeledes pr. konvention er udgifter til kollektivt forbrug (P.32) lig med det offentliges faktiske forbrug (P.4).
Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug af tjenester leveret direkte af det offentlige på ikkemarkedsmæssig basis måles også på grundlag af produktionsomkostningerne.
Følgelig imputeres der to typer strømme i ENS' konti for det offentlige:
1)
På tilgangssiden den øvrige ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion (P.132), der bogføres på produktionskontoen
2)
På anvendelsessiden det faktiske forbrug (P.4) og sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (D.631). Disse bogføres på kontoen for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser og kontoen for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst.
Hver imputeret strøm er lig med summen af faktiske strømme: produktionsomkostningerne. Disse to typer imputerede strømme, på tilgangssiden og på anvendelsessiden, balancerer i ENS-kontosystemet.
ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser
I de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser anvendes samme grundlæggende transaktionskategorier, men hovedsagelig på basis af de faktiske pengestrømme, for at nå frem til det offentliges indtægter og udgifter i alt. Kun et udvalg af imputerede strømme indgår: imputerede bidrag til sociale ordninger og kapitaloverførsler i naturalier.
Når der fra tilgangssiden fratrækkes den ikkemarkedsmæssige produktion (P.132) for at nå frem til indtægterne i alt, og når der fra anvendelsessiden fratrækkes det faktiske forbrug (P.4 = P.32) og sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (D.631) for at nå frem til udgifter i alt, får man samme saldopost: fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9).
De eneste sociale overførsler i naturalier, der i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser indgår i aggregatet offentlige udgifter i alt, er sociale overførsler i naturalier til husholdninger via markedsproducenter (D.632), da offentlige enheder her rent faktisk foretager betalinger. Disse transaktioner skal også lægges til summen af produktionsomkostninger (lig med anden ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion, P.132) for at nå frem til udgifter til forbrug i sektoren statslig forvaltning og service.
P.3 = P.132 + D.632
Andre indtægter
20.85
Andre løbende indtægter udgøres af formueindkomst (D.4), andre produktionssubsidier (D.39) og andre løbende overførsler (D.7).
20.86
Formueindkomst omfatter renter (D.41), udloddet selskabsudbytte (udbytte og udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber) (D.42) og i mindre omfang reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer (D.43), anden investeringsindkomst (D.44) og jordrente mv. (D.45).
20.87
Andre løbende overførsler (D.7) omfatter hovedsagelig overførsler internt i den offentlige sektor. Disse konsolideres ved udarbejdelsen af kontiene for sektoren som helhed.
20.88
Anden kapitalindkomst omfatter investeringstilskud (D.92) og andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) modtaget fra andre enheder, hovedsagelig fra andre offentlige enheder (den konsolidering, der finder sted ved fremlæggelsen af statistikkerne, kan dog begrænse deres nominelle omfang) og EU-institutioner, men også fra en række andre enheder, som resultat af transaktioner som f.eks. en debitors tilbagebetaling efter aktiveringen af en garanti.
20.89
Tilskud, som i andre statistiske systemer undertiden defineres som overførsler undtagen subsidier modtaget af en offentlig enhed fra en anden offentlig enhed eller en international organisation, er ikke en ENS-kategori. Størrelsen af disse bør være lig med summen af følgende overførselsindtægter: D.73 + D.74 + D.92 samt i visse tilfælde D.75 + D.99.
20.90
Subsidier modtaget af offentlige enheder omfatter kun andre produktionssubsidier. Produktsubsidier, der modtages af producerende enheder under offentlig forvaltning og service, indgår i værdiansættelsen af produktionen og salget i basispriser.
Udgifter
20.91
En udgiftstransaktion er en transaktion, der har en negativ indflydelse på fordringserhvervelsen, netto. Udgifter i alt udgøres af løbende udgifter og kapitaludgifter. Løbende udgifter omfatter produktionsrelaterede udgifter (aflønning af ansatte og forbrug i produktionen); formueindkomst, som skal betales (hovedsagelig renter); indkomstoverførsler (f.eks. sociale ydelser, løbende tilskud til andre offentlige sektorer og forskellige andre løbende overførsler).
20.92
Det offentliges udgifter i alt i en regnskabsperiode beregnes ved følgende ligning, hvor de transaktioner, der skal betales, lægges sammen:
Udgifter i alt
=
forbrug i produktionen
P.2
+
aflønning af ansatte
D.1
+
renter
D.41
+
sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.62
+
sociale overførsler i naturalier via markedsproducenter
D.632
+
subsidier
D.3
+
andre løbende udgifter
D.29 + (D.4 - D.41) + D.5 + D.7 + D.8
+
kapitaludgifter
P.5 + NP + D.92 + D.99
Aflønning af ansatte og forbrug i produktionen
20.93
Aflønning af ansatte og forbrug i produktionen er produktionsomkostninger for offentlige enheder.
20.94
Aflønning af ansatte (D.1) omfatter udbetalt løn (D.11) samt arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger (D.12), herunder imputerede bidrag til sociale ordninger, der i ENS ses som husholdningers anvendelser og som tilgange til offentlig forvaltning og service, og som derfor ikke skal konsolideres. Aflønning bogføres efter optjeningstidspunktet, dvs. når arbejdet udføres, og ikke når lønnen er forfalden eller udbetales. Løn indbefatter udbetalt bonus og andre engangsydelser (som følge af restancer eller kontraktfornyelse), og det kan være vanskeligt at bestemme det relevante registreringstidspunkt: I forbindelse med lange ansættelsesperioder er det ofte tidspunktet for fastsættelsen af bonussen frem for den tidsperiode, som bonussen i realiteten skal dække.
20.95
Forbrug i produktionen (P.2) omfatter de varer og tjenester, der forbruges i produktionsprocessen i regnskabsperioden. Det adskiller sig begrebsmæssigt fra køb og andre mulige former for erhvervelser: Enhver erhvervelse indgår i lagerbeholdninger, før den udtages efter forbrug. Varer og tjenester kan erhverves af offentlige markedsforetagender og offentlige ikkemarkedsforetagender.
20.96
I princippet er registreringstidspunktet for forbrug i produktionen klart: Når produktet forbruges i produktionsprocessen. Registreringstidspunktet for køb og andre erhvervelser er i princippet leveringstidspunktet, men der kan være tilfælde, hvor det er svært at bestemme dette.
Udgifter til sociale ydelser
20.97
Udgifter til sociale ydelser omfatter sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.62), der hovedsagelig omfatter kontante betalinger, og sociale overførsler i naturalier til husholdninger via markedsproducenter (D.632). Sociale overførsler i naturalier via markedsproducenter er offentlige udgifter, der finansierer varer og tjenester, der leveres til husholdninger af markedsproducenter. Af typiske eksempler kan nævnes sundhedsydelser og varer og tjenester leveret af læger og apoteker, finansieret af offentlige enheder, gennem socialsikringsordninger eller ordninger for social bistand.
20.98
Udgifter til sociale ydelser omfatter ikke sociale overførsler i naturalier leveret til husholdninger af ikkemarkedsproducenter i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. Det offentlige producerer ofte varer og tjenester og distribuerer dem gratis eller til priser, der ikke er økonomisk signifikante. For at undgå dobbelttælling i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser registreres de relevante produktionsomkostninger for disse varer og tjenester kun én gang som udgift — forbrug i produktionen, aflønning af ansatte, andre produktionsskatter — og som indtægt — andre produktionssubsidier. I ENS-kontosystemet har disse omkostninger en saldopost i form af en tilgang under ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion og registreres igen som en anvendelse under udgifter til forbrug (P.3), der skal distribueres som sociale overførsler i naturalier. Det kan til analyseformål være relevant at beregne et bredere aggregat af sociale overførsler, som indbefatter sidstnævnte: sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.62) plus sociale overførsler i naturalier (D.63).
20.99
Selv om pensionsydelser, der betales til offentligt ansatte, i ENS betragtes som opløsning af et passiv tilhørende det offentlige (jf. afsnit »Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål i forbindelse med sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service«), bogføres de også som betaling af løbende udgift, og de dertil knyttede bidrag indgår som en indtægt. Ved fondsbaserede ordninger svarer disse bidrag og ydelser imidlertid til en finansiering, og der lægges derfor en korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder (D.8) til udgifterne: Den er lig med sociale bidrag modtaget som pensioner eller andre pensionsydelser minus sociale ydelser betalt for pensioner eller andre pensionsydelser for de ordninger, hvor forpligtelser anses som passiver.
Renter
20.100
Renteudgifter omfatter udgifter ved stiftelse af gæld, særlig i forbindelse med lån, obligationer og andre værdipapirer, men også forpligtelser i tilknytning til indskud eller andre instrumenter, der er offentlige passiver. Renter bogføres efter optjeningstidspunktet (jf. afsnit »Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål i forbindelse med sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service«).
20.101
Renteudgifter korrigeres for FISIM i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser. Renter, der betales til finansielle institutioner på lån og indskud, opdeles i en tjenestedel, som bogføres som forbrug i produktionen, og en formueindkomstdel, som bogføres som betalte renter. Den samme korrektion anvendes i forbindelse med det offentliges renteindtægter betalt af finansielle institutioner på indskud eller lån.
Andre løbende udgifter
20.102
Andre løbende udgifter omfatter andre produktionsskatter (D.29), formueindkomst, undtagen renter (D.4 - D.41), løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. (D.5), andre løbende overførsler (D.7) og korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder (D.8).
20.103
Medens andre produktionsskatter betalt af offentlige enheder bogføres som udgifter afholdt af offentlig forvaltning og service, vises produktskatter ikke særskilt som udgifter afholdt af offentlig forvaltning og service. Dette skyldes dels, at disse skatter, da de ikke er en tilgang for markedsproducenter under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, hvis produktion værdiansættes til basispriser, ikke opføres under anvendelse, og dels, at produktskatter, der indgår i det offentliges forbrug i produktionen, indregnes i værdiansættelsen til køberpriser.
Kapitaludgifter
20.104
Kapitaludgifter omfatter kapitaloverførsler i form af investeringstilskud (D.92) og andre kapitaloverførsler (D.99) samt investeringsudgifter: bruttoinvesteringer (P.5, som består af faste bruttoinvesteringer (P.51g) plus lagerændringer (P.52) og anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande (P.53)); og anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (NP). Afhændelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver, f.eks. bygninger, bogføres ikke som indtægter, men som negative kapitaludgifter, der gør fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9) mere positiv.
Relation til udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
20.105
Relationen mellem på den ene side det offentliges udgifter i alt og disses bestanddele og på den anden side det offentliges udgifter til forbrug (P.3) er vigtig for brugerne af finansstatistikker og andre makroøkonomiske statistikker.
20.106
Udgifter til forbrug afholdt af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service er lig med summen af sektorens produktion (P.1) plus udgifter til produkter, der leveres til husholdninger via markedsproducenter (dvs. sociale overførsler i naturalier — D.632)), minus salg af varer og tjenester (P.11+P.12+P.131).
20.107
Produktionen i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service — markedsmæssig produktion, bruttoinvesteringer for egen regning og ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion — er lig med summen af dens produktionsomkostninger (aflønning af ansatte, forbrug i produktionen, forbrug af fast realkapital og betalte produktionsskatter minus modtagne produktionssubsidier) plus overskud af produktionen, netto (B.2n) frembragt af offentlige markedsforetagender.
20.108
Ved nedenstående regnestykke fremkommer således udgiften til forbrug under anvendelse af udvalgte poster for det offentliges udgifter og indtægter samt overskud af produktionen, netto (B.2n):
Aflønning af ansatte (D.1)
plus
Forbrug i produktionen (P.2)
plus
Forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c1)
plus
Andre produktionsskatter, betalte (D.29 U)
minus
Andre produktionssubsidier, modtagne (D.39 R)
plus
Overskud af produktionen, netto (B.2n)
lig med
Produktion (P.1)
og:
Produktion
minus
Salg af varer og tjenester (P.11+P.12+P.131)
plus
Sociale overførsler i naturalier via markedsproducenter (D.632)
lig med
Udgifter til forbrug (P.3)
Det offentliges udgifter efter formål (COFOG)
20.109
En klassificering af udgiftstransaktioner under anvendelse af klassifikationen af det offentliges udgifter efter formål (COFOG) er en integrerende del af statistikkerne over offentlige finanser: Den er et vigtigt redskab til analyse af offentlige udgifter og særlig nyttigt i forbindelse med internationale sammenligninger. Denne klassifikation viser, med hvilket formål de forskellige udgiftstransaktioner finder sted. Sådanne formål stemmer ikke nødvendigvis overens med den offentlige sektors administrative inddeling; f.eks. kan en administrativ enhed, der er ansvarlig for sundhedstjenester, iværksætte aktiviteter med et uddannelsesmæssigt formål, f.eks. undervisning af sundhedspersonale. Det er nødvendigt med en krydsklassifikation af offentlige transaktioner efter økonomisk art (den sædvanlige ENS-klassifikation) og efter formål.
20.110
COFOG-klassifikationen beskriver det offentliges udgifter efter ti hovedformål som anført nedenfor og efter to yderligere mere detaljerede opdelingsniveauer, der ikke beskrives her. Niveau to er f.eks. nødvendigt for at give information om udgifter til forskning og udvikling samt information om offentlige udgifter i tilknytning til risici og sociale behov inden for social beskyttelse.
20.111
COFOG-klassifikationen er i overensstemmelse med sondringen mellem kollektive ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester og individuelle ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester leveret af det offentlige: De seks første formål svarer til kollektive tjenester samt begrænsede dele af de øvrige. På denne måde kan det offentliges kollektive forbrug beregnes. Aggregatet for udgifter i alt og udgiftstransaktionerne opdelt efter formål svarer til dem, der anvendes i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser. Det indbefatter derfor ikke sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion (D.631), som der allerede er taget højde for med det offentliges produktionsomkostninger.
Tabel 20.1 —
   
COFOG, det offentliges udgifter efter 10 hovedformål
Kode
Formål
Type tjenester
01
Generelle offentlige tjenester
Kollektive
02
Forsvar
Kollektive
03
Offentlig orden og sikkerhed
Kollektive
04
Økonomiske anliggender
Kollektive
05
Miljøbeskyttelse
Kollektive
06
Boliger og offentlige faciliteter
Kollektive
07
Sundhed
Hovedsagelig individuelle
08
Fritid, kultur og religion
Hovedsagelig kollektive
09
Undervisning
Hovedsagelig individuelle
10
Social beskyttelse
Hovedsagelig individuelle
Saldoposter
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9)
20.112
Det offentliges fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9) er forskellen mellem indtægter i alt og udgifter i alt. Den er lig med kapitalkontoens saldopost (B.9N) i ENS-kontiene. Den repræsenterer det beløb, som det offentlige har til rådighed til udlån eller selv må låne for at finansiere sine ikkefinansielle transaktioner.
20.113
Fordringserhvervelse, netto, er også saldoposten for den finansielle konto (B.9F i kontosystemets hovedstruktur). Principielt er det den samme som kapitalkontoens saldopost, men i praksis kan der forekomme en statistisk diskrepans.
20.114
Begrebet »fordringserhvervelse, netto« er en slags terminologisk genvej. Når variablen er positiv (dvs. når den viser en finansieringsevne), burde den kaldes nettolångivning (+); når den er negativ (dvs. når den viser et lånebehov), burde den kaldes nettolåntagning (-).
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler (B.101)
20.115
Forskellen mellem alle transaktioner, der berører nettoformuen i løbet af regnskabsperioden, er saldoposten: ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler (B.101).
20.116
Ændringerne i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler er et nyttigt mål i forbindelse med det offentliges regnskaber og politikker, da de viser, hvilke ressourcer der er anskaffet eller brugt ved det offentliges løbende aktiviteter.
20.117
Ændringerne i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler er lig med fordringserhvervelse, netto, plus anskaffelse af ikkefinansielle aktiver, netto (P.5+NP) minus forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c1).
Nettoopsparing plus kapitaloverførsler (B.101)
minus
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver (P.5+NP)
plus
Forbrug af fast realkapital (P.51c1)
lig med
Fordringserhvervelse, netto (B.9)
lig med
Transaktioner i finansielle aktiver minus passiver (Finansiering)
Finansiering
20.118
På det offentliges finansielle konto i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser registreres transaktionerne i finansielle aktiver og passiver som beskrevet i kapitel 5.
Transaktioner i aktiver
20.119
Sedler og mønt samt indskud (F.2) afspejler hovedsagelig bevægelser i det offentliges indskud i banker, navnlig centralbanker, som kan variere betragteligt fra periode til periode, særlig på grund af statskassens aktiviteter. Andre offentlige enheder som f.eks. kommunale forvaltningsmyndigheder og sociale fonde og kasser har også betydelige midler på bankkonti.
20.120
Gældsværdipapirer (F.3) afspejler hovedsagelig nettokøb af obligationer og andre værdipapirer udstedt af banker, ikkefinansielle selskaber eller ikkeresidenter, herunder udenlandske offentlige sektorer; disse køb foretages især af kapitalstærke sociale fonde og kasser o.l. Offentlige enheders køb af obligationer udstedt af andre residente offentlige enheder opføres under denne rubrik i en ikkekonsolideret fremstilling, men indgår ikke i rubrikken i en konsolideret fremstilling, hvor sådanne køb i stedet opføres som gældsindfrielse.
20.121
Lån (F.4) indbefatter ud over lån til andre offentlige enheder lån til udenlandske offentlige sektorer, offentlige selskaber og studerende. Eftergivelse af gæld fremgår også her med en modpostering under kapitaloverførsler, udgift. Lån, der er ydet af det offentlige, og som ikke forventes tilbagebetalt, bogføres i ENS som kapitaloverførsler og opføres ikke her.
20.122
Under ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger (F.5) registreres offentlige enheders anskaffelse minus afhændelse af aktiver i selskaber. Dette kan afspejle kapitalindskud i offentlige selskaber eller porteføljeinvesteringer, privatiseringsprovenu eller ekstraordinært store udbytter. Der er hovedsagelig tale om følgende:
a)
Kapitalindskud (normalt i form af kontanter) i bestemte offentlige selskaber, hvor det offentlige optræder som investor med forventning om et afkast af de investerede midler. Disse kapitalindskud betragtes ikke som offentlige udgifter i nationalregnskabet.
b)
Porteføljeinvesteringer i form af køb af børsnoterede aktier på markedet foretaget af offentlige enheder som f.eks. kapitalstærke sociale fonde og kasser eller andre porteføljeinvesteringstransaktioner.
c)
Nettoinvesteringer i investeringsforeninger, som er alternative investeringsinstrumenter. Særlig opføres investeringer i pengemarkedsforeninger her og ikke under sedler og mønt samt indskud, selv om de er indlånslignende indskud.
d)
Privatiseringer gennemført af specielle privatiseringsagenturer, da disse henregnes til offentlig forvaltning og service.
e)
Offentlige selskabers udlodning til deres ejere ud over deres driftsoverskud eksklusive kapitalgevinster og -tab, der opføres som finansielle transaktioner (udtrækning af kapital svarende til en delvis likvidation af selskabet) og ikke som offentlige indtægter.
20.123
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (F.8) viser virkningen af det i ENS anvendte princip om registrering efter optjeningstidspunktet, dvs. registrering af transaktioner, når forpligtelsen til at betale opstår, og ikke, når betalingen faktisk finder sted, selv om offentlige regnskaber og budgetter længe har været kasseregnskabsbaseret i de fleste lande. Virkningen på det offentliges finansieringsbehov opstår ikke direkte af underskuddet, da offentlige indtægter kan indkasseres og offentlige udgifter betales i en anden regnskabsperiode end den, hvor den økonomiske transaktion finder sted. Andre fordringer omfatter forfaldne, men ikke betalte skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger samt beløb vedrørende EU-transaktioner (beløb betalt af det offentlige på vegne af EU, men endnu ikke godtgjort af EU), handelskreditter eller forudbetaling af f.eks. militært udstyr eller i sjældne tilfælde løn e.l., der udbetales en måned forud, osv. I princippet er disse aktiver af midlertidig art, og de forsvinder et efter et, som tiden går, men den strøm, der opføres for en sektor, f.eks. offentlig forvaltning og service, ligger sædvanligvis i gennemsnit over nul, også over en periode, fordi beholdningen af disse fordringer har tendens til at vokse med resten af økonomien.
20.124
I de fleste lande forvaltes monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder af centralbanken. Når de forvaltes af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, opføres de på denne sektors finansielle konto.
20.125
Finansielle transaktioner registreres til transaktionsværdien, dvs. den værdi i national valuta, hvortil de pågældende finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver af udelukkende kommercielle grunde oprettes, opløses, overtages eller udveksles mellem institutionelle enheder.
20.126
Transaktionsværdien refererer til en specifik finansiel transaktion og den modsvarende transaktion. Teoretisk skal der skelnes mellem transaktionsværdien og en værdi baseret på en pris noteret på markedet, en passende markedspris eller en pris, som udtrykker det generelle prisleje for en klasse af omtrent samme eller endog identiske finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver. Det beløb, der skal opføres på de finansielle konti, for et lån, der sælges på det sekundære marked, er det beløb, som lånet blev solgt til, og ikke det nominelle beløb, og afstemningen med status opføres på kontiene for andre i aktiver.
20.127
Men hvis den modsvarende transaktion til en finansiel transaktion eksempelvis er en overførsel, og den finansielle transaktion derfor foretages af andre grunde end rent kommercielle grunde, er transaktionsværdien lig med den løbende markedsværdi af de pågældende finansielle aktiver og/eller passiver. Således opdeles et lån, der købes af det offentlige til dets nominelle værdi og ikke til dets reelle eller nedskrevne værdi, i en post som et lån på de finansielle konti til den reelle værdi og en kapitaloverførsel, fordi der finder en overførsel af formueværdi sted fra det offentliges side.
20.128
Transaktionsværdien omfatter ikke gebyrer, provisioner, kommissioner eller lignende betalinger for tjenester ydet i forbindelse med transaktionen; sådanne poster skal registreres som betalinger for tjenester. Skatter på finansielle transaktioner medregnes heller ikke, men behandles som skatter på tjenester inden for kategorien produktskatter. Når der i forbindelse med en finansiel transaktion indgås nye gældsforpligtelser, er transaktionsværdien lig med beløbet for den indgåede forpligtelse eksklusive eventuelle forudbetalte renter. Tilsvarende skal transaktionsværdien for både kreditor og debitor, når en forpligtelse opløses, svare til reduktionen af forpligtelsen.
Transaktioner i passiver
20.129
Transaktioner i passiver registreres til den værdi, som passiverne udstedes eller indløses til. Det er ikke nødvendigvis den nominelle værdi. En transaktion i passiver indbefatter virkningen af påløbne renter.
20.130
En enheds tilbagekøb af et passiv registreres som indfrielse af passiver og ikke som anskaffelse af aktiver. På delsektor- eller sektorniveau fremgår en offentlig enheds køb af et passiv udstedt af en anden enhed i den pågældende delsektor i de konsoliderede regnskaber på samme måde som den pågældende delsektors indfrielse af passiver.
20.131
Finansiel leasing og kontrakter om offentlig-private partnerskaber indebærer — hvis aktivet figurerer på den offentlige sektors statuskonto — at der for leasingtageren eller -giveren opføres en gæld. Betalinger vedrørende sådanne leasingarrangementer eller kontrakter om offentlig-private partnerskaber udgør ikke en udgift for det fulde beløb, men betaling af renter og afdrag på et lån.
20.132
Finansiering i form af langfristede handelskreditter eller andre kreditordninger klassificeres som lån, fordi de indebærer, at der stilles langfristet finansiering til rådighed for låntageren, som adskiller sig fra en kreditfacilitet, som sælgere sædvanligvis giver købere med en kortfristet handelskredit. Ved at udskyde fristen for at indfri betalingsforpligtelsen væsentligt påtager udstederen sig en finansiel rolle, som ikke falder sammen med dennes anden aktivitet som producent.
20.133
Engangsbeløb, der betales ved indgåelsen af off-market swapaftaler, klassificeres som lån (AF.4), når engangsbeløbet tilgår det offentlige. Off-market swapaftaler opdeles på statuskontoen i en lånekomponent og en regulær »at-the-money« swapkomponent.
20.134
På samme måde som med fordringer afspejler transaktioner i andre ikkebetalte mellemværender den tidsmæssige effekt af princippet om registrering efter optjeningstidspunktet, men på passivsiden: Når udgifter opstår, men endnu ikke er betalt, eller når betalinger foretages, før de bogføres som indtægt. Ud over kortfristede handelskreditter indbefatter passiver også beløb, der modtages af EU, men som det offentlige endnu ikke har udbetalt til den endelige modtager, forudbetalt skat samt endnu ikke udbetalt skattegodtgørelse.
Andre økonomiske strømme
20.135
Både kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver og omvurderingskontoen i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser er identiske med de konti, der er beskrevet i kapitel 6. Alle ændringer i aktiver og ændringer i passiver, der opstår som følge af andre begivenheder end økonomiske transaktioner, bogføres på en af disse konti.
Omvurderingskonto
20.136
Omvurderinger er de samme som beskrevet i kapitel 6. Yderligere relevante oplysninger i form af memorandumposter, f.eks. omvurderinger af offentlige selskabers egenkapital ejet af offentlige enheder, kan være af særlig betydning og samtidig vanskelige at måle, da der sandsynligvis ikke vil være nogen markedspriser.
20.137
Da poster på statuskontoen (bortset fra et eller to specifikke instrumenter) i ENS i princippet opgøres til markedsværdi, og bevægelser i rentesatserne afspejles i aktiemarkedsindeksene, opstår der betydelige ændringer i beholdningerne samt i de institutionelle enheders nettoværdi. Sådanne ændringer er ikke indtægter i ENS og regnes således heller ikke for offentlige indtægter eller udgifter og påvirker ikke det offentlige underskud/overskud. Ændringerne registreres på omvurderingskontoen, hvilket medfører ændringer i nettoformuen forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab (B.103). Ændringerne i den offentlige sektors finansielle nettoformue i løbet af en regnskabsperiode påvirkes i væsentlig grad af omvurderinger. Hovedkilderne til omvurderinger, der påvirker den finansielle nettoformue, er ud over virkningen af aktiver og passiver lydende på udenlandsk valuta følgende:
a)
offentligt ejede aktiver i form af fast ejendom
b)
offentligt ejet egenkapital
c)
gældsværdipapirer.
20.138
Når et kapitalindskud fra den offentlige sektor i et offentligt selskab anses for en kapitaloverførsel, stiger værdien af det offentliges andel i det modtagende selskab almindeligvis, hvilket fremgår af omvurderingskontoen og ikke den finansielle konto.
20.139
Hvis et eksisterende lån eller en eksisterende handelskredit sælges til en anden institutionel enhed, registreres forskellen mellem indfrielseskursen og transaktionsprisen på sælgerens og køberens omvurderingskonto på transaktionstidspunktet.
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
20.140
Kontiene for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status omfatter strømme, som hverken er økonomiske transaktioner eller omvurderinger. For eksempel fremgår her virkningen af en ændring af enheders sektorklassifikation.
20.141
Afskrivning af lån, der ikke afspejler en gældsannullering efter gensidig eksplicit eller implicit aftale, er ikke en transaktion og bogføres på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status uden virkning på fordringserhvervelse, netto.
Statuskonti
20.142.
Der anvendes i kontiene for offentlig forvaltning og service i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser samme definition på et aktiv som i kapitel 7. Klassificeringen og værdiansættelsen af aktiver og passiver er identisk i ENS og i de ENS-baserede statistikker over offentlige finanser.
20.143
Summen af passiver kan betragtes som en beholdning af gæld. Definitionen af offentlig gæld i forbindelse med budgetovervågning afviger imidlertid fra den samlede beholdning af passiver i ENS og i statistikkerne over offentlige finanser, både med hensyn til de passiver, der indgår, og med hensyn til værdiansættelsen.
20.144
Nogle aktiver er mere specifikke for den offentlige sektor: kulturarv som f.eks. historiske monumenter; infrastrukturaktiver som f.eks. veje og kommunikationsfaciliteter; og egenkapitalandele i offentlige selskaber, hvor der ikke findes noget tilsvarende privat selskab.
20.145
På passivsiden vil der for offentlige enheder normalt ikke være kapitalpassiver (AF.5). På et mere aggregeret niveau for offentlige delsektorer kan der imidlertid forekomme kapitalpassiver, hvis der er enheder, der er klassificeret inden for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på grundlag af kriteriet markedsmæssig/ikkemarkedsmæssig.
20.146
Nettoformuen er saldoposten (B.90) på statuskontoen:
Nettoformue
=
Aktiver i alt
minus
Passiver i alt
20.147
Egenkapitalen er lig med summen af nettoformue (B.90) og udstedte ejerandele (AF.5). I ENS er enheders egenkapital således defineret som aktiver minus passiver eksklusive kapitalpassiver, mens nettoformuen er defineret som aktiver minus passiver inklusive kapitalpassiver. Nettoformue i henhold til ENS er ikke det samme som egenkapital eller nettoformue i virksomhedsregnskaber. Nettoformue i virksomhedsregnskaber ligger begrebsmæssigt nærmere egenkapital i ENS.
20.148
Hvis nettoformuen (B.90) for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service — på grund af manglende oplysninger til måling af beholdningen af ikkefinansielle aktiver — ikke kan beregnes, angives den finansielle nettoformue (BF.90), der viser forskellen mellem finansielle aktiver i alt og passiver i alt.
20.149
I ENS værdiansættes statuskontoen til markedsværdi med undtagelse af tre specifikke instrumenter: sedler og mønt samt indskud (AF.2), lån (AF.4) og andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (AF.8). For disse tre instrumenters vedkommende er de værdier, der skal registreres både i kreditorernes og i debitorernes statuskonti, de hovedstole, som debitorerne kontraktligt er forpligtet til at tilbagebetale til kreditorerne, også selv om lånet er ledsaget af en »rabat« eller »præmie«, inklusive påløbne renter.
20.150
Gældsværdipapirer registreres til markedsværdien. Selv om debitor kun er forpligtet i forhold til hovedstolen, er markedsværdien af stor betydning, fordi debitor er forpligtet til at betale en kommende pengestrøm, for hvilken den faktiske værdi varierer alt efter markedet, og markedsværdien afspejler den pris, som det offentlige ville skulle betale, hvis det indløste instrumentet ved at tilbagekøbe det på markedet.
20.151
Børsnoterede aktier værdiansættes under anvendelse af den seneste børskurs på tidspunktet for udarbejdelsen af status. Unoterede aktier kan værdiansættes ved at sammenligne forholdstal som f.eks. den bogførte værdi af egenkapitalen i forhold til markedsværdien for aktier i lignende børsnoterede selskaber. Der kan anvendes andre metoder til værdiansættelse af unoterede aktier, f.eks. selskabets egenkapital, hvorved nettoformuen sættes til nul. Denne metode kan anvendes for offentlige selskaber, der udøver en særlig type aktivitet, f.eks. som når det offentlige har andele i centralbanker. Det anbefales derimod ikke at anvende egenkapitalen til den bogførte værdi uden korrektioner og heller ikke at anvende den nominelle værdi af de udstedte aktier.
Konsolidering
20.152
Konsolidering er en metode til at præsentere regnskaber for et sæt enheder, som om de udgjorde en enkelt helhed (enhed, sektor eller delsektor). Ved konsolideringen elimineres transaktioner og indbyrdes beholdningspositioner og dertil knyttede andre økonomiske strømme mellem de enheder, der konsolideres.
20.153
Konsolidering er vigtig for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og dens delsektorer. Hvis man f.eks. ønsker at vurdere den overordnede virkning af det offentliges aktiviteter for den samlede økonomi eller bæredygtigheden af det offentliges aktiviteter, gøres det mest effektivt, hvis det offentliges aktiviteter måles ved hjælp af et sæt konsoliderede statistikker. For at sætte aggregater for den offentlige sektor i relation til økonomien som helhed, f.eks. som ved forholdet mellem indtægter eller udgifter og BNP, er det bedst at eliminere midlernes interne kredsløb og kun medregne de transaktioner, som krydser grænserne til andre indenlandske sektorer eller sektoren udlandet. Dette er særlig relevant i forbindelse med følgende transaktioner:
a)
formueindkomst som f.eks. renter
b)
løbende overførsler og kapitaloverførsler
c)
transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver.
20.154
Konsolidering berører ikke saldoposter, da de konsoliderede poster fremgår symmetrisk på hver konto. For eksempel konsolideres et tilskud fra en statslig forvaltningsenhed til en kommunal forvaltningsenhed ved at eliminere udgiften fra den statslige forvaltningsenhed og indtægten fra den kommunale forvaltningsenhed, hvorved fordringserhvervelsen, netto, for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service forbliver uændret.
20.155
Principielt består konsolidering i at eliminere alle strømme mellem de konsoliderede enheder, men det er vigtigt at tænke på, hvad der er praktisk muligt. Transaktioner på produktionskontoen som f.eks. salg og køb af varer og tjenester enten bør ikke eller kan ikke konsolideres. Afgørelsen af, på hvilket niveau der skal konsolideres, bør baseres på anvendeligheden af de konsoliderede data i politisk sammenhæng og den relative betydning af de forskellige typer transaktioner eller beholdninger.
20.156
Ved udarbejdelsen af det offentliges konsoliderede regnskaber foreskriver ENS, at følgende hovedtransaktioner konsolideres (i prioriteret rækkefølge):
a)
løbende overførsler og kapitaloverførsler, f.eks. tilskud fra statslige forvaltningsenheder til forvaltningsenheder på lavere niveau
b)
renter af beholdninger af finansielle aktiver og passiver mellem offentlige myndigheder
c)
transaktioner, andre økonomiske strømme og beholdninger vedrørende finansielle aktiver og passiver, f.eks. lån til andre offentlige enheder eller socialsikringsenheders erhvervelse af statspapirer.
20.157
Køb og salg af varer og tjenester mellem offentlige enheder konsolideres ikke i ENS. Dette skyldes, at regnskaberne viser salg på produktionsbasis og ikke på afhændelsesbasis, således at det er svært at afgøre, hvem der er modpart i transaktioner vedrørende denne produktion. Dertil kommer, at forbrug i produktionen og produktion følger to forskellige værdiansættelsesmetoder, basispriser og køberpriser, hvilket skaber yderligere vanskeligheder.
20.158
Skatter og subsidier, som en offentlig enhed betaler til en anden, konsolideres ikke. Skatter og subsidier vedrørende produkter kan ikke konsolideres i systemet, fordi der ikke er nogen transaktionsmodpart i ENS for disse transaktioner. De pågældende beløb registreres ikke særskilt som hhv. udgifter og indtægter, men indgår i (eller fratrækkes) værdien af forbrug i produktionen eller af salget.
20.159
Anskaffelse og afhændelse af ikkefinansielle aktiver, herunder transaktioner vedrørende jord, bygninger og udstyr mellem myndigheder, konsolideres ikke, fordi de allerede er registreret på nettobasis på kontoen anskaffelser minus afhændelser. Ikkekonsoliderede og konsoliderede konti viser altid samme beløb for disse poster.
20.160
Nogle typer transaktioner, der synes at finde sted mellem to offentlige enheder, konsolideres aldrig, fordi de omdirigeres til andre enheder i systemet. Som eksempler kan nævnes: Arbejdsgiverbidrag, uanset om de betales til sociale kasser og fonde eller til offentlige pensionskasser, behandles, som om de betales til arbejdstageren som en del af lønnen og derefter af arbejdstageren betales til kassen eller fonden. Skatter, som offentlige enheder tilbageholder i deres ansattes løn, f.eks. kildeskat, og som betales til andre offentlige delsektorer, behandles, som om de betales direkte af de ansatte. Den offentlige arbejdsgiver inddriver i dette tilfælde blot pengene for den anden offentlige enhed.
20.161
Der er en række praktiske problemer forbundet med konsolidering. Når f.eks. en transaktion, der skal konsolideres, findes i en enheds regnskaber, forventes det, at den tilsvarende transaktion findes i modpartens regnskaber. Det kan imidlertid være, at den ikke er der, da den kan være registreret i en anden periode, have en anden værdi eller være klassificeret som en anden type transaktion på grund af forskellig regnskabspraksis. Disse vanskeligheder ligger i selve det firdobbelte bogholderisystem, der anvendes i ENS, men de kan være mere tydelige i forbindelse med transaktioner mellem offentlige enheder.
REGNSKABSMÆSSIGE SPØRGSMÅL I FORBINDELSE MED SEKTOREN OFFENTLIG FORVALTNING OG SERVICE
20.162
Nationalregnskabsprincipperne anvendes på samme måde på sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service som på andre sektorer i økonomien. På grund af den særlige karakter, som offentlige enheders økonomiske aktiviteter har, eller af praktiske grunde anvendes der imidlertid en række supplerende regler, som beskrives nærmere i dette afsnit.
20.163
På samme måde anvendes nationalregnskabsprincipperne ved målingen af det offentliges indtægter og udgifter. Disse principper, herunder bl.a. princippet om registrering efter optjeningstidspunktet, anvendes imidlertid under hensyn til, at det offentliges kreditværdigheds- og likviditetsforhold adskiller sig grundlæggende fra andre aktørers. Hvis udgifter bogføres i det offentliges regnskaber, når de opstår for hver offentlig enhed, uanset lange tidsmæssige forskydninger i forhold til betalingen, bør indtægter kun bogføres i regnskaberne, når der er en kraftig forventning om og tilstrækkelig sikkerhed for, at de pågældende pengestrømme rent faktisk vil finde sted.
20.164
Ved klassificeringen af en transaktion er nationalregnskabsstatistikerne ikke bundet af, hvilken betegnelse transaktionen har i det offentliges regnskaber eller i selskabsregnskaber. Eksempelvis kategoriseres en større sum, der betales til det offentlige af selskabets reserver eller ved salg af aktiver, og som kaldes »udbytte« i det offentliges regnskaber, som et ekstraordinært stort udbytte og bogføres som en finansiel transaktion i nationalregnskaberne — det er et udtræk af egenkapital. At registrere den økonomiske virkelighed, hvor den adskiller sig fra den retlige form, er et grundlæggende regnskabsprincip, der gør systemet konsistent og sikrer, at transaktioner af samme art har samme virkning på de makroøkonomiske regnskaber, uanset de retlige forhold. Dette er særlig vigtigt i forbindelse med transaktioner, der involverer offentlig forvaltning og service.
Skatteprovenu
Skatteprovenus karakter
20.165
Skatter er obligatoriske ensidige betalinger i penge eller naturalier, der foretages af institutionelle enheder til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service eller til overnationale myndigheder i forbindelse med udøvelsen af deres beføjelser. De udgør normalt hovedparten af det offentliges indtægter. Skatter behandles i systemet som transaktioner, da de anses for at indgå i relationer mellem enheder, der er indgået ved gensidig aftale. Skatter beskrives som ensidige, fordi det offentlige ikke yder en modydelse svarende til betalingen over for den enhed, der foretager betalingen.
20.166
Der findes imidlertid tilfælde, hvor det offentlige yder noget til den enkelte enhed mod betalingen i form af direkte udstedelse af en tilladelse eller godkendelse. I så fald er betalingen en del af en obligatorisk proces, der sikrer, at de ejendomsretlige forhold anerkendes, og at aktiviteterne gennemføres i overensstemmelse med loven. For at finde ud af, om sådanne betalinger skal kategoriseres som en skat eller som det offentliges salg af en tjeneste eller et aktiv, kræves der yderligere regler. Disse regler er beskrevet i kapitel 4.
Skattegodtgørelser
20.167
Skattelempelser kan have form af skattefradrag, der fratrækkes skattegrundlaget, eller skattegodtgørelser, der fratrækkes den skyldige skat, som den pågældende husstand eller det pågældende selskab ellers skulle have betalt. Skattegodtgørelser kan udbetales, således at forstå, at ethvert godtgørelsesbeløb, der overstiger den skyldige skat, udbetales til den skattepligtige. I andre tilfælde udbetales skattegodtgørelsen ikke og betragtes som tabt. I sidstnævnte tilfælde er skattegodtgørelsen således begrænset til størrelsen af den skyldige skat.
20.168
I nationalregnskabet registreres en skattelempelse, der er indbygget i skattesystemet, som en nedsættelse af den skyldige skat og dermed som en begrænsning af det offentliges skatteprovenu. Dette gælder skattefradrag, da de indgår direkte i beregningen af den skyldige skat. Det gælder også skattegodtgørelser, der tabes, da værdien af dem for skatteyderen er begrænset til størrelsen af den skyldige skat. Derimod er det ikke tilfældet for skattegodtgørelser, der udbetales, fordi de pr. definition kan berøre både skatteydere, der ikke betaler skat, og skatteydere, der betaler skat. Skattegodtgørelser, der kan udbetales, klassificeres som udgifter og bogføres som sådanne for det samlede beløb. I det offentliges skatteprovenu fratrækkes således ikke de skattegodtgørelser, der er udbetalt, mens det offentliges udgifter inkluderer alle skattegodtgørelser, der er udbetalt. Dette har ingen indflydelse på den offentlige forvaltning og services fordringserhvervelse, netto. Til gengæld har det indflydelse på både skattebyrden og det offentliges udgifter samt på forholdet mellem disse to størrelser og BNP. Statistikkerne skal udarbejdes således, at skattegodtgørelser kan udledes på nettobasis.
Beløb, der skal bogføres
20.169
Hvis det offentliges aktiviteter og effektivitet skal kunne måles korrekt, er det vigtigt, at skatteprovenuet bogføres korrekt. De beløb, der bogføres, bør svare til de beløb, der forventes faktisk at kunne inddrives af det offentlige. Det betyder, at beløb, der er ansat eller angivet, men som ikke forventes inddrevet, ikke skal bogføres som skatteprovenu.
Uerholdelige beløb
20.170
Under alle omstændigheder bør kun beløb, som det offentlige realistisk kan forvente at inddrive, bogføres. Uerholdelige skatter bør ikke indgå i offentlig forvaltning og services fordringserhvervelse, netto, og generelt heller ikke i indtægter i alt. Tilsvarende bør virkningen af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der registreres i systemet efter optjeningsprincippet, på offentlig forvaltning og services fordringserhvervelse, netto, over en rimelig tidsperiode svare til de beløb, der faktisk indgår. De nærmere regler for bogføring af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger er beskrevet i kapitel 4.
Registreringstidspunkt
Registrering efter optjeningstidspunkt
20.171
Ved bogføring efter optjeningstidspunkt registreres strømme på det tidspunkt, hvor økonomisk værdi skabes, omdannes, omsættes, overføres eller ophører. Denne metode adskiller sig fra kasseregnskabsbaseret registrering og i princippet fra registrering efter forfaldstidspunkt defineret som det seneste tidspunkt, hvor der kan ske betaling uden ekstra gebyrer eller lignende. Der tages højde for enhver periode mellem det tidspunkt, hvor en betaling opstår, og det tidspunkt, hvor den faktisk finder sted, ved at bogføre et tilgodehavende eller en gældsforpligtelse på de finansielle konti. I ENS foretages registreringer efter optjeningsprincippet. For nogle transaktioners vedkommende, f.eks. betaling af udbytte eller en række særlige overførsler, anvendes forfaldstidspunktet.
Registrering af skatter efter optjeningsprincippet
20.172
For det offentlige er registrering af indtægter og fordringer på tidspunktet for den tilgrundliggende begivenhed særlig vanskelig, da det offentliges registreringer, f.eks. af skatter, ofte sker på kassebasis. Hvis periodiserede skatter beregnes ud fra et skøn over forfaldne skatter, er der risiko for at overvurdere skatteprovenuet, som er et meget vigtigt aggregat i forbindelse med offentlige finanser.
20.173
Der bygges bro over perioden mellem det tidspunkt, hvor en transaktion registreres som opstået på de ikkefinansielle konti, og det tidspunkt, hvor betalingen faktisk finder sted, ved at bogføre et tilgodehavende på den ene parts finansielle konti og en gældsforpligtelse på den anden parts konti. I tilfælde, hvor en forudbetaling, der dækker to eller flere regnskabsperioder, foretages til det offentlige, registreres der en gældsforpligtelse, dvs. en form for lån, på det offentliges finansielle konto vedrørende de beløb, der forfalder i kommende perioder. Denne gældsforpligtelse bortfalder, når de forfaldne beløb i tilknytning til transaktionen registreres i de fremtidige perioder. En sådan gældsforpligtelse registreres dog kun, hvis det offentlige — retligt eller ved en faktisk forpligtelse — er forpligtet til at godtgøre den skattepligtige forudbetalte beløb, hvis skattebegivenheden ikke finder sted.
20.174
Efter optjeningsprincippet bør skatter registreres, når de aktiviteter, transaktioner eller andre begivenheder, der skaber skattepligten — dvs. skattebegivenhederne — finder sted, og ikke, når betalingerne forfalder eller faktisk foretages. Dette tidspunkt er som regel, når indtægten tjenes, eller når en transaktion (f.eks. køb af varer og tjenester), der skaber gældsforpligtelsen, finder sted, i det omfang skattepligten kan måles med pålidelighed. De forskellige institutionelle ordninger for beskatning (om der f.eks. anvendes skattelister) kan betyde, at der i praksis anvendes forskellige registreringsmetoder alt efter skattens art. Bl.a. hvis der ikke findes nogen pålidelige skatteansættelser, eller det ikke er muligt at foretage en pålidelig beregning af beløb, der forventes ikke at kunne inddrives, anses den tidsjusterede kassemetode at være en egnet tilnærmet erstatning for optjeningsmetoden.
20.175
Når der anvendes skatteansættelse, er der i praksis mulighed for en vis fleksibilitet med hensyn til registreringstidspunktet, hvis der ikke kan foretages en pålidelig måling før tidspunktet for skatteansættelsen. Særlig for indkomstskats vedkommende kan skattesystemet kræve, at der foretages en skatteansættelse, før der findes pålidelige oplysninger om størrelsen af den skyldige skat, idet der tages hensyn til ændringer i skattesatser og til slutopgørelser. Dette tidspunkt, som kan være det, hvor husholdningernes økonomiske adfærd påvirkes, kan være et acceptabelt registreringstidspunkt. Det falder ikke nødvendigvis sammen med den regnskabsperiode, hvor betalingen modtages.
Renter
20.176
Renter er en udgift, som opstår for en debitor, når denne bruger en anden enheds midler. En rente (D.41) er det beløb, som debitor på betingelser, der fremgår af det finansielle instrument, han og kreditor har indgået, er pligtig at betale kreditor over en bestemt periode, uden at hovedstolen derved nedbringes.
20.177
Renter klassificeres som formueindkomst (D.4). I modsætning til udbytte (D.421) giver renter (D.41) indehaveren eller långiveren ret til en fast og på forhånd fastsat indtægt (eller efter en bestemt referenceværdi, hvis der er tale om en variabel rentesats). Renter er ofte en stor udgiftspost for offentlig forvaltning og service, da den offentlige sektor tit er strukturelle låntagere på markedet.
20.178
I ENS registreres renter ud fra det tidspunkt, hvor forpligtelsen til at betale indtræder, dvs. at renter af det skyldige lånebeløb tilskrives kreditor løbende efter et optjeningsprincip.
20.179
Der er to måder, hvorpå værdien af et værdipapir, der er under pari, kan fastsættes i dets løbetid, når den aktuelle rente adskiller sig fra den rente, der var gældende, da værdipapiret blev udstedt. Ved debitormetoden sker værdiansættelsen fra værdipapirudstederens perspektiv, og ved kreditormetoden sker værdiansættelsen fra værdipapirihændehaverens perspektiv. Ved debitormetoden anvendes den ved udstedelsen aftalte rentesats i hele værdipapirets løbetid. Ved kreditormetoden anvendes den aktuelle rentesats til fastsættelse af renten mellem to tidspunkter i værdipapirets løbetid.
20.180
Periodiserede renter registreres efter debitormetoden, dvs. baseret på rentesatsen eller afkastet på tidspunktet for oprettelse af det finansielle instrument. De renteudgifter, der skal registreres for fastforrentede gældsværdipapirer, varierer således ikke over tid i takt med udsvingene på markedet, selv om markedsværdien af værdipapirerne ændrer sig og offeromkostningerne ved at have gælden varierer. På denne måde er renteudgifter ikke udsat for den volatilitet, som kreditormetoden indebærer. Tilbagekøb af værdipapirer på markedet til over- eller underkurs i forhold til hovedstolen medfører ikke en postering som indtægt eller udgift på købstidspunktet eller senere. I stedet afspejler over- eller underkursen ved tilbagekøb en på de finansielle konti registreret udligning af en kapitalgevinst eller et kapitaltab, der blev optjent på et tidligere tidspunkt, og som dengang blev registreret på omvurderingskontoen.
20.181
Når renter registreres som løbende optjent, har det den konsekvens — f.eks. i forbindelse med værdipapirer — at den periodiserede rentebyrde registreres fra det tidspunkt, hvor værdipapiret er udstedt, i stedet for at afvente den første kuponrenteudbetaling (ofte i det følgende år, når der er tale om klassiske værdipapirer med årlig kuponbetaling). Det betyder også, at periodiseret rente på værdipapirer optræder som en gældsforpligtelse, så snart udbetalt rente reinvesteres i det rentebærende finansielle aktiv. Følgelig skal beholdningen af periodiseret udestående rente altid lægges til værdien af hovedstolen for det underliggende instrument, og rentebetalinger nedbringer derefter debitors gældsforpligtelse. Dette grundlæggende princip omfatter alle rentebærende finansielle instrumenter.
20.182
I mange lande udstedes statsobligationer i fungible trancher over flere år med samme vilkår vedrørende den nominelle rente. Da markedsafkastet på tidspunktet for efterfølgende salg af trancher varierer, sælges hver tranche i praksis til over- eller underkurs. Den ved udstedelsen af obligationen fastsatte rentesats anvendes således til beregning af renten; denne varierer for hver tranche, hvilket afspejler forskellige amortiseringer af over- eller underkurs ved udstedelsen, på samme måde som det forholder sig med amortisering af underkurs på obligationer med nulkuponrente.
20.183
Udstedelseskursen for statsobligationer, der udstedes i fungible trancher og med kupon, inkluderer et beløb for den til det pågældende tidspunkt påløbne kuponrente, der i praksis »sælges« ved udstedelsen. Denne solgte kuponrente regnes ikke som en offentlig indtægt på salgstidspunktet og behandles heller ikke som en overkurs. Den anses i stedet for at være et finansielt forskud.
Obligationer til under pari og nulkuponobligationer
20.184
Nulkuponobligationer er instrumenter, hvor debitor ikke har nogen forpligtelse til at foretage betalinger til kreditor, før obligationen udløber. Hovedstolen er mindre end værdien af den obligation, der skal tilbagebetales af debitor. Debitors gældsforpligtelse indløses ved en enkelt betaling ved udløb omfattende både hovedstolen og de renter, der er påløbet i instrumentets løbetid. Forskellen mellem det beløb, der tilbagebetales ved udløbet af kontrakten, og det oprindelige lånebeløb er renter og fordeles over regnskabsperioderne mellem løbetidens begyndelse og slutning. De renter, der påløber i hver periode, behandles, som om de var betalt af debitor og derefter reinvesteret som et tillægsbeløb til samme gældsforpligtelse. Renteudgifterne og stigningen i gældsforpligtelsen registreres så samtidigt for hver periode.
20.185
Således afspejler den gradvise forøgelse af markedsværdien af en obligation, som skyldes akkumuleringen af påløbne reinvesterede renter, en vækst i den udestående hovedstol — dvs. i størrelsen af aktivet.
20.186
Det samme princip anvendes på obligationer til under pari og obligationer, der udstedes til overkurs. I disse tilfælde er den renteudgift, der skal registreres, den påløbne kuponrente som fastlagt i kontrakten plus det beløb, der påløber i hver periode, og som skyldes forskellen mellem indløsningskursen og udstedelseskursen.
Indekspapirer
20.187
Indekspapirer er finansielle instrumenter, sædvanligvis langfristede obligationer, for hvilke størrelsen af afdragene og/eller hovedstolen er knyttet til et prisindeks eller et andet indeks. Alle ekstrabetalinger til kreditorer som følge af ændringer i indekset betragtes som rente, inklusive væksten i hovedstolen, og bogføres som kontinuerligt påløbende. Hvis hovedstolens størrelse er indeksbundet, behandles forskellen mellem den endelige indfrielseskurs og udstedelseskursen som en rente, der påløber i aktivets løbetid ud over forfalden rente i den pågældende periode.
Finansielle derivater
20.188
Betalinger i forbindelse med swaptransaktioner betragtes ikke som formueindkomst i ENS. Betalinger i relation til finansielle derivater er finansielle transaktioner, der skal registreres på tidspunktet for den faktiske omsætning af det finansielle instrument.
Domstolsafgørelser
20.189
Hvis en domstol bestemmer, at der skal betales kompensation, eller at en transaktion skal gå tilbage, som følge af eller i tilknytning til begivenheder, der har fundet sted, er tidspunktet for registreringen af udgiften eller indtægten, når sagsøgerne har en automatisk og uomtvistelig ret til et bestemt beløb, der kan fastsættes individuelt, og når det er usandsynligt, at sagsøgerne vil undlade at inddrive deres tilgodehavende. Hvis en domstol blot fastslår, at der foreligger et berettiget krav, eller hvis det administrativt skal fastslås, om kravet kan godkendes, og hvor stort det er, registreres udgiften eller indtægten, så snart værdien af forpligtelsen er fastslået med pålidelighed.
Militærudgifter
20.190
Militære våbensystemer i form af køretøjer og andet materiel som f.eks. krigsskibe, ubåde, militærfly, tanks, missilfremføringsmidler, missilaffyringsudstyr osv. anvendes løbende i produktionen af forsvarstjenester. De er faste aktiver lige som dem, der anvendes løbende i produktionen i mere end et år i civil produktion. Anskaffelsen af dem bogføres som faste bruttoinvesteringer, dvs. som kapitaludgifter. Udstyr, der kun kan anvendes én gang, f.eks. ammunition, missiler, raketter og bomber, behandles som militære lagre. Nogle typer ballistiske missiler betragtes imidlertid som havende en konstant afskrækkelsesvirkning og opfylder derfor de generelle kriterier for klassificering som faste aktiver.
20.191
Tidspunktet for registrering af anskaffelsen er det tidspunkt, hvor ejendomsretten til aktivet overgår. Hvis der er tale om langsigtede kontrakter omfattende komplekse systemer, bør tidspunktet for registrering af overdragelsen af aktiverne være, når aktiverne faktisk leveres, og ikke når betalingen sker. Hvis langsigtede kontrakter desuden omfatter levering af tjenester, bør de offentlige udgifter registreres på tidspunktet for levering af tjenesterne og adskilt fra leveringen af aktiverne.
20.192
Hvis militært materiel leases, registreres transaktionen altid som finansiel leasing og ikke som operationel leasing. Dette indebærer, at registreringen af anskaffelse af et militært aktiv modsvares af et imputeret lån optaget af den offentlige leasingtager. Følgelig registreres betalinger foretaget af det offentlige som betaling af hhv. renter og afdrag på lånet.
Forbindelser mellem sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service og offentlige selskaber
Investering i kapitalandele i offentlige selskaber og udlodning af indtjening
20.193
Offentlige enheder har nære forbindelser til offentlige selskaber og kvasiselskaber, som de ejer. På trods af disse nære forbindelser behandles strømme mellem en offentlig enhed og det selskab eller kvasiselskab, den kontrollerer, i tilknytning til dens investering i kapitalandele i virksomheden på samme måde som strømme mellem ethvert andet selskab og dets ejere: investering i kapitalandele fra investorens side i den enhed, der er investeret i; udlodning af indtjening fra den enhed, der er investeret i, til investoren.
Investering i kapitalandele
20.194
En investering i kapitalandele finder sted, når økonomiske aktører stiller midler til rådighed for selskaber til gengæld for et løfte om fremtidig dividende eller andre former for afkast. Det investerede beløb udgør en kapitalandel i selskabet og indgår i selskabets egenkapital, og selskabet har en stor grad af råderet med hensyn til anvendelsen af denne. Til gengæld får ejerne aktier eller en anden form for kapitalandel. Disse repræsenterer en ejendomsret til selskabet eller kvasiselskabet og giver indehaverne ret til:
a)
en andel af udbyttet (eller udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber), der betales efter selskabets valg, men ikke til en fast eller forudbestemt indtægt, og
b)
en andel af selskabets nettoaktiver, hvis det likvideres
og følgelig er andelene finansielle aktiver.
20.195
Det er vigtigt at skelne mellem selskabets udtræk af kapital til dets ejer og afkastet på investering i kapitalandele, navnlig indtægt i form af udbytte. Kun egentlig fordeling af virksomhedsindkomst registreres som udbytte fra selskaber eller udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber. Større og ikkeregelmæssige betalinger til ejeren registreres som udtræk af kapital.
20.196
Det er nødvendigt at bestemme, hvornår betalinger fra offentlig forvaltning og service til offentlige selskaber er offentlige udgifter eller anskaffelse af et aktiv og dermed en finansiel transaktion, og omvendt, hvornår offentlige selskabers udlodninger til offentlig forvaltning og service er offentlige indtægter eller en finansiel transaktion.
Kapitalindskud
Subsidier og kapitalindskud
20.197
Subsidier er løbende — og normalt regelmæssige — overførsler til producenter fra det offentlige eller lejlighedsvis fra udlandet med henblik på at påvirke producenternes produktionsniveau, de priser, som produktionen sælges til, eller aflønningen af produktionsfaktorerne.
20.198
Betalinger til offentlige selskaber i stort omfang og på ikkeregelmæssig basis, ofte kaldet »kapitalindskud«, er ikke subsidier. De er transaktioner, der har til formål at tilføre det pågældende selskab (nye) midler, som selskabet får stillet til rådighed i et langsigtet perspektiv. Efter »kapitalindskudskriteriet« er et sådant kapitalindskud enten kapitaloverførsler eller anskaffelse af kapitalandele eller en kombination heraf. Der er tale om følgende to scenarier:
a)
En betaling til dækning af akkumulerede, ekstraordinære eller fremtidige tab, eller som foretages med et samfundspolitisk sigte, registreres som en kapitaloverførsel. Ekstraordinære tab er store tab, der registreres i en regnskabsperiode i et selskabs regnskaber, og som normalt opstår som følge af nedskrivning af aktiver på statuskontoen, således at selskabet er i fare for at få økonomiske problemer (negativ egenkapital, manglende opfyldelse af solvenskrav osv.).
b)
En betaling, hvor det offentlige handler som aktionær, idet det har en berettiget forventning om at få et tilstrækkeligt afkast i form af udbytte eller en kapitalgevinst, betragtes som anskaffelse af kapitalandele. Selskabet skal have en stor grad af råderet over de midler, der er stillet til rådighed. Hvis der deltager private investorer i kapitaltilførslen, og betingelserne for private og offentlige investorer er de samme, er det et tegn på, at betalingen er anskaffelse af kapitalandele.
20.199
I mange tilfælde har betalinger foretaget af det offentlige til offentlige selskaber til formål at kompensere for tidligere eller fremtidige tab. Betalinger, som det offentlige foretager, behandles kun som anskaffelse af kapitalandele, hvis der er tilstrækkelig sandsynlighed for, at selskabet vil være overskudsgivende i fremtiden og kunne betale udbytte.
20.200
Da kapitalindskud øger egenkapitalen i den enhed, der investeres i, vil den sandsynligvis også medføre en stigning i investorens kapitalandel i enheden. Dette er automatisk tilfældet, når der er tale om 100 % ejede offentlige selskaber, hvor kapitalandelene svarer til værdien af deres egenkapital. En sådan stigning i værdien af kapitalandelene anvendes dog ikke som kriterium, når det skal vurderes, hvilken form for kapitalindskud der er tale om; i stedet foretages der en postering på omvurderingskontoen, når tilførslen registreres som en kapitaloverførsel, og en postering på de finansielle konti, når tilførslen henregnes til kapitalandelene.
Regler i særlige tilfælde
20.201
Kapitalindskud som led i privatiseringer, når privatiseringen forventes at finde sted inden for under et år, registreres som en transaktion i kapitalandele for beløbet indtil privatiseringsprovenuet, mens der for det resterende beløb foretages en vurdering efter kapitalindskudskriteriet. Privatiseringsprovenuet anses derefter som tilbagebetaling af kapitaltilførslen.
20.202
Kapitalindskud kan foretages ved eftergivelse af gæld eller gældsovertagelse. Bogføringsreglerne i disse tilfælde betyder, at betalingen er en kapitaloverførsel — undtagen hvis der er tale om en privatisering, hvor den er en anskaffelse af kapitalandele – hvis værdi ligger inden for privatiseringsprovenuets rammer.
20.203
Kapitalindskud i naturalier — hvor der stilles ikkefinansielle aktiver til rådighed — har ingen virkning på fordringserhvervelse, netto. Når kapitaltilførslen forventes at give et tilstrækkeligt afkast, behandles den som en ændring i struktur (K.61), og det aktiv, der stilles til rådighed, optages på selskabets balance via kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status. Hvis kapitaltilførslen ikke forventes at give et tilstrækkeligt afkast, registreres der en kapitaloverførsel (investeringstilskud, D.92) sammen med en modsvarende postering under afhændelse af ikkefinansielle aktiver (P.5 eller NP).
Finanspolitiske transaktioner
20.204
Finanspolitiske transaktioner foretages af det offentlige og finansieres over budgettet via de sædvanlige budgetmæssige procedurer. Nogle transaktioner, der foretages af offentlige enheder, kan imidlertid involvere enheder, der ikke er reguleret ved de retlige rammer for det offentlige, herunder offentlige selskaber. Disse vil ikke indgå i budgettet og kan eventuelt falde uden for de sædvanlige kontrolprocedurer, men de bør registreres som offentlige indtægter og udgifter. Dette skyldes, at der i ENS tages hensyn til, når det offentlige er hovedpart i en transaktion, og det offentlige selskab optræder som befuldmægtiget.
Udlodning fra offentlige selskaber
Udbytte kontra udtræk af kapital
20.205
Afkast af kapitalandele i offentlige selskaber kan registreres som en fordelingstransaktion, som sædvanligvis er udbytte, eller som en finansiel transaktion. Udbytte er formueindkomst. De ressourcer, der står til rådighed for udlodning af udbytte, er selskabets virksomhedsindkomst. De ressourcer, som udbytte betales af, indbefatter således hverken provenuet ved salg af aktiver eller fordeling af kursgevinster. Udbytte, der finansieres via eller er baseret på sådanne ressourcer, registreres som udtræk af kapital. De samme grundprincipper gælder for udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber.
20.206
Større og ikkeregelmæssige betalinger eller betalinger, der overstiger årets virksomhedsindkomst, betegnes ekstraordinært store udbytter. De finansieres af akkumulerede reserver eller salg af aktiver og registreres som udtræk af kapital svarende til forskellen mellem betalingerne og virksomhedsindkomsten i den relevante regnskabsperiode. Hvis der ikke foreligger tal for virksomhedsindkomsten, anvendes driftsoverskuddet som det fremgår af virksomhedsregnskabet som tilnærmet værdi.
20.207
Foreløbigt udbytte registreres som formueindkomst (D.42), i det omfang det kan relateres til selskabets indtægt i den pågældende periode. I praksis skal to betingelser være opfyldt:
a)
Det selskab, der foretager betalingen, offentliggør regnskaber omfattende kortere perioder, og betalingen er baseret på mindst to kvartaler.
b)
Den foreløbige betaling bør stå i forhold til det udbytte, der er betalt de foregående år, og være i overensstemmelse med det sædvanlige afkast for aktionærerne og med selskabets vækstrater.
Hvis disse betingelser ikke er opfyldt, registreres den midlertidige betaling som et finansielt forskud, der klassificeres under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (F.8), indtil det årlige resultat foreligger, idet det er nødvendigt at foretage en vurdering efter kriteriet vedrørende ekstraordinært stort udbytte, hvor det foreløbige udbytte sammenlignes med årets virksomhedsindkomst.
Skat kontra udtræk af kapital
20.208
Skat har et retligt grundlag og er under lovgivningsmæssig kontrol. Disse transaktioner, som finder sted ved gensidig overenskomst, udgør hovedindtægten for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
20.209
Det kan dog undertiden forekomme, at en transaktion, der beskrives som en skat i retlige dokumenter, ikke registreres som en sådan i ENS. Som eksempel herpå kan nævnes indirekte privatisering. Hvis et offentligt holdingselskab sælger sin kapitalandel i et andet offentligt selskab og betaler en del af provenuet til det offentlige under betegnelsen skat eller er skattepligtigt på grund af privatiseringen og den deraf følgende gevinst — dvs. i form af kapitalvindingsskat — registreres betalingen som en finansiel transaktion.
Privatisering og nationalisering
Privatisering
20.210
Privatisering indebærer normalt, at det offentlige sælger aktier eller andre ejerandele i et offentligt selskab. Privatiseringsprovenu er ikke offentlige indtægter, men en finansiel transaktion, der registreres på den finansielle konto uden virkning for det offentliges underskud eller overskud, da denne begivenhed er nettoværdineutral og en omklassificering af aktiver (AF.5 mod AF.2) på det offentliges statuskonto. Et direkte salg af ikkefinansielle aktiver, f.eks. bygninger og jord, frem for et helt selskab registreres på kapitalkontoen som afhændelse af faste aktiver eller ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver, medmindre det sker som led i en selskabsomstrukturering.
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Køb af tjenester i forbindelse med denne proces bør imidlertid registreres som det offentliges forbrug i produktionen og bør ikke modregnes i privatiseringsprovenuet. Privatiseringsprovenuet registreres således brutto på de finansielle konti.
Indirekte privatiseringer
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Privatisering kan forekomme under mere komplicerede institutionelle ordninger. For eksempel kan et offentligt selskabs aktiver blive solgt af et offentligt holdingselskab eller et andet offentligt selskab, der kontrolleres af det offentlige, og hele eller en del af provenuet overføres til det offentlige. I alle tilfælde skal betalingen til det offentlige af provenuet ved salget af aktiver på denne måde registreres som en finansiel transaktion, uanset hvordan den fremgår af det offentliges eller dets datterselskabs regnskaber, idet der samtidig foretages en nedskrivning af kapitalandelene svarende til den delvise likvidering af holdingselskabets aktiver. Privatiseringsprovenu, som tilbageholdes af holdingselskabet, betragtes som det offentliges privatiseringsindtægt, der tilbageføres som kapitalindskud og derefter underkastes en vurdering efter kapitalindskudskriteriet for at afgøre, hvilken type betaling der er tale om.
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Det kan også forekomme, at det offentlige holdingselskab eller et andet offentligt selskab handler som »omstruktureringsagentur«. I så fald betales salgsprovenuet ikke til det offentlige, men beholdes af omstruktureringsagenturet med henblik på at tilføre kapital til andre foretagender. Når omstruktureringsenheden, uanset dens retlige status, handler direkte på vegne af det offentlige, er dens hovedfunktion at omstrukturere offentlige selskaber og ændre deres ejerforhold og at kanalisere midler fra den ene enhed til den anden. Enheden vil normalt blive klassificeret i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. Hvis omstruktureringsenheden imidlertid er et holdingselskab, der — på vegne af det offentlige og af samfundspolitiske hensyn — kontrollerer en gruppe af datterselskaber, og kun en mindre del af dets aktiviteter vedrører kanalisering af midler som beskrevet ovenfor, klassificeres det offentlige holdingselskab i en af selskabssektorerne efter dets hovedaktivitet, og de transaktioner, der gennemføres på vegne af det offentlige, omdirigeres gennem den offentlige sektor.
Nationalisering
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Nationalisering betyder, at det offentlige får kontrol over et bestemt aktiv eller et helt selskab, sædvanligvis ved at erhverve majoriteten eller samtlige kapitalandele i virksomheden.
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Nationalisering finder normalt sted i form af køb af aktier: det offentlige køber alle eller en del af aktierne i selskabet til markedskursen — eller til en kurs, der ligger tilstrækkelig tæt herpå under hensyn til sædvanlig markedspraksis for værdiansættelse af selskaber inden for samme aktivitet. Transaktionen finder sted efter gensidig overenskomst, selv om den tidligere ejer eventuelt kun har få muligheder for at afvise tilbuddet eller for at forhandle om prisen. Købet af aktierne er en finansiel transaktion, der registreres på den finansielle konto.
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Undtagelsesvis kan det offentlige erhverve ejendomsretten til et selskab gennem ekspropriation eller konfiskation. Overgangen af ejendomsretten til aktivet er ikke et resultat af en transaktion, der finder sted ved gensidig overenskomst. Ejerne får ingen betaling, og hvis der finder en betaling sted, afspejler den ikke aktivernes reelle værdi. Forskellen mellem markedsværdien af aktiverne og en eventuel betalt kompensation, registreres som en ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
Transaktioner med centralbanken
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I praksis findes der to typer betalinger, som centralbanken foretager til offentlig forvaltning og service:
a)
Betalinger, der foretages regelmæssigt, normalt i form af udbytte, baseret på centralbankens løbende aktiviteter (f.eks. forvaltning af valutareserver). Disse betalinger registreres som udbytte, så længe de ikke er større end et bestemt mål for nettoindkomsten ved driften, bestående af nettoformueindkomsten eksklusive omkostninger og overførsler. Beløb ud over denne sum registreres som en nedskrivning af egenkapitalen.
b)
Ekstraordinære betalinger som følge af salg eller ændret værdiansættelse af reserveaktiver. Disse betalinger registreres som udtræk af kapital. Dette skyldes, at værdien af disse aktiver påvirker værdien af centralbankens kapitalpassiver og det offentliges kapitalaktiver. Således er der for kapitalgevinster på centralbankens reserveaktiver en modpostering i det offentliges kapitalaktiver via centralbankens kapitalpassiver.
Betalinger fra statslig forvaltning og service til centralbanken registreres på samme måde som for andre offentlige selskaber. Særlig gælder det, at større betalinger vurderes efter kapitalindskudskriteriet med henblik på at afgøre, hvilken type betalinger der er tale om.
Omstruktureringer, fusioner og omklassificeringer
20.218
Hvis et offentligt selskab omstruktureres, kan der opstå eller forsvinde finansielle aktiver og passiver som følge af de nye finansielle forbindelser. Disse ændringer registreres som ændringer i sektorklassifikation og -struktur på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status. Som eksempel på en sådan omstrukturering kan nævnes en situation, hvor et selskab deles op i to eller flere institutionelle enheder og der skabes nye finansielle aktiver og passiver.
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Køb af aktier og andre ejerandele i et selskab som led i en fusion skal derimod registreres som en finansiel transaktion mellem det købende selskab og den tidligere ejer.
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Ændringer i klassificeringen af aktiver og passiver, der ikke er knyttet til omstrukturering eller ændringer i sektorklassifikationen, f.eks. monetarisering eller demonetarisering af guld, registreres som en ændring af klassificeringen af aktiver eller passiver på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
Gældstransaktioner
20.221
Gældstransaktioner kan have særlig betydning for sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, da de ofte anvendes af det offentlige til at yde økonomisk hjælp til andre enheder. Registreringen af disse transaktioner er behandlet i kapitel 5. Det generelle princip for en enheds overtagelse eller annullering af en anden enheds gæld ved gensidig overenskomst er at gå ud fra, at der foregår en frivillig overførsel af formue mellem de to enheder. Det betyder, at den modsvarende transaktion for den indgåede gældsforpligtelse eller den annullerede fordring er en kapitaloverførsel. Der registreres normalt ingen pengestrøm, og transaktionen kan betegnes som en kapitaloverførsel i naturalier.
Gældsovertagelse, gældsannullering og gældsafskrivning
Gældsovertagelse og gældsannullering
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Gældsovertagelse finder sted, når en enhed påtager sig en anden enheds gældsforpligtelser over for en kreditor. Dette sker hyppigt, når det offentlige stiller garanti for en anden enheds gæld, og garantien indfries eller aktiveres.
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Når det offentlige overtager en gæld, er den modsvarende transaktion for den nye offentlige gældsforpligtelse en kapitaloverførsel til den misligholdende debitor. De tilfælde, hvor et finansielt aktiv registreres som en modpostering, kræver en nøjere analyse. To situationer kan gøre sig gældende:
a)
Der anskaffes et egentligt allerede eksisterende finansielt aktiv fra tredjemand, som det er tilfældet med en eksportgaranti. Som modposteringstransaktion til den nye gældsforpligtelse registrerer det offentlige således anskaffelse af et finansielt aktiv svarende til nutidsværdien af det beløb, der forventes at blive modtaget. Hvis dette beløb er det samme som den opståede gældsforpligtelse, er der ikke behov for yderligere posteringer. Hvis det beløb, der forventes at indgå, er mindre end den opståede gældsforpligtelse, registrerer det offentlige en kapitaloverførsel svarende til forskellen mellem den opståede gældsforpligtelse og værdien af det anskaffede aktiv.
b)
Det offentlige registrerer blot en fordring på det begunstigede selskab, som i de fleste tilfælde er et offentligt selskab i vanskeligheder. På grund af den meget hypotetiske værdi af denne fordring registreres der almindeligvis ikke en sådan fordring. Eventuelle fremtidige tilbagebetalinger foretaget af den begunstigede registreres som indtægt af det offentlige.
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Gældsbetaling på vegne af andre minder om gældsovertagelse, men den enhed, der foretager betalingen, overtager ikke hele gælden. Transaktionerne registreres på tilsvarende måde.
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Ved gældsannullering (eller gældseftergivelse) forstås, at en fordring bortfalder helt eller delvis efter gensidig aftale mellem kreditor og debitor. Kreditor registrerer en kapitaloverførsel på det annullerede beløb, og den anden enhed registrerer en indgående kapitaloverførsel. Når det offentlige giver afkald på fordringer, antages der ofte at være tale om gensidig aftale, selv om en sådan ikke er formelt indgået, f.eks. i tilfælde af studielån og lån til landmænd.
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Gældsovertagelse og gældsannullering til fordel for en kontrolleret enhed medfører en stigning i værdien af egenkapitalen i den enhed, der investeres i, som fremgår af omvurderingskontiene. Hvis en offentlig enheds gæld overtages af en anden offentlig enhed, registrerer førstnævnte en indtægt i form af kapitaloverførsel, en ny gæld over for den anden offentlige enhed eller begge dele.
20.227
Gældsovertagelser og gældsannulleringer som led i privatiseringer registreres som transaktioner med kapitalandele for beløbet op til privatiseringsprovenuet, mens det resterende beløb betragtes som en kapitaloverførsel, idet man dermed sikrer regnskabsmæssig neutralitet af privatiseringen. Privatiseringen skal finde sted inden for et år.
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Når offentlige debitorer tilbyder at tilbagebetale gælden før tiden til en værdi under hovedstolens værdi inklusive renterestancer, medfører dette en postering på kapitalkontoen med konsekvenser for det offentliges fordringserhvervelse, netto, idet der antages at foreligge et lån fra kreditors side. Hvis der ved indfrielse før tiden skal betales en strafrente eller et gebyr til långiveren i henhold til låneaftalen, registreres dette beløb som en indtægt for långiveren. I forbindelse med værdipapirer indebærer et tilbagekøb på markedet en postering på omvurderingskontiene, medmindre indfrielsen før tid påtvinges indehaveren af værdipapirerne.
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Forskellen i værdi i tilfælde af salg til tredjemand af et lands fordringer på et andet land indebærer en postering som kapitaloverførsel på kapitalkontiene, der har betydning for det offentlige underskud, fordi der i fordringen ligger et oprindeligt ønske om at overdrage en fordel, og salget er en måde at gennemføre gældsomlægning på.
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Følgelig er kapitaloverførselsudgiften indtægt for debitor, idet denne er den egentlige begunstigede ved transaktionen, samtidig med at der foretages en postering på kontoen for udlandet svarende til kreditorlandets udgifter. For sælgeren er transaktionsværdien af den solgte fordring hovedstolens værdi. Værdien af fordringen opføres i både den nye kreditors og debitors regnskab, dvs. hhv. bankstatuskontoen og kontoen for udlandet — hvad angår kapitalbalancen over for udlandet — til dens nedskrevne værdi.
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I sjældnere tilfælde, når den underkurs, der er opnået aftale om med tredjemand eller med en debitor, der tilbyder tilbagekøb af sin gæld, kun afspejler ændringer i markedsrenten og ikke en ændring i kreditværdigheden, må den offentlige kreditor antages at handle som en normal investor. Forskellen, eksklusive eventuelle strafrenter eller gebyrer, opføres på omvurderingskontiene. Som kriterium kan tjene, om det tilbagebetalte beløb ville have oversteget hovedstolens værdi.
Gældsovertagelse, der indebærer en overførsel af ikkefinansielle aktiver
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Hvis det offentlige ønsker at lette et offentligt selskabs gældsbyrde, kan det også, ud over at lade en offentlig enhed overtage gæld, overtage ikkefinansielle aktiver som f.eks. offentlig transportinfrastruktur. Denne gældsovertagelse, der indebærer en overførsel af ikkefinansielle aktiver til den offentlige enhed, anses for at ske efter gensidig aftale og har helt samme virkning som gældsovertagelse på det offentliges fordringserhvervelse, netto. Den kapitaloverførsel, der skal registreres til fordel for selskabet, svarer til størrelsen af den overtagne gæld. En anskaffelse af ikkefinansielle aktiver har en negativ indflydelse på fordringserhvervelsen, netto.
Gældsafskrivning eller -nedskrivning
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Ved gældsafskrivning forstås, at en kreditor på statuskontoen reducerer beløb, kreditor har til gode, sædvanligvis når denne konkluderer, at en udestående gældsforpligtelse har ringe eller ingen værdi, fordi gælden ikke vil blive betalt. Det kan være, fordi debitor er konkurs eller er forsvundet, eller fordi inddrivelsen af gælden ville være forbundet med for store omkostninger. 
Gældsnedskrivning
 vil sige, at en kreditor reducerer den regnskabsmæssige værdi af et aktiv på statuskontoen.
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Nedskrivninger og afskrivninger er interne regnskabsmæssige foranstaltninger, der foretages af kreditor, og som ofte ikke regnes som transaktioner, fordi de ikke foretages efter gensidig aftale. Det kan dog forekomme, at nedskrivninger og afskrivninger ikke svarer til en annullering af fordringen på debitor, og det kan derfor hyppigt forekomme, at der foretages tilbageførsel af nedskrivninger og (dog mindre hyppigt) af afskrivninger.
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Gældsnedskrivninger medfører ikke i sig selv posteringer på kreditors balance, fordi den regnskabsmæssige værdi af gælden allerede afspejler instrumentets markedsværdi eller er den nominelle værdi i tilfælde af lån, medmindre den nedskrevne regnskabsmæssige værdi anvendes i stedet for markedsværdien (når nedskrivningen opføres på omvurderingskontiene). Derimod medfører gældsafskrivninger, at aktivet fjernes fra kreditors balance ved hjælp af en anden mængdemæssig ændring for det beløb, der udgår — hovedstolen i tilfælde af lån, markedsværdien for værdipapirer, medmindre afskrivningen skyldes en gældsannullering. I modsætning til gældsovertagelse eller gældsannullering har gældsafskrivning og gældsnedskrivning således ikke nogen virkning på det offentliges fordringserhvervelse, netto.
Anden gældsomlægning
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Gældsomlægning er en aftale, hvorved betingelserne for afvikling af en eksisterende gæld ændres, normalt på mere gunstige vilkår for debitor. Det gældsinstrument, der omlægges, anses for at blive afviklet og erstattet af et nyt gældsinstrument med de nye vilkår. Hvis der er en forskel mellem værdien af det afviklede gældsinstrument og det nye gældsinstrument, er der tale om en form for gældsannullering, og det er nødvendigt med en kapitaloverførsel for at tage højde for forskellen.
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Ombytning af gæld for ejerandelsbeviser finder sted, når en kreditor indvilliger i at erstatte en gældsfordring med et ejerandelsinstrument. For eksempel kan det offentlige indgå aftale med et offentligt selskab, som det ejer, om at øge sin kapitalandel i det offentlige selskab til erstatning for et eksisterende lån. En sådan transaktion skal vurderes efter kriteriet om kapitalindskud. En eventuel forskel mellem værdien af det gældsinstrument, der indfries, og kapitalandelen, er en kapitaloverførsel og opføres på omvurderingskontiene.
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Restancer opstår, hvis en debitor er bagud med at betale renter eller afdrag. Der sker normalt ikke nogen ændringer med gældsinstrumentet, men det kan være vigtigt at vide, hvor store restancerne er.
Køb af gæld over markedsværdien
20.239
Erhvervelse af gæld til en værdi over markedsværdien kaldes i første fase koncessionelle lån og betegnes senere som gældsneutralisering. Begge dele har til formål at overdrage en fordel, og der må derfor registreres en udgift som f.eks. en kapitaloverførsel.
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Gældsneutralisering finder sted, når en debitor udligner gældsinstrumenter med finansielle aktiver, der har samme eller større indgående gældsbetjening. Selv hvis de instrumenter, der er omfattet af gældsneutralisering, er blevet overført til en særskilt enhed, bør bruttoposten stadig registreres ved at behandle den nye enhed som en hjælpeenhed og konsolidere den med den enhed, der foretager gældsneutralisering. Hvis hjælpeenheden er ikkeresident, behandles den som en SPE, og det offentliges transaktioner med denne enhed behandles som beskrevet i afsnit »Statistik over offentlige finanser«.
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Koncessionel gæld. Der findes ikke nogen præcis definition på koncessionelle lån, men det antages generelt, at der er tale om sådanne, når enheder under sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service yder lån til andre enheder på en sådan måde, at den ved aftalen fastsatte rente bevidst ligger under den markedsrente, der ellers ville have fundet anvendelse. De koncessionelle vilkår kan yderligere lempes gennem afdragsfrie perioder, ændring af hyppigheden af betaling af renter og afdrag og en for debitor fordelagtig løbetid. Da vilkårene for et koncessionelt lån er mere gunstige for debitor, end markedsvilkårene ellers ville give mulighed for, indebærer sådanne lån i praksis en overførsel fra kreditor til debitor.
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Koncessionelle lån registreres til deres nominelle værdi på samme måde som andre lån, men der registreres ved lånets udbetaling en kapitaloverførsel som memorandumpost svarende til forskellen mellem gældens kontraktværdi og dens nutidsværdi under anvendelse af en relevant markedsdiskonteringssats. Der findes ikke nogen bestemt markedsrente, som bør anvendes til måling af kapitaloverførslen. Den af OECD offentliggjorte »Commercial Interest Reference Rate« kan eventuelt anvendes, hvis lånet er udstedt af et land, der er medlem af OECD.
Gældsneutralisering og redningspakker
20.243
Redningspakker anvendes for at hjælpe virksomheder ud af økonomiske problemer. De bruges ofte, når en offentlig enhed yder kortsigtet økonomisk bistand til et selskab for at hjælpe det med at overleve en periode med økonomiske problemer eller tilfører mere permanente økonomiske ressourcer for at hjælpe med at rekapitalisere selskabet. I forbindelse med finansielle institutioner anvendes ofte begrebet finansielle redningspakker. Redningspakker omfatter sædvanligvis enkeltstående transaktioner under stor offentlig bevågenhed og med store værdier og er derfor lette at identificere.
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Indgreb fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service kan finde sted under flere forskellige former. Som eksempler kan nævnes:
a)
Det offentlige kan stille garanti for nogle af gældsforpligtelserne i det foretagende, der skal have hjælp.
b)
Det offentlige kan stille kapital til rådighed på særlig gunstige vilkår.
c)
Det offentlige kan købe aktiver af det foretagende, der skal have hjælp, til priser, der er højere end deres reelle markedsværdi.
d)
Det offentlige kan oprette en SPE eller anden type offentlig enhed med henblik på at finansiere og/eller forvalte salget af aktiver eller passiver i det foretagende, der skal have hjælp.
20.245
Offentlig garantistillelse som led i redningspakker behandles som enkeltstående garantier til enheder i økonomiske vanskeligheder. Som eksempel kan nævnes en situation, hvor enheden ikke kan eller har meget vanskeligt ved at opfylde sine gældsforpligtelser, da dens cash flow er begrænset eller dens aktiver er svært omsættelige på grund af ekstraordinære omstændigheder. Dette vil normalt indebære, at der først registreres en kapitaloverførsel, som om garantien blev indfriet, for hele den stillede garanti, eller hvis der findes en pålidelig beregning, for størrelsen af den forventede indfrielse, som er det offentliges forventede tab. Se også 20.256.
20.246
Hvis det offentlige køber aktiver af det foretagende, der skal have hjælp, vil det betalte beløb normalt ligge over aktivernes reelle markedsværdi. Købet registreres til den faktiske markedspris, og der registreres en kapitaloverførsel for forskellen mellem markedsprisen og det samlede betalte beløb.
20.247
I forbindelse med redningspakker køber det offentlige ofte lån af finansielle institutioner til deres nominelle værdi frem for deres markedsværdi. Selv om lån registreres til nominelle priser, opdeles transaktionen ved at registrere en kapitaloverførsel og en postering på omvurderingskontiene. Hvis der foreligger pålidelige oplysninger om, at nogle lån ikke kan inddrives, enten i fuldt eller næsten fuldt omfang, eller hvis der ikke foreligger pålidelige oplysninger om det forventede tab, opføres disse lån til nul, og der registreres en kapitaloverførsel for deres tidligere nominelle værdi.
20.248
Hvis det offentlige opretter en offentlig institutionel enhed, der som eneste opgave har at forvalte redningspakken, klassificeres enheden i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service. Hvis den nye enhed oprettes på going concern-basis med redningspakken som en midlertidig opgave, klassificeres den som offentlig enhed eller offentligt selskab ud fra de generelle regler om omstruktureringsagenturer, der er beskrevet ovenfor. Enheder, der køber finansielle aktiver af finansielle selskaber i økonomiske vanskeligheder med det formål at sælge dem på normal vis, betragtes ikke som finansielle formidlere, da de ikke løber nogen risiko. De henregnes til sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service.
Gældsgarantier
20.249
En gældsgaranti
 er en ordning, hvor en garantistiller påtager sig at betale en kreditor, hvis en debitor misligholder sine forpligtelser. For sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service er garantistillelse en måde at støtte økonomiske aktiviteter på uden med det samme at skulle stille økonomiske midler til rådighed. Garantier har en væsentlig indflydelse på økonomiske aktørers adfærd ved at ændre lånevilkårene på de finansielle markeder.
20.250
For hver garanti er der tre involverede parter: långiveren, låntageren og garantistilleren. I første omgang registreres beholdninger og strømme i forbindelse med lånet mellem långiver og låntager, og efter en indfrielse af garantien registreres beholdninger og strømme i forbindelse med garantiforholdet mellem långiveren og garantistilleren. Aktiveringen af garantier medfører således, at der registreres strømme og ændringer på balancen hos debitor, kreditor, og garantistilleren.
20.251
Garantier kan inddeles i tre hovedtyper:
i)
garantier, der opfylder definitionen på et finansielt derivat
ii)
standardiserede garantier og
iii)
enkeltstående garantier.
Garantier af derivattypen
20.252
Garantier, der opfylder definitionen på finansielle derivater, er garantier, der handles aktivt på finansielle markeder. f.eks. »credit default swaps«. Derivatet er baseret på misligholdelsesrisikoen ved et referenceinstrument og normalt ikke direkte knyttet til individuelle lån eller obligationer.
20.253
Når en sådan garanti stilles, betaler køberen et beløb til den finansielle institution, der opretter derivatet. Dette registreres som en transaktion med finansielle derivater. Ændringer i derivatets værdi registreres som omvurderinger. Hvis referenceinstrumentet misligholdes, betaler garantistilleren køberen dennes teoretiske tab på referenceværdipapiret. Dette registreres også som en transaktion med finansielle derivater.
Standardiserede garantier
20.254
Standardiserede garantier omfatter kreditrisici af samme type for en hel række tilfælde. Det er ikke muligt præcist at vurdere misligholdelsesrisikoen ved det enkelte lån, men det er muligt at vurdere, hvor mange der vil blive misligholdt ud af et større antal lån. Behandlingen af standardiserede garantier er beskrevet i kapitel 5.
Enkeltstående garantier
20.255
Enkeltstående garantier anvendes, når betingelserne for lånet eller sikkerheden er så specielle, at det ikke er muligt nøjagtigt at beregne risikoen ved lånet. En enkeltstående garanti betragtes generelt som en eventualpost og bogføres ikke som et finansielt aktiv eller passiv på garantistillerens balance.
20.256
I særlige tilfælde behandles enkeltstående garantier, som det offentlige stiller for selskaber i bestemte tilfælde af økonomiske vanskeligheder (f.eks. hvis selskabet har negativ egenkapital), og som indebærer en stor sandsynlighed for indfrielse, som om de allerede indfries ved oprettelsen (se også 20.245).
20.257
Aktiveringen af en enkeltstående garanti behandles på samme måde som gældsovertagelse. Den oprindelige gæld indfries, og der stiftes en ny gæld mellem garantistilleren og kreditor. Gældsovertagelsen indebærer, at der registreres en kapitaloverførsel til fordel for den misligholdende debitor. Kapitaloverførslen har som modpostering en finansiel transaktion, hvor det finansielle passiv overføres fra selskabet til det offentlige.
20.258
Aktiveringen af garantien kræver ikke nødvendigvis, at gælden skal tilbagebetales med det samme. I henhold til princippet om registrering efter optjeningstidspunktet bør det samlede gældsbeløb registreres, når garantien aktiveres og gælden overtages. Garantistilleren er den nye debitor, og garantistillerens afdrag og renter vedrørende den overtagne gæld bør registreres, når disse strømme finder sted. Hvis garantiindfrielsen således udelukkende indebærer betaling af forfaldne afdrag og renter i regnskabsperioden, som det er tilfældet ved kontant indfrielse, registreres der en kapitaloverførsel for de betalte beløb. Hvis der derimod observeres et mønster af delvis indfrielse som f.eks. tre gange efter hinanden, og dette forventes at fortsætte, registreres der en gældsovertagelse.
20.259
Foretager den oprindelige debitor en tilbagebetaling over for garantistilleren, mens der er blevet registreret en udgift vedrørende tidligere garantiindfrielser, registreres der en indtægt hos garantistilleren. Denne indtægt bør dog bedømmes efter kriteriet vedrørende ekstraordinært stort udbytte, hvis debitor kontrolleres af garantistilleren. Hvis tilbagebetalingen overstiger virksomhedsindkomsten, registreres det overskydende beløb som udtræk af kapital.
Securitisation
Definition:
20.260
Ved securitisation udstedes der værdipapirer på grundlag af pengestrømme, som forventes at blive skabt af aktiver, eller andre indkomststrømme. Værdipapirer, der er afhængige af pengestrømme fra aktiver, betegnes »asset backed securitites (ABS)« eller »værdipapirer med sikkerhed i specificerede aktiver«.
20.261
Ved securitisation overdrager den engagementsleverende enhed ejendomsret til aktiver eller retten til at modtage bestemte fremtidige strømme til en securitisationsenhed, som til gengæld betaler et beløb til den engagementsleverende enhed ud af sine egne finansieringskilder. En sådan securitisationsenhed kaldes ofte en »special purpose entity (SPE)«. Securitisationsenheden får sine egne finansielle midler ved at udstede værdipapirer med sikkerhed i de aktiver eller den ret til fremtidige strømme, som den engagementsleverende enhed har overført. Det afgørende spørgsmål ved registreringen af securitisationsenhedens betaling til den engagementsleverende enhed er, hvorvidt overførslen af aktivet er et salg af et eksisterende aktiv eller et låneinstrument, hvor fremtidige indtægtsstrømme stilles som sikkerhed.
Kriterier for at betragte securitisation som salg
20.262
Hvis securitisation skal behandles som salg, må der være et omsætteligt aktiv på det offentliges balance, og der må ske en fuldstændig overdragelse af ejendomsretten til securitisationsenheden, dokumenteret ved overførslen af de risici og fordele, der er knyttet til aktivet.
20.263
Securitisation af fremtidige indtægtsstrømme, der ikke anses for at være afkast af økonomiske aktiver, f.eks. fremtidige olieroyalties, anses således for at være låntagning fra den engagementsleverende enheds side.
20.264
Hvis der i en securitisation indgår strømme knyttet til et finansielt eller ikkefinansielt aktiv, skal risiciene og fordelene ved at eje aktiverne overføres, før der kan registreres et salg.
20.265
Hvis det offentlige beholder en ejerinteresse i securitisationen, f.eks. gennem en udskydelse af betalingen af købsprisen, dvs. retten til yderligere strømme ud over den oprindelige securitisationsværdi, eller ejendomsretten til den sidste tranche udstedt at securitisationsenheden, eller på anden måde, har der ikke fundet noget salg sted, og der er dermed tale om låntagning fra den engagementsleverende enheds side.
20.266
Hvis det offentlige, som engagementsleverende enhed, garanterer tilbagebetaling af gæld stiftet af securitisationsenheden i tilknytning til aktivet, er de risici, der er forbundet med aktivet, ikke blevet overført. Der har ikke fundet noget salg sted, og der er tale om låntagning fra den engagementsleverende enheds side. Garantier kan have forskellige former, f.eks. forsikringskontrakter, derivater eller klausuler om aktivsubstitution.
20.267
Hvis det er klarlagt, at securitisationskontrakten indebærer et reelt salg af et omsætteligt aktiv, må securitisationsenhedens sektorklassificering undersøges. Afsnit »Sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service« indeholder en beskrivelse af kriterierne for, om securitisationsenheden er en institutionel enhed, og om den fungerer som finansiel formidler. Hvis securitisationsenheden klassificeres i den offentlige sektor, er securitisationen offentlig låntagning. Hvis securitisationsenheden klassificeres under andre finansielle formidlere (S.125), opføres securitisationen som et salg af aktiver. Den har ikke nogen direkte virkning på det offentliges gæld, men virkning på det offentliges underskud, hvis strømmene securitiseres som et ikkefinansielt aktiv.
20.268
Hvis det offentlige efterfølgende yder kompensation i form af kontant betaling eller på anden måde, f.eks. i form af garantier, hvorved risikooverførslen fjernes, klassificeres en securitisation, der oprindelig blev betragtet som et salg, fra det tidspunkt som låntagning med følgende transaktioner: indgåelse af en gældsforpligtelse og anskaffelse af aktiver med en kapitaloverførselsudgift, hvis gældsforpligtelsens værdi overstiger aktivets.
Registrering af strømme
20.269
Hvis en securitisationstransaktion registreres som låntagning, registreres pengestrømmene til securitisationsenheden først i det offentliges regnskaber og samtidig som tilbagebetaling af gæld, både renter og afdrag.
20.270
Hvis pengestrømme ophører, før gælden er indfriet, fragår den resterende gældsforpligtelse det offentliges balance ved en anden mængdemæssig ændring.
20.271
Når en gæld er helt indfriet, registreres eventuelle restpengestrømme til securitisationsenheden i henhold til securitisationskontrakten som udgifter afholdt af den engagementsleverende enhed.
Andre spørgsmål
Pensionsforpligtelser
20.272
Behandlingen af pensionsordninger er beskrevet i kapitel 17, som også indeholder en tabel, der supplerer hovedkontiene i ENS, og hvori alle forpligtelser under pensionsordninger indgår, herunder pensionsforpligtelser, der opstår som led i socialsikringsordninger. Pensionsrettigheder på grundlag af offentlige, ikkefondsbaserede, arbejdsmarkedsrelaterede, ydelsesdefinerede ordninger registreres kun på disse supplerende konti.
Engangsbetalinger
20.273
Enheder kan lejlighedsvis foretage engangsbetalinger til det offentlige til gengæld for overtagelse af nogle af deres pensionsforpligtelser. Sådanne større enkeltstående transaktioner finder sted mellem det offentlige og en anden enhed, normalt et offentligt selskab, ofte i forbindelse med en ændring af selskabets status eller privatisering af det. Det offentlige overtager normalt de pågældende forpligtelser til gengæld for en kontant betaling til dækning af det forventede underskud som følge af overførslen.
20.274
Da der er tale om en ligelig udveksling af kontanter mod indgåelse af en forpligtelse i form af et passiv, bør transaktionen principielt ikke påvirke nettoformuen, herunder den finansielle nettoformue, og bør ikke ændre det offentliges fordringserhvervelse, netto. Det kan imidlertid forekomme, at pensionsforpligtelsen ikke er opført som et passiv i balancen hverken for den enhed, der overdrager forpligtelsen, eller for den enhed, der påtager sig forpligtelsen. Når de overføres til det offentlige, kan pensionsforpligtelserne f.eks. blive inddraget i en socialsikringsordning, for hvilken der ikke er opført nogen passiver.
20.275
En sådan engangsbetaling bør i denne sammenhæng betragtes som en forudbetaling af bidrag til sociale ordninger. Da der i praksis findes så mange forskellige ordninger, og for at undgå forvrængninger ved beregningen af nogle af aggregaterne, f.eks. arbejdskraftomkostninger og obligatoriske afgifter, registreres engangsbeløbet som et finansielt forskud (F.8), dvs. en forudbetaling af diverse løbende overførsler (D.75), som registreres på et tidspunkt i fremtiden i forhold til de dertil knyttede pensionsbetalinger. Følgelig har betalingen af engangsbeløbet ikke nogen effekt på fordringserhvervelsen, netto, i sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service i det år, hvor forpligtelserne overføres.
Offentlig-private partnerskaber
Offentlig-private partnerskaber generelt
20.276
Offentlig-private partnerskaber (OPP'er) er komplekse, langfristede kontrakter mellem to enheder, hvoraf en normalt er et selskab (eller en gruppe af selskaber, enten private eller offentlige), som kaldes operatøren eller partneren, og den anden normalt en offentlig enhed, der benævnes udbyderen. I forbindelse med et OPP investerer det pågældende selskab betydelige kapitaludgifter i at skabe eller renovere faste aktiver, som det derefter driver og forvalter med henblik på at producere og levere tjenester enten til den offentlige enhed eller til samfundet som helhed på vegne af den offentlige enhed.
20.277
Ved kontraktens udløb overgår den juridiske ejendomsret til de faste aktiver normalt til udbyderen. De faste aktiver er i de fleste tilfælde relateret til vigtige offentlige tjenester som f.eks. skoler, universiteter, hospitaler og fængsler. Der kan også være tale om infrastrukturaktiver, fordi mange af de store projekter, der iværksættes ved hjælp af OPP'er, indebærer levering af transport-, kommunikations- eller forsyningstjenester eller andre tjenester, der typisk beskrives som infrastrukturtjenester.
20.278
I følgende generelle beskrivelse indgår også de mest almindelige bogføringsproblemer: Et selskab forpligter sig til at anskaffe et kompleks af faste aktiver og derefter at anvende disse aktiver sammen med andet produktionsinput til at producere tjenester. Disse tjenester kan leveres til det offentlige, som enten anvender dem som input til sin egen produktion, f.eks. vedligeholdelse af motorkøretøjer, eller til fordeling blandt befolkningen uden betaling, f.eks. som uddannelsestjenester. I så fald foretager det offentlige regelmæssige betalinger i løbet af kontraktperioden, og selskabet forventer at få sine omkostninger dækket og at få et passende afkast af sin investering på grundlag af disse betalinger.
20.279
OPP-kontrakter efter denne definition indebærer, at udbyderen betaler operatøren et rådigheds- eller brugsgebyr og udgør dermed en udbudsaftale. I modsætning til andre langfristede tjenestekontrakter skabes der et dedikeret aktiv. En OPP-kontrakt betyder således, at det offentlige køber en tjeneste produceret af en partner ved skabelse af et aktiv. OPP-kontrakter kan variere på mange måder med hensyn til ejendomsretten til aktiverne ved kontraktens udløb, den krævede drift og vedligeholdelse af aktiverne i kontraktperioden, tjenesternes pris, kvalitet og mængde osv.
20.280
Hvis selskabet sælger tjenesterne direkte til brugerne, som det f.eks. er tilfældet med betalingsveje, betragtes kontrakten som en koncession frem for et OPP. Prisen reguleres af det offentlige og fastsættes på et niveau, hvor selskabet forventer at få sine omkostninger dækket og få et passende afkast af sin investering. Ved kontraktperiodens udløb kan det offentlige få den juridiske ejendomsret til og den driftsmæssige kontrol over aktiverne, eventuelt uden at skulle betale for det.
20.281
Ved en OPP-kontrakt anskaffer selskabet de faste aktiver og har den juridiske ejendomsret til aktiverne i kontraktperioden, i nogle tilfælde med støtte fra det offentlige. Det kræves ofte i kontrakten, at aktiverne opfylder de af det offentlige fastsatte krav til udformning, kvalitet og kapacitet, anvendes på den af det offentlige fastsatte måde til produktion af de tjenester, som kontrakten omhandler, og vedligeholdes i overensstemmelse med det offentliges standarder.
20.282
Aktiverne har desuden oftest en meget længere levetid end kontraktperioden, således at det offentlige kan kontrollere aktiverne, bære risiciene og høste fordelene igennem en stor del af aktivernes levetid. Det er således ofte vanskeligt at afgøre, om det er selskabet eller det offentlige, som bærer den største del af risiciene og høster den største del af fordelene.
Økonomisk ejendomsret til aktivet og klassificering
20.283
I lighed med leasingforhold bestemmes den økonomiske ejer af aktiverne i et OPP ved at vurdere, hvilken enhed der bærer hovedparten af risiciene, og hvilken enhed der forventes at høste hovedparten af fordelene ved aktivet. Aktivet og dermed også de faste bruttoinvesteringer henføres til denne enhed. De elementer af risiko og fordele, der først og fremmest skal vurderes, er:
a)
anlægsrisici, som omfatter budgetoverskridelser, eventuelle ekstraomkostninger som følge af forsinket levering, manglende overholdelse af specifikationer eller bygningsreglementer, miljørisici og andre risici, der kræver, at der foretages betalinger til tredjemand
b)
rådighedsrisici, som omfatter risikoen for yderligere omkostninger ved f.eks. vedligeholdelse og finansiering og risikoen for bod, fordi tjenesternes mængde eller kvalitet ikke opfylder de standarder, der er fastsat i kontrakten
c)
efterspørgselsrisici, som omfatter risikoen for, at efterspørgsel efter tjenesterne er højere eller lavere end forventet
d)
restværdi- og forældelsesrisici, som omfatter risikoen for, at aktivet vil være mindre værd end forventet ved kontraktens udløb, og udformningen af det offentliges købsoption på aktiverne
e)
finansiering eller garantistillelse fra udbyderens side eller fordelagtige opsigelsesklausuler, særlig hvis kontrakten opsiges af operatøren.
20.284
Risiciene og fordelene ligger hos operatøren, hvis anlægsrisikoen og enten efterspørgsels- eller rådighedsrisikoen i praksis er blevet overført. Majoritetsfinansiering, garantier, der dækker hovedparten af den tilvejebragte finansiering, eller opsigelsesklausuler, der indebærer tilbagebetaling af størstedelen af de midler, der er stillet til rådighed af finansieringsgiveren, ved opsigelse af kontrakten på operatørens initiativ, betyder, at ingen af disse risici i praksis er blevet overført.
20.285
På grund af den særlige karakter af OPP-kontrakter, der omfatter komplekse aktiver, og når vurderingen af risici og fordele ikke er entydig, er det relevant at spørge, hvilken enhed der har afgørende indflydelse på aktivets art, og hvordan betingelserne for de tjenester, der produceres ved hjælp af aktivet, fastsættes, bl.a.:
a)
i hvilken grad det offentlige bestemmer udformningen, kvaliteten, størrelsen og vedligeholdelsen af aktiverne
b)
i hvilken grad det offentlige kan bestemme, hvilke tjenester der skal produceres, hvilke enheder tjenesterne skal leveres til, og hvilken pris de producerede tjenester skal have.
20.286
Det er nødvendigt at vurdere bestemmelserne i hver enkelt OPP-kontrakt for at finde ud af, hvilken enhed der er den økonomiske ejer. Da OPP'er er så komplekse og forskellige, bør der tages hensyn til alle forhold omkring hver kontrakt, og derefter bør den regnskabsmæssige behandling, der bedst afspejler de bagvedliggende økonomiske forbindelser, vælges.
Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål
20.287
Hvis selskabet anses for at være den økonomiske ejer, og hvis – som det normalt er tilfældet – det offentlige får retlig og økonomisk ejendomsret ved udløbet af kontrakten uden en egentlig betaling, bogføres der en transaktion vedrørende det offentliges anskaffelse af aktiverne. En almindeligt anvendt metode er at lade det offentlige gradvis akkumulere en finansiel fordring og at lade selskabet gradvis akkumulere en modsvarende gældsforpligtelse, således at værdien af begge svarer til den forventede restværdi af aktiverne ved kontraktperiodens udløb. Hvis denne metode anvendes, er det nødvendigt at omordne eksisterende monetære transaktioner eller indføre nye transaktioner under anvendelse af antagelser om de forventede aktivværdier og rentesatser. Det betyder, at OPP-betalingerne, når OPP-aktivet ikke er opført på det offentliges status, må opdeles i en komponent svarende til anskaffelsen af et finansielt aktiv.
20.288
En alternativ metode er til sidst at bogføre ændringen af den juridiske og økonomiske ejendomsret som en kapitaloverførsel i naturalier. Kapitaloverførselsmetoden afspejler ikke den tilgrundliggende økonomiske virkelighed lige så godt, men det er den mest fornuftige at anvende, når der foreligger datamæssige begrænsninger, usikkerhed om aktivernes forventede restværdi og kontraktbestemmelser, der giver hver part en række forskellige optioner.
20.289
Et andet vigtigt problem opstår, når det offentlige anses for at være den økonomiske ejer af aktiverne, men ikke foretager en egentlig betaling, når kontrakten begynder at løbe. Der må i den forbindelse konstrueres en transaktion for at gennemføre anskaffelsen. Den mest almindelige fremgangsmåde er, at anskaffelsen gennemføres ved hjælp af et imputeret finansielt leasingforhold på grund af ligheden med egentlig finansiel leasing. Dette valg afhænger imidlertid af de pågældende kontraktbestemmelser, hvordan de fortolkes og eventuelt andre faktorer. For eksempel kan der imputeres et lån, og eventuelle egentlige betalinger fra det offentlige til selskabet kan omordnes, så en del af hver betaling repræsenterer tilbagebetaling af lånet. Hvis der ikke finder nogen egentlige betalinger fra det offentlige sted, kan der indføres ikkemonetære transaktioner for lånebetalingerne. Som andre betalinger fra det offentlige for aktivet kan tænkes en forudbetaling på en operationel leasingaftale, hvis der imputeres et operationelt leasingforhold, eller et immaterielt aktiv for selskabets adgangsret til aktiverne med henblik på produktion af tjenester.
20.290
Et andet vigtigt problem vedrører, hvordan produktionen måles. Uanset hvilke beslutninger der træffes om, hvilken enhed der er den økonomiske ejer af aktiverne i kontraktperioden, og hvordan det offentlige i sidste ende får ejendomsret til dem, er det vigtigt at sikre, at produktionen måles korrekt. Også her er der flere forskellige muligheder, og det afhænger af den enkelte situation og datatilgængeligheden, hvilke der er mest velegnede. Problemet opstår, når det offentlige anses for at være den økonomiske ejer af aktiverne, men aktiverne anvendes af selskabet til at producere tjenester. Det er ønskeligt at vise værdien af kapitaltjenesterne som en produktionsomkostning for selskabet, men dette kan kræve, at der imputeres et operationelt leasingforhold, hvilket igen kan kræve, at de faktiske transaktioner omordnes, eller at der opføres ikkemonetære transaktioner til at afspejle leasingbetalingerne. Et alternativ er at opføre kapitaltjenesteomkostningerne på produktionskontoen for offentlig forvaltning og service, men at klassificere det offentliges produktion på samme måde som selskabets, således at økonomiens samlede produktion klassificeres korrekt.
Transaktioner med internationale og overnationale organisationer
20.291
Der finder transaktioner sted mellem residente enheder og internationale eller overnationale organisationer i sektoren udlandet.
20.292
Et eksempel på sådanne transaktioner er transaktioner mellem ikkeoffentlige residenter og EU-institutioner, hvor disse anses for at være hovedparter i transaktionen, selv om offentlige enheder spiller en rolle som formidler ved at kanalisere midlerne. Hovedtransaktionerne registreres direkte mellem de to parter og har ingen virkning på den offentlige sektor. Det offentliges rolle registreres som en finansiel transaktion (F.89).
20.293
Registreringen af en række kategorier af transaktioner mellem nationale residenter og EU-institutioner er beskrevet nedenfor:
a)
Skatter og afgifter: Nogle produktskatter, f.eks. importafgifter og told, skal betales til EU-institutioner eller andre overnationale organisationer. Der er tre kategorier:
1)
dem, der skal betales direkte, f.eks. den tidligere EKSF-afgift for enheder inden for minedrift og jern- og stålproduktion, og som registreres direkte
2)
dem, der opkræves af nationale myndigheder på vegne af EU-institutionerne eller andre overnationale organisationer, men hvor skatten anses for at skulle betales direkte af de residente producenter. Som eksempler kan nævnes told på importerede landbrugsprodukter, monetære udligningsbeløb på import og eksport, sukkerproduktionsafgift og afgift på isoglucose, medansvarsafgifter på mælk og korn samt told opkrævet efter De Europæiske Fællesskabers integrerede toldtarif. Sådanne poster registreres direkte fra producenterne til den overnationale organisation, mens det offentliges rolle som mellemled registreres som en finansiel transaktion
3)
momstilgodehavender i hver medlemsstat. Disse registreres som de nationale offentlige myndigheders tilgodehavender, mens de beløb, som medlemsstaterne indbetaler til EU, registreres som en løbende overførsel (D.76). Overførslen fra det offentlige registreres, når den skal betales.
b)
Subsidier: Subsidier, der betales direkte af overnationale organisationer til residente producenter, registreres som betalt direkte af den overnationale organisation og ikke en resident offentlig enhed. Subsidier, der betales til residente producenter, og som kanaliseres gennem offentlige enheder som mellemled, registreres på samme måde direkte mellem hovedparterne, men opføres også under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender (F.89) på det offentliges finansielle konti.
c)
Diverse løbende overførsler: Bidrag til Den Europæiske Unions budget fra medlemsstaterne for så vidt angår den tredje og fjerde indtægtskilde, hvorfra Den Europæiske Union får de egne indtægter. Den tredje ressource beregnes ved at anvende en standardsats på hver medlemsstats momsgrundlag. Den fjerde ressource er baseret på hver enkelt medlemsstats bruttonationalindkomst. Sådanne betalinger anses for at være obligatoriske overførsler fra offentlige enheder til Den Europæiske Union. De klassificeres som diverse løbende overførsler og registreres, når de skal betales.
d)
Løbende internationalt samarbejde: De fleste øvrige løbende overførsler, i form af penge eller naturalier, mellem det offentlige og ikkeresidente enheder, herunder internationale organisationer, klassificeres som løbende internationalt samarbejde. Dette indbefatter løbende hjælp til udviklingslande, løn til lærere, rådgivere og andre repræsentanter for det offentlige ved aktiviteter i udlandet osv. Det er et kendetegn ved løbende internationalt samarbejde, at det består af overførsler på frivillig basis.
e)
Kapitaloverførsler: En international eller overnational organisation kan yde eller modtage investeringstilskud, i form af penge eller naturalier, og andre kapitaloverførsler, særlig som modsvarende transaktion til gældsannullering eller gældsovertagelse.
f)
Finansielle transaktioner: Nogle finansielle transaktioner, normalt lån, kan registreres, når de ydes af internationale organisationer, f.eks. Verdensbanken og Den Internationale Valutafond. Offentlige investeringer i internationale og overnationale organisationers kapital bortset fra Den Internationale Valutafond klassificeres som andre ejerandelsbeviser (F.519), medmindre der ikke er nogen tilbagebetalingsmulighed; i så fald klassificeres de som løbende internationalt samarbejde.
20.294
EU-institutionerne foretager store løbende overførsler og kapitaloverførsler gennem strukturfondene, herunder Den Europæiske Socialfond, Den Europæiske Fond for Regionaludvikling og Samhørighedsfonden. De endelige modtagere af sådanne overførsler kan være både offentlige og ikkeoffentlige enheder.
20.295
Tilskud fra strukturfondene indebærer ofte medfinansiering, hvor EU bidrager med midler til en investering, som det offentlige foretager. Der kan forekomme en blanding af forudbetalinger, mellemliggende betalinger og endelige betalinger, der kan kanaliseres gennem mindst én offentlig enhed. Residente offentlige enheder kan også foretage forudbetalinger ud af forventede indtægter fra Den Europæiske Union.
20.296
Hvis modtagerne er ikkeoffentlige enheder, registreres offentlige betalinger, der er forskud på indtægter fra EU, som finansielle transaktioner under andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender. Modparten for den finansielle transaktion er EU, hvis tidspunktet for den ikkefinansielle transaktion er indtrådt, ellers modtageren. Posterne på kontiene for andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender afvikles, når den kontante betaling har fundet sted.
20.297
Registreringstidspunktet for overførsler i tilknytning til medfinansierede offentlige udgifter er, når Den Europæiske Unions tilladelse foreligger.
20.298
Der kan være tilfælde, hvor forskuddene fra det offentlige overstiger det godkendte beløb, når dette er blevet fastsat ved godkendelsesproceduren. Hvis modtageren kan tilbagebetale det overskydende beløb, indebærer det, at modtagerens ikkebetalte mellemværender med det offentlige afvikles. Hvis modtageren ikke kan betale det overskydende beløb tilbage, registreres der en kapitaloverførsel fra det offentlige, der annullerer det ikkebetalte mellemværende.
20.299
Hvis modtagerne er offentlige enheder, fremføres den offentlige indtægt til tidspunktet for udgiften, idet der hermed afviges fra de generelle regler for tidspunktet for registrering af sådanne overførsler. Hvis der er en væsentlig tidsmæssig forskydning mellem, hvornår de offentlige udgifter finder sted, og betalingen modtages, kan indtægterne registreres, når kravet indgives til Den Europæiske Union. Dette gælder kun, når: der ikke foreligger pålidelige oplysninger om tidspunktet for udgiften eller der er tale om store beløb eller den tidsmæssige forskydning mellem udgifterne og indgivelsen af kravet er lille.
20.300
Alle forudbetalinger fra Den Europæiske Union til offentlige enheder som endelige modtagere ved indledningen af flerårige programmer registreres som finansielle forskud.
Udviklingsbistand
20.301
Lande kan yde bistand til andre lande ved at udlåne midler til en rente, der bevidst sættes lavere end markedsrenten for et lån med en sammenlignelig risiko (koncessionelle lån, jf. afsnit »Regnskabsmæssige spørgsmål i forbindelse med sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service«, del 4), eller tilskud i form af penge eller naturalier.
20.302
Registreringen af den internationale bistand i form af naturalier, f.eks. levering af fødevarer, skaber ofte vanskeligheder. Priserne på de varer eller tjenester, der leveres i form af naturalier, f.eks. fødevarer, i modtagerlandet kan være helt forskellige fra priserne i donorlandet. Generelt bør værdien af gaven til modtageren anses for at svare til omkostningerne ved at yde bistanden til modtageren. Heraf følger, at priserne i donorlandet bør anvendes som grundlag for beregningen af værdien af gaven. Ud over selve varerne eller tjenesterne bør alle identificerbare ekstraomkostninger i forbindelse med leveringen af varerne eller tjenesterne medregnes, f.eks. transporten til det fremmede land, leveringen inden for det pågældende land, aflønning af offentligt ansatte i donorlandet i forbindelse med forsendelsen eller kontrol med leveringen, forsikring osv.
DEN OFFENTLIGE SEKTOR
20.303
Den offentlige sektor består af offentlig forvaltning og service og offentlige selskaber. De elementer, der udgør den offentlige sektor, findes allerede i hovedsektorstrukturen i ENS og kan omordnes, så der kan udarbejdes regnskaber for den offentlige sektor. Dette gøres, ved at delsektorerne under offentlig forvaltning og service og de offentlige delsektorer under de ikkefinansielle og finansielle selskaber samles.
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlig forvaltning og service
NPISH'er
Husholdninger
Offentlige
Offentlige
Offentlige
Private
Private
Private
Private
20.304
Offentlige finansielle selskaber kan underopdeles yderligere i centralbanken og andre offentlige finansielle selskaber, der igen kan underopdeles i delsektorer af finansielle selskaber efter behov.
Tabel 20.2 —
   
Den offentlige sektor og dens delsektorer
Offentlig forvaltning og service
Offentlige selskaber
Statslig forvaltning og service
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
Kommunal forvaltning og service
Sociale kasser og fonde sikring
Offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber
Offentlige finansielle selskaber
Centralbanken
Andre offentlige finansielle selskaber
20.305
Regnskaberne for den offentlige sektor kan udarbejdes efter ENS og kontosystemet heri, og i princippet er både konsoliderede og ikkekonsoliderede udgaver nyttige til analyseformål. Alternative præsentationer som f.eks. de konsoliderede og ikkekonsoliderede modstykker til statistikkerne over offentlige finanser, der er beskrevet tidligere i dette kapitel, er også nyttige.
20.306
Alle institutionelle enheder i den offentlige sektor er residente enheder, der kontrolleres af det offentlige, enten direkte eller indirekte gennem enheder under den offentlige sektor i fællesskab. Kontrol med en enhed defineres som beføjelser til at bestemme enhedens generelle politik. Dette er beskrevet mere indgående nedenfor.
20.307
Sondringen mellem en enhed under den offentlige sektor, der er en del af offentlig forvaltning og service, og et offentligt selskab foretages ud fra kriteriet markedsmæssig/ ikkemarkedsmæssig som beskrevet i kapitel 3 og ovenfor. Ikkemarkedsmæssige enheder under den offentlige sektor klassificeres under offentlig forvaltning og service, og markedsmæssige offentlige enheder klassificeres som offentlige selskaber. Den eneste undtagelse fra denne generelle regel vedrører bestemte finansielle institutioner, der enten fører tilsyn med eller servicerer den finansielle sektor. Disse klassificeres som offentlige finansielle selskaber, uanset om de er markedsmæssige eller ikkemarkedsmæssige.
20.308
En enheds retlige form kan ikke anvendes som rettesnor ved dens sektorklassificering. For eksempel kan nogle selskaber i den offentlige sektor, der er oprettet som juridiske personer, være ikkemarkedsmæssige enheder, således at de henføres til offentlig forvaltning og service og ikke betragtes som offentlige selskaber.
Offentlig kontrol
20.309
Kontrol med en resident enhed under den offentlige sektor defineres som beføjelser til at bestemme enhedens generelle politik. Dette kan være gennem direkte rettigheder, som indehaves af en enkelt enhed under den offentlige sektor, eller gennem flere enheders kollektive rettigheder. Følgende indikatorer viser, om der foreligger kontrol:
a)
Ret til at udnævne, nedlægge veto imod eller fjerne et flertal af ledende medarbejdere, bestyrelsesmedlemmer osv. Ret til at udnævne, fjerne, godkende eller nedlægge veto imod et flertal af medlemmerne af en enheds ledende organ er et tilstrækkeligt kriterium for, at der foreligger kontrol. Denne ret kan indehaves direkte af en enkelt enhed under den offentlige sektor eller gennem flere enheders kollektive rettigheder. Hvis de første udnævnelser kontrolleres af den offentlige sektor, men efterfølgende erstatninger ikke er underlagt denne kontrol, forbliver enheden under den offentlige sektor indtil det tidspunkt, hvor størstedelen af de ledende medarbejdere ikke udnævnes under kontrol.
b)
Ret til at udnævne, nedlægge veto mod eller fjerne ledende personale. Hvis den generelle politik i praksis fastlægges af vigtige medlemmer af ledelsen, f.eks. den administrerende direktør, formanden og finansdirektøren, får beføjelserne til at udnævne, nedlægge veto mod eller fjerne disse medarbejdere større betydning.
c)
Ret til at udnævne, nedlægge veto imod eller fjerne et flertal af medlemmerne af vigtige udvalg i enheden. Hvis vigtige elementer i den generelle politik, f.eks. aflønning af ledende personale og forretningsstrategien, er uddelegeret til underudvalg, så er retten til at udnævne, fjerne eller nedlægge veto mod ledende medlemmer af disse underudvalg et kriterium for, at der foreligger kontrol.
d)
Besiddelse af hovedparten af stemmerettighederne. Hvis hovedparten af stemmerettighederne besiddes, vil der normalt foreligge kontrol, forudsat at beslutningerne træffes efter princippet én aktie-én stemme. Aktierne kan ejes direkte eller indirekte gennem fælles ejendomsret tilhørende alle enheder under den offentlige sektor. Hvis beslutningerne ikke træffes efter princippet én aktie-én stemme, bør forholdene analyseres nærmere for at afgøre, om den offentlige sektor har flertalsret.
e)
Rettigheder i henhold til særlige aktier og optioner. Aktier med særlige rettigheder (golden shares) var tidligere almindelige i privatiserede selskaber og forekommer også i nogle SPE'er. I nogle tilfælde giver de enheder under den offentlige sektor en række rettigheder til beskyttelse af bestemte interesser, enten permanent eller med tidsbegrænsning. At der findes sådanne aktier, er ikke i sig selv en indikator for kontrol, men forholdet må analyseres nærmere, navnlig hvornår rettighederne kan gøres gældende. Hvis rettighederne påvirker enhedens løbende generelle politik, vil de have betydning for, hvordan klassificeringen skal ske. I andre tilfælde vil der være tale om særlige beføjelser, der kan give ret til at kontrollere den generelle politik i nødsituationer osv. Disse anses ikke for at være relevante, hvis de ikke har virkning på den løbende politik, selv om de, hvis de udnyttes, normalt vil medføre omgående omklassificering. Forekomsten af aktieoptioner i enheder under den offentlige sektor i visse tilfælde er en lignende situation, og det må vurderes, om retten til at anvende optionen påvirker enhedens generelle politik.
f)
Ret til at kontrollere i kraft af kontraktmæssige aftaler. Hvis en enheds samlede salg finder sted til en enkelt enhed under den offentlige sektor eller en gruppe enheder under den offentlige sektor, kan der foreligge dominerende indflydelse, der kan anses for at være kontrol. At der er andre kunder, eller at der kan være andre kunder, er en indikator for, at enheden ikke kontrolleres af enheder under den offentlige sektor. Hvis enheden på grund af den offentlige sektors indflydelse kun har begrænset mulighed for at handle med kunder uden for den offentlige sektor, er dette en indikator for, at der foreligger kontrol fra den offentlige sektors side.
g)
Ret til kontrol på grundlag af låneaftaler. Långivere kræver ofte mulighed for kontrol som betingelse for at yde lån. Hvis den offentlige sektor kræver kontrol ved långivning eller for at nedbringe risikoen ved garantistillelse, og denne kontrol er strengere end den, en enhed under den private sektor normalt ville blive udsat for i en bank, indikerer det kontrol. Hvis en enhed skal indhente tilladelse fra den offentlige sektor for at kunne optage lån, er dette en indikator for kontrol.
h)
Kontrol via overdreven regulering. Hvis der er tale om så snæver regulering, at den i praksis dikterer foretagendets generelle politik, er det en form for kontrol. Offentlige myndigheder kan i nogle tilfælde have store reguleringsmæssige beføjelser, særlig på områder som monopoler og privatiserede forsyningsvirksomheder, hvor der er et element af forsyningspligt. Der kan forekomme reguleringsmæssige beføjelser på vigtige områder, f.eks. prisfastsættelse, uden at enheden overdrager kontrollen med den generelle politik. Hvis enheden selv har valgt at operere i et meget reguleret miljø, er det på samme måde en indikator for, at enheden ikke er underlagt kontrol.
i)
Andet. Der kan også opnås kontrol gennem beføjelser eller rettigheder fastsat i en enheds vedtægter, f.eks. med henblik på at fastsætte begrænsninger med hensyn til aktiviteter, mål og drift, godkende budgetter, forhindre vedtægtsændringer eller likvidation, godkende udbytte eller bringe forbindelserne med den offentlige sektor til ophør. En enhed, der i fuldt eller næsten fuldt omfang finansieres af den offentlige sektor, anses for at være kontrolleret, hvis kontrollen med de midler, der stilles til rådighed, er restriktiv nok til at bestemme den generelle politik på området.
20.310
Hver klassificering må vurderes særskilt, og nogle af disse indikatorer er nødvendigvis ikke relevante for hvert enkelt tilfælde. Nogle indikatorer, f.eks. 20.309, a), c) og d), er i sig selv nok til, at der foreligger kontrol. I andre tilfælde kan en række separate indikatorer tilsammen være tegn på kontrol.
Centralbanker
20.311
Centralbanker anses normalt for at være offentlige finansielle selskaber, også hvis den juridiske ejendomsret helt eller for hovedpartens vedkommende indehaves af andre end det offentlige. De anses for at være offentlige selskaber, fordi det offentlige har den økonomiske ejendomsret eller udøver kontrol på anden måde.
20.312
En centralbank er en finansiel formidler, hvis aktiviteter er underlagt særlige juridiske bestemmelser, og som er underlagt generel kontrol fra det offentliges side, idet den repræsenterer nationale interesser, selv om centralbanken har en høj grad af selvstændighed eller uafhængighed ved udøvelsen af sin hovedaktivitet (særlig pengepolitikken). Det afgørende punkt her er centralbankens hovedfunktion og -aktivitet — at forvalte et lands reserveaktiver, at udstede landets valuta og at føre pengepolitik — og ikke dens retlige status. Det offentlige har ofte et formelt krav på likvidationsprovenuet.
20.313
Da staten har disse rettigheder, og på grund af den rolle, det offentlige spiller, opføres det offentliges ejendomsret til centralbankens egenkapital — eller til de reserveaktiver, som centralbanken forvalter — i nationalregnskabet som en økonomisk ejendomsret, også selv om der i nogle tilfælde ikke foreligger juridisk ejendomsret.
Offentlige kvasiselskaber
20.314
Offentlige kvasiselskaber har ikke uafhængige selskabers juridiske kendetegn, men agerer dog så selvstændigt i forhold til deres ejere, og i højere grad som enheder inden for sektorerne ikkefinansielle selskaber og finansielle selskaber, at de anses for at være institutionelle enheder.
20.315
Kvasiselskabets aktiviteter skal være afgrænset, og der skal foreligge tilstrækkelige oplysninger til, at der kan udarbejdes et fuldstændigt sæt regnskaber (jf.2.13), lige som der skal være tale om markedsmæssige enheder.
SPE'er og ikkeresidenter
20.316
Enheder under den offentlige sektor kan oprette eller anvende SPE'er (special purpose entities) eller SPV'er (special purpose vehicles). Sådanne enheder har ofte ikke nogen ansatte eller ikkefinansielle aktiver, og deres tilstedeværelse kan være begrænset til et postkasseselskab som bekræftelse på deres registreringssted. De kan være residenter på et andet lands område.
20.317
SPE'er oprettet af den offentlige sektor må analyseres, før det kan afgøres, om de har beføjelser til at handle uafhængigt, om der er begrænsninger for deres aktiviteter, og om de bærer risikoen og høster fordelene ved de aktiver og passiver, de ejer. Hvis de ikke opfylder sådanne kriterier, anses de ikke for at være særskilte institutionelle enheder, og hvis de er residente, konsolideres de med den enhed under den offentlige sektor, der har oprettet dem. Hvis de er ikkeresidenter, opføres de på kontoen for udlandet, og de transaktioner, de gennemfører, omdirigeres via den enhed under den offentlige sektor, som har oprettet dem.
20.318
Ikkeresidente internationale joint ventures mellem lande, hvor ingen part har den afgørende kontrol med enheden, henføres forholdsmæssigt til landene som fiktive residente enheder.
Joint ventures
20.319
Enheder under den offentlige og den private sektor kan oprette et joint venture, hvorved der skabes en institutionel enhed. Den pågældende enhed kan indgå kontrakter i sit eget navn og rejse midler til egne formål. Enheden henføres under den offentlige eller den private sektor, afhængigt af hvilken sektor der kontrollerer den.
20.320
I praksis er der i forbindelse med de fleste joint ventures fælles kontrol. Hvis enheden klassificeres som ikkemarkedsmæssig, henføres den pr. konvention til offentlig forvaltning og service, da den agerer som en offentlig enhed. Hvis enheden klassificeres som en markedsproducent, og kontrollen er fordelt ligeligt, opdeles enheden i to halvdele, hvor den ene halvdel henføres til den offentlige sektor, og den anden halvdel henføres til den private sektor.
(
1
)
  Det ENS-baserede mål for provenuet af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger i alt stemmer overens med de størrelser, der anvendes i OECD's provenustatistikker, bortset fra registreringen af betalingspligtige skattegodtgørelser og imputerede bidrag til sociale ordninger. Registreringen i ENS af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger er også harmoniseret med IMF's statistikker over offentlige finanser, dog med enkelte forskelle hvad angår opdelingerne.
KAPITEL 21
FORBINDELSER MELLEM VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER OG NATIONALREGNSKABER OG MÅLING AF VIRKSOMHEDERS AKTIVITETER
21.01
Virksomhedsregnskaber udgør sammen med virksomhedsundersøgelser en væsentlig informationskilde om virksomheders aktiviteter i nationalregnskaber. Nationalregnskaber og virksomhedsregnskaber har en række fælles træk, hvoraf især kan nævnes:
a)
registrering af transaktioner på konti, dvs. i en tabel med to kolonner
b)
monetær værdiansættelse
c)
anvendelse af saldoposter
d)
registrering af transaktioner, når de finder sted
e)
regnskabssystemets indre konsistens.
Et nationalregnskab adskiller sig imidlertid fra et virksomhedsregnskab på en række punkter, da det har et andet formål: Et nationalregnskab sigter mod at beskrive alle et lands aktiviteter i et konsistent system og ikke kun en virksomheds eller en koncerns aktiviteter. Målet om at have et ensartet billede af alle enheder i en økonomi og deres forbindelser med den øvrige verden giver nogle begrænsninger, som virksomhedsregnskaber ikke har.
21.02
For nationalregnskaber gælder der internationale standarder, som er fælles for alle lande i verden. Udviklingen og anvendelsen af virksomhedsregnskaber er forskellig fra land til land. Virksomhedsregnskaber er dog på vej mod at anvende fælles internationale standarder. Harmoniseringen på verdensplan begyndte den 29. juni 1973 med oprettelsen af IASC (International Accounting Standards Committee), hvis opgave det var at udarbejde grundlæggende regnskabsstandarder, benævnt IAS (International Accounting Standards) og senere IFRS (International Financing Reporting Standards), som kunne anvendes verden over. Siden 2005 har EU-børsnoterede selskabers konsoliderede regnskaber inden for Den Europæiske Union været udarbejdet i overensstemmelse med IFRS-referencerammen.
21.03
De nærmere retningslinjer for, hvad et virksomhedsregnskab skal indeholde, og hvordan et virksomhedsregnskab hænger sammen med et nationalregnskab er beskrevet i specialiserede manualer. I dette kapitel besvares de mest almindelige spørgsmål, som opstår ved udarbejdelse af et nationalregnskab på grundlag af virksomhedsregnskaber, og desuden behandles specifikke spørgsmål vedrørende måling af virksomheders aktiviteter.
SPECIFIKKE REGLER OG METODER INDEN FOR VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER
21.04
For at kunne udtrække oplysninger fra virksomhedsregnskaber er det for at kunne udarbejde nationalregnskaber nødvendigt at have kendskab til de internationale regnskabsstandarder for private virksomheder og for offentlige organer. Regnskabsstandarderne for private virksomheder udarbejdes og ajourføres af International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) og for offentlige organers vedkommende af International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB). I det følgende gøres der rede for de generelle principper for virksomhedsregnskaber.
Registreringstidspunkt
21.05
I et virksomhedsregnskab registreres transaktioner, når de finder sted, hvilket kan give anledning til krav og forpligtelser uafhængigt af betalingen. Registreringen sker efter optjeningstidspunkt og ikke på kassebasis. Et nationalregnskab registreres også efter optjeningstidspunktet.
Dobbelt bogholderi/firdobbelt bogholderi
21.06
I virksomhedsregnskaber bliver hver enkelt transaktion i virksomheden registreret på mindst to forskellige konti, dvs. det samme beløb én gang på debetsiden og én gang på kreditsiden. Denne metode med dobbelt bogholderi gør det muligt at kontrollere kontienes konsistens.
I et nationalregnskab kan et firdobbelt bogholderi også anvendes for de fleste transaktioner. En transaktion registreres to gange af hver af de involverede institutionelle enheder, f.eks. én gang som en ikkefinansiel transaktion på produktionskontoen, indkomstkontoen eller kapitalkontoen og én gang som en finansiel transaktion i forbindelse med ændringer i finansielle aktiver og passiver.
Værdiansættelse
21.07
I et virksomhedsregnskab og i et nationalregnskab registreres transaktioner til den pris, som parterne er blevet enige om.
Aktiver og passiver værdiansættes generelt til deres oprindelige eller historiske pris i virksomheders regnskaber, eventuelt sammen med andre priser, f.eks. markedspriser for lagerbeholdninger. Finansielle instrumenter bør ansættes til dagsværdi, der gerne skulle afspejle observerede markedspriser, om nødvendigt ved anvendelse af særlige værdiansættelsesteknikker.
I et nationalregnskab registreres aktiver og passiver til nutidsværdi på det tidspunkt, statuskontoen refererer til, og ikke til deres oprindelige værdi.
Resultatopgørelse og balance
21.08
Virksomhedsregnskaber består af to regnskaber: resultatopgørelsen og balancen. I resultatopgørelsen opføres indtægts- og udgiftstransaktioner og i balancen beholdninger af aktiver og passiver. Disse regnskaber viser kontienes saldi og transaktionerne på et aggregeret niveau. Regnskaberne præsenteres i form af konti, og begge regnskaber er tæt forbundet. Resultatopgørelsens saldo viser virksomhedens overskud eller tab. Overskuddet eller tabet fremgår også af statusopgørelsen.
21.09
Transaktionskontiene, hvis saldo indgår i resultatopgørelsen, er strømkonti. Deres formål er at vise de samlede indtægter og udgifter i løbet af regnskabsåret.
21.10
Balancer består af beholdningskonti. De viser aktivernes og passivernes værdi ved regnskabsårets afslutning.
NATIONALREGNSKABER OG VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER: PRAKTISKE FORHOLD
21.11
For at man ved udarbejdelsen af nationalregnskaber kan anvende virksomhedsregnskaber i vid udstrækning og ikke kun i isolerede tilfælde, skal en række betingelser være opfyldt.
For det første skal der være adgang til virksomhedernes regnskaber. Normalt er større virksomheder pligtige til at offentliggøre deres regnskaber. Private eller offentlige organer har oprettet databaser med disse regnskaber, og det er vigtigt, at man ved udarbejdelsen af nationalregnskaber har adgang til disse. For store virksomheders vedkommende er det normalt muligt at få regnskaberne direkte fra virksomhederne selv.
For det andet skal der være et vist minimum af standardisering af de regnskabsdokumenter, som virksomhederne offentliggør, da det er en nødvendig forudsætning for elektronisk databehandling. En høj standardiseringsgrad skyldes ofte, at et organ indsamler regnskaber fra virksomheder i en standardiseret form. Indsamlingen af regnskaber kan ske frivilligt, f.eks. når et organ har et regnskabscenter, som udfører analyser for sine medlemmer, eller det kan være lovpligtigt, som når det er en skattemyndighed, der kræver indsendelse af regnskab. I begge tilfælde skal man ved udarbejdelsen af nationalregnskabet anmode om adgang til databaserne og overholde den gældende fortrolighedspolitik.
21.12
Virksomhedsregnskaber kan anvendes, selv når regnskaberne ikke er udarbejdet i en standardiseret form. I mange lande domineres de økonomiske sektorer af nogle få store virksomheder, og regnskaberne for disse store virksomheder kan anvendes til nationalregnskaberne. Der kan også findes nyttige oplysninger i regnskabernes noter, f.eks. flere detaljer og vejledning om, hvordan regnskabsposterne skal forstås.
21.13
Virksomhedsundersøgelser er nationalregnskabernes anden store kilde til data om virksomheders aktiviteter. Sådanne undersøgelser giver tilfredsstillende resultater, hvis de stillede spørgsmål svarer til virksomhedsregnskabernes poster og begreber. En virksomhed kan ikke levere pålidelige oplysninger, hvis de ikke er baseret på virksomhedens eget interne informationssystem. Det er almindeligvis nødvendigt at anvende virksomhedsundersøgelser selv i heldigste fald, hvor nationalregnskabsstatistikere har adgang til regnskabsdatabaser, da oplysningerne i sådanne databaser sjældent er detaljerede nok til at kunne opfylde alle nationalregnskabsstatistikeres behov.
21.14
Globaliseringen gør det vanskeligt at anvende virksomhedsregnskaber til udarbejdelse af nationalregnskaber. Virksomhedsregnskaber skal udarbejdes på et nationalt grundlag for at være anvendelige, og det er ikke tilfældet, når virksomheder har datterselskaber i udlandet. Når virksomhedens aktiviteter rækker ud over landets grænser, er tilpasninger nødvendige for at få et nationalt billede ud fra virksomhedens regnskaber. Virksomheder skal enten levere regnskaber på nationalt grundlag til databasen over virksomhedsregnskaber eller tilpasse regnskabet til et nationalt grundlag. Når skattemyndighederne indsamler regnskaberne fra virksomhederne, kræver skattemyndighederne normalt, at dataene udarbejdes på et nationalt grundlag, således at der kan beregnes skat af driftsresultatet. På denne måde er virksomhedsregnskaberne bedst egnet, når de skal anvendes til nationalregnskaber.
21.15
En andet praktisk betingelse er, at regnskabsåret bør svare til nationalregnskabernes referenceperiode. For årsregnskaber er dette normalt kalenderåret, og derfor er det ønskeligt, at regnskabsåret for størstedelen af disse virksomheder begynder den 1. januar for at gøre bedst mulig brug af virksomhedsregnskaberne. Virksomheder kan vælge andre datoer for regnskabsårets begyndelse. For transaktioner, som svarer til strømme i nationalregnskaberne, er det ofte acceptabelt at omdanne et regnskab til et kalenderår ved at sammenlægge dele af to på hinanden følgende regnskabsår. Men for balancer giver denne metode mindre tilfredsstillende resultater, især for poster, hvor der er hyppige udsving i løbet af året. Store virksomheder udarbejder ofte kvartalsregnskaber, men det sker sjældent systematisk.
OVERGANGEN FRA VIRKSOMHEDSREGNSKABER TIL NATIONALREGNSKABER: IKKEFINANSIELLE VIRKSOMHEDER SOM EKSEMPEL
21.16
For at data fra ikkefinansielle virksomheders regnskaber kan anvendes til udarbejdelsen af nationalregnskaber, kræves der adskillige tilpasninger. Disse tilpasninger kan grupperes i tre kategorier: begrebsmæssige tilpasninger, tilpasninger for at sikre konsistens med andre sektorers regnskaber og tilpasninger med hensyn til fuldstændighed.
Begrebsmæssige tilpasninger
21.17
Begrebsmæssige tilpasninger er nødvendige, fordi virksomhedsregnskaber ikke er baseret på præcis de samme begreber som nationalregnskaberne, og fordi værdiansættelsesmetoderne kan være forskellige, selv om begreberne ligger tæt op ad hinanden. Eksempler på begrebsmæssige tilpasninger for beregning af produktionen:
a)
Tilpasning for omregning til basispris. Virksomheders omsætning opgøres normalt eksklusive moms, men ofte inklusive produktskatter. Omvendt medregnes produktsubsidier sjældent i omsætningen. Det er derfor nødvendigt at tilpasse virksomhedsregnskabernes data ved at fratrække produktskatter og tillægge produktsubsidier for at få et skøn over produktionen i basispriser.
b)
Forsikringspræmier. De forsikringspræmier, som virksomheder betaler, er en del af deres udgifter, men i nationalregnskaber kræves det, at de opdeles i tre elementer: nettopræmier, forsikringstjenesten og tillægspræmier. Kun tjenestedelen betragtes som forbrug i produktionen, og der foretages en korrektion ved at trække nettopræmier og tillægspræmie fra bruttobetalingerne.
Tilpasninger for at opnå konsistens med andre sektorers regnskaber
21.18
Nationalregnskaber kræver, at virksomhedernes regnskaber er i overensstemmelse med regnskaberne for andre virksomheder og enheder i andre institutionelle sektorer. Skatter og subsidier, som er værdiansat på grundlag af virksomhedernes regnskaber, skal således være konsistente med skatter og subsidier, som offentlige forvaltninger modtager eller betaler. I praksis overholdes dette ikke, og det er nødvendigt med regler for at opnå konsistens. Normalt er oplysninger fra offentlig forvaltning og service mere pålidelige end virksomhedernes oplysninger, hvorfor virksomhedernes regnskabsdata skal tilpasses.
Eksempler på tilpasninger med henblik på fuldstændighed
21.19
Eksempler på tilpasninger af virksomheders regnskabsdata med henblik på fuldstændighed er manglende statistiske data, fritagelse for skat og arbejdsmarkedsoplysninger og skatteunddragelse.
Følgende er eksempler på specifikke tilpasninger:
a)
Unddragelse af oplysninger vedrørende solgt produktion og salg af handelsvarer. Virksomheder kan undertiden sætte værdien af salg lavere for at undgå at betale skat, og der korrigeres for denne lavere ansættelse ud fra skattekontorernes oplysninger.
b)
Aflønning i naturalier er lønmodtageres indkomst i form af varer og tjenester, de får leveret gratis. Når denne produktion og denne indkomst ikke er registreret i virksomhedsregnskaberne, korrigeres de registrerede værdier til brug for nationalregnskaberne. Hvis lønmodtagerne har fri bolig, medregnes der en anslået husleje i produktionen og lønmodtagernes indkomst, hvor disse ikke allerede er medregnet i virksomhedsregnskaberne.
c)
Drikkepenge. Hvis medarbejdere modtager drikkepenge fra virksomhedens kunder, skal det betragtes som en del af omsætningen og således af produktionen. Drikkepenge, som ikke registreres som produktion, og lønmodtageres indkomst i virksomhedsregnskaber værdiansættes skønsmæssigt, og produktion og indkomst tilpasses til brug for nationalregnskaberne.
SÆRLIGE FORHOLD
Kapitalgevinster og -tab
21.20
Kapitalgevinster og -tab udgør en af de største vanskeligheder ved overgangen fra virksomhedsregnskaber til nationalregnskaber hovedsagelig på grund af arten af de oplysninger, som virksomhedsregnskaberne indeholder. Forbrug af råmaterialer i produktionen behøver f.eks. ikke være et direkte køb, men kan være fraført lagerbeholdningen. I nationalregnskaber værdiansættes afgang fra lager til løbende markedspris, mens afgang fra lager i virksomhedsregnskaber ansættes til anskaffelsesprisen. Forskellen mellem de to priser er en kapitalgevinst eller et kapitaltab i nationalregnskaber.
21.21
Det er ikke nemt at eliminere kapitalgevinster eller -tab på lager, da det kræver indsamling af talrige supplerende regnskabsoplysninger og brug af mange antagelser. De indsamlede oplysninger skal relatere sig til både arten af produkterne på lager og prisændringer i løbet af året. Da de tilgængelige oplysninger om arten af produkterne oftere relaterer sig til salg og køb end til selve lagrene, er det nødvendigt at basere skøn på modeller, hvis relevans det er vanskeligt at efterprøve. Men til trods for denne unøjagtighed er det prisen, der skal betales for at kunne anvende oplysningerne fra virksomhedsregnskaberne.
21.22
Når aktiverne ansættes til dagsværdi frem for anskaffelsesprisen, giver det et bedre billede af balancen, men derved genereres også flere data om kapitalgevinster og -tab.
Globalisering
21.23
Globaliseringen gør brugen af virksomhedsregnskaber vanskeligere, når virksomhederne har udenlandske afdelinger. Aktiviteter uden for landets grænser skal ikke indgå i regnskaberne, hvis de skal bruges til nationalregnskaber. En sådan udeladelse er vanskelig, undtagen i det gunstige tilfælde, hvor skatteregler kræver, at virksomheder skal offentliggøre regnskaber udelukkende for aktiviteterne inden for landets grænser. Multinationale koncerner gør en værdiansættelse vanskelig, da udvekslinger af varer og tjenester mellem datterselskaber kan ske på grundlag af priser, som ikke kan observeres på det frie marked, men som er fastlagt for at minimere den samlede skattebyrde. Nationalregnskabsstatistikere foretager tilpasninger for at bringe priser for koncerninterne transaktioner på linje med markedspriser. I praksis er dette særdeles vanskeligt på grund af manglende oplysninger og uden et sammenligneligt frit marked for højt specialiserede produkter. Tilpasninger kan kun ske undtagelsesvis ud fra en analyse, som er godkendt af eksperter på det pågældende område.
21.24
Globaliseringen har medvirket til genindførelsen af registrering af import og eksport, når varerne skifter ejer, frem for når de skifter fysisk placering. Det gør virksomhedsregnskaber mere egnede til nationalregnskaber, da virksomhedsregnskaber også er baseret på, at varer skifter ejer, frem for at de skifter fysisk placering. Når en virksomhed overlader forarbejdningen til en virksomhed uden for det nationale økonomiske område, er der et passende grundlag for, at virksomhedsregnskaber kan anvendes som datakilde for nationalregnskaber. Selv om dette er en hjælp, er der stadig mange uløste opgørelsesproblemer i forbindelse med multinationale virksomheder i nationalregnskaberne.
Fusioner og overtagelser
21.25
Omstrukturering af en virksomhed kan bevirke, at finansielle aktiver og passiver opstår eller forsvinder. Når en virksomhed ophører med at være en selvstændig juridisk enhed, fordi den er blevet overtaget af en eller flere virksomheder, forsvinder alle de finansielle aktiver/passiver, herunder aktier og andre ejerandele, som eksisterede mellem den pågældende virksomhed og de overtagende virksomheder, fra nationalregnskabssystemet. Dette registreres som ændringer i sektorklassifikation og -struktur på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status.
21.26
Imidlertid registreres en virksomheds køb af aktier og andre ejerandele som led i en fusion som en finansiel transaktion mellem den overtagende virksomhed og den tidligere ejer. Udskiftning af eksisterende aktier med aktier i den overtagende eller nye virksomhed registreres som indløsning af aktier efterfulgt af udstedelsen af nye aktier. Finansielle aktiver/passiver mellem den overtagne virksomhed og tredjemand forbliver uændrede og overgår til den eller de overtagende virksomheder.
21.27
Når en virksomhed juridisk opdeles i to eller flere institutionelle enheder, registreres nye finansielle aktiver og passiver (opståen af finansielle aktiver) som ændringer i sektorklassifikationer og -struktur.
KAPITEL 22
SATELLITREGNSKABER
INDLEDNING
22.01
I dette kapitel gives en generel indførelse i satellitregnskaber. Der gøres rede for, hvordan hovedregnskabet kan anvendes som byggesten til at opfylde mange vigtige specifikke databehov.
22.02
I forbindelse med satellitregnskaberne udbygges og ændres tabellerne og kontiene i hovedregnskabet for at opfylde særlige databehov.
22.03
Hovedregnskabet består af:
a)
integrerede økonomiske konti (kontiene for de institutionelle sektorer), der giver et overblik over alle økonomiske strømme og beholdninger
b)
et input-output-system, der giver et overblik over tilgang og anvendelse af varer og tjenester i løbende priser og i mængdeopgørelser
c)
tabeller, som forbinder brancheoplysningerne i input-output-systemet med kontiene for de institutionelle sektorer
d)
tabeller over det offentliges, husholdningernes og selskabers udgifter efter formål
e)
tabeller over befolkning og beskæftigelse.
Kontiene og tabellerne kan udarbejdes på års- eller kvartalsbasis og kan være nationale eller regionale.
22.04
Satellitregnskaber kan opfylde særlige databehov, idet de indeholder mere detaljerede oplysninger, anvender begreber fra hovedregnskabet på en anden måde eller leverer supplerende oplysninger, f.eks. om ikkemonetære strømme og beholdninger. De kan afvige fra begreberne i hovedregnskabet. Når begreberne ændres, kan de bedre knyttes til økonomiteoretiske begreber såsom velfærd eller transaktionsomkostninger, administrative begreber såsom skattepligtig indkomst eller driftsresultat i virksomhedsregnskaber samt politikbegreber såsom strategiske brancher, videnøkonomien og erhvervsinvesteringer, der anvendes i den nationale eller europæiske økonomiske politik. I sådanne tilfælde indeholder satellitsystemet en tabel, der viser forbindelsen mellem dets vigtigste aggregater og aggregaterne i hovedregnskabet.
22.05
Satellitregnskaber spænder lige fra simple tabeller til omfattende sæt af konti. De kan udarbejdes og offentliggøres på års- eller kvartalsbasis. Nogle satellitregnskaber udarbejdes mindre hyppigt, f.eks. hvert femte år.
22.06
Satellitregnskaber kan have forskellige kendetegn:
a)
forbindelse med formål, hvilket er tilfældet i funktionelle satellitregnskaber
b)
forbindelse med brancher eller produkter (der er i så fald tale om en særlig form for sektorregnskaber)
c)
forbindelse med institutionelle sektorer (der er i så fald tale om en anden særlig form for sektorregnskaber)
d)
udbygning med fysiske eller andre ikkemonetære data
e)
yderligere oplysninger
f)
anvendelse af supplerende begreber
g)
ændring af visse grundbegreber
h)
anvendelse af modellering eller medtagelse af forsøgsresultater.
Et eller flere af de i litra a) til h) nævnte kendetegn kan gøre sig gældende i et givet satellitregnskab, jf. tabel 22.1.
Tabel 22.1 —
   
Oversigt over satellitregnskaber og deres vigtigste kendetegn
Otte kendetegn ved satellitregnskaber
Særlige sektorregnskaber
Funktionelle konti
Forbindelse med brancher eller produkter
Forbindelse med institutionelle sektorer
Medtagelse af ikkemonetære data
Yderligere oplysninger
Supplerende begreber
Andre grundbegreber
Forsøgsresultater og øget anvendelse af modellering
Indgår i EU's indberetningsprogram
1.   
Satellitregnskaber, som er beskrevet i dette kapitel
Landbrug
X
X
X
X
Miljø
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sundhed
X
X
X
X
X
X
Husholdningernes produktion
X
X
X
X
X
Arbejdskraft og SAM
X
X
X
X
Produktivitet og vækst
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FoU
X
X
X
X
X
X
Social beskyttelse
X
X
X
X
Turisme
X
X
X
X
X
2.   
Satellitregnskaber, som er beskrevet i andre kapitler
Betalingsbalance
X
X
X
Offentlige finanser
X
X
X
X
Finans- og valutastatistikker og pengestrømme
X
X
X
X
Supplerende tabel over pensioner
X
X
X
X
X
X
3.   
Eksempler på andre satellitregnskaber, for hvilke der foreligger internationale retningslinjer, eller som indgår i EU's dataindberetningsprogram
Selskabers aktiviteter
X
X
Den uformelle sektor
X
X
Nonprofitinstitutioner
X
X
X
Den offentlige sektor
X
X
Tabeller over skatteprovenu
X
X
X
22.07
I dette kapitel gøres der rede for kendetegnene ved satellitregnskaber, og følgende ni satellitregnskaber beskrives i korthed:
a)
landbrugsregnskaber
b)
miljøregnskaber
c)
sundhedsregnskaber
d)
regnskaber for husholdningernes produktion
e)
arbejdskraftregnskaber og samfundsmæssige regnskabsmatricer (SAM)
f)
produktivitets- og vækstregnskaber
g)
FoU-regnskaber
h)
regnskaber for social beskyttelse
i)
turismeregnskaber.
I andre kapitler gøres der rede for andre satellitregnskaber, f.eks. betalingsbalancen, statistikkerne over de offentlige finanser, finans- og valutastatistikker og den supplerende tabel over pensioner.
I 2008 SNA gøres der nøje rede for en række satellitregnskaber, som kun i begrænset omfang er omhandlet i ENS 2010. Det drejer sig bl.a. om:
a)
2008 SNA Kapitel 21 Regnskaber for selskabers aktiviteter
b)
2008 SNA Kapitel 22 Regnskaber for den offentlige sektor
c)
2008 SNA Kapitel 23 Regnskaber for nonprofitinstitutioner
d)
2008 SNA Kapitel 25 Regnskaber for den uformelle sektor.
For at kunne sammenligne skatteniveauet og skatternes sammensætning på internationalt plan indberettes den nationale skatteprovenustatistik til OECD, IMF og Eurostat. De begreber og data, der anvendes i den forbindelse, er tæt forbundet med nationalregnskabets begreber og data. Skatteprovenustatistikken er et eksempel på et satellitregnskab til nationalregnskabet.
Der er med disse eksempler tale om veletablerede satellitregnskaber, som er omfattet af internationale retningslinjer eller allerede indgår i et internationalt indberetningsprogram. Satellitregnskaber, der er udviklet i forskellige lande, viser, hvor vigtige og nyttige disse regnskaber er. Det gælder f.eks.:
a)
regnskaber for den kulturelle og kreative sektor, der viser denne sektors økonomiske betydning
b)
uddannelsesregnskaber, der viser den økonomiske betydning af tilbud på uddannelsesområdet samt af disses anvendelse og finansiering
c)
energiregnskaber, der viser den økonomiske betydning af de forskellige former for energi og deres forbindelse med import, eksport og offentlige skatter og subsidier
d)
fiskeri- og skovbrugsregnskaber, der viser disse sektorers økonomiske betydning på nationalt og regionalt plan
e)
IKT-regnskaber, der viser tilgang og anvendelse af vigtige IKT-produkter og oplysninger om IKT-producenter
f)
regnskaber for omfordeling via de offentlige udgifter, som viser, hvilke indkomstgrupper der nyder godt af det offentliges udgifter til uddannelse, sundhedspleje, kultur og bolig
g)
regnskaber for beboelsesbygninger, som viser den økonomiske betydning af beboelsesbygninger på nationalt og regionalt plan
h)
sikkerhedsrelaterede regnskaber, der viser offentlige og private udgifter til sikkerhed
i)
sportsrelaterede regnskaber, der viser sportens økonomiske betydning
j)
vandrelaterede regnskaber, der viser samspillet mellem det fysiske vandforsyningssystem og økonomien på nationalt plan og vandområdeplan.
22.08
I mange satellitregnskaber er tilgangen funktionel, dvs. formålsbestemt. De forskellige funktionelle klassifikationer beskrives i dette kapitel.
22.09
Det brede spektrum af satellitregnskaber viser, at nationalregnskaberne danner grundlag for mange forskellige statistikker. De viser desuden hovedregnskabets fordele og begrænsninger. Det forhold, at hovedregnskabets begreber, klassifikationer og præsentationsformer, f.eks. tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller, kan anvendes til en lang række emner, viser, at der med fordel kan udarbejdes satellitregnskaber, som er en fleksibel og relevant fremgangsmåde i forbindelse med disse emner. Samtidig viser de tilføjelser, omordninger og begrebsmæssige ændringer, der foretages, hvilke begrænsninger der er i hovedregnskabet, når det gælder undersøgelsen af disse emner. I f.eks. miljøregnskaberne udvides hovedregnskabet til også at omfatte miljøeksternaliteter, og i regnskaberne for husholdningernes produktion udvides produktionsgrænsen til også at omfatte ulønnede tjenester i hjemmet. Heraf fremgår, at hovedregnskabets produkt-, indkomst- og forbrugsbegreber ikke tager fuldstændigt højde for velfærd.
22.10
Satellitregnskaber har bl.a. følgende store fordele:
a)
De er baseret på klare definitioner.
b)
Der anvendes en systematisk regnskabsmetode. Eksempelvis kan nævnes opdelingen af en total i flere dimensioner, f.eks. tilgang og anvendelse af varer og tjenester efter produkt og efter branche; hvem, der fremstiller, betaler og nyder godt af en tjeneste; systematisk stock-flow-regnskabsføring; og konsistent monetær og ikkemonetær regnskabsføring. En systematisk regnskabsmetode er karakteriseret ved konsistens og kohærens. Den gør det desuden muligt at foretage bogføringsanalyser baseret på opsplitning — hvor ændringer i totalen forklares ved delændringer, ændringer i værdi ved mængde- og prisændringer og lagerændringer ved de modsvarende strømme — og de faste forholdstal, der anvendes i input-output-analysen. Sådanne bogføringsanalyser kan suppleres med modellering, hvor der tages hensyn til økonomisk adfærd.
c)
Forbindelse med grundlæggende nationalregnskabsbegreber. Eksempelvis kan nævnes de begreber, der anvendes for specifikke strømme og beholdninger såsom produktion, aflønning af ansatte, skatter, sociale ydelser og investeringer, begreberne i forbindelse med klassifikationerne efter branche og efter institutionel sektor, som f.eks. brancherne landbrug og fremstillingsvirksomhed eller sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, og vigtige saldoposter som f.eks. værditilvækst, nationalprodukt, disponibel indkomst og nettoformue. Sådanne grundlæggende nationalregnskabsbegreber er veletablerede i hele verden, stabile over tid og deres opgørelse er forholdsvis immun over for politisk pres.
d)
Forbindelse med nationalregnskabsstatistikker. Disse statistikker er lettilgængelige, sammenlignelige over tid og udarbejdet efter fælles internationale standarder, og de placerer satellitregnskabsopgørelserne inden for rammerne af den nationale økonomi og dennes hovedkomponenter som f.eks. forholdet mellem økonomisk vækst og offentlige finanser.
Funktionelle klassifikationer
22.11
I de funktionelle klassifikationer klassificeres udgifterne efter sektor og efter formål. Disse klassifikationer viser forbrugernes, det offentliges, nonprofitinstitutioners og producenters adfærd.
22.12
De fire forskellige funktionelle klassifikationer i ENS er:
a)
Klassifikation af privat forbrug efter formål (Coicop)
b)
Klassifikation af det offentliges udgifter efter formål (COFOG)
c)
Klassifikation efter formål af nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (COPNI)
d)
Klassifikation af producenternes udgifter efter formål (COPP).
22.13
I Coicop skelnes der mellem 14 hovedkategorier:
a)
Fødevarer og ikkealkoholiske drikkevarer
b)
Alkoholiske drikkevarer, tobak og euforiserende stoffer
c)
Beklædning og fodtøj
d)
Boligbenyttelse, vand, elektricitet, gas og andet brændsel
e)
Boligudstyr, husholdningstjenester mv.
f)
Sundhedsvæsen
g)
Transport
h)
Kommunikation
i)
Fritid og kultur
j)
Undervisning
k)
Restauranter og hoteller
l)
Diverse varer og tjenester
m)
Individuel forbrugsudgift i NPISH'er
n)
Individuel forbrugsudgift i offentlig forvaltning og service
Sammenlagt udgør de 12 første kategorier husholdningers samlede udgifter til individuelt forbrug. De to sidste er NPISH'ernes og offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter til individuelt forbrug, dvs. deres sociale overførsler i naturalier. Tilsammen udgør de 14 kategorier husholdningernes faktiske forbrug.
22.14
NPISH'ers og offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter til individuelt forbrug opdeles i fem fælles underkategorier svarende til store politikområder, nemlig bolig, sundhedsvæsen, fritid og kultur, undervisning og sociale foranstaltninger. Disse er også Coicop-funktioner for husholdningernes udgifter til individuelt forbrug; sociale foranstaltninger er en underkategori af 12 diverse varer og tjenester. For hver af disse fem fælles underkategorier viser Coicop således også, hvilke roller private husholdninger, det offentlige og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger har. Klassifikationen kan f.eks. beskrive det offentliges rolle med hensyn til at tilvejebringe boliger og administrere sundhedsvæsen og undervisning.
22.15
Coicop har også andre vigtige anvendelsesformål, idet underkategorierne f.eks. kan vise husholdningernes udgifter til varige forbrugsgoder. I forbindelse med forbrugsundersøgelser anvender man ofte et skema baseret på Coicop til indsamling af oplysninger om husholdningernes udgifter, som derefter kan opdeles på produkter i en tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel.
22.16
Klassifikationen af det offentliges udgifter efter formål (COFOG) er et vigtigt værktøj til beskrivelse og analyse af de offentlige finanser. Der skelnes mellem følgende 10 hovedkategorier:
a)
Generelle offentlige tjenester
b)
Forsvar
c)
Offentlig orden og sikkerhed
d)
Økonomiske anliggender
e)
Miljøbeskyttelse
f)
Boliger og offentlige faciliteter
g)
Sundhedsvæsen
h)
Fritid, kultur og religion
i)
Undervisning
j)
Social beskyttelse
Klassifikationen kan anvendes til at klassificere det offentliges udgifter til individuelt og kollektivt forbrug. Den tjener dog også til at vise, hvilken rolle andre former for udgifter, f.eks. subsidier, investeringstilskud og kontante sociale bistandsydelser, spiller i forbindelse med politikudformning.
22.17
Til beskrivelse og analyse af private NPISH'ers udgifter anvender man COPNI. Der skelnes mellem følgende ni hovedkategorier:
a)
Bolig
b)
Sundhedsvæsen
c)
Fritid og kultur
d)
Undervisning
e)
Social beskyttelse
f)
Religion
g)
Politiske partier, arbejdstagerorganisationer og brancheorganisationer
h)
Miljøbeskyttelse
i)
Tjenester i.a.n.
22.18
Til beskrivelse og analyse af producenters adfærd kan man anvende COPP. Der skelnes mellem seks hovedkategorier:
a)
Udgifter til infrastruktur
b)
Udgifter til forskning og udvikling
c)
Udgifter til miljøbeskyttelse
d)
Udgifter til markedsføring
e)
Udgifter til personaleudvikling
f)
Udgifter til løbende produktionsprogrammer samt til produktionsstyring og -ledelse
COPP kan sammen med oplysninger fordelt efter transaktion også levere oplysninger om udlicitering af forretningsservice, dvs. det forhold, at hjælpeaktiviteter erstattes af køb hos andre producenter af tilsvarende tjenester, f.eks. rengøring, kantinedrift, transport og forskning.
22.19
COFOG og COPP viser det offentliges og producenters udgifter til miljøbeskyttelse. Disse oplysninger anvendes til at beskrive og analysere samspillet mellem økonomisk vækst og miljø.
22.20
Nogle udgifter, f.eks. udgifter til forbrug og forbrug i produktionen, kan klassificeres efter formål og efter produktgruppe. Produktklassifikationen viser, hvilke produkter der er tale om, og beskriver de forskellige produktionsprocesser og disses forbindelse med tilgang og anvendelse af produkter. I modsætning til de funktionelle klassifikationer gælder følgende:
a)
udgifter til forskellige produkter kan have et enkelt formål
b)
udgifter til et enkelt produkt kan have forskellige formål
c)
nogle udgifter er ikke transaktioner i produkter, men kan være meget vigtige for en funktionel klassifikation; subsidier og kontante socialsikringsydelser er f.eks. vigtige for klassificeringen af offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter.
VIGTIGE KENDETEGN VED SATELLITREGNSKABER
Funktionelle satellitregnskaber
22.21
I de funktionelle satellitregnskaber er hovedvægten lagt på beskrivelse og analyse af økonomien i forbindelse med et formål, f.eks. miljø, sundhed eller forskning og udvikling. Til hvert enkelt formål svarer et sæt systematiske regnskabsregler. Regnskaberne giver ikke noget overblik over den nationale økonomi, men fokuserer på, hvad der er relevant for formålet. De viser derfor detaljer, som ikke er synlige i det aggregerede hovedregnskab. I disse regnskaber er der desuden foretaget en omordning af oplysningerne, der er tilføjet oplysninger om ikkemonetære strømme og beholdninger, oplysninger, som er irrelevante for det pågældende formål, er ikke medtaget, og funktionelle aggregater er defineret som nøglebegreber.
22.22
Hovedregnskabet er fortrinsvis af institutionel art. I et funktionelt satellitregnskab kan en funktionel tilgang være kombineret med en aktivitets- og produktanalyse. En sådan kombineret tilgang er en fordel inden for mange områder som f.eks. kultur, sport, uddannelse, sundhed, social beskyttelse, turisme, miljøbeskyttelse, forskning og udvikling (FoU), udviklingsstøtte, transport, sikkerhed og bolig. De fleste af områderne vedrører tjenester; de dækker som regel flere aktiviteter og svarer i mange tilfælde til emner, der har relation til spørgsmål om økonomisk vækst eller spørgsmål af social betydning.
22.23
De nationale udgifter til det pågældende formål er et nøglebegreb i de funktionelle satellitregnskaber, jf. tabel 22.2. Dette nøglebegreb kan også anvendes til at definere, hvad det funktionelle satellitregnskab dækker.
22.24
Til analyse af bestemte anvendelsesformål skal der stilles spørgsmål som f.eks. »Hvor mange ressourcer er der afsat til uddannelse, transport, turisme, miljøbeskyttelse og databehandling?« For at kunne svare på disse spørgsmål skal følgende afgøres:
a)
Hvilke produkter er relevante for det pågældende område? De nationale udgifter omfatter alle løbende anvendelser af og investeringer i disse produkter.
b)
For hvilke aktiviteter vil der blive registreret kapital?
c)
Hvilke overførsler er relevante for det pågældende område?
Tabel 22.2 —
   
Nationale udgifter til et bestemt formål eller produkt
Årlige dataserier
Faktisk forbrug af de pågældende produkter
Markedsmæssige produkter
Ikkemarkedsmæssige produkter
Individuelt forbrug
Kollektivt forbrug
Forbrug i produktionen
Faktisk
Internt
Bruttoinvesteringer
i de valgte produkter
andre
Valgte løbende overførsler
Valgte kapitaloverførsler
Anvendelse i residente enheder finansieret af udlandet
Nationale udgifter
Tabel 22.3 —
   
Tilgang af karakteristiske og tilknyttede produkter
Produktion efter branche
I alt
Import
Tilgang i alt i basispriser
Handels- og transportavancer
Produktskatter
Produktsubsidier(-)
Tilgang i alt i køberpriser
Karakteristiske producenter
Andre producenter
Hovedprodukt
Bi-produkt
Hjælpeaktivitet
I alt
Hovedprodukt
Bi-produkt
Hjælpeaktivitet
Karakteristiske produkter
1.
2.
…
Tilknyttede produkter
1.
2.
…
Andre produkter
I alt
Tabel 22.4 —
   
Anvendelse af karakteristiske og tilknyttede produkter
Produktionsomkostninger efter branche
I alt
Eksport
Forbrug
I alt
Investeringer
Anvendelse i alt i køberpriser
Karakteristiske producenter
Andre producenter
Husholdninger
Det offentlige
NPISH'er
Hovedprodukt
Bi-produkt
Hjælpeaktivitet
I alt
Hovedprodukt
Bi-produkt
Hjælpeaktivitet
Kollektivt Individuelt
Karakteristiske produkter
1.
2.
…
Tilknyttede produkter
1.
2.
…
Andre produkter
I alt
Aflønning af ansatte
Andre produktionsskatter, netto
Forbrug af fast realkapital
Særlige produkter (karakteristiske eller tilknyttede)
Andre
Overskud af produktionen, netto
I alt
Supplerende oplysninger
Forbrug af arbejdskraft
(Faste) bruttoinvesteringer
Særlige produkter
Andre
(Fast) realkapital, netto
Særlige produkter
Andre
22.25
Afhængigt af område fremhæves i udformningen af et satellitregnskab følgende:
a)
detaljerede analyser af produktion og anvendelse af bestemte varer og tjenester som f.eks. FoU, ikt eller transport
b)
detaljeret analyse af overførsler som f.eks. til social beskyttelse
c)
produktion, anvendelse og overførsler i lige omfang, f.eks. i forbindelse med uddannelse og sundhed
d)
anvendelse som sådan, f.eks. inden for turisme og miljøbeskyttelse
e)
det offentliges og nonprofitinstitutioners finansiering af social beskyttelse og sundhed.
22.26
Der kan skelnes mellem to typer produkter, nemlig karakteristiske produkter og tilknyttede produkter. Den første kategori omfatter de produkter, der er typiske for det undersøgte område. Satellitregnskabet kan for disse produkter vise, hvordan de produceres, hvilke typer producenter der er involveret, hvilke former for arbejdskraft og fast realkapital der anvendes, og hvor effektiv produktionsprocessen er. For f.eks. sundhed er de karakteristiske produkter sundhedstjenester, offentlig forvaltning, uddannelse og FoU inden for sundhed.
22.27
Tilknyttede produkter er relevante for et formål uden at være typiske, enten på grund af deres særlige karakter eller fordi de er klassificeret i bredere kategorier af produkter. Patienttransport er f.eks. en tilknyttet tjeneste i forbindelse med sundhed. Andre eksempler på tilknyttede produkter er lægemidler og medicinsk udstyr som f.eks. briller. For sådanne produkter viser satellitregnskabet ikke de særlige produktionsprocesser. Hvor grænsen mellem karakteristiske og tilknyttede produkter præcist går, afhænger af landets økonomiske struktur og af formålet med satellitregnskabet.
22.28
Nogle tjenester kan optræde i to eller flere satellitregnskaber. For eksempel er forskning i sundhedstjenester på højere læreanstalter et produkt, som er relevant i forbindelse med satellitregnskaber for både FoU og uddannelse og sundhed. Dette indebærer, at der også kan være en vis overlapning i de nationale udgifter til forskellige formål. En simpel aggregering af sådanne udgifter med henblik på at beregne de samlede udgifter i procent af BNP kan føre til dobbelttælling.
22.29
Begreberne i satellitregnskabet kan afvige fra begreberne i hovedregnskabet. I satellitregnskaberne for uddannelse og sundhed kan frivilligt arbejde f.eks. være medtaget. I et satellitregnskab for transport kan hjælpetransporttjenester være vist separat. I et satellitregnskab for udviklingsstøtte tages der højde for lån på gunstige betingelser. De fordele eller omkostninger, der er forbundet med lavere renter end markedsrenterne, bogføres som implicitte overførsler.
22.30
I forbindelse med satellitregnskaber for social beskyttelse og udviklingsstøtte udgør specifikke overførsler hovedparten af de nationale udgifter. På andre områder, f.eks. uddannelse og sundhed, er størsteparten af overførslerne — de fleste i naturalier — bestemt til at finansiere brugernes erhvervelse af ydelser. Heri ligger, at de allerede er medregnet under udgifter til forbrug, forbrug i produktionen og investeringer og ikke bør registreres endnu en gang. Dette gælder dog ikke alle overførsler, idet f.eks. stipendier kan anvendes til også at finansiere forskellige andre udgifter end studieafgifter og lærebøger; denne residual bør i givet fald bogføres som en overførsel i satellitregnskabet.
22.31
Det funktionelle satellitregnskab kan give et overblik over brugerne eller de begunstigede. Klassifikationen af brugere og begunstigede kan baseres på klassifikationen af institutionelle sektorer og typer af producenter, f.eks. markedsmæssige producenter, ikkemarkedsmæssige producenter, det offentlige som kollektiv forbruger, husholdningerne som forbrugere og udlandet. Der kan skelnes mellem forskellige underkategorier, f.eks. fordelt efter branche eller efter institutionel delsektor.
22.32
I mange satellitregnskaber er husholdninger eller enkeltpersoner den vigtigste type brugere og begunstigede. For at kunne anvendes i forbindelse med socialpolitik og social analyse er det nødvendigt med en yderligere opdeling af husholdninger. Der kan anvendes forskellige kriterier alt efter formål, f.eks. indkomst, alder, køn, bopæl mv. Til politik- og analyseformål er det nødvendigt at vide, hvor mange mennesker der er berørt i hver enkelt kategori, således at man kan beregne det gennemsnitlige forbrug eller den gennemsnitlige overførsel eller det antal personer, der ikke begunstiges.
Særlige sektorregnskaber
22.33
De særlige sektorregnskaber giver et overblik over en enkelt branche eller et enkelt produkt, en gruppe af forskellige brancher eller produkter, en enkelt delsektor eller en gruppe af forskellige delsektorer. Der kan skelnes mellem tre former for særlige sektorregnskaber:
a)
sektorregnskaber i forbindelse med brancher eller produkter
b)
sektorregnskaber i forbindelse med institutionelle sektorer
c)
sektorregnskaber, som er en kombination af disse to former for regnskaber.
Eksempler på særlige sektorregnskaber i forbindelse med brancher eller produkter er landbrugsregnskaber, fiskeri- og skovbrugsregnskaber, turismeregnskaber, IKT-regnskaber, energiregnskaber, transportregnskaber, regnskaber for beboelsesbygninger og regnskaber for den kreative sektor.
Eksempler på særlige sektorregnskaber i forbindelse med institutionelle sektorer er statistikker over offentlige finanser, finans- og valutastatistikker, betalingsbalancen, regnskaber for den offentlige sektor, regnskaber for nonprofitinstitutioner, regnskaber for husholdningssektoren og regnskaber for virksomheders aktiviteter. Skatteprovenustatistikker kan betragtes som supplerende tabeller i forhold til statistikker over offentlige finanser.
22.34
De særlige sektorregnskaber kan også fokusere på en integreret analyse af økonomiske aktiviteter i en eller flere institutionelle sektorer. Der kan f.eks. opstilles regnskaber for delsektorer af ikkefinansielle selskaber ved at gruppere dem efter deres vigtigste økonomiske aktivitet. Analysen kan omfatte hele den økonomiske proces fra produktion til akkumulation. Den kan udføres systematisk på et forholdsvis aggregeret niveau af den standardiserede erhvervsklassifikation. Den kan også foretages for udvalgte brancher af særlig interesse for et land. Lignende analyser kan gennemføres for husholdningers produktionsaktiviteter, i det mindste indtil det punkt, hvor der beregnes virksomhedsindkomst. Det kan også være nyttigt at lægge særlig vægt på aktiviteter, der spiller en fremtrædende rolle i økonomiens transaktioner med udlandet. Disse nøgleaktiviteter kan omfatte bl.a. oliesektoren, bankvirksomhed, minedrift, aktiviteter i forbindelse med særlige afgrøder og føde- og drikkevarer (f.eks. kaffe, blomster, vin og whisky) samt turisme. De kan spille en væsentlig rolle i den nationale økonomi ved at tegne sig for en stor del af eksporten, beskæftigelsen, valutaaktiverne og de offentlige ressourcer. Nøglesektorer kan også være sektorer, som fortjener særlig opmærksomhed set ud fra en social- og arbejdsmarkedspolitisk synsvinkel. Eksempler herpå er landbrugsaktiviteter, som modtager subsidier og andre overførsler fra det offentlige på statsligt, lokalt eller europæisk plan, eller som er beskyttet af store importafgifter.
22.35
Første etape i udarbejdelsen af særlige sektorregnskaber består i at definere nøgleaktiviteterne og de hertil svarende produkter. I den forbindelse kan det være nødvendigt at samle positionerne i den internationale standardklassifikation af al erhvervsmæssig virksomhed (ISIC) eller den tilsvarende nationale klassifikation under ét. Hvorvidt en nøglesektor skal udvides, afhænger af de økonomiske forhold og af, om der er behov for det med henblik på politikudformning og analyse.
22.36
Der oprettes en konto for varer og tjenester til nøgleprodukterne, som viser tilgang og anvendelse af disse produkter. Der opstilles en produktionskonto og en indkomstdannelseskonto for nøglebrancherne. Der anvendes detaljerede klassifikationer af nøglebrancher og -produkter for at gøre fuldstændigt rede for den økonomiske proces og de hermed forbundne værdiansættelsesprocedurer. Der vil som regel være tale om en kombination af markedspriser og regulerede priser samt et sammensat system af skatter og subsidier.
22.37
Nøgleprodukter og nøglebrancher kan analyseres inden for rammerne af en tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel, jf. tabel 22.5 og 22.6. Nøglebrancherne vises detaljeret i kolonnerne, mens de øvrige brancher kan være aggregeret. I rækkerne vises nøgleprodukterne ligeledes detaljeret, mens de øvrige produkter er aggregeret. I bunden af anvendelsestabellen vises i rækkerne forbrug af arbejdskraft, faste bruttoinvesteringer og beholdninger af faste aktiver. Når nøgleaktiviteten udøves af meget forskelligartede producenter, f.eks. små landbrugere og selskaber, der ejer og driver store plantager, skelner man mellem de to typer producenter, da deres omkostningsstruktur og adfærd er forskellig.
22.38
Der opstilles et sæt af konti for nøglesektoren. Med henblik herpå skal nøglesektoren afgrænses. Hvad angår olie- og råstofudvinding består nøglesektoren som regel af et begrænset antal store selskaber. Samtlige disse selskabers transaktioner registreres, også når der er tale om biaktiviteter. I forbindelse med en nøglesektor kan det også være meget vigtigt at skelne mellem offentlige, udenlandsk kontrollerede og private selskaber. For at kunne foretage en integreret analyse skal virksomhedsregnskaberne for hvert af de store involverede selskaber undersøges grundigt. Råstofudvinding kan delvis være udøvet af små selskaber og personlige foretagender. Disse enheder skal være omfattet af nøglesektoren, selv om dette kræver anvendelse af deloplysninger fra statistiske undersøgelser eller administrative data.
22.39
I mange tilfælde spiller det offentlige en vigtig rolle i forbindelse med nøgleaktiviteter, enten via skatter og formueindkomst eller via lovgivningstiltag og subsidier. En indgående undersøgelse af transaktioner mellem nøglesektoren og sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service er derfor vigtig. Klassifikationen af transaktioner kan udvides til også at omfatte disse strømme i forbindelse med nøgleaktiviteten, herunder de relevante produktskatter. Sådanne strømme tilflyder som supplement til det almindelige budget forskellige offentlige myndigheder, f.eks. ministerier — til særlige formål — universiteter, fonde og særlige konti. I analysesammenhæng kan det være meget nyttigt at anføre, hvordan det offentlige anvender de pågældende midler. Denne del af det offentliges udgifter bør derfor gøres til genstand for en analyse efter formål.
Tabel 22.5 —
   
Tilgangstabel for nøglebrancher og -produkter
Produktion efter branche
Andre producenter
I alt
Import
Tilgang i alt i basis-priser
Handels- og transportavancer
Produktskatter
Produktsubsidier (-)
Tilgang i alt i køber-priser
Nøglebrancher
1
2 …
I alt
Nøgleprodukter
1.
2.
…
Andre produkter
I alt
Tabel 22.6 —
   
Anvendelsestabel for nøglebrancher og -produkter
Produktionsomkostninger efter branche
Andre producenter
I alt
Eksport
Forbrug
I alt
Investeringer
Anvendelse i alt i køber-priser
Nøglebrancher
Husholdninger
Det offentlige
NPISH'er
1
2
…
I alt
Kollektivt Individuelt
Karakteristiske produkter
1.
2.
…
Andre produkter
I alt
Aflønning af ansatte
Andre produktionsskatter, netto
Forbrug af fast realkapital
Overskud af produktionen, netto
I alt
Supplerende oplysninger
Forbrug af arbejdskraft
(Faste) bruttoinvesteringer
(Fast) realkapital, netto
22.40
Når nøgleaktiviteterne er baseret på naturlige ikkevedvarende ressourcer som f.eks. ressourcer i undergrunden, registreres ændringer i disse ressourcer i form af nye fund og udtømmelse i regnskaberne for nøglesektoren på kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status, og de hermed forbundne kapitalgevinster og -tab registreres på omvurderingskontoen. Disse data er afgørende for vurderingen af landets økonomiske resultater. Mere overordnet kan regnskaberne for nøglesektorerne udvides til også at omfatte miljøregnskaber.
22.41
Regnskaberne for nøglesektorerne kan vises inden for rammerne af de integrerede økonomiske konti. Der indsættes en eller flere kolonner for nøglesektorer, og andre kolonner omdøbes, hvis det er relevant, f.eks. »andre ikkefinansielle selskaber« eller »andre husholdninger«. Dermed bliver det muligt at se, hvor stor en andel af transaktioner og saldoposter henholdsvis nøglesektoren og de øvrige sektorer tegner sig for. Præcis hvordan en sådan tabel skal udformes, afhænger af de mål, der forfølges. Herudover kan man i supplerende tabeller vise »fra hvem til hvem«-forholdet mellem nøglesektoren og de øvrige sektorer, herunder udlandet.
Medtagelse af ikkemonetære data
22.42
Et vigtigt kendetegn ved mange satellitregnskaber er medtagelse af ikkemonetære data som f.eks. data om CO
2
-emissioner efter branche i miljøregnskaberne eller antal behandlinger efter form for sundhedspleje i sundhedsregnskaberne. Ved at samkøre sådanne ikkemonetære data med monetære data kan man udarbejde vigtige forholdstal, f.eks. CO
2
-emissioner pr. mia. EUR værditilvækst eller omkostninger pr. behandling. Tabel 22.7 indeholder en lang række eksempler.
Yderligere oplysninger og supplerende begreber
22.43
To andre vigtige kendetegn ved satellitregnskaber er de yderligere oplysninger og supplerende begreber, de indeholder. Tabel 22.8 og 22.9 indeholder en lang række eksempler.
Tabel 22.7 —
   
Eksempler på ikke-monetære data i satellitregnskaber
Satellitregnskab
Eksempel på ikke-monetære data
Forhold mellem monetære og ikke-monetære data
Uddannelse
Antal elever og studerende
Omkostninger og afgifter pr. elev/studerende
Antal lærere
Aflønning af ansatte pr. lærer
Miljø
Ton olie
Oliepris pr. tønde
CO
2
-emissioner efter branche
CO
2
-emissioner efter branche pr. mia. EUR værdi-tilvækst
Offentlige finanser
Beskæftigelse i den offentlige sektor
Aflønning af ansatte pr. ansat
Antal sociale ydelser
Gennemsnitlig social ydelse
Sundhed
Antal behandlinger/patienter efter form for sundhedspleje
Omkostninger pr. behandling/patient
Husholdningernes produktion
Tidsforbrug i forbindelse med husholdningernes produktion
Offeromkostninger i forbindelse med tidsforbrug
Arbejdskraft
Beskæftigelse (antal arbejdstimer/ftæ) efter branche
Aflønning af ansatte pr. arbejdstime/ftæ
Antal job
Produktivitet og vækst
Forbrug af arbejdskraft efter branche
Arbejdsproduktivitet efter branche
FoU
Antal meddelte patenter
Beskæftigelse inden for FoU
Aflønning af ansatte efter ansat
Sikkerhed
Antal indsatte i fængsler
Omkostninger pr. indsat
Social beskyttelse
Antal sociale ydelser, f.eks. pensionsmodtagere
Gennemsnitlig social ydelse efter (type) ordning
Turisme
Antal turister
Udgifter pr. turist
Tabel 22.8 —
   
Eksempler på yderligere oplysninger i visse satellitregnskaber
Satellitregnskab
Yderligere detaljerede oplysninger
Landbrug
Flere detaljerede oplysninger om produktionen af forskellige landbrugsprodukter
Miljø
Meget mere detaljerede oplysninger om værdien af beholdninger og strømme af naturressourcer
Flere detaljerede oplysninger om udgifter til miljøbeskyttelse
Sundhed
Detaljeret opdeling af sundhedstjenester
Husholdningernes produktion
Husholdningernes produktion opdelt efter hovedformål (f.eks. bolig, ernæring, pleje)
Personlig indkomst og formue
Oplysninger om fordeling af personlig indkomst og formue
Arbejdskraft og SAM
Aflønning af ansatte og beskæftigelse efter alder, køn og uddannelsesniveau
Social beskyttelse
Indtægter og udgifter efter socialsikringsordninger enkelt- eller gruppevis
Tabeller over skatteprovenu
Skatteprovenu opdelt efter en meget mere detaljeret klassifikation
Tabel 22.9 —
   
Eksempler på supplerende begreber i visse satellitregnskaber
Satellitregnskab
Supplerende begreber
Landbrug
Tre indikatorer for landbrugsindkomst
Miljø
Miljøskatter
Offentlige finanser
Offentlige indtægter og udgifter
Den uformelle sektor
Uformel sektor
Produktivitet og vækst
Totalfaktorproduktivitet
Social beskyttelse
Samlede udgifter til alderdomsydelser
Tabeller over skatteprovenu
Skatteprovenu i alt i henhold til forskellige alternative definitioner
Andre grundbegreber
22.44
Der anvendes almindeligvis ikke andre grundbegreber i satellitregnskaber. En forholdsvis lille afvigelse består i, at nogle tjenester i visse satellitregnskaber ikke behandles som hjælpeaktiviteter, f.eks. behandles transporttjenester i et satellitregnskab for transport ikke som en hjælpeaktivitet. I nogle satellitregnskaber kan det imidlertid være nødvendigt at ændre grundbegreberne betydeligt, i miljøregnskabet vil man f.eks. kunne korrigere nationalproduktet for udtømmelse af naturressourcer. Tabel 22.10 indeholder en række eksempler.
Anvendelse af modellering og medtagelse af forsøgsresultater
22.45
Nogle satellitregnskaber kan være kendetegnet ved medtagelse af forsøgsresultater eller anvendelse af modellering; tallene i satellitregnskaberne er mindre pålidelige end tallene i hovedkontiene. Ved udarbejdelsen af hovedkontiene anvender man dog også økonometriske eller matematiske modeller, og der medtages også forsøgsresultater. Dette udgør derfor ikke en grundlæggende forskel mellem hovedregnskabet og satellitregnskaberne. Disse forhold fremgår af eksemplerne i tabel 22.11.
Tabel 22.10 —
   
Eksempler på andre grundbegreber i satellitregnskaber
Satellitregnskab
Andet grundbegreb
Miljø
Korrigering af nationalprodukt for udtømmelse, det offentliges defensive udgifter og forringelse
Sundhed
Bedriftssundhedstjenester er ikke en hjælpeaktivitet
Husholdningernes produktion
Ulønnede tjenester i hjemmet og frivilligt arbejde ligger inden for produktionsgrænsen
Udvidet regnskab
Regnskab, der omfatter væsentligt bredere begreber for produktion og investeringer (f.eks. menneskelig kapital og varige forbrugsgoder)
Supplerende tabel over pensioner
Ikke-fondsbaserede pensionsydelser behandles som passiver og aktiver
Transport
Transporttjenester er ikke en hjælpeaktivitet
Tabel 22.11 —
   
Eksempler på anvendelse af økonometriske eller matematiske modeller til udarbejdelse af hovedregnskab og satellitregnskaber
Hovedregnskab
Skøn over værdien af finansielle eller ikke-producerede aktiver som nettonutidsværdien af forventede fremtidige indtægter og udgifter
Korrigering af forbrugsundersøgelser for bortfald ved hjælp af en regressionsanalyse
Skøn over nettorealkapitalbeholdning og forbrug af fast realkapital ved hjælp af PIM-metoden (perpetual inventory method), forventet økonomisk levetid og matematiske funktioner for afskrivning
Skøn over værdien af boligtjenester i ejerboliger ved hjælp af data om boligmasse, markedsleje og en regressionsanalyse
Skøn over sæsonkorrektion ved hjælp af en matematisk model
Skøn over ændringer i hedonisk pris ved hjælp af en matematisk model
Satellitregnskaber
Miljø
Skøn over værdien af udtømmelse og forringelse
Husholdningernes produktion
Skøn over værdien af ulønnede tjenester i hjemmet
Den uformelle sektor
Forsøgsvise skøn over værdien af alle former for uformelle aktiviteter
Produktivitet og vækst
Skøn over kapitalinputmængde ved hjælp af funktioner af alder/effektivitet for hver type aktiver
Supplerende tabel over pensioner
Skøn over pensionsrettigheder ved hjælp af alle former for aktuarmæssige antagelser om demografi, diskonto og lønstigning
Tabel med forsøgsresultater vedrørende behandling af FoU-udgifter som investeringer
Udformning og udarbejdelse af satellitregnskaber
22.46
Udformning og udarbejdelse af et satellitregnskab foregår i fire etaper:
a)
definition af formål, anvendelse og krav
b)
udvælgelse af relevante elementer fra nationalregnskabet
c)
udvælgelse af relevante supplerende oplysninger, f.eks. fra diverse specifikke statistikker eller administrative kilder
d)
sammenstilling af de to sæt begreber og tal til et enkelt sæt tabeller og konti.
22.47
Når der for første gang udformes og udarbejdes satellitregnskaber, fører disse fire etaper ofte til uventede resultater. Udarbejdelse af satellitregnskaber er derfor produkter under fremstilling. Først når man har opnået erfaringer med udarbejdelse, anvendelse og i givet fald ændring af et satellitregnskab, kan et sæt forsøgstabeller omdannes til et fuldt udbygget statistisk produkt.
22.48
I forbindelse med udvælgelsen af relevante elementer fra nationalregnskabet kan der skelnes mellem tre indfaldsvinkler, nemlig de internationale nationalregnskabsbegreber, de direkte anvendelige begreber fra landets nationalregnskabsstatistik samt pålideligheden af nationalregnskabsstatistikken.
22.49
Når begreberne fra hovedregnskabet skal anvendes til et bestemt formål i forbindelse med udformning og udarbejdelse af et satellitregnskab, kommer der ofte nye aspekter for dagen. Disse kan i forhold til formålet være både en hjælp og en uventet begrænsning. Når man f.eks. udformer og udarbejder et FoU-regnskab for første gang, kan der opstå problemer, såsom overlapning med opgørelser af FoU inden for software og sundhedspleje, eller der kan blive kastet lys over den rolle, multinationale selskaber spiller i forbindelse med import og eksport af FoU.
22.50
Noget lignende gælder for de direkte anvendelige begreber, der anvendes ved udarbejdelse af nationalregnskabsstatistikken. Væsentlige detaljerede oplysninger kan vise sig at mangle, fordi niveauet for udarbejdelse eller offentliggørelse er stærkt aggregeret, eller de internationale begreber kan vise sig ikke at være blevet anvendt konsekvent. For eksempel kan nogle store multinationale selskabers FoU-aktiviteter være medtaget under den branche, der svarer til deres hovedaktivitet, og ikke under FoU-tjenester.
22.51
Pålideligheden af visse dele af nationalregnskabsstatistikken kan være et problem. Nationalregnskabsstatistikken er udarbejdet og offentliggjort uden tanke på satellitregnskaber. Hvis man blot udvælger de relevante tal i den officielle nationalregnskabsstatistik, vil det ofte vise sig, at omfang, sammensætning eller udvikling over tid ikke er plausible til formålet. Derfor skal de eksisterende datakilder og udarbejdelsesmetoder kontrolleres og konsolideres med supplerende datakilder eller bedre udarbejdelsesmetoder.
22.52
Ved udvælgelsen af relevante oplysninger fra andre kilder end nationalregnskabet som f.eks. andre officielle statistikker eller administrative datakilder vil der opstå lignende problemer med begreber og tal. De officielt anvendte begreber kan vise sig at være forbundet med uventede mangler i forhold til satellitregnskabets særlige formål, de faktisk anvendte begreber kan afvige fra de officielle begreber, og pålidelighed, detaljeringsgrad, tidspunkt og hyppighed kan volde problemer. Alle disse problemer skal løses enten ved at foretage supplerende skøn til udligning af de begrebsmæssige forskelle, klassificere ikkemonetære strømme efter branche eller sektor, eller ved at justere de begreber, der anvendes i satellitregnskabet.
22.53
Det kræver ekstra arbejde at samle nationalregnskabsoplysningerne og de øvrige oplysninger i et enkelt sæt tabeller eller konti, idet udeladelser, overlapninger og numeriske uoverensstemmelser skal udbedres og resultaternes plausibilitet evalueres. Målet er så vidt muligt at nå frem til et fuldt harmonisk sæt tabeller. Det kan dog være nødvendigt at gøre opmærksom på forskelle mellem datakilder og alternative tilgange.
22.54
At skulle omdanne et konsistent satellitregnskab til et produkt for databrugere kan indebære yderligere etaper. Der kan eventuelt oprettes en oversigtstabel med nøgleindikatorer for en årrække. Disse nøgleindikatorer kan f.eks. fokusere på en beskrivelse af det pågældende særlige emnes omfang, komponenter og udvikling, eller de kan pege på forbindelserne med den nationale økonomi og dennes hovedkomponenter. Der kan tilføjes yderligere oplysninger eller klassifikationer, som er relevante til politik- og analyseformål. Oplysninger med ringe værditilvækst, eller som er forbundet med forholdsvis store omkostninger, kan udelades. Der kan eventuelt også gøres en indsats for at forenkle tabellerne og for at gøre dem nemmere at anvende og mere gennemsigtige for databrugerne; der kan desuden opstilles en særskilt tabel med almindelige bogføringsopdelinger.
NI SPECIFIKKE SATELLITREGNSKABER
22.55
I resten af dette kapitel beskrives følgende satellitregnskaber kort:
a)
Landbrugsregnskaber
b)
Miljøregnskaber
c)
Sundhedsregnskaber
d)
Regnskaber for husholdningernes produktion
e)
Arbejdskraftregnskaber og SAM
f)
Produktivitets- og vækstregnskaber
g)
FoU-regnskaber
h)
Regnskaber for social beskyttelse
i)
Turismeregnskaber
Landbrugsregnskaber
22.56
De europæiske landbrugsregnskaber (LR) 
(
1
)
 er et eksempel på et landbrugsregnskab. Det har til formål at gøre rede for landbrugsproduktionen og udviklingen i landbrugsindkomsten. Disse oplysninger anvendes til at analysere den økonomiske situation for en medlemsstats landbrug og til at overvåge og evaluere den fælles landbrugspolitik i Unionen.
22.57
LR består af en produktionskonto, en indkomstdannelseskonto, en konto for virksomhedsindkomst og en kapitalkonto for landbrugsproduktion. Produktionskontoen er udførligt opdelt og viser produktionen for en række landbrugsprodukter tillige med ikkelandbrugsmæssige biaktiviteter; den indeholder også meget detaljerede oplysninger om forbrug i produktionen og investeringer. Dataene i produktionskontoen og de faste bruttoinvesteringer er anført i både løbende priser og i mængdeopgørelser. Herudover foreligger følgende tre landbrugsindkomstindikatorer:
a)
indeks for landbrugets reale faktorindkomst pr. årsværk, der betragtes som fuldtidsækvivalent
b)
indeks for landbrugets reale nettovirksomhedsindkomst pr. ulønnet årsværk, der betragtes som fuldtidsækvivalent
c)
landbrugets nettovirksomhedsindkomst.
Indeksene og værdiændringerne i reale værdier i indkomstindikatorerne fremkommer ved at deflatere de tilsvarende nominelle data med det implicitte prisindeks for bruttonationalproduktet.
22.58
Landbrugsbranchen i LR ligner i høj grad landbrugsbranchen i nationalregnskabets hovedstruktur. Der er dog forskelle. LR omfatter f.eks. ikke enheder, der producerer frø til forskning eller certificering, eller enheder, for hvilke landbrugsaktiviteten kun er en fritidsaktivitet. Men landbrugsbranchen omfatter de fleste af de landbrugsaktiviteter, der udøves af enheder, hvis hovedaktivitet er af ikkelandbrugsmæssig art.
22.59
I LR er hovedvægten lagt på produktionsprocessen og den herved dannede indkomst. Principielt behøver et landbrugssatellitregnskab dog ikke at svare fuldstændigt til LR. Landbrugsregnskaber kan også omfatte en tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel, der giver et systematisk overblik over tilgang og anvendelse af landbrugsprodukter. Den vil i givet fald indeholde oplysninger om den rolle, importen, herunder tolden, spiller, og om udviklingen i efterspørgslen efter landbrugsprodukter, f.eks. eksport og husholdningernes forbrug, samt den rolle, de hermed forbundne skatter og subsidier spiller. Landbrugsregnskaberne kan desuden udvides til også at omfatte ikkelandbrugsmæssige biaktiviteter, f.eks. fritidsaktiviteter. Dette kan tydeliggøre vigtige udviklingstendenser og substitutionsmekanismer. Samspillet med det offentlige kan ekspliciteres ved at tilføje en tabel, der viser alle indkomst- og kapitaloverførsler fra lokale, statslige eller europæiske offentlige myndigheder til landbrugsbranchen; dette kan også omfatte særbehandling i skattesystemet. Landbrugsregnskaberne kan også udformes som et særligt sektorregnskab omfattende et fuldstændigt kontosystem med statuskonti og finansielle konti for landbrugere og selskaber, der beskæftiger sig med landbrug.
Miljøregnskaber
22.60
I de internationale retningslinjer for miljøregnskaber (System of Environmental and Economic Accounting, SEEA, 2003) 
(
2
)
 præsenteres et udførligt regnskabssystem til beskrivelse og analyse af miljøet og dets samspil med økonomien. Miljøregnskabet er et satellitregnskab til nationalregnskabet. Dette indebærer, at det er de samme klassifikationer og begreber, der anvendes; der foretages kun ændringer, hvis det er nødvendigt for formålet med miljøregnskabet.
22.61
Det integrerede sæt af konti til økonomiske og miljømæssige oplysninger giver mulighed for at analysere miljøets bidrag til økonomien og økonomiens indvirkning på miljøet. Det opfylder de politiske beslutningstageres behov, idet det leverer indikatorer og beskrivende statistikker til overvågning af interaktionen mellem miljø og økonomi. Det kan også bruges som et værktøj til strategisk planlægning og politikanalyse med henblik på at afdække mere bæredygtige veje for udviklingen. For eksempel skal politiske beslutningstagere, der har indflydelse på udviklingen af brancher, som i stort omfang udnytter naturressourcer som tilførsel eller som fraførsel, være opmærksomme på miljøvirkningerne på længere sigt. Politiske beslutningstagere, der fastsætter miljønormer, skal desuden være opmærksomme på de sandsynlige konsekvenser for økonomien, f.eks. hvilke brancher der risikerer at lide skade, og hvilke konsekvenser der vil være for beskæftigelse og købekraft. Man kan sammenligne alternative miljøstrategier ved at tage hensyn til de økonomiske konsekvenser.
22.62
I hovedregnskabet er der taget hensyn til forskellige miljøregnskabsaspekter. Navnlig vises mange omkostnings- og kapitalposter, der vedrører regnskaber over naturressourcer, særskilt i klassifikationer og konti for beholdninger og andre mængdemæssige ændringer i aktiver. Klassifikationen af ikkeproducerede aktiver indeholder f.eks. særskilte poster for aktiver i undergrunden såsom olie- og mineralforekomster, ikkeavlede/dyrkede biologiske ressourcer og vandressourcer. Sådanne kendetegn letter anvendelsen af hovedregnskabet som udgangspunkt for miljøregnskabet. En række elementer i hovedregnskabet, særlig i kontoen for andre mængdemæssige ændringer, opdeles dog yderligere og omklassificeres i satellitregnskabet, mens andre elementer tilføjes.
22.63
Set ud fra et miljøsynspunkt er der to store ulemper ved hovedregnskabet og dets nøgleaggregater såsom BNP, investeringer og opsparing. For det første er dækningen af udtømmelse og ressourceknaphed — der kan true opretholdelsen af en økonomis produktivitet — begrænset. For det andet dækker hovedregnskabet ikke den kvalitetsmæssige forringelse af miljøet og konsekvenserne heraf for menneskers sundhed og velfærd.
22.64
I hovedregnskabet indgår kun producerede aktiver i beregningen af nettoværditilvækst. Omkostningerne til deres anvendelse afspejles af forbrug i produktionen og forbrug af fast realkapital. Ikkeproducerede naturressourcer — såsom jord, mineralforekomster og skove — medregnes under aktiver, hvis de er underlagt institutionelle enheders faktiske kontrol. Der tages dog ikke hensyn til deres anvendelse i produktionsomkostningerne. Dette indebærer, at enten afspejler prisen for produkterne ikke disse omkostninger, eller — hvis der er tale om udtømmelsesomkostninger — at disse henregnes under andre ikkeidentificerede elementer ved beregningen af overskuddet af produktionen som residual. I miljøregnskabet kan sådanne omkostninger identificeres og beregnes eksplicit.
22.65
Det miljøøkonomiske regnskabssystem SEEA 2003 omfatter fem kategorier:
a)
konti for fysiske og hybride strømme
b)
økonomiske konti for miljøtransaktioner
c)
konti for miljøaktiver i fysiske enheder og i pengeværdi
d)
konti for defensive udgifter og udtømmelse
e)
ændring af aggregater fra hovedregnskabet for at tage hensyn til forringelse.
22.66
I kontiene for fysiske og hybride strømme registreres fire former for strømme:
a)
Naturressourcer: mineralforekomster, energiressourcer, vand, jord og biologiske ressourcer. I det øjeblik, de omsættes på markedet, bliver de en del af økonomien og kan betegnes som produkter.
b)
Input fra økosystemet: oxygen, som er nødvendigt til forbrænding, og vand fra nedbør eller naturlige vandløb samt andre naturlige input som f.eks. næringsstoffer og kuldioxid, som er nødvendige for plantevækst; dette omfatter ikke vand, næringsstoffer eller oxygen, som økonomien leverer som produkter.
c)
Produkter: varer og tjenester, der produceres og anvendes inden for økonomien, herunder strømme af varer og tjenester mellem den nationale økonomi og udlandet. Heri indgår avlede/dyrkede biologiske aktiver, solgte eller købte naturressourcer som f.eks. olie, træ og vand samt affaldsprodukter med en økonomisk værdi.
d)
Restprodukter: utilsigtede og uønskede output fra økonomien, hvis værdi er nul eller negativ for den, der producerer dem. Restprodukter omfatter fast, flydende og gasformigt affald. De kan genvindes eller genbruges, eller de kan udledes til miljøet. Restprodukter kan have en positiv værdi for andre enheder end den, der producerer dem. Husholdningsaffald, der indsamles til genvinding, har f.eks. ingen værdi for husholdningen, men kan have en vis værdi for genvindingsvirksomheden. Affaldsprodukter, der har en realiserbar værdi for den, der producerer dem, f.eks. kasseret udstyr, betragtes som produkter, ikke som restprodukter.
22.67
Fysiske strømme måles i mængdeenheder, der afspejler det pågældende materiales, den pågældende energiforms eller de pågældende restprodukters fysiske karakteristika. En fysisk strøm kan måles i alternative enheder, afhængigt af hvilket fysisk karakteristikon der tages i betragtning. Hvilken enhed der egner sig, afhænger af formålet med strømkontoen og dens tilsigtede anvendelse. Til opgørelse af fysiske strømme er vægt og mængde de hyppigst anvendte fysiske karakteristika. Til opgørelse af energistrømme er joules eller ton olieækvivalent den mest almindelige enhed. Mængdeenhederne i kontiene for fysiske strømme afviger fra de mængder, der anvendes i hovedregnskabet. I hovedregnskabet er en computers »mængde« f.eks. ikke dens vægt, men en vægtet blanding af de af brugeren ønskede karakteristika, f.eks. regnehastighed.
22.68
Kontiene for fysiske strømme kan præsenteres som tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller. Jf. tabel 22.12 og 22.13.
22.69
Kontiene for hybride strømme er én enkelt matrixrepræsentation, der indeholder både nationale monetære konti og konti for fysiske strømme. En vigtig form for hybride konti er de hybride tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller; heri sammenstilles oplysninger fra de fysiske tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller med oplysninger fra de monetære tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller.
22.70
Oplysningerne i kontiene for de hybride strømme kan sammenknyttes med miljøemner og dermed tage særlige miljøproblemer op, f.eks. »drivhuseffekten«, nedbrydningen af ozonlaget og forsuring. Dette forudsætter, at tallene for specifikke stoffer konverteres til aggregerede indikatorer for miljøområder ved hjælp af omregningsfaktorer. Der kan derefter opstilles en oversigtstabel, som viser, hvordan forbrug og forskellige branchers produktion bidrager til de forskellige miljøområder og BNP, jf. tabel 22.14.
Tabel 22.12 —
   
Fysisk tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel
Fysisk tilgangstabel
(i mio. ton)
Branche
Forbrug
Kapital
Udlandet
Det nationale miljø
Materialetilgang i alt
Landbrug, fiskeri og råstofudvinding
Fremstillingsvirksomhed, elforsyning og bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
Tjenester
Brancher i alt
Transport for egen regning
Andet forbrug
Forbrug i alt
Investeringer, lagerændringer, oplagring af affald
Import af produkter
Naturressourcer og input fra økosystemet leveret af ikkeresidenter på det nationale område
Restprodukter produceret af ikkeresidenter i udlandet
Grænseoverskridende indgående strømme fra udlandet efter miljømedier
I1
I2
I3
I
C1
C2
C
CF
M2
M1
M1
M3
E
Produkter
P1
Animalske og vegetabilske produkter
66,000
49,000
1,000
116,000
16,000
132,000
P2
Sten, grus og byggematerialer
112,000
163,000
275,000
13,000
288,000
P3
Energi
65,000
59,000
124,000
95,000
219,000
P4
Metaller, maskiner mv.
10,000
10,000
10,000
20,000
P5
Plast og plastprodukter
2,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
P6
Træ, papir mv.
7,000
7,000
14,000
1,000
15,000
P7
Andre varer
9,000
1,000
10,000
13,000
23,000
Alle produkter
250,000
299,000
2,000
551,000
150,000
701,000
Restprodukter
Til det nationale område
R1
CO
2
19,020
111,398
29,930
160,348
16,908
25,080
41,988
0,990
4,172
207,498
R2
N
2
O
0,007
0,042
0,012
0,061
0,003
0,004
0,007
0,001
0,069
R3
CH
4
0,073
0,452
0,125
0,650
0,004
0,020
0,024
0,477
0,001
1,152
R4
NO
X
0,061
0,275
0,151
0,487
0,084
0,026
0,110
0,025
0,117
0,739
R5
SO
2
0,023
0,139
0,030
0,192
0,003
0,001
0,004
0,001
0,087
0,284
R6
NH
3
0,020
0,123
0,038
0,181
0,007
0,007
0,019
0,207
R7
Andre til luft
0,010
0,061
0,015
0,086
0,012
0,012
0,002
0,100
R8
P
0,070
0,020
0,004
0,094
0,011
0,011
0,003
0,001
0,014
0,123
R9
N
0,590
0,210
0,098
0,898
0,117
0,117
0,024
0,006
0,323
1,368
R10
Andre til vand
0,030
0,021
0,006
0,057
0,021
0,021
0,001
0,001
0,003
0,083
R11
Mineaffald
7,233
2,320
9,553
9,553
R12
Andet fast affald
8,103
71,619
22,929
102,651
0,100
5,060
5,160
71,100
1,548
7,656
188,115
Til det nationale område i alt
35,240
186,680
53,338
275,258
17,102
30,359
47,461
72,595
5,756
8,221
409,291
Til udlandet
Til luft
R1
CO
2
4,569
4,569
0,739
0,739
5,308
R4
NO
X
0,010
0,010
0,004
0,004
0,014
R5
SO
2
0,008
0,008
0,002
0,002
0,010
Til udlandet i alt
4,587
4,587
0,745
0,745
5,332
Restprodukter i alt
35,240
186,680
57,925
279,845
17,847
30,359
48,206
72,595
5,756
8,221
414,623
Materialetilgang i alt
285,240
485,680
59,925
830,845
17,847
30,359
48,206
72,595
150,000
5,756
8,221
1 115,623
Nettostigning ved forbrug (varige forbrugsgoder)
Nettostigning i kapital
Nettoeksport af produkter
Nettoudvinding foretaget af ikkeresidenter
Nettorestprodukter produceret af residente i udlandet
Grænseoverskridende udgående strømme af restprodukter efter miljømedier, netto
Nettoakkumulation af restprodukter i det nationale miljø
Nettosaldo
Nettoakkumulation af alle materialer (anvendelse minus tilgang)
1,153
15,641
16,794
72,215
–49,000
3,000
–0,424
–4,302
372,717
411,000
Kilde
:
SEEAland datasæt.
Tabel 22.13 —
   
Fysisk tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel (
fortsat
)
Fysisk anvendelsestabel
(i mio. ton)
Branche
Forbrug
Kapital
Udlandet
Det nationale miljø
Materialeanvendelse i alt
Landbrug, fiskeri og råstofudvinding
Fremstillingsvirksomhed, elforsyning og bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
Tjenester
Brancher i alt
Transport for egen regning
Andet forbrug
Forbrug i alt
Investeringer, lagerændringer, oplagring af affald
Eksport
Naturressourcer og input fra økosystemet anvendt af ikkeresidenter på det nationale område
Restprodukter anvendt af ikkeresidenter i udlandet
Grænseoverskridende udgående strømme til udlandet efter miljømedier
I1
I2
I3
I
C1
C2
C
CF
X2
X1
X1
X3
E
Produkter
P1
Animalske og vegetabilske produkter
23,000
60,000
4,000
87,000
16,000
16,000
3,000
26,000
132,000
P2
Sten, grus og byggematerialer
12,000
148,000
2,000
162,000
2,000
2,000
114,000
10,000
288,000
P3
Energi
34,000
101,000
20,000
155,000
7,000
10,000
17,000
47,000
219,000
P4
Metaller, maskiner mv.
11,000
11,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
20,000
P5
Plast og plastprodukter
2,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
P6
Træ, papir mv.
7,000
4,000
11,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
15,000
P7
Andre varer
5,000
8,000
1,000
14,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
23,000
Alle produkter
74,000
337,000
31,000
442,000
8,000
31,000
39,000
119,000
101,000
701,000
Naturressourcer
Nationale naturressourcer
N1
Olie
38,000
38,000
38,000
N2
Gas
27,000
27,000
27,000
N3
Andet
118,000
55,000
173,000
173,000
N4
Træ
7,000
1,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
9,000
N5
Fisk
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
N6
Andet
2,000
2,000
2,000
N7
Vand
1,000
6,000
7,000
7,000
Nationale naturressourcer i alt
192,000
64,000
256,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
258,000
Udlandets naturressourcer
N5
Fisk
4,000
4,000
4,000
N7
Vand
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
Udlandets naturressourcer i alt
4,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
Naturressourcer i alt
196,000
65,000
261,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
264,000
Input fra økosystemet
Input fra det nationale økosystem
15,000
81,000
22,000
118,000
10,000
13,000
23,000
2,000
143,000
Input fra udlandets økosystem
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
Input fra økosystemet i alt
15,000
81,000
25,000
121,000
11,000
13,000
24,000
2,000
147,000
Restprodukter
Fra det nationale område
R1
CO
2
207,498
207,498
R2
N
2
O
0,069
0,069
R3
CH
4
1,152
1,152
R4
NO
X
0,669
0,070
0,739
R5
SO
2
0,196
0,088
0,284
R6
NH
3
0,099
0,108
0,207
R7
Andre fra luft
0,002
0,098
0,100
R8
P
0,020
0,020
0,010
0,093
0,123
R9
N
0,115
0,115
0,543
0,710
1,368
R10
Andre fra vand
0,010
0,010
0,002
0,071
0,083
R11
Mineaffald
9,553
9,553
R12
Andet fast affald
0,240
2,680
3,780
6,700
25,810
2,398
153,207
188,115
Fra det nationale område i alt
0,240
2,680
3,925
6,845
25,810
3,919
372,717
409,291
Fra udlandet
R1
CO
2
5,308
5,308
R4
NO
X
0,014
0,014
R5
SO
2
0,010
0,010
Fra udlandet i alt
5,332
5,332
I alt
0,240
2,680
3,925
6,845
25,810
5,332
3,919
372,717
414,623
Materialeanvendelse i alt
285,240
485,680
59,925
830,845
19,000
46,000
65,000
144,810
101,000
3,000
5,332
3,919
372,717
1 526,623
Tabel 22.14 —
   
Nettobidrag fra forbrug og produktion til BNP og til en række miljøområder i Nederlandene, 1993
I procent
Økonomi
Miljø
Drivhuseffekten
Nedbrydning af ozonlaget
Forsuring
Eutrofiering
Fast affald
I alt
100
100
100
100
100
Forbrug
19
2
15
9
31
Brancher
79
97
85
91
66
Kapital og andre kilder
2
1
—
—
3
Forbrug
100
100
100
100
100
100
Transport for egen regning
8
38
—
88
21
1
Andet forbrug
92
62
100
12
79
99
Produktion
100
100
100
100
100
100
Landbrug, skovbrug, fiskeri og jagt
3
15
2
47
91
7
Råstofudvinding
3
2
—
1
—
1
Fremstillingsvirksomhed
Olieindustrien
1
7
—
11
—
Den kemiske industri
2
14
27
6
2
16
Metal- og maskinindustrien
3
2
9
1
—
2
Anden fremstillingsvirksomhed
12
12
20
7
6
25
Offentlige værker
2
26
—
9
1
2
Transport og oplagring
6
8
6
12
1
5
Andre tjenester
68
14
36
6
-1
42
Kilde
:
de Haan (1997).
Bemærk
:
En tankestreg angiver, at mængden er nul.
22.71
Det økonomiske kontosystem for miljøtransaktioner består af miljøbeskyttelseskonti og konti for andre miljørelaterede transaktioner som f.eks. skatter, subsidier, investeringstilskud, formueindkomst og køb af emissions- og ejendomsrettigheder.
22.72
Til beskrivelse af miljøbeskyttelse er en funktionel tilgang sammen med en form for aktivitets- og produktanalyse meget relevant. Miljøbeskyttelse omfatter et bredt spektrum af økonomiske aktiviteter og produkter, f.eks. investeringer i rene teknologier, genopretning af miljøet efter en forurening, genvinding, produktion af miljøvenlige varer og tjenester samt bevaring og forvaltning af naturaktiver og -ressourcer. Et nationalt aggregat af miljøbeskyttelsesudgifter kan defineres således, at det omfatter hjælpeaktiviteter og tilknyttede produkter.
22.73
I kontiene for miljøaktiver skelnes der mellem tre forskellige former for miljøaktiver: naturressourcer, jord og overfladevand samt økosystemer. Flere af disse miljøaktiver registreres ikke i hovedregnskabet. Dette gælder miljøaktiver, for hvilke der ikke kan fastlægges nogen ejendomsret. Det drejer sig bl.a. om miljøelementer som luft, store vandområder og økosystemer, der er så udstrakte og ukontrollerbare, at effektive ejendomsrettigheder ikke kan håndhæves. Ressourcer, hvis forekomst ikke er klart fastslået ved udforskning og udvikling, f.eks. formodede olieforekomster, eller som i øjeblikket er utilgængelige, f.eks. skove i fjerne egne, betragtes heller ikke som aktiver i hovedregnskabet. Det samme gælder ressourcer, hvis forekomst er blevet fastslået ved geologiske undersøgelser, eller som er umiddelbart tilgængelige, men som ikke i øjeblikket giver økonomisk gevinst, da de endnu ikke kan udnyttes profitabelt.
22.74
I kontiene for miljøaktiver i fysiske enheder og i pengeværdi opgøres beholdningerne af de forskellige miljøaktiver og ændringerne heri. For nogle af aktiverne kan en sådan konto opstilles i pengeværdi, men for andre kun i fysiske enheder. Hvad angår økosystemer er det usandsynligt, at der foreligger tilstrækkelige oplysninger til, at der kan udarbejdes opgørelser over beholdninger eller ændringer i løbet af året på nøjagtig samme måde som for andre miljøaktiver. For disse aktiver er det mere hensigtsmæssigt at fokusere på måling af kvalitetsændringer, hvoraf de fleste vil vedrøre forringelse, f.eks. forsuring af jord og vand og nåle- og bladtab for træer.
22.75
Aggregaterne i hovedregnskabet kan ændres, således at de beskriver miljøemner bedre. Der anbefales almindeligvis tre former for korrektion: for udtømmelse, for det offentliges defensive udgifter og for forringelse.
22.76
Set ud fra et miljøsynspunkt bør der korrigeres for udtømmelse, fordi BNP og vækstraten for BNP ikke tager højde for udtømmelse af forskellige miljøaktiver såsom olie og ikkeopdrættede fisk og ikkedyrkede skove. Det giver ikke sig selv, hvordan der skal tages højde for udtømmelse, og der er mange forskellige mulige løsninger. En yderliggående løsning består i at betragte al anvendelse af sådanne ikkeproducerede naturaktiver som udtømmelse og følgelig ikke som produktionsindkomst. En anden yderliggående løsning består i at betragte alle indtægter fra salg af sådanne aktiver som indkomst, der bidrager til nationalindkomsten. Alle andre mulige løsninger opdeler anvendelsen af aktiverne i en udtømmelseskomponent og en indkomstkomponent. Forskellige principper og forskellige antagelser om levetid og diskonteringssatser fører til forskellige tal, når det gælder korrektion for udtømmelse.
22.77
Defensive udgifter til miljøet udgøres ikke kun af udgifter til miljøbeskyttelse. Der kan også være tale om myndighedernes udgifter til fastsættelse af og tilsyn med fiskekvoter eller sundhedsudgifter i forbindelse med luftforurening eller en atomulykke. Det anbefales at korrigere for det offentliges defensive udgifter for at undgå, at disse medfører en stigning i BNP. Formålet med disse udgifter er at nedbringe eller helt eliminere de negative miljøeksternaliteter, der er forbundet med produktion eller forbrug, og som overhovedet ikke registreres i BNP. Hvad angår nettonationalproduktet kan det være en løsning at registrere alle det offentliges defensive udgifter som investeringer og samtidig som kapitalforbrug. Hvad angår det mere almindeligt anvendte BNP gør dette dog ingen forskel.
22.78
Nationalprodukt, opsparing og andre nøgleaggregater kan korrigeres for forringelse som f.eks. virkningerne af luft- og vandforurening. At indregne virkningerne af forringelse er imidlertid vanskeligere, mere usikkert og mere kontroversielt end at korrigere kontiene for enten udtømmelse eller defensive udgifter. Hvordan kan der f.eks. tages højde for skader på menneskers sundhed eller for, at planter eller dyr vokser langsommere, formerer sig mindre og dør tidligere på grund af miljøforurening? Bør katastrofer registreres som en følge af menneskers økonomiske virksomhed og derfor fratrækkes BNP?
Sundhedsregnskaber
22.79
Sundhedsregnskaberne (jf. OECD, »A System of Health Accounts«, 2000) er en international ramme for sundhedsdata til brug for analyse og politikudformning på nationalt, europæisk og internationalt plan. Denne ramme er beregnet på lande, hvis nationale sundhedssystemer er tilrettelagt efter vidt forskellige modeller. Den er et vigtigt værktøj til overvågning af stadig mere sammensatte sundhedssystemer i hurtig forandring. Den måler og viser strukturændringer såsom skift fra hospitalsindlæggelse til ambulant behandling og fremkomsten af udbydere, som leverer mange forskellige produkter og tjenester.
22.80
Sundhedsregnskaber giver svar på tre grundlæggende spørgsmål:
a)
Hvilke tjenester og produkter købes til sundhedsformål?
b)
Hvem leverer disse tjenester og produkter?
c)
Hvordan finansieres de?
22.81
Sundhedsprodukter og -tjenester opdeles efter funktion. Der skelnes mellem tre kategorier: personlige sundhedstjenester og -produkter, kollektive sundhedstjenester og andre sundhedsfunktioner.
22.82
De vigtigste former for personlige sundhedstjenester og -produkter er behandling, revalidering, langtidspleje, hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med sundhedspleje og medicinalvarer til patienter i ambulant behandling. Disse personlige tjenester kan med fordel opdeles yderligere efter produktionsform: indlæggelse, dagpleje, ambulant behandling og hjemmepleje. Mange andre aspekter er ligeledes vigtige i forbindelse med klassificeringen af personlig sundhedspleje, f.eks. fordelingen efter alder, køn og indkomstniveau for de store sundhedsplejekategoriers vedkommende eller efter vigtige sygdomsgrupper, hvilket er nyttigt til undersøgelse af sygdomsomkostninger.
22.83
Sammenlignet med hovedregnskabet er produktionsgrænsen udvidet i to henseender:
a)
Bedriftssundhedstjenester såsom forebyggende lægeundersøgelser af ansatte eller faciliteter til akut lægehjælp på eller uden for virksomhedens område bogføres ikke som hjælpetjenester.
b)
Kontante overførsler til husholdninger til hjemmepleje af syge og handicappede betragtes som betaling for husholdningernes produktion af sundhedspleje; dog er al sådan pleje, som ikke er forbundet med kontante overførsler, fortsat ikke omfattet.
22.84
Der skelnes mellem to former for kollektive sundhedstjenester:
a)
forebyggelse og offentligt sundhedsvæsen
b)
sundhedsforvaltning og sygeforsikring.
22.85
Der skelnes mellem syv former for sundhedsfunktioner:
a)
Investeringer foretaget af sundhedsplejeinstitutioner
b)
Uddannelse af sundhedspersonale
c)
Forskning og udvikling inden for sundhed
d)
Kontrol med fødevarer, hygiejne og drikkevand
e)
Miljøsundhed
f)
Forvaltning og levering af sociale tjenester i naturalier som en hjælp til at leve med sygdom og funktionshæmning
g)
Forvaltning og levering af kontante sundhedsrelaterede ydelser
22.86
For udbydere af sundhedspleje er der udviklet en detaljeret erhvervsklassifikation, idet den internationale standardklassifikation af al erhvervsmæssig virksomhed er blevet udbygget og ændret til formålet.
22.87
Grundlæggende kan finansiering af sundhedspleje bogføres ud fra to forskellige synsvinkler. Den første resulterer i en opdeling af sundhedsudgifterne på de mange aftaler om tredjepartsbetaling og de direkte betalinger fra husholdningerne eller andre direkte finansieringskilder såsom den offentlige sundhedspleje. Ud fra den anden synsvinkel søges den endelige finansieringsbyrde henført til finansieringskilden. Dette indebærer, at mellemliggende finansieringskilder skal spores tilbage til de oprindelige finansieringskilder. Overførsler herudover såsom mellemstatslige overførsler, skattefradrag, subsidier til udbydere og finansiering fra udlandet tilføjes for at gøre billedet fuldstændigt.
22.88
På grundlag af sundhedsregnskaberne kan der opstilles simple oversigtstabeller, der viser sundhedens betydning i den nationale økonomi, jf. tabel 22.15.
Tabel 22.15 —
   
Nøglestatistikker over sundhed
I % af BNP
Værdiændring i %
Mængdeændring i %
Prisændring i %
år t
år t+1
år t+2
år t
år t+1
år t+2
år t
år t+1
år t+2
år t
år t+1
år t+2
Udgifter til sundhedstjenester
Personlige sundhedsudgifter
behandling
revalidering
langtidspleje
hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med sundhedspleje medicinalvarer
Kollektive sundhedsudgifter
I alt
befolkningsvækst
udgifter pr. indbygger
Finansieringskilder
Det offentlige og socialsikring
Privat sygeforsikring
Andre kilder
I alt
BNP
100
100
100
befolkningsvækst
BNP pr. indbygger
i % af nationalt total
mængdeændring i %
lønændring i %
Beskæftigelse i sundhedsbrancher
Regnskaber for husholdningernes produktion
22.89
I hovedregnskabet bogføres husholdningsaktiviteter som f.eks. boligtjenester i ejerboliger, produktion af landbrugsvarer til eget forbrug og opførelse af boliger for egen regning som produktion. Dog bogføres to vigtige former for husholdningsaktiviteter, ulønnede tjenester udført af medlemmer af en husholdning og forbrugt i samme husholdning samt frivilligt arbejde, ikke som produktion. Selv i forbindelse med et satellitregnskab volder husholdningernes ulønnede og frivillige arbejde vanskelige begrebsmæssige og opgørelsesrelaterede problemer. Der pågår fortløbende forskning på området. Formålet med et satellitregnskab for husholdningernes produktion 
(
3
)
 er at give et fuldstændigt billede heraf, at vise forskellige husholdningstypers indkomst, forbrug og opsparing samt vekselvirkningerne med resten af økonomien.
Følgende vigtige spørgsmål tages op:
a)
Hvilke tjenester leveres der?
b)
Hvem leverer tjenesterne?
c)
Hvad er værdien af tjenesterne?
d)
Hvilke kapitalinput er der, og hvad sker der med produktiviteten?
e)
Hvad er følgerne for størrelsen og fordelingen af indkomst, forbrug og opsparing mellem de forskellige husholdningstyper og i løbet af livscyklussen?
f)
Er der forskydninger mellem lønnede og ulønnede husholdningstjenester på grund af den økonomiske og sociale strukturudvikling, konjunkturvirkninger eller den offentlige politik på områder som f.eks. beskatning eller subsidier til børnepasning?
22.90
Regnskaberne for husholdningernes produktion kan være af særlig interesse i forbindelse med analyser af den økonomiske udvikling på længere sigt og internationale sammenligninger af produktion, indkomst og forbrug. De vigtigste datakilder til udarbejdelse af regnskaber for husholdningernes produktion er forbrugsundersøgelser og tidsforbrugsundersøgelser. De årlige aggregater baseret på disse kilder er imidlertid behæftet med stikprøvefejl og kan ikke anvendes til beregning af nøjagtige årlige vækstrater. Regnskaberne for husholdningernes produktion udarbejdes derfor ikke hvert år, men med regelmæssige mellemrum, f.eks. hvert femte år, og samkøres med en omfattende tidsforbrugsundersøgelse.
22.91
Husholdningernes produktion omfatter kun tjenester, der udføres af en anden end den, der nyder godt af dem, det såkaldte »third party principle« (tredjepartsprincippet). Følgelig er egen personlig pleje, studier, søvn og fritidsaktiviteter ikke omfattet.
22.92
I forbindelse med husholdningernes produktion kan der skelnes mellem forskellige hovedfunktioner: bolig, ernæring, beklædning, pasning af børn, voksne og husdyr samt frivilligt arbejde, der pr. definition forbruges i en anden husholdning. For hver af disse hovedfunktioner kan der afgrænses vigtige eller karakteristiske aktiviteter. Dermed kan udgifter eller tidsforbrug til sådanne aktiviteter fordeles på de pågældende hovedfunktioner. Nogle aktiviteter, f.eks. indkøb, rejser og husførelse, vedrører dog flere forskellige funktioner. Derfor fordeles udgifterne eller tidsforbruget til disse aktiviteter mellem de pågældende funktioner.
22.93
I hovedregnskabet er udgifter til varige forbrugsgoder en del af udgifterne til forbrug. I regnskaberne for husholdningernes produktion registreres udgifter som f.eks. udgifter til køretøjer, køleskabe og redskaber til bygge- og reparationsarbejder imidlertid som investeringer. De kapitaltjenester, sådanne aktiver yder, er input i forhold til husholdningernes produktion.
22.94
Husholdningernes produktion og den værditilvækst, den skaber, kan værdiansættes ved hjælp af en input- eller outputmetode. Ved output-metoden værdiansættes husholdningernes produktion i markedspriser, dvs. i de priser, der er observeret for lignende tjenester solgt på markedet. I forbindelse med inputmetoden, der værdiansætter produktion som de samlede omkostninger, er valget af metode til ansættelse af værdien af arbejdskraftforbrug afgørende. Løn kan bl.a. værdiansættes inklusive eller eksklusive socialsikringsbidrag og for forskellige referencegrupper — gennemsnitlige lønninger for alle arbejdstagere, specialiserede arbejdstageres lønninger eller ufaglært arbejdskrafts lønninger.
22.95
Et af de vigtigste aspekter af regnskaberne for husholdningers produktion er størrelsen og sammensætningen af produktionen og forbindelserne med hovedregnskabet. Dette vises i form af en anvendelsestabel, jf. tabel 22.16.
Tabel 22.16 —
   
Anvendelsestabel for husholdningernes produktion
Produktionsomkostninger
Andre producenter
I alt
Eksport
Forbrug
I alt
Investeringer
Anvendelse i alt i køber-priser
Husholdningernes produktion efter formål
HH
Det offentlige
Bolig
Ernæring
Beklædning
Pasning, børn
Pasning, voksne
Pasning, andet
Frivilligt arbejde
I alt
Kollektivt
Individuelt
Produkter
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
I alt
Aflønning af ansatte
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
Andre produktionsskatter, netto
Forbrug af fast realkapital
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
Overskud af produktionen, netto
I alt
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
Supplerende oplysninger
Forbrug af arbejdskraft
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
(Faste) bruttoinvesteringer
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
(Fast) realkapital, netto
SNA
Begrebsmæssige forskelle
Arbejdskraftregnskaber og SAM
22.96
I mange lande indsamles en lang række arbejdsmarkedsdata. Folke- og virksomhedstællinger, husholdnings- og virksomhedsundersøgelser af arbejdsstyrken, antal arbejdstimer, indtjening og lønomkostninger samt befolknings-, skatte- og socialsikringsregistre leverer data til regelmæssig overvågning og analyse af udviklingen på arbejdsmarkedet. Til trods for at der foreligger mange statistiske oplysninger af denne art, giver de ikke et fuldstændigt og pålideligt billede af arbejdsmarkedet. De største opgørelsesproblemer er:
a)
modstridende resultater fra forskellige datakilder
b)
mange forskellige begreber, som ikke er klart forbundet med hinanden
c)
ufuldstændig dækning
d)
begrænsninger i beskrivelsen af arbejdsmarkedsdynamikken
e)
manglende forbindelse mellem arbejdsmarkedsstatistikken og nationalregnskabet, demografiske data og andre sociale og økonomiske statistikker (f.eks. om uddannelse og socialsikring).
Et arbejdskraftregnskab kan løse sådanne problemer, idet det sammenstiller alle oplysninger om arbejdsmarkedet og viser forbindelserne med nationalregnskabets vigtigste arbejdsmarkedsbegreber og -klassifikationer, f.eks. aflønning af ansatte og klassifikation efter branche. Ved i høj grad at knytte arbejdskraftregnskabet til nationalregnskabet forbedrer man udarbejdelsen af begge regnskaber. Samtidig bliver det også nemmere at beskrive forholdet mellem arbejdsmarkedet og resten af økonomien.
22.97
I tabel 22.17 vises et simpelt arbejdskraftregnskab. Det udnytter regnskabsidentiteter mellem aflønning af ansatte, antal arbejdstimer, antal job, antal beskæftigede og den aktive og potentielle arbejdsstyrke. Det er et simpelt system, da det viser en begrænset opdeling efter socioøkonomiske karakteristika såsom køn, men ikke alder eller uddannelsesniveau, og en simpel opdeling efter kun tre brancher, uden grænsearbejdere.
22.98
En samfundsmæssig regnskabsmatrix (SAM) er en matrixpræsentation, der viser forbindelserne mellem tilgangs- og anvendelsestabellerne og kontiene for de institutionelle sektorer. En SAM giver normalt flere oplysninger om omfanget og sammensætningen af beskæftigelsen ved at underopdele aflønningen af ansatte og blandet indkomst i kategorier af beskæftigede. Denne underopdeling gælder både anvendelsen af arbejdskraft fordelt på brancher, som den fremgår af anvendelsestabellerne, og tilgangen af arbejdskraft fordelt på socioøkonomiske undergrupper, som det ses af kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst for husholdningssektorens delsektorer. Derved gives en systematisk oversigt over tilgang og anvendelse af lønnet arbejdskraft. En SAM kan betragtes som et udvidet system af arbejdskraftkonti i matrixformat. Lige som arbejdskraftregnskabet og nationalregnskabet viser en SAM en række aggregater og giver mulighed for analyser udelukkende i form af aggregater og gennemsnit. I forbindelse med mange socioøkonomiske analyser foretrækker man derfor modeller, der anvender en udvidet mikrodatabase med oplysninger om socioøkonomiske karakteristika pr. person og husholdning.
Tabel 22.17 —
   
Simpelt arbejdskraftregnskab
Antal arbejdstimer efter erhverv
Job, beskæftigede og arbejdsstyrke
Landbrug
Fremstillingsvirksomhed
Tjenester
Antal arbejdstimer i alt
Antal timer pr. job
Antal job
Antal job ud over job nr. et
Beskæftigede
Ikkebeskæftigede
Aktiv arbejds-styrke
Ikke-aktiv arbejdsstyrke
Potentiel arbejdsstyrke
(1)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(7)
(9)
(11)
Ansatte
Mænd
Kvinder
Selvstændige
Mænd
Kvinder
I alt
Aflønning af ansatte/blandet indkomst
Ansatte
Mænd
Kvinder
Selvstændige
Mænd
Kvinder
I alt
Løn pr. udført arbejdstime
Ansatte
Mænd
Kvinder
Selvstændige
Mænd
Kvinder
I alt
Produktivitets- og vækstregnskaber
22.99
Et af hovedformålene med nationalregnskaberne er at beskrive, overvåge og analysere produktivitetsvæksten (jf. OECD, »OECD Manual Measuring Productivity: Measurement of Aggregate and Industry-level Productivity Growth«, 2001, der indeholder en udførlig oversigt over produktivitetsanalyser). Måling og analyse af produktivitetsvæksten anvendes til at forstå de vigtigste ændringer i erhvervsstrukturen og stigningen i mange landes levestandard i løbet af det sidste århundrede. Måling og analyse af produktivitetsvæksten anvendes også til at udforme politikker, der kan stimulere væksten i produktiviteten og øge velstanden, samtidig med at der tages hensyn til andre politikovervejelser som f.eks. retfærdighed og miljøspørgsmål.
22.100
I nationalregnskabsforstand er økonomisk vækst den mængdemæssige vækst i BNP, som kan opdeles i komponenter, bl.a. ændringer i arbejdsproduktivitet, produktivitet pr. arbejdsenhed og ændringer i arbejdsmængden. Samme opdeling kan foretages for mængdeændringer i værditilvæksten efter branche. Denne simple tilgang skaber et grundlag for overvågning og analyse af den økonomiske vækst efter brancher. Mere homogene tal for forbrug af arbejdskraft, som baseres ikke blot på antal beskæftigede, men på fuldtidsækvivalenter eller antal arbejdstimer, og som skelner mellem forskellige arbejdskraftkvaliteter, vil føre til mere detaljerede tal for arbejdsproduktivitet.
22.101
Ved denne simple fremgangsmåde ses der bort fra andre input som f.eks. kapitaltjenester og mellemprodukter. Dette kan være meget misvisende. For eksempel kan arbejdsproduktiviteten efter alt at dømme stige meget på grund af en meget større kapitalintensitet, men den kan også stige på grund af effektivitetsgevinster, selv når man anvender samme mængde kapital. Ved også at tage højde for andre input måler man multifaktorproduktiviteten og gør bedre rede for årsagerne til produktivitetsvæksten. Målingen af multifaktorproduktiviteten svarer til at opdele ændringer i produktionsmængde i ændringer i de forskellige mængder af alle input plus en residual, nemlig multifaktorproduktivitetsvæksten. Multifaktorproduktivitetsvæksten er et udtryk for alt, der ikke forklares ved de forskellige input, dvs. ved den rolle, andre input spiller. Den kan dog også afspejle fejl i opgørelsen af produktion eller input.
22.102
Kapitalinputmængden i form af fast realkapital kan opgøres på forskellige måder. Tre afgørende forhold skal afklares:
a)
Hvilken form funktionen alder/effektivitet eller alder/pris skal have for hver type aktiv; almindeligvis vælges den lineære, geometriske eller hyperbolske funktion.
b)
Hvilken art vægte der skal anvendes til at aggregere på tværs af forskellige typer aktiver: brugeromkostningsvægte eller markedspriser.
c)
Den indeksformel, ved hjælp af hvilken denne aggregering skal foretages. Her kan vælges mellem et vægtet basisindeks som Laspeyres-indekset eller et vægtet blandet indeks som Fisher- og Törnqvist-indekset.
22.103
Ved at opgøre multifaktorproduktiviteten kan man afdække, hvordan arbejdskraft, kapital, forbrug i produktionen og multifaktorproduktivitetsændringer bidrager direkte til den økonomiske vækst. Opgørelsen anvendes til at analysere tidligere vækstmønstre og til at vurdere potentialet for fremtidig økonomisk vækst. I forbindelse med analyser og politikudformning skal følgende dog tages i betragtning, når man fortolker opgørelser af multifaktorproduktivitet:
a)
Ikke alle tekniske ændringer fører til multifaktorproduktivitetsvækst. Faktorspecifikke teknologiske ændringer kan tages i betragtning via kapitalmængde og forbrug i produktionen. Faktorspecifikke teknologiske ændringer er fremskridt inden for design og kvalitet af nye former for kapital og forbrug i produktionen, og deres virkninger tilskrives de respektive faktorer, så længe disse aflønnes forholdsmæssigt. Ikkefaktorspecifikke tekniske ændringer, i form af f.eks. generel viden, modeltegninger, netværkseffekter eller afsmitning fra andre produktionsfaktorer, herunder bedre ledelse og organisatoriske ændringer, betragtes derimod som »omkostningsfri«. Sådanne tekniske ændringer henregnes pr. definition til residualen, dvs. multifaktorproduktivitetsvæksten.
b)
Multifaktorproduktivitetsvækst forårsages ikke nødvendigvis af teknologiske ændringer. Andre, ikketeknologiske faktorer vil også blive henregnet til residualen. Det gælder bl.a. tilpasningsomkostninger, stordriftsfordele, konjunkturvirkninger, rene effektivitetsændringer og opgørelsesfejl.
c)
Multifaktorproduktivitetsvækst er en statisk målestok, der ikke udtrykkeligt måler feedbackeffekter mellem produktivitetsændringer og kapital, f.eks. det forhold, at en større produktion pr. person kan føre til yderligere opsparing og investeringer og til en stigning i forholdet kapital/arbejdskraft. Den undervurderer derfor ofte den betydning, produktivitetsændringer har, når det drejer sig om at øge produktionen.
d)
Ved at opgøre multifaktorproduktiviteten kan man afdække den relative betydning af forskellige kilder til produktivitetsvækst. Opgørelsen skal dog, for at kunne analysere de tilgrundliggende årsager til vækst, innovation og produktivitetsændringer, kompletteres af institutionelle og historiske undersøgelser samt casestudier.
22.104
Til bedre måling, analyse og overvågning af vækst og produktivitet er der i hele verden blevet udviklet KLEMS-vækst- og -produktivitetsregnskaber. En vigtig målsætning for disse regnskaber er at bevæge sig ned under niveauet for den samlede økonomi og undersøge de enkelte branchers produktivitet og deres bidrag til den økonomiske vækst. For at vise de enorme forskelle i branchernes produktion og produktivitetsvækst skelnes der mellem mange forskellige brancher; i Unionen regner EU-KLEMS med 72. Disse regnskaber omfatter produktionsmængder og -priser og input i form af kapital (K), arbejdskraft (L), energi (E), materialer (M) og tjenester (S) på brancheniveau. Produktion og produktivitet opgøres som vækstrater og i relative tal. Yderligere opgørelser af videnskabelse, f.eks. FoU, patenter, faktorspecifikke teknologiske ændringer, andre innovationsaktiviteter og samarbejde, er under udvikling. Sådanne opgørelser udvikles for de enkelte medlemsstater og samkøres med KLEMS-databaser i udlandet.
22.105
Regnskaberne består af tre indbyrdes afhængige moduler, et analytisk modul og to statistiske moduler.
22.106
Det analytiske modul leverer en forskningsdatabase til brug i akademiske kredse og blandt politiske beslutningstagere. Det anvender »bedste praksis«-teknikker i forbindelse med vækstregnskaber, fokuserer på international sammenlignelighed og tilsigter at opnå fuld dækning for så vidt angår antal lande, brancher og variabler. Dette modul kan også gøre brug af alternative eller banebrydende antagelser med hensyn til statistiske konventioner, f.eks. den måde, hvorpå IKT-varer, ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester og kapitaltjenester opgøres.
22.107
Databasens statistiske moduler udvikles sideløbende med det analytiske modul. De indeholder data, som stort set er konsistente med de data, der offentliggøres af de nationale statistiske kontorer. Deres metoder svarer til metoderne i nationalregnskabets hovedstruktur; der anvendes f.eks. tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller som koordineringsgrundlag for produktivitetsanalyser samt kædeindeks. Det statistiske modul omfatter ikke kun nationalregnskabsdata, men også supplerende oplysninger såsom beskæftigelsesstatistikker over kvantitet (personer og arbejdstimer) og kvalitet (fordeling af kvantiteter efter alder, køn og uddannelsesniveau) i arbejdskraftforbruget i de enkelte brancher.
FoU-regnskaber
22.108
I hovedregnskabet betragtes udgifter til forskning og udvikling som forbrug i produktionen, dvs. som løbende udgifter, der kun kommer produktionen til gode i den aktuelle periode. Dette går imod FoU's natur, idet målet med FoU er at forbedre produktionen i fremtidige perioder. For at løse de begrebsmæssige og praktiske spørgsmål i forbindelse med registrering af FoU som investeringer vil medlemsstaterne opstille FoU-satellittabeller, hvori FoU behandles som investeringer. Dette vil sætte medlemsstaterne i stand til at udvikle pålidelige og sammenlignelige metoder og skøn. I en efterfølgende etape, når disse metoder og skøn er tilstrækkelig pålidelige og sammenlignelige, vil FoU blive aktiveret i medlemsstaternes kerneregnskab.
22.109
Ud over disse supplerende forsøgsmæssige tabeller kan der udarbejdes et sæt FoU-konti. Formålet med sådanne FoU-konti er at vise, hvilken rolle FoU spiller i den nationale økonomi. Hermed besvares bl.a. følgende spørgsmål:
a)
Hvem producerer FoU?
b)
Hvem finansierer FoU?
c)
Hvem anvender FoU?
d)
Hvad er værdien af FoU-aktiver sammenlignet med de forskellige øvrige aktiver?
e)
Hvad er følgerne for produktiviteten og den økonomiske vækst?
En tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel giver et overblik over, hvem der producerer og anvender FoU, jf. tabel 22.18 og 22.19.
Tabel 22.18 —
   
FoU-tilgang
Fremstilling af kemiske produkter
Fremstilling af IKT-hardware
FoU-industri
Universiteter Uddannelse
Offentlig forvaltning
Andre brancher
I alt
Import
Tilgang i alt i basis-priser
Handels- og transportavancer
Produktskatter
Produkt-subsidier (-)
Tilgang i alt i køber-priser
Markedsmæssig FoU
FoU for egen regning
Ikke-markedsmæssig FoU
Andre produkter
I alt
Tabel 22.19
   
FoU-anvendelse
Produktionsomkostninger efter branche
Eksport
Investeringer
Anvendelse i alt i køber-priser
Fremstilling af kemiske produkter
Fremstilling af IKT-hardware
FoU-branchen
Universiteter Uddannelse
Offentlig forvaltning
Andre brancher
I alt
Markedsmæssig FoU
FoU for egen regning
Ikke-markedsmæssig FoU
Andre produkter
I alt
Aflønning af ansatte
Andre produktionsskatter, netto
Forbrug af fast realkapital
FoU
Andet
Overskud af produktionen, netto
I alt
Supplerende oplysninger
Forbrug af arbejdskraft
(Faste) bruttoinvesteringer
FoU
Andet
(Fast) realkapital, netto
FoU
Andet
Regnskaber for social beskyttelse
22.110
Social beskyttelse og samspillet mellem social beskyttelse og emner som f.eks. aldring, sundhedspleje og social udstødelse har stor betydning for den økonomiske og sociale politik på nationalt og europæisk plan. Detaljerede, sammenlignelige og ajourførte oplysninger om, hvordan social beskyttelse i medlemsstaterne og andre lande er tilrettelagt og udvikler sig, og om den aktuelle situation på området, er nødvendige for at kunne overvåge, foregribe, analysere og drøfte spørgsmål vedrørende social beskyttelse.
22.111
Socialbeskyttelsesydelser er overførsler til husholdninger eller enkeltpersoner i kontanter eller naturalier til dækning af en række risici eller behov. De risici eller behov, der kan udløse social beskyttelse, er handicap, sygdom/sundhedspleje, alderdom, efterladte, familie/børn, arbejdsløshed, bolig og social udstødelse, der ikke falder ind under andre kategorier. I princippet betragtes uddannelse ikke som en risiko eller et behov, medmindre der er tale om en støtte til ubemidlede familier med børn.
22.112
Socialbeskyttelsesydelser leveres gennem sociale beskyttelsesordninger. Disse forvaltes og tilrettelægges af offentlige eller private organer såsom sociale kasser og fonde, offentlige myndigheder, forsikringsselskaber, offentlige eller private arbejdsgivere og private velfærds- og socialforsorgsinstitutioner. Ordningerne er ikke nødvendigvis knyttet til specifikke institutioner, administrative bestemmelser eller love, selv om det ofte er tilfældet. Alle ordninger, som udelukkende er baseret på individuelle aftaler, eller tilfælde, hvor der foreligger samtidige gensidige aftaler, betragtes ikke som social beskyttelse.
22.113
Hvis den gensidige aftale ikke er samtidig fra den ansattes side, klassificeres udgifterne som social beskyttelse. Dette gælder for alders- eller efterladtepensioner, der udbetales af en arbejdsgiver, og gratis bolig til pensionerede ansatte. Fortsat udbetaling af løn i perioder, hvor en ansat ikke kan arbejde på grund af sygdom, barsel, handicap, arbejdsløshed mv., betragtes som socialbeskyttelsesydelser fra arbejdsgiveren.
22.114
Offentligt kontrollerede ordninger er sådanne, hvor det offentlige træffer alle de vigtigste beslutninger om størrelsen af ydelserne, betingelserne for udbetalingen og finansieringen af ordningen. Social beskyttelse, som er offentligt kontrolleret, er sædvanligvis baseret på love eller administrative bestemmelser. Hertil henregnes også ordninger, hvorved offentligt ansatte ydes samme sociale beskyttelse som den, der ydes befolkningen generelt gennem offentligt kontrollerede ordninger. Dog er ordninger, som det offentlige kan indføre i sin egenskab af arbejdsgiver, og for hvilke der ikke findes tilsvarende offentligt kontrollerede ordninger i den private sektor, ikke omfattet.
22.115
Eksempler på offentligt kontrollerede ordninger:
a)
bidragsfrie ordninger, som det offentlige har indført for at varetage sit almindelige sociale ansvar, f.eks. indkomststøtteordninger for subsistensløse eller boligydelser
b)
ordninger, der forvaltes af sociale kasser og fonde
c)
ordninger, som oprindeligt blev indført af den private sektor, og for hvilke det offentlige senere har overtaget ansvaret.
22.116
Eksempler på ordninger, som ikke er offentligt kontrolleret:
a)
ordninger, der forvaltes af nonprofitinstitutioner, f.eks. gensidige forsikringsselskaber, gensidige hjælpekasser og institutioner, som arbejdsmarkedets parter forvalter i fællesskab
b)
ordninger, der forvaltes af kommercielle forsikringsselskaber
c)
ikkeselvstændige ordninger, der forvaltes af arbejdsgivere; disse omfatter både fondsbaserede ordninger, som har særskilte reserver på statuskontoen til dækning af forpligtelsen til at udbetale ydelser i fremtiden, og ikkefondsbaserede ordninger, som ikke har sådanne særskilte reserver.
22.117
Regnskaberne for social beskyttelse, der anvender oplysninger om specifikke individuelle ordninger, udgør en flerdimensional oversigt over social beskyttelse, jf. 
det europæiske system af integrerede statistikker for social beskyttelse, ESSPROS
, Eurostat, 2008. Regnskaberne gør rede for omfanget og sammensætningen af socialbeskyttelsesydelserne, deres finansiering og de hermed forbundne administrative omkostninger. Socialbeskyttelsesydelser klassificeres efter funktion som f.eks. sygdom og alderdom, efter om de ydes i kontanter eller naturalier, og efter om de er trangsbestemte eller ej. De tilgrundliggende ordninger klassificeres efter, om de er offentligt kontrollerede eller ej, og om der er tale om basisordninger eller supplerende ordninger.
22.118
For hver enkelt social beskyttelsesordning gives der oplysninger om indtægter og udgifter samt en lang række kvalitative oplysninger, f.eks. dækning, finansiering, historie og vigtige ændringer i tidens løb.
22.119
Standardoplysningerne om de forskellige sociale beskyttelsesordninger udgør kernen i det sociale beskyttelsessystem og suppleres af forskellige moduler. Der kan være tale om:
a)
Et modul om antallet af pensionsmodtagere.
b)
Et modul om socialbeskyttelsesydelser, netto. Dette modul gør rede for virkningerne af de skatter og sociale bidrag, som modtagerne betaler af sociale ydelser, og for omfanget af sociale ydelser i form af skattenedsættelser.
22.120
Begreber og klassifikationer i regnskaberne for social beskyttelse er tæt forbundet med begreber og klassifikationer i hovedregnskabet. Den vigtigste forskel mellem socialbeskyttelsesydelser og sociale ydelser i hovedregnskabet er, at sidstnævnte også omfatter udgifter til uddannelse; en anden forskel er, at socialbeskyttelsesydelser kan omfatte kapitaloverførsler i socialt øjemed. En simpel oversigttabel som tabel 22.20 viser disse sammenhænge og giver samtidig et overblik over omfanget og sammensætningen af et lands socialbeskyttelsesydelser.
Tabel 22.20 —
   
Oversigt over social(beskyttelses)ydelser efter social risiko/socialt behov og transaktion
Sygdom
Handicap
Alderdom
Efterladte
Børn/Familie
Beskæftigelse/Arbejdsløshed
Bolig
Social udstødelse i.a.n.
Social beskyttelses-ydelser i alt
Uddannelse
Sociale ydelser i alt iht. nationalregnskabet
Offentligt kontrollerede ordninger
Socialsikringsydelser
i kontanter
i naturalier
Socialbistandsydelser
i kontanter
i naturalier via markedsproducenter
i naturalier som anden ikke-markedsmæssig produktion
Andre socialbeskyttelsesydelser (f.eks. kapitaloverførsler fra det offentlige)
Tom pr. definition
Offentligt kontrollerede socialbeskyttelsesydelser i alt
Ikke offentligt kontrollerede ordninger
Pensionsydelser (fondsbaserede)
Andre private socialforsikringsydelser
Ikke-fondsbaserede sociale ydelser til ansatte (herunder fra det offentlige)
Socialbistandsydelser i naturalier fra NPISH'er
Andre socialbeskyttelsesydelser
Tom pr. definition
Andre socialbeskyttelsesydelser i alt
Socialbeskyttelsesydelser i alt
22.121
En høj grad af samkøring mellem den almindelige nationalregnskabsstatistik og socialbeskyttelsesstatistikken indebærer fordele for begge former for statistikker. Hvad angår socialbeskyttelsesstatistikken kan den sættes i relation til den officielle nationaløkonomiske statistik vedrørende f.eks. den økonomiske vækst og de offentlige finanser. Desuden kan nationalregnskabsstatistikken opdelt efter sociale beskyttelsesordninger anvendes til at kontrollere, om socialbeskyttelsesstatistikken er fuldstændig og pålidelig. Under udarbejdelsen kan de to statistikker også knyttes til hinanden, således at man sparer udarbejdelsesomkostninger, øger pålideligheden og skaber nye muligheder, idet socialbeskyttelsesstatistikken f.eks. kan gøres lige så aktuel som nationalregnskabsstatistikken 
(
4
)
. Der er lignende fordele for nationalregnskabet. Regnskaberne for social beskyttelse kan forholdsvis nemt afledes af sektorregnskaberne og af tabellen over det offentliges udgifter efter formål (COFOG) og anvendes ved udformningen af den økonomiske og sociale politik. De kan også bruges til at kontrollere pålideligheden og fuldstændigheden af de almindelige nationalregnskabstal, f.eks. tallene for sociale ydelser og bidrag.
22.122
OECD offentliggør i »Social Expenditure Database« (SOCX) ligeledes data om sociale udgifter efter individuelle ordninger. OECD indsamler data om lande uden for EU, mens Eurostat stiller data til rådighed for OECD om medlemsstaternes udgifter til social beskyttelse. Et særligt træk ved OECD's arbejde vedrørende sociale udgifter er dets fokus på internationale sammenligninger af sociale nettoudgifter, der omfatter en korrektion for de forskellige produktions- og importskatters indvirkning på husholdningernes forbrug.
Turismeregnskaber
22.123
Satellitregnskabet for turisme 
(
5
)
 giver et overblik over tilgang og anvendelse af varer og tjenester for de forskellige former for turisme og betydningen heraf for den indenlandske beskæftigelse, betalingsbalancen, de offentlige finanser og person- og virksomhedsindkomsterne.
22.124
»Turisme« er den aktivitet, at personer rejser til og opholder sig på steder uden for deres sædvanlige opholdssted i under et år med et andet hovedformål end at lade sig beskæftige af en resident enhed på destinationen. Denne aktivitet omfatter alt, hvad en turist foretager sig med henblik på en rejse eller under en rejse. Turisme er ikke begrænset til typiske turistaktiviteter såsom sightseeing, solbadning og besøg på kultursteder. Rejser i forretningsøjemed og som led i en uddannelse kan også udgøre turisme.
22.125
Den efterspørgsel, der skabes ved turisme, omfatter mange forskellige varer og tjenester, blandt hvilke transport, overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester er særlig vigtige. Af hensyn til sammenligneligheden på internationalt plan defineres turismekarakteristiske produkter som produkter, der i de fleste lande formodentlig ikke ville være til stede i nævneværdige mængder, eller som ville blive forbrugt i betydeligt mindre omfang, hvis der ikke var turister, og for hvilke det synes muligt at opnå statistiske oplysninger. Turismetilknyttede produkter er en restkategori, der bl.a. omfatter produkter, der betragtes som turismespecifikke i et givet land, men som ikke er anerkendt som sådanne på verdensplan.
22.126
Nogle tjenester til turismeformål, f.eks. indkvartering i sekundære boliger eller transport med personbiler, kan produceres i betydelige mængder for egen regning. I modsætning til boligtjenester for egen regning betragtes transporttjenester, som husholdningerne producerer for egen regning, imidlertid ikke som produktion i hovedregnskabet. Det anbefales, at denne konvention følges i satellitregnskabet for turisme. Lande, i hvilke transporttjenester for egen regning har stor betydning, kan dog anføre disse særskilt i satellitregnskabet for turisme.
22.127
Nøglemålestokken til beskrivelse af turismeefterspørgslen er turisternes forbrug fordelt på husholdninger, det offentlige, NPISH'er og brancher. Det består af følgende komponenter:
a)
Turisters udgifter til forbrug i kontanter.
b)
Turisters udgifter til forbrug i naturalier, f.eks. boligtjenester for egen regning.
c)
Sociale overførsler i naturalier inden for turisme, f.eks. individuelle ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester, der forbruges af turister, herunder bl.a. sundhedstjenester på et kursted og de ikkemarkedsmæssige tjenester, et museum leverer.
d)
Turismeudgifter i forbindelse med forretningsrejser. Disse omfatter bl.a. turismeudgifter, der klassificeres som forbrug i produktionen, men ikke andre udgifter, der afholdes af ansatte på forretningsrejser og betales af deres virksomheder, f.eks. udgifter til måltider, der bogføres som løn i naturalier. Turismeudgifter i forbindelse med forretningsrejser svarer derfor ikke til turisternes samlede forbrug på forretningsrejser.
e)
For at understrege den økonomiske betydning af de offentlige myndigheders indsats for at skabe gunstige vilkår for turismeudviklingen foreslås det endvidere at foretage en specifik opgørelse af den samlede værdi af det kollektive turismeforbrug. Det drejer sig om aktiviteter såsom en offentlig enheds fremme af turisme, opretholdelse af offentlig orden og sikkerhed samt vedligeholdelse af det offentlige rum.
22.128
Tilgang og anvendelse af varer og tjenester til turismeformål samt den værditilvækst og beskæftigelse, der skabes ved turisme, kan vises i en tilgangs- og anvendelsestabel, hvor karakteristiske produkter og brancher samt turismetilknyttede produkter vises særskilt.
22.129
De enkelte lande kan i deres satellitregnskab for turisme opdele og karakterisere deres markeder yderligere efter opholdsvarighed, formålet med besøget og turisternes kendetegn som f.eks., om der er tale om udenlandske eller indenlandske turister.
(
1
)
  Jf. Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 138/2004 af 5. december 2003 om landbrugsregnskaber i Fællesskabet (
EUT L 33 af 5.2.2004, s. 1
).
(
2
)
  Håndbogen er offentliggjort i fællesskab af De Forenede Nationer, Europa-Kommissionen, Den Internationale Valutafond, OECD og Verdensbanken.
(
3
)
  Jf. f.eks. Eurostat, »
            
Household production and consumption - proposal for a Methodology of Household Satellite Accounts
, 2003«; J. Varjonen and K. Aalto, »
            
Household Production and Consumption in Finland - Household Satellite Account
«, Finlands statistiske kontor og nationale center for forbrugerforskning, 2006; S. Holloway, S. Short, S. Tamplin, »
            
Household Satellite Account
«, Det Forenede Kongeriges statistiske kontor, 2002; J.S. Landefeld and S.H. McCulla, »
            
Accounting for nonmarket household production within a national accounts framework
«, Review of Income and Wealth, 2000.
(
4
)
  Tidsplanen for formidling af ESSPROS er fastlagt i Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 458/2007 af 25. april om det europæiske system af integrerede statistikker for social beskyttelse (ESSPROS) (
EUT L 113 af 30.4.2007, s. 3
).
(
5
)
  Jf. Eurostat, OECD, UNSD, UNWTO, »
            
Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework
«, 2008.
KAPITEL 23
KLASSIFIKATIONSSYSTEMET
INDLEDNING
23.01
Klassifikationssystemet i ENS 2010 er i fuld overensstemmelse med SNA 2008, NACE rev. 2, CPA 2008 (på de aggregeringsniveauer, der anvendes for dataene i indberetningsprogrammet), COFOG, Coicop, COPNI og COPP. Kun i mindre omfang er der blevet indført yderligere koder.
23.02
Kontosystemet er baseret på et begrænset antal elementer, især sektorer, transaktioner og nomenklaturer for de størrelser, som er genstand for transaktioner, og andre strømme, navnlig aktiver og passiver. Hvert af disse elementer er opdelt hierarkisk. Regnskaberne kan udarbejdes mere eller mindre detaljeret ved at anvende højere eller lavere aggregeringsniveauer.
23.03
Posteringerne er opdelt i forskellige typer angivet ved et eller to bogstaver:
a)
S: sektorer
b)
P: produkttransaktioner
c)
NP: transaktioner i ikkefinansielle ikkeproducerede aktiver
d)
D: fordelingstransaktioner
e)
F: transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver
f)
K: andre ændringer i aktiver
g)
B: saldoposter og poster vedrørende nettoformue
h)
L: poster på statuskontoen
i)
AN: ikkefinansielle aktiver (både producerede og ikkeproducerede)
j)
AF: beholdninger af finansielle aktiver og passiver.
23.04
Ved opgørelse af BNP fra produktionssiden, udarbejdelse af tabeller efter brancher og input-output-tabeller anvendes også to europæiske nomenklaturer: NACE rev. 2 til økonomiske aktiviteter og CPA 2008 til produkter opdelt efter økonomiske aktiviteter. NACE rev. 2 er den europæiske version af ISIC rev. 4. Ved opgørelse af BNP fra anvendelsessiden anvendes CPA 2008, COFOG (klassifikation af det offentliges udgifter efter formål) og Coicop (klassifikation af privat forbrug efter formål); de to sidstnævnte nomenklaturer er udarbejdet af FN.
23.05
Ud over COFOG og Coicop omfatter de funktionelle nomenklaturer også COPNI (klassifikation efter formål af nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger) og COPP (klassifikation af producenternes udgifter efter formål). De anvendes til funktionel analyse af de udgifter, som afholdes af selskaber, sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service, husholdningerne og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger og til udarbejdelse af funktionelle satellitregnskaber.
KLASSIFIKATION AF INSTITUTIONELLE SEKTORER (S)
S.1
Den samlede økonomi
 (
1
)
S.11
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.11001
Offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.11002
Private nationalt kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.11003
Udenlandsk kontrollerede ikkefinansielle selskaber
S.12
Finansielle selskaber
S.121
Centralbanken
 (
2
)
 (offentlig)
S.122
Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken
 (
2
)
S.12201
Offentlige
S.12202
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12203
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.123
Pengemarkedsforeninger
S.12301
Offentlige
S.12302
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12303
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.124
Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
S.12401
Offentlige
S.12402
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12403
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.125
Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
S.12501
Offentlige
S.12502
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12503
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.126
Finansielle hjælpeenheder
S.12601
Offentlige
S.12602
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12603
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.127
Koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere
S.12701
Offentlige
S.12702
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12703
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.128
Forsikringsselskaber
 (
3
)
S.12801
Offentlige
S.12802
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12803
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.129
Pensionskasser
 (
3
)
S.12901
Offentlige
S.12902
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.12903
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.121 + S.122 + S.123
Monetære finansielle institutioner
S.13
Offentlig forvaltning og service
S.1311
Statslig forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde)
S.1312
Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde)
S.1313
Kommunal forvaltning og service (undtagen sociale kasser og fonde)
S.1314
Sociale kasser og fonde
S.14
Husholdninger
S.141
Arbejdsgivere
S.142
Selvstændige uden ansatte
S.143
Lønmodtagere
S.144
Modtagere af formueindkomst og overførselsindkomster
S.1441
Modtagere af formueindkomst
S.1442
Pensionsmodtagere
S.1443
Modtagere af andre overførselsindkomster
S.15
Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
S.15002
Private nationalt kontrollerede
S.15003
Udenlandsk kontrollerede
S.2
Udlandet
S.21
Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer
S.211
EU-medlemsstaterne
S.2111
EU-medlemsstater inden for euroområdet
S.2112
EU-medlemsstater uden for euroområdet
S.212
EU-institutioner og -organer
S.2121
Den Europæiske Centralbank (ECB)
S.2122
EU-institutioner og -organer, undtagen ECB
S.22
Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i EU
KLASSIFIKATION AF TRANSAKTIONER OG ANDRE STRØMME
Produkttransaktioner (P)
P.1
Produktion
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
P.119
Indirekte målte finansielle formidlingstjenester (FISIM)
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
P.42
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
P.5
Bruttoinvesteringer / P.5n Nettoinvesteringer
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital (-)
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen (-)
P.51c2
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af blandet indkomst, brutto (-)
P.51n
Faste nettoinvesteringer
P.52
Lagerændringer
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
P.61
Eksport af varer
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
P.71
Import af varer
P.72
Import af tjenester
Transaktioner i ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (NP-koder)
Koderne for transaktionerne i ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver kan om nødvendigt opdeles yderligere ved at tilføje koderne for ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN.2).
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
Fordelingstransaktioner (D)
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
D.11
Løn
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
D.21
Produktskatter
D.211
Moms
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
D.2121
Told mv.
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
D.3
Subsidier
D.31
Produktsubsidier
D.311
Importsubsidier
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
D.4
Formueindkomst
D.41
Renter
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
D.421
Udbytte
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.45
Jordrente mv.
Løbende overførsler i kontanter og i naturalier (D.5-D.8)
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
D.51
Indkomstskatter
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger (-)
 (
4
)
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
D.76
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
D.9
Kapitaloverførsler
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.91r
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
Transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver (F)
(Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver/nettoændringer i finansielle passiver)
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.11
Monetært guld
F.12
SDR
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.21
Sedler og mønt
F.22
Transferable indskud
F.221
Interbankpositioner
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
F.29
Andre indskud
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
F.31
Kortfristede
F.32
Langfristede
F.4
Lån
 (
5
)
F.41
Kortfristede
F.42
Langfristede
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.51
Ejerandele
F.511
Noterede aktier
F.512
Unoterede aktier
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.71
Finansielle derivater
F.711
Aktieoptioner
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
Andre ændringer i aktiver (K)
K.1-5
Mængdeændringer i alt
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
KLASSIFIKATION AF SALDOPOSTER OG NETTOFORMUE (B)
(
6
)
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
B.9N
Fordringserhvervelse, netto, på de ikkefinansielle konti
B.9F
Fordringserhvervelse, netto, på de finansielle konti
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
 (
7
)
(
8
)
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
B.90
Nettoformue
BF.90
Finansiel nettoformue
KLASSIFIKATION AF POSTER PÅ STATUSKONTOEN (L)
De eneste koder, som er nødvendige for en statuskonto, er lige som for den finansielle konto de koder, der anvendes til opdeling af aktiverne efter type (AN- og AF-koder). Der kan dog oprettes en konto, der viser beholdningerne ved en periodes start (LS) og slutning (LE) og de samlede ændringer mellem disse tidspunkter (LX). Alle tre koder anvendes efter arten af aktiv. LX-angivelserne er summen af angivelserne vedrørende koderne P.5, NP, F og K for de pågældende aktiver i den omfattede periode.
Ud fra registreringerne på primostatuskontoen kan der beregnes en værdi for nettoformuen (B.90). Forskellen mellem denne værdi og værdien af B.90 i ultimostatuskontoen skal være lig med saldoen af alle LX-koder, som også skal være lig med værdien af B.10.
LS
Primostatuskonto
LX
Ændringer i statuskonto
LE
Ultimostatuskonto
KLASSIFIKATION AF AKTIVER (A)
Ikkefinansielle aktiver (AN)
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.11
Faste aktiver efter type
AN.111
Boliger
AN.112
Andre bygninger og anlæg
AN.1121
Bygninger, undtagen boliger
AN.1122
Andre anlæg
AN.1123
Jordforbedring
AN.113
Maskiner og udstyr
AN.1131
Transportmidler
AN.1132
Ikt-udstyr
AN.1139
Andre maskiner og udstyr
AN.114
Våbensystemer
AN.115
Avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.1151
Besætninger af avlsdyr, malkedyr, trækdyr mv.
AN.1152
Træ- og planteressourcer, som giver tilbagevendende produkter
(AN.116)
(Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver)
 (
9
)
AN.117
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
AN.1171
Forskning og udvikling
AN.1172
Efterforskning og evaluering af mineralske råstoffer
AN.1173
Computersoftware og databaser
AN.11731
Computersoftware
AN.11732
Databaser
AN.1174
Originalværker inden for underholdning, kultur og kunst
AN.1179
Andre produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger efter type
AN.121
Materialer
AN.122
Produkter under fremstilling
AN.1221
Produkter under fremstilling (avlede/dyrkede aktiver)
AN.1222
Andre produkter under fremstilling
AN.123
Færdigvarer
AN.124
Militære lagre
AN.125
Handelsvarer
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.131
Ædelmetaller og –stene
AN.132
Antikviteter og andre kunstgenstande
AN.133
Andre værdigenstande
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AN.211
Jord
AN. 2111
Jord under bygninger og anlæg
AN. 2112
Jord under opdyrkning
AN. 2113
Rekreative arealer og tilhørende overfladevand
AN. 2119
Anden jord og tilhørende overfladevand
AN.212
Mineral- og energiforekomster
AN.213
Ikkeavlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.214
Vandressourcer
AN.215
Andre naturressourcer
AN.2151
Radiofrekvenser
AN.2159
Andet
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
AN.221
Omsættelige operationelle leasingkontrakter
AN.222
Tilladelser til udnyttelse af naturressourcer
AN.223
Tilladelser til udøvelse af bestemte aktiviteter
AN.224
Eneret til fremtidige varer og tjenester
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
Finansielle aktiver (AF)
Der er i teorien fuld overensstemmelse mellem koderne for transaktioner i finansielle aktiver og passiver (F-koder) og koderne for beholdninger eller positioner (AF-koder) af de samme aktiver og passiver. I praksis kan statuskontodata imidlertid være mindre detaljerede og kun findes på første inddelingsniveau som vist nedenfor. Efter behov kan AF-koderne underopdeles på samme måde som for F:
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.11
Monetært guld
AF.12
SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.21
Sedler og mønt
AF.22
Transferable indskud
AF.221
Interbankpositioner
AF.229
Andre transferable indskud
AF.29
Andre indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.31
Kortfristede
AF.32
Langfristede
AF.4
Lån
 (
10
)
AF.41
Kortfristede
AF.42
Langfristede
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.51
Ejerandele
AF.511
Noterede aktier
AF.512
Unoterede aktier
AF.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
AF.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
AF.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
AF.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
AF.63
Pensionsrettigheder
AF.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
AF.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
AF.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.71
Finansielle derivater
F.711
Aktieoptioner
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
AF.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AF.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
AF.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
KLASSIFIKATION AF SUPPLERENDE STØRRELSER
Pr. konvention begynder en supplerende kode med X, og i resten af koden indgår koden for standardangivelsen.
Misligholdte lån
Følgende koder anvendes på beholdninger og strømme af misligholdte lån. Lån har kode AF.4 og F.4, og de supplerende koder begynder da med XAF4 for beholdningernes vedkommende og XF4 for strømmene.
Koder for beholdninger:
XAF4_NNP
Misligholdte lån: nominel værdi
XAF4_MNP
Misligholdte lån: markedsværdi
Koder for de tilhørende strømme:
XF4_NNP
Misligholdte lån: nominel værdi
XF4_MNP
Misligholdte lån: markedsværdi
For begge sæt koders vedkommende angiver underscore-tegnet en plads, som er afsat til eventuelle detaljerede koder for lån, f.eks. på statuskontoen:
XAF41NNP
Misligholdte kortfristede lån: nominel værdi
XAF42MNP
Misligholdte langfristede lån: markedsværdi
Kapitaltjenester
Koder for kapitaltjenester:
XCS
Kapitaltjenester
XCSC
Kapitaltjenester — Selskaber
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
XRC
Forrentning af kapital — Selskaber
XOC
Andre kapitalomkostninger — Selskaber
XCSU
Kapitaltjenester — Personlige foretagender
P.51c2
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af blandet indkomst, brutto
XRU
Forrentning af kapital — Personlige foretagender
XOU
Andre kapitalomkostninger — Personlige foretagender
Pensionstabel
Følgende koder anvendes for den supplerende tabel, der er omhandlet i kapitlet om pensioner. Der er foreslået forskellige koder for søjlerne og rækkerne i tabellen.
Søjler
I søjlens betegnelse angiver bogstavet »W«
                     »ikkeoffentlig«, og tallene i disse koder refererer til de tilsvarende institutionelle sektorer.
a)   Passiver opført i hovedkontosystemet
Ordninger, hvis oprettelse og gennemførelse offentlig forvaltning og service ikke er ansvarlig for
XPC1W
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
XPB1W
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger
XPCB1W
I alt
Ordninger, hvis oprettelse og gennemførelse offentlig forvaltning og service er ansvarlig for
XPCG
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger for ansatte i offentlig forvaltning og service
XPBG12
I sektoren finansielle selskaber
XPBG13
I sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
b)   Passiver, der ikke er opført i hovedkontosystemet
XPBOUT13
I sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service
XP1314
Socialsikringspensioner
XPTOT
Pensionsordninger i alt
XPTOTNRH
Heraf: ikkeresidente husholdninger
Rækker
a)   Primostatuskonto
XAF63LS
Pensionsrettigheder
b)   Transaktioner
XD61p
Særlige bidrag til pensionsordninger
XD6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
XD6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
XD6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
XD6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
XD619
Anden (aktuarmæssig) akkumulering af pensionsrettigheder i sociale kasser og fonde
XD62p
Pensionsydelser
XD8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
XD81
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af overførsler af rettigheder
XD82
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af forhandlede ændringer i ordningernes struktur
c)   Andre økonomiske strømme
XK7
Omvurdering
XK5
Andre mængdeændringer
d)   Ultimostatuskonto
XAF63LE
Pensionsrettigheder
e)   Dertil knyttede indikatorer
XP1
Produktion
XAFN
Pensionsordningers beholdning af aktiver ved årets slutning
Varige forbrugsgoder
Koderne for varige forbrugsgoder indledes med X efterfulgt af bogstaverne DHHCE (husholdningernes udgifter til varige forbrugsgoder) og af et etcifret tal for kategorier og et tocifret tal for underkategorier. De tilsvarende Coicop-koder er ligeledes angivet.
Coicop
SNA-koder
XDHHCE1
Møbler og husholdningsapparater
05.1.1
XDHHCE11
Møbler, boligudstyr og indretning
05.1.2
XDHHCE12
Tæpper og anden gulvbelægning
05.3.1
XDHHCE13
Større husholdningsapparater, også elektriske
05.5.1
XDHHCE14
Større redskaber og udstyr til hus og have
XDHHCE2
Personlige transportmidler
07.1.1
XDHHCE21
Automobiler
07.1.2
XDHHCE22
Motorcykler
07.1.3
XDHHCE23
Cykler
07.1.4
XDHHCE24
Dyretrukne køretøjer
XDHHCE3
Forbrugsgoder til fritids- og kulturaktiviteter
08.2.0
XDHHCE31
Telefon- og telefaxudstyr
09.1.1
XDHHCE32
Udstyr til modtagelse, indspilning og reproduktion af lyd og billeder
09.1.2
XDHHCE33
Fotografisk og kinematografisk udstyr, optiske instrumenter
09.1.3
XDHHCE34
Databehandlingsudstyr
09.2.1
XDHHCE35
Større forbrugsgoder til udendørs fritidsaktiviteter
09.2.2
XDHHCE36
Musikinstrumenter og større forbrugsgoder til indendørs fritidsaktiviteter
XDHHCE4
Andre varige forbrugsgoder
12.3.1
XDHHCE41
Smykker og ure
06.1.3
XDHHCE42
Medicinske apparater og medicinsk udstyr
Udenlandske direkte investeringer
Koderne for supplerende størrelser i forbindelse med udenlandske direkte investeringer (FDI) kan indledes med X efterfulgt af koden F eller AF plus FDI, f.eks.:
XF42FDI
for udenlandske direkte investeringstransaktioner i langfristede lån
Betingede positioner
Supplerende koder for betingede positioner indledes med X efterfulgt af koden AF plus CP, f.eks.:
XAF11CP
når monetært guld anvendt som sikkerhedsstillelse kan påvirke dets anvendelse som reserveaktiv
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
Koderne for supplerende størrelser til klassificering af sedler og mønt samt indskud i national og udenlandsk valuta indledes med X efterfulgt af koden F eller AF plus NC, som angiver, at sedler og mønt samt indskud er i national valuta, eller plus FC med den internationale valutakode, som angiver, at der er tale om sedler og mønt samt indskud i udenlandsk valuta, f.eks.:
For transaktioner
XF21NC
sedler og mønt i national valuta
XF22FC
indskud i udenlandsk valuta
For beholdninger
XAF21NC
sedler og mønt i national valuta
XAF22FC
indskud i udenlandsk valuta
Klassifikation af gældsværdipapirer efter resterende løbetid
Det foreslås at klassificere gældsværdipapirer efter resterende løbetid. Koden herfor kan indledes med X efterfulgt af koden AF og et forfaldstidspunkt, f.eks.:
XAF32Y20
for gældsværdipapirer, der forfalder i 2020
Noterede og unoterede gældsværdipapirer
Koderne for supplerende angivelser vedrørende gældsværdipapirer indledes med X efterfulgt af koden F eller AF plus tallet 1 for noterede og 2 for unoterede, f.eks.:
For transaktioner
XF321
for transaktioner i noterede langfristede gældsværdipapirer
XF322
for transaktioner i unoterede langfristede gældsværdipapirer
For beholdninger
XAF321
for beholdninger af noterede langfristede gældsværdipapirer
XAF322
for beholdninger af unoterede langfristede gældsværdipapirer
Langfristede lån med en resterende løbetid på under et år og langfristede lån med sikkerhed i fast ejendom
Koderne for langfristede lån med en resterende løbetid på under et år og langsigtede lån med sikkerhed i fast ejendom sammensættes af X efterfulgt af koden F eller af koden AF plus L1, som angiver, at den resterende løbetid er under et år, og LM, der angiver lån med sikkerhed i fast ejendom, f.eks.:
For transaktioner
XF42L1
for langfristede lån med en resterende løbetid på under et år
XF42LM
for langfristede lån med sikkerhed i fast ejendom
For beholdninger
XAF42L1
for langfristede lån med en resterende løbetid på under et år
XAF42LM
for langfristede lån med sikkerhed i fast ejendom
Noterede og unoterede andele i investeringsforeninger
Koderne for unoterede andele i investeringsforeninger indledes med X efterfulgt af koden F eller AF plus tallet 1 for noterede og 2 for unoterede, f.eks.:
For transaktioner
XF5221
for transaktioner i noterede andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
XF5222
for transaktioner i unoterede andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
For beholdninger
XAF5221
for beholdninger af noterede andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
XAF5222
for beholdninger af unoterede andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
Restancer i rente- og afdragsbetalinger
Koderne for restancer i rente- og afdragsbetalinger indledes med X efterfulgt af koden AF plus IA for renterestancer og PA for afdragsrestancer, f.eks.:
XAF42IA
for renterestancer for langfristede lån
XAF42PA
for afdragsrestancer for langfristede lån
Personlige og samlede pengeoverførsler
Koderne for personlige og samlede pengeoverførsler mellem residente og ikkeresidente husholdninger indledes med X efterfulgt af koden for den løbende overførsel plus PR for personlige pengeoverførsler og TR for samlede pengeoverførsler:
XD5452PR
for personlige pengeoverførsler mellem residente og ikkeresidente husholdninger
XD5452TR
for samlede pengeoverførsler mellem residente og ikkeresidente husholdninger
GRUPPERING OG KODNING AF BRANCHER (A) OG PRODUKTER (P)
De aktivitets- og produktnomenklaturer, som skal anvendes, er NACE rev. 2 og CPA 2008. De tilsvarende aggregeringsniveauer til brug for ENS-indberetningsprogrammet er: A*3, A*10. A*21, A*38 og A*64 for økonomiske aktiviteter og P*3, P*10. P*21, P*38 og P*64 for produkter. Niveauerne A*88 (NACE rev.2) og P*88 (CPA) er omhandlet i dette kapitel, men indgår ikke i indberetningsprogrammet.
De nye aggregeringer fremgår af nedenstående:
A*3
Løbenr.
Hovedafd. i NACE rev. 2
Beskrivelse
1
A
Landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
B, C, D, E og F
Råstofudvinding; fremstillingsvirksomhed; el-, gas- og fjernvarmeforsyning; vandforsyning; kloakvæsen, affaldshåndtering og rensning af jord og grundvand; bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
3
G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T og U
Tjenesteydelser
A*10
Løbenr.
Hovedafd. i NACE rev. 2
Beskrivelse
1
A
Landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
B, C, D og E
Råstofudvinding; fremstillingsvirksomhed; el-, gas- og fjernvarmeforsyning; vandforsyning; kloakvæsen, affaldshåndtering og rensning af jord og grundvand
2a
C
Heraf: fremstillingsvirksomhed
3
F
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
4
G, H og I
Engroshandel og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler; transport og godshåndtering; overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationsvirksomhed
5
J
Information og kommunikation
6
K
Pengeinstitut- og finansvirksomhed, forsikring
7
L
Fast ejendom
8
M og N
Liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenesteydelser; administrative tjenesteydelser og hjælpetjenester
9
O, P og Q
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; socialsikring; undervisning; sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger
10
R, S, T og U
Kultur, forlystelser og fritid; andre serviceydelser; private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; private husholdningers produktion af varer og tjenester til eget brug, ikke nærmere angivet; eksterritoriale organer
A*21
Løbenr.
Hovedafd. i NACE rev. 2
Hovedgr. i NACE rev. 2
Beskrivelse
1
A
01-03
Landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
B
05-09
Råstofudvinding
3
C
10-33
Fremstillingsvirksomhed
4
D
35
El-, gas- og fjernvarmeforsyning
5
E
36-39
Vandforsyning; kloakvæsen, affaldshåndtering og rensning af jord og grundvand
6
F
41-43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
7
G
45-47
Engroshandel og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
8
H
49-53
Transport og godshåndtering
9
I
55-56
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationsvirksomhed
10
J
58-63
Information og kommunikation
11
K
64-66
Pengeinstitut- og finansvirksomhed, forsikring
12
L
68
Fast ejendom
13
M
69-75
Liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenesteydelser
14
N
77-82
Administrative tjenesteydelser og hjælpetjenester
15
O
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; socialsikring
16
P
85
Undervisning
17
Q
86-88
Sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger
18
R
90-93
Kultur, forlystelser og fritid
19
S
94-96
Andre serviceydelser
20
T
97-98
Private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; private husholdningers produktion af varer og tjenesteydelser til eget brug, i.a.n
21
U
99
Eksterritoriale organisationer og organer
A*38
Løbenr.
Hovedgr. i NACE rev. 2
Beskrivelse
1
01-03
Landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
05-09
Råstofudvinding
3
10-12
Fremstilling af fødevarer, drikkevarer og tobaksprodukter
4
13-15
Fremstilling af tekstiler, beklædningsartikler og lædervarer
5
16-18
Fremstilling af træ- og papirvarer, trykning
6
19
Fremstilling af koks og raffinerede mineralolieprodukter
7
20
Fremstilling af kemiske produkter
8
21
Fremstilling af farmaceutiske råvarer og farmaceutiske præparater
9
22-23
Fremstilling af gummi- og plastprodukter og andre ikkemetalholdige mineralske produkter
10
24-25
Fremstilling af metal, jern- og metalvareindustri, undtagen maskiner og udstyr
11
26
Fremstilling af computere, elektroniske og optiske produkter
12
27
Fremstilling af elektrisk udstyr
13
28
Fremstilling af maskiner og udstyr i.a.n.
14
29-30
Fremstilling af transportmidler
15
31-33
Fremstilling af møbler; anden fremstillingsvirksomhed; reparation og installation af maskiner og udstyr
16
35
El-, gas- og fjernvarmeforsyning
17
36-39
Vandforsyning; kloakvæsen, affaldshåndtering og rensning af jord og grundvand
18
41-43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
19
45-47
Engroshandel og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
20
49-53
Transport og godshåndtering
21
55-56
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationsvirksomhed
22
58-60
Udgivervirksomhed, audiovisuelle aktiviteter og radio- og tv-virksomhed
23
61
Telekommunikation
24
62-63
Computerprogrammering, konsulentbistand vedrørende informationsteknologi og lignende aktiviteter; informationstjenester
25
64-66
Pengeinstitut- og finansvirksomhed, forsikring
26
68
Fast ejendom
26a
Heraf: beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger
27
69-71
Juridisk bistand, bogføring og revision; hovedsæders virksomhed; virksomhedsrådgivning; arkitekt- og ingeniørvirksomhed; teknisk afprøvning og analyse
28
72
Videnskabelig forskning og udvikling
29
73-75
Reklame og markedsanalyse; andre liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenesteydelser; dyrlæger
30
77-82
Administrative tjenesteydelser og hjælpetjenester
31
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; socialsikring
32
85
Undervisning
33
86
Sundhedsvæsen
34
87-88
Sociale foranstaltninger
35
90-93
Kultur, forlystelser og fritid
36
94-96
Andre serviceydelser
37
97-98
Private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; private husholdningers produktion af varer og tjenesteydelser til eget brug i.a.n.
38
99
Eksterritoriale organisationer og organer
A*64
Løbenr.
Hovedgr. i NACE rev. 2
Beskrivelse
1
01
Plante- og husdyravl, jagt og serviceydelser i forbindelse hermed
2
02
Skovbrug og skovning
3
03
Fiskeri og akvakultur
4
05-09
Råstofudvinding
5
10-12
Fremstilling af fødevarer, drikkevarer og tobaksprodukter
6
13-15
Fremstilling af tekstiler, beklædningsartikler og lædervarer
7
16
Fremstilling af træ og varer af træ og kork, undtagen møbler; fremstilling af varer af strå og flettematerialer
8
17
Fremstilling af papir og papirvarer
9
18
Trykning og reproduktion af indspillede medier
10
19
Fremstilling af koks og raffinerede mineralolieprodukter
11
20
Fremstilling af kemiske produkter
12
21
Fremstilling af farmaceutiske råvarer og farmaceutiske præparater
13
22
Fremstilling af gummi- og plastprodukter
14
23
Fremstilling af andre ikkemetalholdige mineralske produkter
15
24
Fremstilling af metal
16
25
Jern- og metalvareindustri, undtagen maskiner og udstyr
17
26
Fremstilling af computere, elektroniske og optiske produkter
18
27
Fremstilling af elektrisk udstyr
19
28
Fremstilling af maskiner og udstyr i.a.n.
20
29
Fremstilling af motorkøretøjer, påhængsvogne og sættevogne
21
30
Fremstilling af andre transportmidler
22
31-32
Fremstilling af møbler; anden fremstillingsvirksomhed
23
33
Reparation og installation af maskiner og udstyr
24
35
El-, gas- og fjernvarmeforsyning
25
36
Vandforsyning
26
37-39
Kloakvæsen; indsamling, behandling og bortskaffelse af affald; materialegenvinding; rensning af jord og grundvand og anden form for forureningsbekæmpelse
27
41-43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
28
45
Handel med biler og motorcykler og reparation heraf
29
46
Engroshandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
30
47
Detailhandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
31
49
Landtransport; rørtransport
32
50
Skibsfart
33
51
Luftfart
34
52
Hjælpevirksomhed i forbindelse med transport
35
53
Post- og kurertjenester
36
55-56
Overnatningsfaciliteter; restaurationsvirksomhed
37
58
Udgivervirksomhed
38
59-60
Produktion af film, video- og tv-programmer, lydoptagelser og musikudgivelser; radio- og tv-virksomhed
39
61
Telekommunikation
40
62-63
Computerprogrammering, konsulentbistand vedrørende informationsteknologi og lignende aktiviteter; informationstjenester
41
64
Pengeinstitut- og finansvirksomhed, undtagen forsikring og pensionsforsikring
42
65
Forsikring, genforsikring og pensionsforsikring, undtagen lovpligtig socialforsikring
43
66
Hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med finansvirksomhed og forsikring
44
68
Fast ejendom
44a
Heraf: beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger
45
69-70
Juridisk bistand, bogføring og revision; hovedsæders virksomhed; virksomhedsrådgivning
46
71
Arkitekt- og ingeniørvirksomhed; teknisk afprøvning og analyse
47
72
Videnskabelig forskning og udvikling
48
73
Reklame og markedsanalyse
49
74-75
Andre liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenesteydelser; dyrlæger
50
77
Udlejning og leasing
51
78
Arbejdsformidling
52
79
Rejsebureauers og rejsearrangørers virksomhed, reservationstjensteydelser og tjenesteydelser i forbindelse hermed
53
80-82
Vagt- og sikkerhedstjenester og overvågning; serviceydelser i forbindelse med ejendomme samt landskabspleje; administrationsservice, kontorservice og anden forretningsservice
54
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; socialsikring
55
85
Undervisning
56
86
Sundhedsvæsen
57
87-88
Sociale foranstaltninger
58
90-92
Kreative aktiviteter, kunst og forlystelser; biblioteker, arkiver, museer og anden kulturel virksomhed; lotteri- og anden spillevirksomhed
59
93
Sport, forlystelser og fritidsaktiviteter
60
94
Organisationer og foreninger
61
95
Reparation af computere og varer til personlig brug og husholdningsbrug
62
96
Andre personlige serviceydelser
63
97-98
Private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; private husholdningers produktion af varer og tjenesteydelser til eget brug i.a.n.
64
99
Eksterritoriale organisationer og organer
A*88
Løbenr.
Hovedgr. i NACE rev. 2
Beskrivelse
1
01
Plante- og husdyravl, jagt og serviceydelser i forbindelse hermed
2
02
Skovbrug og skovning
3
03
Fiskeri og akvakultur
4
05
Indvinding af kul og brunkul
5
06
Indvinding af råolie og naturgas
6
07
Brydning af metalmalme
7
08
Anden råstofindvinding
8
09
Serviceydelser i forbindelse med råstofindvinding
9
10
Fremstilling af fødevarer
10
11
Fremstilling af drikkevarer
11
12
Fremstilling af tobaksprodukter
12
13
Fremstilling af tekstiler
13
14
Fremstilling af beklædningsartikler
14
15
Fremstilling af læder og lædervarer
15
16
Fremstilling af træ og varer af træ og kork, undtagen møbler; fremstilling af varer af strå og flettematerialer
16
17
Fremstilling af papir og papirvarer
17
18
Trykning og reproduktion af indspillede medier
18
19
Fremstilling af koks og raffinerede mineralolieprodukter
19
20
Fremstilling af kemiske produkter
20
21
Fremstilling af farmaceutiske råvarer og farmaceutiske præparater
21
22
Fremstilling af gummi- og plastprodukter
22
23
Fremstilling af andre ikkemetalholdige mineralske produkter
23
24
Fremstilling af metal
24
25
Jern- og metalvareindustri, undtagen maskiner og udstyr
25
26
Fremstilling af computere, elektroniske og optiske produkter
26
27
Fremstilling af elektrisk udstyr
27
28
Fremstilling af maskiner og udstyr i.a.n.
28
29
Fremstilling af motorkøretøjer, påhængsvogne og sættevogne
29
30
Fremstilling af andre transportmidler
30
31
Fremstilling af møbler
31
32
Anden fremstillingsvirksomhed
32
33
Reparation og installation af maskiner og udstyr
33
35
El-, gas- og fjernvarmeforsyning
34
36
Vandforsyning
35
37
Kloakvæsen
36
38
Indsamling, behandling og bortskaffelse af affald; genbrug
37
39
Rensning af jord og grundvand og anden form for forureningsbekæmpelse
38
41
Opførelse af bygninger
39
42
Anlægsarbejder
40
43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed, som kræver specialisering
41
45
Handel med biler og motorcykler og reparation heraf
42
46
Engroshandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
43
47
Detailhandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
44
49
Landtransport; rørtransport
45
50
Skibsfart
46
51
Luftfart
47
52
Hjælpevirksomhed i forbindelse med transport
48
53
Post- og kurertjenester
49
55
Overnatningsfaciliteter
50
56
Restaurationsvirksomhed
51
58
Udgivervirksomhed
52
59
Produktion af film, video- og tv-programmer, lydoptagelser og musikudgivelser
53
60
Radio- og tv-virksomhed
54
61
Telekommunikation
55
62
Computerprogrammering, konsulentbistand vedrørende informationsteknologi og lignende aktiviteter
56
63
Informationstjenester
57
64
Pengeinstitut- og finansvirksomhed, undtagen forsikring og pensionsforsikring
58
65
Forsikring, genforsikring og pensionsforsikring, undtagen lovpligtig socialforsikring
59
66
Hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med finansvirksomhed og forsikring
60
68
Fast ejendom
60a
Heraf: beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger
61
69
Juridisk bistand, bogføring og revision
62
70
Hovedsæders virksomhed; virksomhedsrådgivning
63
71
Arkitekt- og ingeniørvirksomhed; teknisk afprøvning og analyse
64
72
Videnskabelig forskning og udvikling
65
73
Reklame og markedsanalyse
66
74
Andre liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenesteydelser
67
75
Dyrlæger
68
77
Udlejning og leasing
69
78
Arbejdsformidling
70
79
Rejsebureauers og rejsearrangørers virksomhed, reservationstjensteydelser og tjenesteydelser i forbindelse hermed
71
80
Vagt- og sikkerhedstjenester og overvågning
72
81
Serviceydelser i forbindelse med ejendomme samt landskabspleje
73
82
Administrationsservice, kontorservice og anden forretningsservice
74
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; socialsikring
75
85
Undervisning
76
86
Sundhedsvæsen
77
87
Institutionsophold
78
88
Sociale foranstaltninger uden institutionsophold
79
90
Kreative aktiviteter, kunst og forlystelser
80
91
Biblioteker, arkiver, museer og anden kulturel virksomhed
81
92
Lotteri- og anden spillevirksomhed
82
93
Sport, forlystelser og fritidsaktiviteter
83
94
Organisationer og foreninger
84
95
Reparation af computere og varer til personlig brug og husholdningsbrug
85
96
Andre personlige serviceydelser
86
97
Private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp
87
98
Private husholdningers produktion af varer og tjenesteydelser til eget brug i.a.n.
88
99
Eksterritoriale organisationer og organer
P*3
Løbenr.
Hovedafd. i CPA 2008
Beskrivelse
1
A
Produkter fra landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
B, C, D, E og F
Råstofudvinding; færdigvarer; levering af elektricitet, gas og vand; affaldshåndtering; bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
3
G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T og U
Tjenesteydelser
P*10
Løbenr.
Hovedafd. i CPA 2008
Beskrivelse
1
A
Produkter fra landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
B, C, D og E
Råstofudvinding; færdigvarer; levering af elektricitet, gas og vand; affaldshåndtering
2a
C
Heraf: færdigvarer
3
F
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
4
G, H og I
Engroshandel og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler; transport og oplagring; overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester
5
J
Information og kommunikation
6
K
Bank- og finanstjenester, forsikring
7
L
Tjenester i forbindelse med fast ejendom
8
M og N
Liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester; administrative tjenester og hjælpetjenester
9
O, P og Q
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; lovpligtig socialsikring; Undervisning; sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger
10
R, S, T og U
Kultur, forlystelser og fritid; reparation af varer til husholdningsbrug og andre tjenester
P*21
Løbenr.
Hovedafd. i CPA 2008
Hovedgr. i CPA 2008
Beskrivelse
1
A
01-03
Produkter fra landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
B
05-09
Råstofudvinding
3
C
10-33
Færdigvarer
4
D
35
Levering af elektricitet, gas, damp og airconditionering
5
E
36-39
Vandforsyning; kloakering, affaldshåndtering og rensning af jord og grundvand
6
F
41-43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
7
G
45-47
Engroshandel og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler Transport og oplagring
8
H
49-53
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester
9
I
55-56
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester
10
J
58-63
Information og kommunikation
11
K
64-66
Bank- og finanstjenester, forsikring
12
L
68
Tjenester i forbindelse med fast ejendom
13
M
69-75
Liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester
14
N
77-82
Administrative tjenester og hjælpetjenester
15
O
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; lovpligtig socialsikring
16
P
85
Undervisning
17
Q
86-88
Sundhedsvæsen og sociale foranstaltninger
18
R
90-93
Kultur, forlystelser og fritid
19
S
94-96
Andre tjenester
20
T
97-98
Tjenester ydet af private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; ikke nærmere angivne varer og tjenester produceret af private husholdninger til eget brug
21
U
99
Tjenester ydet af eksterritoriale organer
P*38
Løbenr.
Hovedgr. i CPA 2008
Beskrivelse
1
01-03
Produkter fra landbrug, skovbrug og fiskeri
2
05-09
Råstofudvinding
3
10-12
Fødevarer, drikkevarer og tobaksprodukter
4
13-15
Tekstilvarer, beklædningsgenstande og lædervarer
5
16-18
Træ og papirvarer samt trykning
6
19
Koks og raffinerede jordolieprodukter
7
20
Kemiske produkter
8
21
Farmaceutiske råvarer og farmaceutiske præparater
9
22-23
Gummi- og plastprodukter og andre ikkemetalholdige mineralske produkter
10
24-25
Metal, jern- og metalvareindustri, undtagen maskiner og udstyr
11
26
Computere, elektronisk og optisk udstyr
12
27
Elektrisk udstyr
13
28
Maskiner og udstyr i.a.n.
14
29-30
Transportmidler
15
31-33
Møbler; andre færdigvarer; reparation og installation af maskiner og udstyr
16
35
Levering af elektricitet, gas, damp og airconditioneret luft
17
36-39
Vandforsyning; kloakering, affaldshåndtering og rensning af jord og grundvand
18
41-43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
19
45-47
Engroshandel og detailhandel; reparation af motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
20
49-53
Transport og oplagring
21
55-56
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester
22
58-60
Udgivervirksomhed, audiovisuelle tjenester og transmission af radio- og fjernsynsprogrammer
23
61
Telekommunikation
24
62-63
Computerprogrammering, konsulentbistand og lignende tjenester; informationstjenester
25
64-66
Bank- og finanstjenester, forsikring
26
68
Tjenester i forbindelse med fast ejendom
26a
Heraf: beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger
27
69-71
Juridisk bistand, bogføring og revision; tjenester ydet af hovedsæder; virksomhedsrådgivning; arkitekt- og ingeniørtjenester; teknisk afprøvning og analyse
28
72
Videnskabelig forskning og udvikling
29
73-75
Reklametjenester og markedsanalyse; andre liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester; veterinære tjenester
30
77-82
Administrative tjenester og hjælpetjenester
31
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; lovpligtig socialsikring
32
85
Undervisning
33
86
Sundhedsvæsen
34
87-88
Sociale foranstaltninger
35
90-93
Kultur, forlystelser og fritid
36
94-96
Andre tjenester
37
97-98
Tjenester ydet af private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; ikke nærmere angivne varer og tjenester produceret af private husholdninger til eget brug
38
99
Tjenester ydet af eksterritoriale organer
P*64
Løbenr.
Hovedgr. i CPA 2008
Beskrivelse
1
01
Produkter fra landbrug og jagt samt tjenester i forbindelse hermed
2
02
Produkter fra skovbrug, skovning og tjenester i forbindelse hermed
3
03
Fisk og andre fiskeprodukter; akvakulturprodukter; tjenester til fiskeri
4
05-09
Råstofudvinding
5
10-12
Fødevarer; drikkevarer; tobaksprodukter
6
13-15
Tekstilvarer; beklædningsgenstande; læder og lædervarer
7
16
Træ og varer af træ og kork, undtagen møbler; varer af strå og flettematerialer
8
17
Papir og papirvarer
9
18
Trykning og reproduktion
10
19
Koks og raffinerede jordolieprodukter
11
20
Kemiske produkter
12
21
Farmaceutiske råvarer og farmaceutiske præparater
13
22
Gummi- og plastprodukter
14
23
Andre ikkemetalholdige mineralske produkter
15
24
Metal
16
25
Produkter af metal, bortset fra maskiner og udstyr
17
26
Computere, elektronisk og optisk udstyr
18
27
Elektrisk udstyr
19
28
Maskiner og udstyr i.a.n.
20
29
Motorkøretøjer, påhængsvogne og sættevogne
21
30
Andre transportmidler
22
31-32
Møbler; andre færdigvarer
23
33
Reparation og installation af maskiner og udstyr
24
35
Levering af elektricitet, gas, damp og airconditionering
25
36
Naturligt vand; behandling og levering af vand
26
37-39
Kloakvæsen; slamsugning; indsamling, behandling og bortskaffelse af affald; materialegenvinding; rensning af jord og grundvand mv. og anden form for forureningsbekæmpelse
27
41-43
Bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
28
45
Engroshandel og detailhandel med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler og reparation deraf
29
46
Engroshandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
30
47
Detailhandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
31
49
Landtransport og rørtransport
32
50
Skibsfart
33
51
Lufttransport
34
52
Oplagrings- og pakhusvirksomhed og hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med transport
35
53
Post- og kurertjenester
36
55-56
Overnatningsfaciliteter og restaurationstjenester
37
58
Udgivervirksomhed
38
59-60
Produktion af film, videofilm og fjernsynsprogrammer, lydoptagelser og musikudgivelser; udbydelse og transmission af radio- og fjernsynsprogrammer
39
61
Telekommunikation
40
62-63
Computerprogrammering, konsulentbistand og lignende tjenester; informationstjenester
41
64
Bank- og finanstjenester, undtagen forsikring og pensionsforsikring
42
65
Forsikring, genforsikring og pensionsforsikring, undtagen lovpligtig socialforsikring
43
66
Hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med finansielle tjenester og forsikring
44
68
Tjenester i forbindelse med fast ejendom
44a
Heraf: beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger
45
69-70
Juridisk bistand, bogføring og revision; tjenester ydet af hovedsæder; virksomhedsrådgivning
46
71
Arkitekt- og ingeniørtjenester; teknisk afprøvning og analyse
47
72
Videnskabelig forskning og udvikling
48
73
Reklametjenester og markedsanalyse
49
74-75
Andre liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester; veterinære tjenester
50
77
Udlejning og leasing
51
78
Arbejdsformidling
52
79
Rejsebureauers og rejsearrangørers virksomhed og andre reservationstjenester og lignende tjenester
53
80-82
Vagt- og sikkerhedstjenester og overvågning; tjenester i forbindelse med ejendomme samt landskabspleje; administrationsservice, kontorservice og anden forretningsservice
54
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; lovpligtig socialsikring
55
85
Undervisning
56
86
Sundhedsvæsen
57
87-88
Institutionsophold; sociale foranstaltninger uden institutionsophold
58
90-92
Kreative aktiviteter, kunst og forlystelser; biblioteker, arkiver, museer og andre kulturelle tjenester; lotteri og andre spil
59
93
Sport, forlystelser og fritidsaktiviteter
60
94
Tjenester ydet af organisationer og foreninger
61
95
Reparation af computere og varer til personlig brug og husholdningsbrug
62
96
Andre personlige tjenester
63
97-98
Tjenester ydet af private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp; ikke nærmere angivne varer og tjenester produceret af private husholdninger til eget brug
64
99
Tjenester ydet af eksterritoriale organer
P*88
Løbenr.
Hovedgr. i CPA 2008
Beskrivelse
1
01
Produkter fra landbrug og jagt samt tjenester i forbindelse hermed
2
02
Produkter fra skovbrug, skovning og tjenester i forbindelse hermed
3
03
Fisk og andre fiskeprodukter; akvakulturprodukter; tjenester til fiskeri
4
05
Stenkul og brunkul
5
06
Råolie og naturgas
6
07
Metalmalm
7
08
Produkter af anden råstofudvinding
8
09
Tjenester i forbindelse med råstofudvinding
9
10
Fødevarer
10
11
Drikkevarer
11
12
Tobaksprodukter
12
13
Tekstilvarer
13
14
Beklædningsgenstande
14
15
Læder og lædervarer
15
16
Træ og varer af træ og kork, undtagen møbler; varer af strå og flettematerialer
16
17
Papir og papirvarer
17
18
Trykning og reproduktion
18
19
Koks og raffinerede jordolieprodukter
19
20
Kemiske produkter
20
21
Farmaceutiske råvarer og farmaceutiske præparater
21
22
Gummi- og plastprodukter
22
23
Andre ikkemetalholdige mineralske produkter
23
24
Metal
24
25
Produkter af metal, bortset fra maskiner og udstyr
25
26
Computere, elektronisk og optisk udstyr
26
27
Elektrisk udstyr
27
28
Maskiner og udstyr i.a.n.
28
29
Motorkøretøjer, påhængsvogne og sættevogne
29
30
Andre transportmidler
30
31
Møbler
31
32
Andre færdigvarer
32
33
Reparation og installation af maskiner og udstyr
33
35
Levering af elektricitet, gas, damp og airconditioneret luft
34
36
Naturligt vand; behandling og levering af vand
35
37
Kloakvæsen; slamsugning
36
38
Indsamling, behandling og bortskaffelse af affald; materialegenvinding
37
39
Rensning af jord og grundvand mv. og anden form for forureningsbekæmpelse
38
41
Bygninger og opførelse af bygninger
39
42
Bygværker og udførelse af anlægsarbejder
40
43
Specialiserede bygge- og anlægsarbejder
41
45
Engroshandel og detailhandel med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler og reparation deraf
42
46
Engroshandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
43
47
Detailhandel, undtagen med motorkøretøjer og motorcykler
44
49
Landtransport og rørtransport
45
50
Skibsfart
46
51
Lufttransport
47
52
Oplagrings- og pakhusvirksomhed og hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med transport
48
53
Post- og kurertjenester
49
55
Overnatningsfaciliteter
50
56
Restaurationstjenester
51
58
Udgivervirksomhed
52
59
Produktion af film, videofilm og fjernsynsprogrammer, lydoptagelser og musikudgivelser
53
60
Udbydelse og transmission af radio- og fjernsynsprogrammer
54
61
Telekommunikation
55
62
Computerprogrammering, konsulentbistand og lignende tjenester
56
63
Informationstjenester
57
64
Bank- og finanstjenester, undtagen forsikring og pensionsforsikring
58
65
Forsikring, genforsikring og pensionsforsikring, undtagen lovpligtig socialforsikring
59
66
Hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med finansielle tjenester og forsikring
60
68
Tjenester i forbindelse med fast ejendom
60a
Heraf: beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger
61
69
Juridisk bistand, bogføring og revision
62
70
Tjenester ydet af hovedsæder; virksomhedsrådgivning
63
71
Arkitekt- og ingeniørtjenester; teknisk afprøvning og analyse
64
72
Videnskabelig forskning og udvikling
65
73
Reklametjenester og markedsanalyse
66
74
Andre liberale, videnskabelige og tekniske tjenester
67
75
Veterinære tjenester
68
77
Udlejning og leasing
69
78
Employment services
70
79
Rejsebureauers og rejsearrangørers virksomhed og andre reservationstjenester og lignende tjenester
71
80
Vagt- og sikkerhedstjenester og overvågning
72
81
Tjenester i forbindelse med ejendomme samt landskabspleje
73
82
Administrationsservice, kontorservice og anden forretningsservice
74
84
Offentlig forvaltning og forsvar; lovpligtig socialsikring
75
85
Undervisning
76
86
Sundhedsvæsen
77
87
Institutionsophold
78
88
Sociale foranstaltninger uden institutionsophold
79
90
Kreative aktiviteter, kunst og forlystelser
80
91
Biblioteker, arkiver, museer og andre kulturelle tjenester
81
92
Lotteri og andre spil
82
93
Sport, forlystelser og fritidsaktiviteter
83
94
Tjenester ydet af organisationer og foreninger
84
95
Reparation af computere og varer til personlig brug og husholdningsbrug
85
96
Andre personlige tjenester
86
97
Tjenester ydet af private husholdninger med ansat medhjælp
87
98
Ikke nærmere angivne varer og tjenester produceret af private husholdninger til eget brug
88
99
Tjenester ydet af eksterritoriale organer
KLASSIFIKATION AF DET OFFENTLIGES UDGIFTER EFTER FORMÅL (COFOG)
01
Generelle offentlige tjenester
01.1
Udøvende og lovgivende organer, skatte- og finansvæsen, udenrigstjenesten
01.2
Økonomisk bistand til udlandet
01.3
Generelle tjenester
01.4
Grundforskning
01.5
FoU inden for generelle offentlige tjenester
01.6
Generelle offentlige tjenester i.a.n.
01.7
Transaktioner i forbindelse med offentlig gæld
01.8
Overførsler af generel art mellem forskellige forvaltningsniveauer
02
Forsvar
02.1
Militært forsvar
02.2
Civilforsvar
02.3
Militærhjælp til udlandet
02.4
FoU inden for forsvar
02.5
Forsvar i.a.n.
03
Offentlig orden og sikkerhed
03.1
Politi
03.2
Brandvæsen
03.3
Domstole
03.4
Fængsler
03.5
FoU inden for offentlig orden og sikkerhed
03.6
Offentlig orden og sikkerhed i.a.n.
04
Økonomiske anliggender
04.1
Generelle anliggender inden for økonomi, erhverv og arbejdsmarked
04.2
Landbrug, skovbrug, fiskeri og jagt
04.3
Brændstof og energi
04.4
Råstofudvinding, fremstillingsvirksomhed og bygge- og anlægsvirksomhed
04.5
Transport
04.6
Kommunikation
04.7
Andre erhverv
04.8
FoU i emner inden for økonomi
04.9
Økonomiske anliggender i.a.n.
05
Miljøbeskyttelse
05.1
Affaldshåndtering
05.2
Spildevandshåndtering
05.3
Forureningsbekæmpelse
05.4
Beskyttelse af biodiversitet og landskab
05.5
FoU inden for miljøbeskyttelse
05.6
Miljøbeskyttelse i.a.n.
06
Boliger og offentlige faciliteter
06.1
Boligbyggeri
06.2
By- og egnsudvikling
06.3
Vandforsyning
06.4
Gadebelysning
06.5
FoU inden for boliger og offentlige faciliteter
06.6
Boliger og offentlige faciliteter i.a.n.
07
Sundhedsvæsen
07.1
Medicinske produkter, apparater og medicinsk udstyr
07.2
Ambulant behandling
07.3
Hospitalstjenester
07.4
Offentligt sundhedsvæsen
07.5
FoU inden for sundhedsvæsen
07.6
Sundhedsvæsen i.a.n.
08
Fritid, kultur og religion
08.1
Tjenester i tilknytning til rekreative aktiviteter og idræt
08.2
Kulturtjenester
08.3
Radio og tv samt forlagsvirksomhed
08.4
Religiøse og andre organisationer
08.5
FoU inden for fritid, kultur og religion
08.6
Fritid, kultur og religion i.a.n.
09
Undervisning
09.1
Førskoleundervisning og primær undervisning
09.2
Sekundær undervisning
09.3
Undervisning på niveauet mellem sekundær undervisning og tertiær undervisning
09.4
Tertiær undervisning
09.5
Undervisning uden for niveauplacering
09.6
Hjælpetjenester i forbindelse med undervisning
09.7
FoU inden for undervisning
09.8
Undervisning i.a.n.
10
Social beskyttelse
10.1
Sygdom og invaliditet
10.2
Alderdom
10.3
Efterlevende
10.4
Familie og børn
10.5
Arbejdsløshed
10.6
Bolig
10.7
Social udstødelse i.a.n.
10.8
FoU inden for social beskyttelse
10.9
Social beskyttelse i.a.n.
KLASSIFIKATION AF PRIVAT FORBRUG EFTER FORMÅL (COICOP)
01-12   Husholdningernes udgifter til individuelt forbrug
01
Fødevarer og ikkealkoholiske drikkevarer
01.1
Fødevarer
01.2
Ikkealkoholiske drikkevarer
02
Alkoholiske drikkevarer, tobak og euforiserende stoffer
02.1
Alkoholiske drikkevarer
02.2
Tobak
02.3
Euforiserende stoffer
03
Beklædning og fodtøj
03.1
Beklædning
03.2
Fodtøj
04
Boligbenyttelse, vand, elektricitet, gas og andet brændsel
04.1
Husleje
04.2
Beregnet husleje af egen bolig
04.3
Vedligeholdelse og reparation af bolig
04.4
Vandforsyning og andre tjenester i forbindelse med boligen
04.5
Elektricitet, gas og andet brændsel
05
Boligudstyr, husholdningstjenester mv.
05.1
Møbler og gulvtæpper mv.
05.2
Gardiner, sengelinned mv.
05.3
Husholdningsmaskiner
05.4
Service og køkkenudstyr
05.5
Husholdnings- og haveredskaber
05.6
Andre varer og tjenester til husholdningen
06
Sundhedsvæsen
06.1
Medicinske produkter, apparater og medicinsk udstyr
06.2
Ambulant behandling
06.3
Hospitalstjenester
07
Transport
07.1
Anskaffelse af køretøjer
07.2
Drift af individuelle transportmidler
07.3
Transporttjenester
08
Kommunikation
08.1
Posttjenester
08.2
Telefon- og telefaxudstyr
08.3
Telefon- og telefaxtjenester
09
Fritid og kultur
09.1
Audiovisuelt, fotografisk og databehandlingsudstyr
09.2
Andre varige forbrugsgoder til fritid og kultur
09.3
Andre fritidseffekter og -udstyr, have og kæledyr
09.4
Forlystelser og kulturtjenester
09.5
Bøger, blade, papir mv.
09.6
Pakkeferier
10
Undervisning
10.1
Førskoleundervisning og primær undervisning
10.2
Sekundær undervisning
10.3
Undervisning på niveauet mellem sekundær undervisning og tertiær undervisning
10.4
Tertiær undervisning
10.5
Undervisning uden for niveauplacering
11
Restauranter og hoteller
11.1
Cateringtjenester
11.2
Overnatningsfaciliteter
12
Diverse varer og tjenester
12.1
Personlig pleje
12.2
Prostitution
12.3
Personlige effekter i.a.n.
12.4
Social beskyttelse
12.5
Forsikringer
12.6
Finansielle tjenesteydelser i.a.n.
12.7
Andre tjenester i.a.n
13
Individuel forbrugsudgift i NPISH'er
13.1
Bolig
13.2
Sundhed
13.3
Fritid og kultur
13.4
Undervisning
13.5
Social beskyttelse
13.6
Andre tjenester
14
Individuel forbrugsudgift i offentlig forvaltning og service
14.1
Bolig
14.2
Sundhed
14.3
Fritid og kultur
14.4
Undervisning
14.5
Sociale beskyttelse
KLASSIFIKATION EFTER FORMÅL AF NONPROFITINSTITUTIONER RETTET MOD HUSHOLDNINGER (COPNI)
01
Bolig
02
Sundhed
02.1
Medicinske produkter, apparater og medicinsk udstyr
02.2
Ambulant behandling
02.3
Hospitalstjenester
02.4
Offentligt sundhedsvæsen
02.5
FoU inden for sundhed
02.6
Andre sundhedstjenester
03
Fritid og kultur
03.1
Tjenester i tilknytning til rekreative aktiviteter og idræt
03.2
Tjenester i forbindelse med kultur
04
Undervisning
04.1
Førskoleundervisning og primær undervisning
04.2
Sekundær undervisning
04.3
Undervisning på niveauet mellem sekundær undervisning og tertiær undervisning
04.4
Tertiær undervisning
04.5
Undervisning uden for niveauplacering
04.6
FoU inden for undervisning
04.7
Andre tjenester inden for undervisning
05
Social beskyttelse
05.1
Tjenester inden for social beskyttelse
05.2
FoU inden for social beskyttelse
06
Religion
07
Politiske partier, arbejdstagerorganisationer og brancheorganisationer
07.1
Politiske partiers tjenester
07.2
Arbejdstagerorganisationers tjenester
07.3
Brancheorganisationers tjenester
08
Miljøbeskyttelse
08.1
Tjenester inden for miljøbeskyttelse
08.2
FoU inden for miljøbeskyttelse
09
Tjenester i.a.n.
09.1
Tjenester i.a.n. (undtagen FoU)
09.2
FoU i.a.n.
KLASSIFIKATION AF PRODUCENTERNES UDGIFTER EFTER FORMÅL (COPP)
01
Udgifter til infrastruktur
01.1
Udgifter til anlæggelse af veje og til andet entreprenørarbejde, herunder kvalitetsforbedring
01.2
Udgifter til ingeniørarbejde og lignende teknologisk arbejde
01.3
Udgifter til informationsstyring
02
Udgifter til forskning og udvikling
02.1
Udgifter til forskning og eksperimentel udvikling inden for naturvidenskab og ingeniørvæsen
02.2
Udgifter til forskning og eksperimentel udvikling inden for samfundsvidenskab og humaniora
03
Udgifter til miljøbeskyttelse
03.1
Udgifter til beskyttelse af atmosfæren og klimaet
03.2
Udgifter til spildevandshåndtering
03.3
Udgifter til affaldshåndtering
03.4
Udgifter til beskyttelse af jorden og grundvandet
03.5
Udgifter til støj- og vibrationsbekæmpelse
03.6
Udgifter til beskyttelse af biodiversiteten og landskabet
03.7
Udgifter til miljøbeskyttelse i.a.n.
04
Udgifter til markedsføring
04.1
Udgifter til direkte salg
04.2
Udgifter til reklame
04.3
Udgifter til markedsføring
05
Udgifter til personaleudvikling
05.1
Udgifter til almen uddannelse og erhvervsuddannelse
05.2
Udgifter til sundhed
05.3
Udgifter til sociale tjenester
06
Udgifter til løbende produktionsprogrammer samt til produktionsstyring og -ledelse
06.1
Udgifter til løbende produktionsprogrammer
06.2
Udgifter til ekstern transport
06.3
Udgifter til sikkerhed
06.4
Udgifter til ledelse og administration
(
1
)
  Det femte ciffer (1, 2 eller 3) i alle koderne for sektor S.11 og S.12 angiver, om den pågældende sektor er offentlig eller privat og nationalt eller udenlandsk kontrolleret.
(
2
)
  Centralbanken (S.121) plus pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken (S.122) udgør S.12B.
(
3
)
  Forsikringsselskaber (S.128) plus pensionskasser (S.129) udgør S.12I.
(
4
)
  Arbejdsgiverbidragene opføres både på indkomstdannelseskontoen og kontoen for allokering af primær indkomst som beløb, der betales af arbejdsgiverne og modtages af arbejdstagerne. På sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen betales disse beløb af husholdningerne og modtages af de enheder, som administrerer socialforsikringsordninger. For at der i hvert tilfælde opføres nøjagtigt samme beløb, figurerer fradraget af det gebyr, som udgør en del af disse ordningers produktion, og de modtagende husholdningers forbrug, også på sekundærindkomstfordelingskontoen som en separat post. Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger (D.61SC) er således kun en korrektionspost og ikke en fordelingstransaktion som sådan.
(
5
)
  Memorandumpost: Udenlandske direkte investeringer (koden FDI tilføjes).
(
6
)
  Alle saldoposter kan opgøres før eller efter fradrag af forbrug af fast realkapital. Koden for saldopost opgjort brutto består af koden for posten plus bogstavet »g«. Tilsvarende angiver bogstavet »n« i forbindelse med en kode nettoværdien.
(
7
)
  Dette er ikke en saldopost i regnskabssystemet. Det er totalen af højre side af kapitalkontoen. Da det imidlertid er en betydningsfuld bestanddel af ændringer i nettoformue, kodes den som sidstnævnte aggregats andre bestanddele.
(
8
)
  For udlandet refererer dette til ændringer i nettoformuen forårsaget af saldoen på udlandskontoens løbende poster og kapitaloverførsler.
(
9
)
  Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ikkeproducerede aktiver (AN.116) behandles som værende en del af faste investeringer, dvs. som anskaffelse af faste aktiver. Når beholdningerne opdeles i kategorier, henføres disse omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten dog til de ikkeproducerede aktiver, de refererer til, og opføres således ikke som en separat del af AN.11. I forbindelse med overdragelse af jord skal omkostningerne ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten på al jord medtages sammen med jordforbedringer (AN.1123). Posten AN.116 indgår derfor kun i ovennævnte liste for at vise sammenhængen.
(
10
)
  Memorandumpost: Udenlandske direkte investeringer (koden FDI tilføjes).
KAPITEL 24
KONTI
Tabel 24.1 —
   
Konto 0: Konto for varer og tjenester
Tilgang
Anvendelse
P.1
Produktion
3 604
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
1 883
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
3 077
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 399
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
147
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
1 230
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
380
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
169
D.21
Produktskatter
141
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
414
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
359
D.31
Produktsubsidier
–8
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
358
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
9
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
499
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
–8
P.71
Import af varer
392
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
17
P.72
Import af tjenester
107
P.52
Lagerændringer
28
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
10
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
540
P.61
Eksport af varer
462
P.62
Eksport af tjenester
78
Tabel 24.2 —
   
Samlede konti for den samlede økonomi
I:
Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
1 883
P.1
Produktion
3 604
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
3 077
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
147
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
380
D.21 – D.31
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
133
B.1*g
Bruttonationalprodukt
1 854
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
222
B.1*n
Nettonationalprodukt
1 632
II:
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1:
Primærindkomstfordelingskonto
II.1.1:
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 150
B.1*g
Bruttonationalprodukt
1 854
D.11
Løn
950
B.1*n
Nettonationalprodukt
1 632
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
200
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
235
D.21
Produktskatter
141
D.211
Moms
121
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
D.2121
Told mv.
17
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
3
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
94
D.3
Subsidier
–44
D.31
Produktsubsidier
–8
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
–8
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
–36
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
452
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
214
P.51c2
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af blandet indkomst, brutto
8
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
238
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
II.1.2:
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
391
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
452
D.41
Renter
217
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
62
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
238
D.421
Udbytte
54
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
8
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 154
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
47
D.11
Løn
954
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
200
25
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
8
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
14
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
6
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
235
8
D.21
Produktskatter
141
D.45
Jordrente mv.
65
D.211
Moms
121
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
D.2121
Told mv.
17
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
3
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
94
D.3
Subsidier
–44
D.31
Produktsubsidier
–8
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
–8
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
–36
D.4
Formueindkomst
397
D.41
Renter
209
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
62
D.421
Udbytte
53
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
9
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
14
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
47
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
25
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
8
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
14
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
6
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
8
D.45
Jordrente mv.
65
B.5*g
Bruttonationalindkomst
1 864
B.5*n
Nettonationalindkomst
1 642
II.1.2.1:
Konto for virksomhedsindkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
240
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
452
D.41
Renter
162
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
47
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
238
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
25
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
8
D.4
Formueindkomst
245
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.41
Renter
139
14
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
35
D.45
Jordrente mv.
31
D.421
Udbytte
35
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
11
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
16
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
5
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
0
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
11
D.45
Jordrente mv.
44
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
343
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
174
II.1.2.2:
Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
151
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
343
D.41
Renter
55
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
174
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
62
D.421
Udbytte
54
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 154
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
8
D.11
Løn
954
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
200
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
235
D.21
Produktskatter
141
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.211
Moms
121
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
D.45
Jordrente mv.
34
D.2121
Told mv.
17
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
3
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
94
D.3
Subsidier
–44
D.31
Produktsubsidier
–8
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
–8
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
–36
D.4
Formueindkomst
152
D.41
Renter
70
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
27
D.421
Udbytte
18
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
9
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
3
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
31
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
20
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
8
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
3
D.45
Jordrente mv.
21
B.5*g
Bruttonationalindkomst
1 864
B.5*n
Nettonationalindkomst
1 642
II.2:
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
Løbende overførsler
1 212
B.5*g
Bruttonationalindkomst
1 864
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
212
B.5*n
Nettonationalindkomst
1 642
D.51
Indkomstskatter
203
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
9
Løbende overførsler
1 174
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
333
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
213
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.51
Indkomstskatter
204
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
9
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
333
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
129
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
115
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
14
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
10
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
129
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
8
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
115
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
2
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
14
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
–6
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
10
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
8
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
384
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
2
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
53
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
6
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
45
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
8
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
384
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
279
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
53
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
250
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
45
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
29
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
8
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
52
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
279
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
250
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
283
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
29
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
56
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
52
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
43
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
13
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
244
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
48
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
47
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
45
D.711
SSkadesforsikringserstatninger, netto, direkte forsikring
44
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
3
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
3
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
96
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
57
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
22
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
42
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
52
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
15
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
36
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
96
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
7
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
1
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
9
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
43
D.76
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
9
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
36
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
1
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
6
B.6*g
Disponibel nationalindkomst, brutto
1 826
B.6*n
Disponibel nationalindkomst, netto
1 604
II.3:
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
215
B.6g
Disponibel nationalindkomst, 
brutto
1 826
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
211
B.6n
Disponibel nationalindkomst, 
netto
1 604
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
4
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
215
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
211
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
4
B.7*g
Korrigeret disponibel nationalindkomst, brutto
1 826
B.7*n
Korrigeret disponibel nationalindkomst, netto
1 604
II.4:
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1:
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6*g
National disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 826
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 399
B.6*n
National disponibel indkomst, netto
1 604
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
1 230
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
169
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
B.8*g
National opsparing, brutto
427
B.8*n
National opsparing, netto
205
II.4.2:
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 826
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1 399
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
1 604
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
1 230
P.42
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
169
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
B.8*g
National opsparing, brutto
427
B.8*n
National opsparing, netto
205
III:
Akkumulationskonti
III.1:
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
202
B.8*n
National opsparing, netto
205
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
62
D.91r
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
2
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
23
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
37
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–65
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
–2
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
–27
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–36
III.1.2:
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
414
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
202
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
192
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
376
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
359
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
358
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
9
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
–8
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
17
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
– 222
P.52
Lagerændringer
28
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
10
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
0
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
10
III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
10
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
436
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
426
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
–1
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
F.11
Monetært guld
–1
F.11
Monetært guld
F.12
SDR
0
F.12
SDR
0
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
89
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
102
F.21
Sedler og mønt
33
F.21
Sedler og mønt
35
F.22
Transferable indskud
26
F.22
Transferable indskud
28
F.221
Interbankpositioner
–5
F.221
Interbankpositioner
–5
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
31
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
33
F.29
Andre indskud
30
F.29
Andre indskud
39
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
86
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
74
F.31
Kortfristede
27
F.31
Kortfristede
24
F.32
Langfristede
59
F.32
Langfristede
50
F.4
Lån
78
F.4
Lån
47
F.41
Kortfristede
22
F.41
Kortfristede
11
F.42
Langfristede
56
F.42
Langfristede
36
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
107
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
105
F.51
Ejerandele
91
F.51
Ejerandele
94
F.511
Noterede aktier
77
F.511
Noterede aktier
84
F.512
Unoterede aktier
7
F.512
Unoterede aktier
7
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
7
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
3
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
16
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
11
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
7
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
5
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
9
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
6
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
48
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
48
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
7
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
7
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
22
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
22
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
11
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
11
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
3
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
3
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
3
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
3
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
14
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
11
F.71
Finansielle derivater
12
F.71
Finansielle derivater
9
F.711
Aktieoptioner
5
F.711
Aktieoptioner
4
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
7
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
5
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
2
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
2
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
15
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
39
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
7
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
16
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
8
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
23
III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
33
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
30
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
26
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
4
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
2
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
–11
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
–8
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
–8
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
2
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
–3
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
–1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
–2
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
–11
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–9
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–2
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
2
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
2
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
–2
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
13
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–7
AN.11
Faste aktiver
–2
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
–3
AN.13
Værdigenstande
–2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
17
AN.21
Naturressourcer
9
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
6
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
10
III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
280
AF
Passiver
76
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
126
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
111
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
7
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
42
AN.13
Værdigenstande
8
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
154
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
34
AN.21
Naturressourcer
152
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
2
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
84
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
12
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
40
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
32
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
288
III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
198
AF
Passiver
126
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
121
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
111
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
30
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
4
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
26
AN.13
Værdigenstande
6
AF.4
Lån
29
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
77
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
28
AN.21
Naturressourcer
76
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
7
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
6
AF
Finansielle aktiver
136
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
16
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
30
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
25
AF.4
Lån
28
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
26
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
7
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
208
III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
82
AF
Passiver
–50
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
5
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–30
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
3
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
16
AN.13
Værdigenstande
2
AF.4
Lån
–29
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
77
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
6
AN.21
Naturressourcer
76
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
–7
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–6
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–52
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
–4
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–30
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
15
AF.4
Lån
–28
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
6
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
–7
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–4
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
80
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
4 621
AF
Passiver
7 762
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 818
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
2 579
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 471
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
114
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 311
AN.13
Værdigenstande
125
AF.4
Lån
1 437
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 803
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2 756
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1 781
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
471
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
22
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
14
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
302
AF
Finansielle aktiver
8 231
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
770
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 482
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 263
AF.4
Lån
1 384
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2 614
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
470
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
21
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
227
B.90
Nettoformue
5 090
IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
Ændringer i passiver i alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
482
AF
Passiver
505
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
294
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
246
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
102
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
32
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
116
AN.13
Værdigenstande
16
AF.4
Lån
47
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
186
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
141
AN.21
Naturressourcer
178
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
49
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
8
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
11
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
39
AF
Finansielle aktiver
523
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
11
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
89
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
126
AF.4
Lån
78
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
141
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
49
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
14
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
15
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
500
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
202
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
10
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
288
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
208
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
80
IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
5 101
AF
Passiver
8 267
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3 112
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
2 825
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 573
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
146
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 427
AN.13
Værdigenstande
141
AF.4
Lån
1 484
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 989
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2 897
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1 959
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
520
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
30
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
25
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
341
AF
Finansielle aktiver
8 754
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
781
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 571
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 389
AF.4
Lån
1 462
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2 755
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
519
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
35
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
242
B.90
Nettoformue
5 590
Tabel 24.3 —
   
Samlede konti for ikkefinansielle selskaber
I:
Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
1 477
P.1
Produktion
2 808
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
2 808
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
0
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
1 331
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
157
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
1 174
II:
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1:
Primærindkomstfordelingskonto
II.1.1:
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
986
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
1 331
D.11
Løn
841
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
1 174
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
145
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
132
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
122
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
10
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
13
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
12
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
88
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
–35
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
292
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
157
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
135
II.1.2:
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
134
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
292
D.41
Renter
56
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
135
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
47
D.421
Udbytte
39
D.4
Formueindkomst
96
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
8
D.41
Renter
33
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
10
D.45
Jordrente mv.
31
D.421
Udbytte
10
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
4
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
8
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
5
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
3
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
1
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
2
D.45
Jordrente mv.
41
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
254
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
97
II.1.2.1:
Konto for virksomhedsindkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
87
B.2g
Overskud af pr
oduktionen, brutto
292
D.41
Renter
56
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
135
D.45
Jordrente mv.
31
D.4
Formueindkomst
96
D.41
Renter
33
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
10
D.421
Udbytte
10
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
4
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
8
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
5
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
3
D.45
Jordrente mv.
41
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
301
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
144
II.1.2.2:
Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
47
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
301
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
47
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
144
D.421
Udbytte
39
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
8
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
254
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
97
II.2:
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
Løbende overførsler
98
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
254
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
24
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
97
D.51
Indkomstskatter
20
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
4
Løbende overførsler
72
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
66
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
62
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
31
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
62
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
27
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
49
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
4
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
13
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
12
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
12
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
12
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
8
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
25
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
8
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
19
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
4
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
6
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
1
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
2
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
3
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
6
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
6
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
6
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
0
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
71
II.4:
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1:
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
228
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
71
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
228
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
71
III:
Akkumulationskonti
III.1:
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
71
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
33
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
23
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
10
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–16
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
0
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–16
III.1.2:
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
308
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
151
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
280
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
263
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
262
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
5
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
–4
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
17
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
– 157
P.52
Lagerændringer
26
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
2
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
–7
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
–6
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
–1
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–56
III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–56
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
83
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
139
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
39
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.21
Sedler og mønt
5
F.21
Sedler og mønt
F.22
Transferable indskud
30
F.22
Transferable indskud
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
30
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
F.29
Andre indskud
4
F.29
Andre indskud
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
7
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
6
F.31
Kortfristede
10
F.31
Kortfristede
2
F.32
Langfristede
–3
F.32
Langfristede
4
F.4
Lån
19
F.4
Lån
21
F.41
Kortfristede
14
F.41
Kortfristede
4
F.42
Langfristede
5
F.42
Langfristede
17
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
10
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
83
F.51
Ejerandele
10
F.51
Ejerandele
83
F.511
Noterede aktier
5
F.511
Noterede aktier
77
F.512
Unoterede aktier
3
F.512
Unoterede aktier
3
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
2
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
3
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
0
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
1
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
0
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
F.71
Finansielle derivater
3
F.71
Finansielle derivater
2
F.711
Aktieoptioner
1
F.711
Aktieoptioner
2
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
2
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
1
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
26
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
3
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
6
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
1
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
20
III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
26
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
26
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
22
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
4
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
–9
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
–6
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
–6
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
–3
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
–1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
–2
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
–5
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–5
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
–5
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–4
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
1
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
6
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
6
AF.4
Lån
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
2
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
14
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–2
AN.11
Faste aktiver
1
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
–3
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
14
AN.21
Naturressourcer
10
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
4
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
2
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
14
III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
144
AF
Passiver
18
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
63
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
58
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
4
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1
AF.4
Lån
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
81
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
17
AN.21
Naturressourcer
80
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
8
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
3
AF.4
Lån
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
5
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
134
III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
101
AF
Passiver
37
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
60
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
58
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1
AF.4
Lån
18
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
41
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
14
AN.21
Naturressourcer
40
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
3
AF
Finansielle aktiver
18
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
8
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
2
AF.4
Lån
1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
3
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
82
III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
43
AF
Passiver
–19
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–1
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
3
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
–18
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
40
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
AN.21
Naturressourcer
40
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–3
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–10
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–8
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
AF.4
Lån
–1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
–1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–3
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
52
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 151
AF
Passiver
3 221
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 274
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
1 226
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
40
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
43
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
44
AN.13
Værdigenstande
5
AF.4
Lån
897
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
877
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1 987
AN.21
Naturressourcer
864
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
12
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
13
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
4
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
237
AF
Finansielle aktiver
982
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
382
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
90
AF.4
Lån
50
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
280
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
25
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
5
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
150
B.90
Nettoformue
–88
IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
Ændringer i passiver i alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
301
AF
Passiver
157
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
195
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
165
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
27
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
7
AN.13
Værdigenstande
3
AF.4
Lån
21
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
106
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
100
AN.21
Naturressourcer
101
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
5
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
26
AF
Finansielle aktiver
93
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
39
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
10
AF.4
Lån
19
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
17
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
237
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
88
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
14
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
134
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
82
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
52
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
2 452
AF
Passiver
3 378
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 469
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
1 391
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
40
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
70
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
51
AN.13
Værdigenstande
8
AF.4
Lån
918
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
983
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2 087
AN.21
Naturressourcer
965
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
12
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
18
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
7
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
263
AF
Finansielle aktiver
1 075
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
421
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
100
AF.4
Lån
69
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
297
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
26
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
8
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
154
B.90
Nettoformue
149
Tabel 24.4 —
   
Samlede konti for finansielle selskaber
I:
Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
52
P.1
Produktion
146
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
146
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
0
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
94
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
12
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
82
II:
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1:
Primærindkomstfordelingskonto
II.1.1:
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
44
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
94
D.11
Løn
29
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
82
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
5
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
4
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
4
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
1
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
1
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
4
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
0
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
46
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
12
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
34
II.1.2:
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
168
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
46
D.41
Renter
106
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
34
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
15
D.421
Udbytte
15
D.4
Formueindkomst
149
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
0
D.41
Renter
106
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
25
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
47
D.421
Udbytte
25
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
0
25
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
7
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
8
8
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
0
14
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
8
6
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
3
8
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.45
Jordrente mv.
0
5
D.45
Jordrente mv.
3
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
27
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
15
II.1.2.1:
Konto for virksomhedsindkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
153
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
46
D.41
Renter
106
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
34
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
47
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
25
D.4
Formueindkomst
149
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.41
Renter
106
8
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
25
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
D.421
Udbytte
25
14
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
0
D.45
Jordrente mv.
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
7
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
8
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
0
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
8
D.45
Jordrente mv.
3
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
42
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
30
II.1.2.2:
Konto for allokering af anden primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
15
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
42
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
15
B.4n
Virksomhedsindkomst, netto
30
D.421
Udbytte
15
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
0
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
27
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
15
II.2:
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
Løbende overførsler
277
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
27
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
10
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
15
D.51
Indkomstskatter
7
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
3
Løbende overførsler
275
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
212
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
205
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
109
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
205
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
104
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
193
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
5
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
12
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
2
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
1
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
62
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
13
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
94
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
0
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
90
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
13
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
4
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
48
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
10
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
45
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
8
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
3
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
2
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
1
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
3
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
1
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
0
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
62
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
47
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
44
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
3
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
15
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
15
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
0
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
25
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
13
II.4:
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1:
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
25
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
13
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
14
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
2
III:
Akkumulationskonti
III.1:
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–5
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
2
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
0
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
0
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–7
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
0
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–7
III.1.2:
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
8
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–5
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
–4
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
8
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
8
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
8
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
0
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
0
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
–12
P.52
Lagerændringer
0
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
0
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
0
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–1
III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–1
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
172
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
173
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
–1
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
F.11
Monetært guld
–1
F.11
Monetært guld
0
F.12
SDR
0
F.12
SDR
0
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
10
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
65
F.21
Sedler og mønt
15
F.21
Sedler og mønt
F.22
Transferable indskud
–5
F.22
Transferable indskud
26
F.221
Interbankpositioner
–5
F.221
Interbankpositioner
–5
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
0
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
31
F.29
Andre indskud
0
F.29
Andre indskud
39
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
66
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
30
F.31
Kortfristede
13
F.31
Kortfristede
18
F.32
Langfristede
53
F.32
Langfristede
12
F.4
Lån
53
F.4
Lån
0
F.41
Kortfristede
4
F.41
Kortfristede
0
F.42
Langfristede
49
F.42
Langfristede
0
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
28
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
22
F.51
Ejerandele
25
F.51
Ejerandele
11
F.511
Noterede aktier
23
F.511
Noterede aktier
7
F.512
Unoterede aktier
1
F.512
Unoterede aktier
4
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
1
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
0
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
3
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
11
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
2
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
5
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
1
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
6
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
7
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
48
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
2
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
7
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
22
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
11
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
3
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
3
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
2
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
3
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
8
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
8
F.71
Finansielle derivater
8
F.71
Finansielle derivater
7
F.711
Aktieoptioner
3
F.711
Aktieoptioner
2
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
5
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
5
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
1
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
0
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
1
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
0
III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
1
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
–2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
AF.4
Lån
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
–2
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
–1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–2
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
–2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
–2
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
1
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–1
III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
4
AF
Passiver
51
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
2
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
34
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
17
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
57
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
11
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
30
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
16
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
10
III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AF
Passiver
68
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
2
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
26
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
21
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
14
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
7
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
71
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
14
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
18
AF.4
Lån
24
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
14
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
6
III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF
Passiver
–17
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–26
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
13
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
–7
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–14
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
–3
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
12
AF.4
Lån
–24
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
–1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
4
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
93
AF
Passiver
3 544
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
67
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
52
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 281
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 053
AN.13
Værdigenstande
15
AF.4
Lån
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
26
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
765
AN.21
Naturressourcer
23
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
435
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
3
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
10
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3 421
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
690
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
950
AF.4
Lån
1 187
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
551
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
30
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
13
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.90
Nettoformue
–30
IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
Ændringer i passiver i alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
–4
AF
Passiver
224
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–4
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
–2
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
65
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
64
AN.13
Værdigenstande
–2
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
39
AN.21
Naturressourcer
–1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
48
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
8
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
230
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
10
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
10
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
96
AF.4
Lån
53
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
44
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
8
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
8
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
2
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–5
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–1
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
10
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
6
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
4
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
89
AF
Passiver
3 768
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
63
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
50
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1 346
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 117
AN.13
Værdigenstande
13
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
26
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
804
AN.21
Naturressourcer
22
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
483
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
4
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
18
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3 651
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
700
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
10
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1 046
AF.4
Lån
1 240
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
595
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
38
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
21
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
B.90
Nettoformue
–28
Tabel 24.5 —
   
Samlede konti for offentlig forvaltning og service
I:
Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
222
P.1
Produktion
348
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
0
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
0
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
348
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
126
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
27
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
99
II:
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1:
Primærindkomstfordelingskonto
II.1.1:
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
98
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
126
D.11
Løn
63
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
99
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
55
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
51
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
48
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
3
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
4
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
4
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
1
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
0
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
27
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
27
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
0
II.1.2:
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
42
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
27
D.41
Renter
35
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
0
D.45
Jordrente mv.
7
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
235
D.21
Produktskatter
141
D.211
Moms
121
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
17
D.2121
Told mv.
17
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
0
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
3
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
94
D.3
Subsidier
–44
D.31
Produktsubsidier
–8
D.311
Importsubsidier
0
D.319
Andre produktsubsidier
–8
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
–36
D.4
Formueindkomst
22
D.41
Renter
14
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
7
D.421
Udbytte
5
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
2
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
1
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
0
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
1
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
0
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
1
D.45
Jordrente mv.
0
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
198
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
171
II.2:
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
Løbende overførsler
248
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
198
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
0
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
171
D.51
Indkomstskatter
0
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
0
Løbende overførsler
367
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
213
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
112
D.51
Indkomstskatter
204
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
53
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
9
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
45
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
8
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
50
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
7
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
38
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
5
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
35
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
3
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
52
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
4
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
4
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
136
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
4
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
9
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
4
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
6
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
3
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
104
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
96
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
22
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
5
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
1
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
5
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
1
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
0
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
96
D.76
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
9
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
1
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
6
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
6
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
317
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
290
II.3:
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
184
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
317
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
180
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
290
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
4
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
133
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
106
II.4:
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1:
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
317
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
352
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
290
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
184
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
168
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
–35
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
–62
II.4.2:
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
133
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
168
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
106
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
P.42
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
168
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
–35
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
–62
III:
Akkumulationskonti
III.1:
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–90
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
–62
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
6
D.91r
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
2
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
0
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
4
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–34
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
0
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
–27
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–7
III.1.2:
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
38
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–90
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
11
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
35
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
35
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
38
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
0
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
–3
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
–27
P.52
Lagerændringer
0
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
3
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
2
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
2
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
– 103
III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
– 103
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
–10
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
93
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.1
Monetært guld og SDR
F.11
Monetært guld
F.11
Monetært guld
F.12
SDR
F.12
SDR
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–26
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
37
F.21
Sedler og mønt
2
F.21
Sedler og mønt
35
F.22
Transferable indskud
–27
F.22
Transferable indskud
2
F.221
Interbankpositioner
F.221
Interbankpositioner
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
–27
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
2
F.29
Andre indskud
–1
F.29
Andre indskud
0
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
4
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
38
F.31
Kortfristede
1
F.31
Kortfristede
4
F.32
Langfristede
3
F.32
Langfristede
34
F.4
Lån
3
F.4
Lån
9
F.41
Kortfristede
1
F.41
Kortfristede
3
F.42
Langfristede
2
F.42
Langfristede
6
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.51
Ejerandele
3
F.51
Ejerandele
F.511
Noterede aktier
1
F.511
Noterede aktier
F.512
Unoterede aktier
1
F.512
Unoterede aktier
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
1
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
0
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
0
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
1
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.71
Finansielle derivater
0
F.71
Finansielle derivater
0
F.711
Aktieoptioner
0
F.711
Aktieoptioner
0
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
5
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
9
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
1
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
6
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
4
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
3
III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
7
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
4
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.21
Naturressourcer
4
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
2
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
–2
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
–2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
–2
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
2
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
–6
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
2
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–4
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–2
AN.11
Faste aktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
5
AN.13
Værdigenstande
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
4
AN.21
Naturressourcer
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
–4
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
–4
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
–3
AN.11
Faste aktiver
–3
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
2
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.4
Lån
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–2
III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
44
AF
Passiver
7
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
21
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
18
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
7
AN.13
Værdigenstande
2
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
23
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
23
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
1
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
38
III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
32
AF
Passiver
13
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
20
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
18
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
2
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
4
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1
AF.4
Lån
7
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
12
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
12
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
8
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
2
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
3
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
27
III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
12
AF
Passiver
–6
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–2
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
3
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1
AF.4
Lån
–7
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
11
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
11
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–7
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
–1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–3
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
–3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
11
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
789
AF
Passiver
687
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
497
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
467
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
102
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
22
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
212
AN.13
Værdigenstande
8
AF.4
Lån
328
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
292
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
4
AN.21
Naturressourcer
286
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
19
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
6
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
22
AF
Finansielle aktiver
396
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
80
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
150
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
115
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
12
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
20
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
19
B.90
Nettoformue
498
IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
Ændringer i passiver i alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
57
AF
Passiver
102
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
29
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
23
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
37
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
45
AN.13
Værdigenstande
5
AF.4
Lån
9
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
28
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
2
AN.21
Naturressourcer
26
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
2
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
9
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–9
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
1
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–26
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
4
AF.4
Lån
3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
3
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
5
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
–54
B.10.1
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
90
B.10.2
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–2
B.10.3
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
38
B.10.31
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
27
B.10.32
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
11
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
846
AF
Passiver
789
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
526
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
490
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
139
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
23
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
257
AN.13
Værdigenstande
13
AF.4
Lån
337
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
320
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
6
AN.21
Naturressourcer
312
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
19
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
8
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
31
AF
Finansielle aktiver
387
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
81
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
124
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
4
AF.4
Lån
118
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
15
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
21
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
24
B.90
Nettoformue
444
Tabel 24.6 —
   
Samlede konti for husholdninger
I:
Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
115
P.1
Produktion
270
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
123
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
147
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
155
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
23
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
132
II:
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1:
Primærindkomstfordelingskonto
II.1.1:
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
11
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
155
D.11
Løn
11
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
132
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
0
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
–1
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
84
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
15
P.51c2
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af blandet indkomst, brutto
8
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
69
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
II.1.2:
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
41
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
84
D.41
Renter
14
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
61
D.45
Jordrente mv.
27
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
69
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
53
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
1 154
D.11
Løn
954
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
200
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.4
Formueindkomst
123
D.41
Renter
49
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
20
D.421
Udbytte
13
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
7
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
3
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
30
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
20
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
8
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
2
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
2
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
0
D.45
Jordrente mv.
21
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
1 381
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
1 358
II.2:
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
Løbende overførsler
582
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
1 381
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
178
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
1 358
D.51
Indkomstskatter
176
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
2
Løbende overførsler
420
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
333
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
181
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
168
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
13
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
19
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
18
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
129
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
115
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
14
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
10
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
0
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
8
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
2
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
–6
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
1
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
0
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
384
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
53
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
0
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
45
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
0
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
8
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
279
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
71
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
250
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
31
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
29
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
31
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
52
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
40
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
36
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
29
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
35
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
7
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
35
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
4
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
1
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
0
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
1
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
0
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 219
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
1 196
II.3:
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 219
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
1 196
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
215
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
211
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
4
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 434
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
1 411
II.4:
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1:
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 219
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
1 015
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
1 196
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
1 015
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
215
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
192
II.4.2:
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
1 434
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1 230
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
1 411
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
1 230
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
11
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
215
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
192
III:
Akkumulationskonti
III.1:
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
210
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
192
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
23
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
0
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
23
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–5
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
–2
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–3
III.1.2:
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
55
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
210
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
32
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
48
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
48
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
45
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
3
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
0
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
–23
P.52
Lagerændringer
2
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
5
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
4
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
3
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
1
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
174
III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
174
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
189
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
15
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
64
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
F.21
Sedler og mønt
10
F.31
Kortfristede
0
F.22
Transferable indskud
27
F.32
Langfristede
0
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
27
F.29
Andre indskud
27
F.4
Lån
11
F.41
Kortfristede
2
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
10
F.42
Langfristede
9
F.31
Kortfristede
3
F.32
Langfristede
7
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.71
Finansielle derivater
0
F.4
Lån
3
F.711
Aktieoptioner
0
F.41
Kortfristede
3
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.42
Langfristede
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
66
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
F.51
Ejerandele
53
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
4
F.511
Noterede aktier
48
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
0
F.512
Unoterede aktier
2
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
3
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
13
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
5
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
8
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
39
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
4
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
22
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
11
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
F.71
Finansielle derivater
1
F.711
Aktieoptioner
1
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
2
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
3
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
1
III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
1
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–1
III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
80
AF
Passiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
35
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
28
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
5
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
45
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
45
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
16
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
6
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
10
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
96
III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
56
AF
Passiver
5
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
34
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
28
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
4
AF.4
Lån
3
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
22
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
22
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
2
AF
Finansielle aktiver
36
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
17
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
4
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
9
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
5
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
87
III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
24
AF
Passiver
–5
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
1
AF.4
Lån
–3
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
23
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
23
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–2
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–20
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–17
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
2
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
–5
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–1
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
9
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 429
AF
Passiver
189
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
856
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
713
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
10
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
48
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
2
AN.13
Værdigenstande
95
AF.4
Lån
169
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
573
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AN.21
Naturressourcer
573
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
8
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3 260
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
840
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
198
AF.4
Lån
24
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1 749
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
391
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
55
B.90
Nettoformue
4 500
IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
Ændringer i passiver i alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
115
AF
Passiver
16
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
67
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
53
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
4
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
10
AF.4
Lån
11
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
48
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
48
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
AF
Finansielle aktiver
205
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
64
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
16
AF.4
Lån
3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
76
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
39
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
3
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
304
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
210
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–1
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
96
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
87
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
9
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
1 544
AF
Passiver
205
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
923
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
766
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
10
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
52
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
2
AN.13
Værdigenstande
105
AF.4
Lån
180
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
621
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
621
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
1
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
12
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3 465
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
904
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
214
AF.4
Lån
27
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1 825
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
430
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
6
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
59
B.90
Nettoformue
4 804
Tabel 24.7 —
   
Samlede konti for nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
I:
Produktionskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
17
P.1
Produktion
32
P.11
Markedsmæssig produktion
0
P.12
Produktion til eget brug
0
P.13
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
32
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
15
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
3
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
12
II:
Indkomstfordelings- og indkomstanvendelseskonti
II.1:
Primærindkomstfordelingskonto
II.1.1:
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
11
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
15
D.11
Løn
6
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
12
D.12
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
5
D.121
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
4
D.1211
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
4
D.1212
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
1
D.1221
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
1
D.1222
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
1
D.39
Andre produktionssubsidier
0
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
3
P.51c1
Forbrug af fast realkapital som andel af bruttooverskuddet af produktionen
3
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
0
II.1.2:
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.4
Formueindkomst
6
B.2g
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
3
D.41
Renter
6
B.3g
Blandet indkomst, brutto
D.45
Jordrente mv.
0
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
0
B.3n
Blandet indkomst, netto
D.4
Formueindkomst
7
D.41
Renter
7
D.42
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
0
D.421
Udbytte
0
D.422
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
D.43
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
0
D.44
Anden investeringsindkomst
0
D.441
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
0
D.442
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
D.443
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
0
D.4431
Udbytte, som udloddes til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
0
D.4432
Tilbageholdt overskud, der henføres til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
0
D.45
Jordrente mv.
0
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
4
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
1
II.2:
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Anvendelse
Tilgang
Løbende overførsler
7
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto
4
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
0
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
1
D.51
Indkomstskatter
0
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
0
Løbende overførsler
40
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
5
D.62
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
5
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
3
D.621
Kontante socialsikringsydelser
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
2
D.6211
Kontante sociale pensionsydelser
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.6212
Kontante socialsikringsydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
1
D.622
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
5
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
1
D.6221
Andre pensionsydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger
3
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
0
D.6222
Andre ydelser fra socialforsikringsordninger, undtagen pensionsydelser
2
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
1
D.623
Kontante sociale bistandsydelser
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
0
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
1
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
2
D.71
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
0
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
36
D.711
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, direkte forsikring
0
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
0
D.712
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto, genforsikring
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
0
D.72
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
D.721
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, direkte forsikring
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
D.722
Skadesforsikringserstatninger, genforsikring
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
D.73
Løbende overførsler inden for offentlig forvaltning og service
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
36
D.74
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
36
D.75
Diverse løbende overførsler
2
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
D.751
Løbende overførsler til NPISH'er
0
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
0
D.752
Løbende overførsler mellem husholdninger
D.759
Andre diverse løbende overførsler
2
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
37
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
34
II.3:
Konto for indkomstomfordeling via naturalieydelser
Anvendelse
Tilgang
D.63
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
31
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
37
D.631
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
31
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
34
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
0
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
6
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
3
II.4:
Indkomstanvendelseskonto
II.4.1:
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
37
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
32
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
34
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
31
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
1
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
5
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
2
II.4.2:
Konto for anvendelse af korrigeret disponibel indkomst
Anvendelse
Tilgang
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
6
P.4
Faktisk forbrug
1
B.7n
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, netto
3
P.41
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
P.42
Faktisk kollektivt forbrug
1
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
0
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
5
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
2
III:
Akkumulationskonti
III.1:
Kapitalkonto
III.1.1:
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–1
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
2
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
0
D.92r
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
0
D.99r
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
0
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–3
D.91p
Kapitalskatter, betalte
0
D.92p
Investeringstilskud, betalte
D.99p
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
–3
III.1.2:
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
5
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–1
P.5n
Nettoinvesteringer
2
P.51g
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
5
P.511
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af faste aktiver
5
P.5111
Anskaffelser af nye faste aktiver
5
P.5112
Anskaffelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
1
P.5113
Afhændelser af eksisterende faste aktiver
–1
P.512
Omkostninger ved overdragelse af ejendomsretten til ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
–3
P.52
Lagerændringer
0
P.53
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
0
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkeproducerede aktiver
1
NP.1
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af naturressourcer
1
NP.2
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
NP.3
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–4
III.2:
Finansiel konto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
–4
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
2
F
Nettoændringer i finansielle passiver
6
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
2
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
F.21
Sedler og mønt
1
F.31
Kortfristede
0
F.22
Transferable indskud
1
F.32
Langfristede
0
F.229
Andre transferable indskud
1
F.29
Andre indskud
0
F.4
Lån
6
F.41
Kortfristede
2
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
–1
F.42
Langfristede
4
F.31
Kortfristede
0
F.32
Langfristede
–1
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.71
Finansielle derivater
0
F.4
Lån
0
F.711
Aktieoptioner
0
F.41
Kortfristede
0
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.42
Langfristede
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
F.51
Ejerandele
0
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
0
F.511
Noterede aktier
0
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
0
F.512
Unoterede aktier
0
F.519
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
0
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
0
F.521
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.522
Andele i investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
0
F.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
0
F.62
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
0
F.63
Pensionsrettigheder
F.64
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
F.65
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
0
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.71
Finansielle derivater
0
F.711
Aktieoptioner
0
F.712
Terminskontrakter (forwards)
0
F.72
Medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
F.81
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.89
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
1
III.3:
Konti for andre ændringer i status
III.3.1:
Konto for andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.1
Økonomisk opståen af aktiver
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
K.2
Økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
K.21
Udtømmelse af naturressourcer
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.22
Anden økonomisk forsvinden af ikkeproducerede aktiver
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
K.3
Tab ved katastrofer
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
K.4
Ikkekompenseret beslaglæggelse
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
K.5
Andre mængdeændringer i.a.n.
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
K.6
Klassifikationsændringer
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
K.61
Ændringer i sektorklassifikation og struktur
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
K.62
Ændringer i klassifikation af aktiver og passiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver/passiver
0
Andre mængdeændringer i alt
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
–1
III.3.2:
Omvurderingskonto
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.7
Nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
8
AF
Passiver
0
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
5
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
5
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
3
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
3
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
2
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
AF.4
Lån
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
10
III.3.2.1:
Konto for neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.71
Neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
6
AF
Passiver
3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
5
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
5
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
1
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
1
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
AF
Finansielle aktiver
3
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
1
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
6
III.3.2.2:
Konto for reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
Ændringer i aktiver
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
K.72
Reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
2
AF
Passiver
–3
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
0
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
0
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–1
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
–1
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
2
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
2
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
–1
AF
Finansielle aktiver
–1
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
–2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
4
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.1:
Primostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
159
AF
Passiver
121
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
124
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
121
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
38
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
2
AF.4
Lån
43
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
35
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AN.21
Naturressourcer
35
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
5
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
35
AF
Finansielle aktiver
172
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
110
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
25
AF.4
Lån
8
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
22
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
4
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
3
B.90
Nettoformue
210
IV.2:
Ændringer i statuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
Ændringer i aktiver i alt
Ændringer i passiver i alt
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
11
AF
Passiver
6
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
7
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
7
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
0
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
0
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
0
AF.4
Lån
6
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
4
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
4
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
0
AF
Finansielle aktiver
4
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
2
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AF.4
Lån
0
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
1
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
1
B.10
Ændringer i nettoformue
9
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
–1
B.102
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af andre mængdemæssige ændringer i status
0
B.103
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af nominelle kapitalgevinster og -tab
10
B.1031
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af neutrale kapitalgevinster og -tab
6
B.1032
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af reale kapitalgevinster og -tab
4
IV:
Statuskonti
IV.3:
Ultimostatuskonto
Aktiver
Passiver og nettoformue
AN
Ikkefinansielle aktiver
170
AF
Passiver
127
AN.1
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
131
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AN.11
Faste aktiver
128
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
38
AN.12
Lagerbeholdninger
1
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
0
AN.13
Værdigenstande
2
AF.4
Lån
49
AN.2
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
39
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
0
AN.21
Naturressourcer
39
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
5
AN.22
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
0
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AN.23
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
35
AF
Finansielle aktiver
176
AF.1
Monetært guld og SDR
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
112
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
25
AF.4
Lån
8
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
23
AF.6
Forsikrings- og pensionsordninger og ordninger med standardiserede garantier
4
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
0
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
4
B.90
Nettoformue
219
BILAG B
Oversigt over tabeller
Tabel nr.
Indhold
Frist t + måneder (dage, hvor angivet)
 (
1
)
Periode
 (
2
)
1
Vigtigste aggregater – på kvartalsbasis
2
fra 1995Q1
1
Vigtigste aggregater – på årsbasis
2 /9
fra 1995
2
Vigtigste aggregater for offentlig forvaltning og service – på årsbasis
3/9
fra 1995
3
Tabeller efter branche – på årsbasis
9/21
fra 1995
5
Husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug efter formål – på årsbasis
9
fra 1995
6
Finansielle konti efter sektor (transaktioner) – på årsbasis
9
fra 1995
7
Statuskonti for finansielle aktiver og passiver – på årsbasis
9
fra 1995
8
Ikkefinansielle konti efter sektor – på årsbasis
9
fra 1995
801
Ikkefinansielle konti efter sektor – på kvartalsbasis
85 dage
 (
4
)
(
5
)
(
6
)
fra 1999Q1
9
Skatteindtægter og indkomne bidrag til sociale ordninger efter arten af skatter og bidrag og modtagende delsektor, herunder listen over skatter og sociale bidrag i den nationale klassifikation – på årsbasis
9
fra 1995
10
Tabeller efter branche og region (NUTS 2-niveau) – på årsbasis
12
 (
3
)
/24
fra 2000
11
Udgifter i offentlig forvaltning og service efter formål – på årsbasis
12
fra 1995
12
Tabeller efter branche og region (NUTS 3-niveau) – på årsbasis
24
fra 2000
13
Husholdningernes konti efter region (NUTS 2-niveau) – på årsbasis
24
fra 2000
15
Tilgangstabel i basispriser inkl. omregning til køberpriser – på årsbasis
36
fra 2010
16
Anvendelsestabel i køberpriser – på årsbasis
36
fra 2010
17
Symmetrisk input-output-tabel i basispriser – på femårsbasis
36
fra 2010
20
Krydsklassificering af faste aktiver efter branche og aktiv – på årsbasis
24
fra 2000
22
Krydsklassificering af faste bruttoinvesteringer efter branche og aktiv – på årsbasis
24
fra 1995
26
Statuskonti for ikkefinansielle aktiver – på årsbasis
24
fra 1995
27
Finansielle konti for offentlig forvaltning og service – på kvartalsbasis
85 dage
 (
4
)
(
5
)
fra 1999Q1
28
Offentlig gæld (efter Maastrichtkriterierne) – på kvartalsbasis
3
fra 2000Q1
29
Optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger – hvert tredje år
24
fra 2012
t = referenceperiode (år eller kvartal).
Tabel 1 —
   
Vigtigste aggregater — på kvartals-
(
7
)
og årsbasis
Kode
Variabler
Opdeling
 (
8
)
Løbende priser
Foregående års priser og kædeindekserede mængder
 (
16
)
Værditilvækst, brutto, og bruttonationalprodukt
B.1g
1.
Værditilvækst, brutto, i basispriser
A*10
x
x
D.21
2. a)
Produktskatter
 (
9
)
x
x
D.31
b)
Produktsubsidier
 (
9
)
x
x
B0,1*g
3.
Bruttonationalprodukt i markedspriser
x
x
Bruttonationalproduktet – opgjort fra udgiftssiden
P.3
4.
Samlede udgifter til forbrug
x
x
P.3
5. a)
Husholdningernes udgifter til konsum (indenlandsk begreb)
Godernes varighed
 (
10
)
x
x
P.3
b)
Husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug (nationalt begreb)
x
x
P.3
6.
NPISH'ers udgifter til forbrug
x
x
P.3
7.
Offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter til forbrug
x
x
P.31
a)
Udgifter til individuelt konsum
x
x
P.32
b)
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
x
x
P.4
8.
Faktisk forbrug
x
x
P.41
a)
Faktisk individuelt forbrug
x
x
P.5
9.
Bruttoinvesteringer
x
x
P.51g
a)
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
AN_F6
 (
11
)
x
x
P.52
b)
Lagerændringer
x
x
 (
12
)
P.53
c)
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
x
x
 (
12
)
P.6
10.
Eksport af varer (fob) og tjenester
x
x
P.61
a)
Varer
x
x
P.62
b)
Tjenester
x
x
Eksport af varer (fob) og tjenester til S.21 Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
 (
13
)
x
x
S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet)
 (
13
)
x
x
Eksport af varer (fob) og tjenester til S.22 - Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Euroæiske Union
 (
13
)
x
x
P.7
11.
Import af varer (fob) og tjenester
x
x
P.71
a)
Varer
x
x
P.72
b)
Tjenester
x
x
Import af varer (fob) og tjenester til S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
 (
13
)
x
x
Import af varer (fob) og tjenester fra S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet)
 (
13
)
x
x
Import af varer (fob) og tjenester til S.22 -Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Euroæiske Union
 (
13
)
x
x
B.11
12.
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
x
x
 (
12
)
Overskud af produktionen, brutto, og blandet indkomst, brutto, produktions- og importskatter, subsidier
B.2g+B.3g
13.
Overskud af produktionen, brutto, og blandet indkomst, brutto
x
D.2
14.
Produktions- og importskatter
x
D.3
15.
Subsidier
x
Befolkning, beskæftigelse, aflønning af ansatte
16.
Befolknings- og beskæftigelsesdata
POP
a)
Samlet befolkning (i 1 000  personer)
EMP
b)
Beskæftigelse i residente produktionsenheder (i 1 000  beskæftigede, 1 000  udførte arbejdstimer og 1 000  arbejdspladser
 (
14
)
) og residenters beskæftigelse (i 1 000  personer)
A*10
 (
15
)
ESE
c)
Selvstændige
A*10
 (
15
)
EEM
d)
Ansatte
A*10
 (
15
)
D.1
17.
Aflønning af ansatte, der arbejder i residente produktionsenheder, og aflønning af residente ansatte
A*10
x
D.11
a)
Løn
A*10
x
D.12
b)
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
A*10
x
Tabel 2 —
   
Vigtigste aggregater for offentlig forvaltning og service
Kode
Transaktion
Sektorer og delsektorer
 (
*2
)
(
17
)
(
18
)
P.1
Produktion
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.11+P.12
—
Markedsmæssig produktion og produktion til eget brug
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.13
—
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.131
Betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.132
Anden ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.11+P.12+P.131
Markedsmæssig produktion, produktion til eget brug og betalinger for ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.1p
Aflønning af ansatte, betalt
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.29p
Andre produktionsskatter, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.39r
Andre produktionssubsidier, modtagne
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.2n
Overskud af produktionen, netto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.2r
Produktions- og importskatter, modtagne
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.21r
Produktskatter, modtagne
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.211r
Moms, modtaget
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.29r
Andre produktionsskatter, modtagne
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4r
Formueindkomst, modtaget
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.41r
Renter, modtagne
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.42r+D.43r+D.44r+D.45r
Anden formueindkomst, modtaget
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.3p
Subsidier, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.31p
Produktsubsidier, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.39p
Andre produktionssubsidier, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p
Formueindkomst, betalt
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1311
heraf til delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (S.1311)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1312
heraf til delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (S.1312)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1313
heraf til delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (S.1313)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.4p_S.1314
heraf til delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D. 41 p
—
Renter, betalte
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.42p+D.43p+D.44p+D.45p
—
Anden formueindkomst, betalt
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.5n
Primær indkomst, netto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.5r
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv., modtagne
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.61r
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger, modtagne
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.611r
—
heraf faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.613r
—
heraf husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7r
Andre løbende overførsler, modtagne
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.5p
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv., betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.62p
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.632p
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.62p+D.632p
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier, og sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p
Andre løbende overførsler, betalte
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1311
heraf til delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (S.1311)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1312
heraf til delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (S.1312)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1313
heraf til delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (S.1313)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.7p_S.1314
heraf til delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
 (
17
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
B.6n
Disponibel indkomst, netto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.31
—
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.32
—
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.8n
Opsparing, netto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.91r
—
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
 (
17
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.92r+D.99r
—
Andre kapitaloverførsler og investeringstilskud, modtagne
 (
17
)
(
18
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
 (
17
)
(
18
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1311
heraf til delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (S.1311)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1312
heraf til delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (S.1312)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1313
heraf til delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (S.1313)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.9p_S.1314
heraf til delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
20
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D.92p
—
Investeringstilskud, betalte
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.5
Bruttoinvesteringer
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.51g
—
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.52+P.53
—
Lagerændringer og anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikke-finansielle ikkeproducerede aktiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
OP5ANP
Bruttoinvesteringer og anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle ikkeproducerede aktiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
TE
Udgifter i alt
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
TR
Indtægter i alt
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.995
Kapitaloverførsler fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service til de relevante sektorer i form af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
17
)
(
18
)
(
19
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
PTC
Skattegodtgørelser, der skal betales, i alt
 (
21
)
(
22
)
(
23
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
TC
—
heraf skattegodtgørelse, der overstiger det skyldige skattebeløb
 (
21
)
(
22
)
(
23
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Tabel 3 —
   
Tabeller efter branche
Kode
Variabler
Opdeling
 (
24
)
(
26
)
Løbende priser
Foregående års priser og kædeindekserede mængder
 (
25
)
Produktion
P.1
1.
Produktion i basispriser fordelt på brancher
A*21/A*64
x
P.2
2.
Forbrug i produktionen i køberpriser fordelt på brancher
A*21/A*64
x
B.1g
3.
Værditilvækst, brutto, i basispriser fordelt på brancher
A*21/A*64
x
x
P.51c
4.
Forbrug af fast realkapital fordelt på brancher
A*21/A*64
x
x
B.2n+B.3n
5.
Nettooverskud af produktionen og blandet indkomst, netto
A*21/A*64
x
D.29-D.39
6.
Andre produktionsskatter minus andre produktionssubsidier
A*21/A*64
x
Investeringer
P.5
7.
Bruttoinvesteringer
x
x
P.51g
a)
Faste bruttoinvesteringer fordelt på brancher
A*10 (A*21
 (
28
)
)/A*10 (A*64
 (
28
)
)
x
x
Opdeling efter fast aktiv AN_F6
A*10 (A*21
 (
28
)
)/A*10 (A*64
 (
28
)
)
x
x
P.52
b)
Lagerændringer efter branche
A*10 (A*21
 (
28
)
)/A*10 (A*64
 (
28
)
)
x
x
 (
29
)
P.53
c)
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
x
x
 (
29
)
Beskæftigelse og aflønning af ansatte
EMP
8.
Beskæftigelse fordelt på brancher (i 1 000  beskæftigede, 1 000  udførte arbejdstimer
 (
27
)
 og 1 000  arbejdspladser
 (
28
)
)
A*21/A*64
ESE
a)
selvstændige fordelt på brancher (i 1 000  beskæftigede, 1 000  udførte arbejdstimer
 (
27
)
 og 1 000  arbejdspladser
 (
28
)
)
A*21/A*64
EEM
b)
ansatte fordelt på brancher (i 1 000  beskæftigede, 1 000  udførte arbejdstimer
 (
27
)
 og 1 000  arbejdspladser
 (
28
)
)
A*21/A*64
D.1
9.
Aflønning af ansatte fordelt på brancher
A*21/A*64
x
D.11
a)
Løn fordelt på brancher
A*21/A*64
x
AN_F6: Opdeling af faste aktiver:
AN.111 boliger
AN.112 andre bygninger og anlæg
AN.113+AN.114 maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer
—
AN.1131 transportmidler
—
AN.1132 ikt-udstyr
 (
)
(
)
—
AN.1139+AN.114 andre maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer
 (
)
(
)
AN.115 avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.117 produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
 (
)
Tabel 5 —
   
Husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug
Kode
Variabler
Fordeling på
Løbende priser
Foregående års priser og kædeindekserede mængder
 (
31
)
P.3
1.
Husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug efter formål
COICOP-grupper
 (
30
)
x
x
P.3
2.
Residente og ikkeresidente husholdningers udgifter til forbrug inden for det økonomiske område
x
x
P.33
3.
Residente husholdningers udgifter til forbrug i udlandet
x
x
P.34
4.
Ikkeresidente husholdningers udgifter til forbrug inden for det økonomiske område
x
x
P.3
5.
Residente husholdningers udgifter til forbrug inden for det økonomiske område og i udlandet
x
x
Tabel 6 —
   
Finansielle konti efter sektor
(Transaktioner, andre mængdeændringer og omvurdering – konsoliderede og ikkekonsoliderede – og oplysninger om modsektor
(
*5
)
)
Den samlede økonomi
Ikke-finansielle selskaber inkl. delsektorer
 (
32
)
Finansielle selskaber inkl. delsektorer
 (
33
)
Offentlig forvaltning og service inkl. delsektorer
 (
34
)
Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
 (
35
)
Udlandet inkl. delsektorer
 (
36
)
Transaktioner/andre mængdeændringer
(
*6
)
/omvurdering af finansielle instrumenter
(
*6
)
ENS
S.1
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.2
Finansielle aktiver
F.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
F.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld
F.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDR
F.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt
F.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable indskud
F.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre indskud
F.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Gældsværdipapirer
F.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
F.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
F.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Lån
F.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
F.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
F.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele
F.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Noterede aktier
F.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unoterede aktier
F.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
F.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
 (
37
)
F.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investerings-foreninger, undtagen pengemarkeds-foreninger
 (
37
)
F.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
F.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
F.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
F.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder, pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere og rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.63+ F.64+ F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder
 (
37
)
F.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
 (
37
)
F.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
 (
37
)
F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
F.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater
 (
37
)
F.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Medarbejderaktie-optioner
 (
37
)
F.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
F.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre forfaldne mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Passiver
F.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
F.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld
F.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDR
F.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
F.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt
F.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable indskud
F.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre indskud
F.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Gældsværdipapirer
F.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
F.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
F.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Lån
F.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
F.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
F.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
F.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele
F.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Noterede aktier
F.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unoterede aktier
F.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
F.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investeringsforeninger
F.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i pengemarkeds-foreninger
 (
37
)
F.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investerings-foreninger, undtagen pengemarkeds-foreninger
 (
37
)
F.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
F.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
F.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
F.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder, pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere og rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
F.63+ F.64+ F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder
 (
37
)
F.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
 (
37
)
F.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
 (
37
)
F.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
F.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
F.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater
 (
37
)
F.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Medarbejderaktie-optioner
 (
37
)
F.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
F.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
F.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nettoændringer i finansielle aktiver
 (
38
)
F.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nettoændringer i passiver
 (
38
)
F.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle transaktioner, netto
 (
38
)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tabel 7 —
   
Statuskonti for finansielle aktiver og passiver (Beholdninger af finansielle instrumenter – konsoliderede og ikkekonsoliderede – og oplysninger om modsektor
(
*7
)
)
Den samlede økonomi
Ikke-finansielle selskaber inkl. delsektorer
 (
39
)
Finansielle selskaber inkl. delsektorer
 (
40
)
Offentlig forvaltning og service inkl. delsektorer
 (
41
)
Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
 (
42
)
Udlandet inkl. delsektorer
 (
43
)
Beholdninger af finansielle aktiver og passiver
ENS
S.1
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.2
Finansielle aktiver
AF.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
AF.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld
AF.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDR
AF.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt
AF.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable indskud
AF.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre indskud
AF.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
AF.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
AF.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Lån
AF.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
AF.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
AF.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele
AF.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Noterede aktier
AF.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unoterede aktier
AF.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
AF.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i pengemarkeds-foreninger
 (
44
)
AF.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investerings-foreninger, undtagen pengemarkeds-foreninger
 (
44
)
AF.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
AF.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
AF.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
AF.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder, pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere og rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
AF.63+ AF.64+ AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder
 (
44
)
AF.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
 (
44
)
AF.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
 (
44
)
AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
AF.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater
 (
44
)
AF.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Medarbejderaktie-optioner
 (
44
)
AF.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre forfaldne mellemværender
AF.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
AF.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre forfaldne mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
AF.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Passiver
AF.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
AF.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
Monetært guld
AF.11
x
x
x
x
x
x
SDR
AF.12
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
AF.2
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sedler og mønt
AF.21
x
x
x
x
x
x
Transferable indskud
AF.22
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre indskud
AF.29
x
x
x
x
x
x
Gældsværdipapirer
AF.3
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
AF.31
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
AF.32
x
x
x
x
x
x
Lån
AF.4
x
x
x
x
x
x
Kortfristede
AF.41
x
x
x
x
x
x
Langfristede
AF.42
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.5
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ejerandele
AF.51
x
x
x
x
x
x
Noterede aktier
AF.511
x
x
x
x
x
x
Unoterede aktier
AF.512
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ejerandelsbeviser
AF.519
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investeringsforeninger
AF.52
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i pengemarkedsforeninger
 (
44
)
AF.521
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andele i investerings-foreninger, undtagen pengemarkeds-foreninger
 (
44
)
AF.522
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
AF.6
x
x
x
x
x
x
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
AF.61
x
x
x
x
x
x
Livsforsikrings- og livrenterettigheder
AF.62
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder, pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere og rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
AF.63 + AF.64 + AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionsrettigheder
 (
44
)
AF.63
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere
 (
44
)
AF.64
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
 (
44
)
AF.65
x
x
x
x
x
x
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
AF.66
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
AF.7
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle derivater
 (
44
)
AF.71
x
x
x
x
x
x
Medarbejderaktie-optioner
 (
44
)
AF.72
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender
AF.8
x
x
x
x
x
x
Handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
AF.81
x
x
x
x
x
x
Andre ikkebetalte mellemværender, undtagen handelskreditter og forudbetalinger
AF.89
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansielle aktiver
 (
45
)
AF.A
x
x
x
x
x
x
Passiver
 (
45
)
AF.L
x
x
x
x
x
x
Finansiel nettoformue
 (
45
)
BF.90
x
x
x
x
x
x
Tabel 8 —
   
Ikkefinansielle konti efter sektor – på årsbasis
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Sektorer
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14 +S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
I.
Produktionskonto/udlandskonto for varer og tjenester
Anvendelse
Den samlede økonomi
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Offentlige finansielle selskaber
Det offentlige
Husholdninger + nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Husholdninger
Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Ikke sektoropdelt
Udlandet
P.1
Produktion
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
(P.11+P.12 +P.131)
Markedsmæssig produktion, produktion til eget brug og betalinger for anden ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
x
P.11
—
Markedsmæssig produktion
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.12
—
Produktion til eget brug
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.13
—
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
x
x
x
x
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
x
P.71
—
Import af varer
x
P.72
—
Import af tjenester
x
P.72F
—
Import af FISIM
o
(D.21 – D.31)
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
x
x
Anvendelse
2
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.6
—
Eksport af varer og tjenester
x
P.61
—
Eksport af varer
x
P.62
—
Eksport af tjenester
x
P.62F
— —
Eksport af FISIM
o
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
x
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
II.1.1
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Sektorer
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14+S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.3
Subsidier
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.31
—
Produktsubsidier
x
x
D.39
—
Andre produktionssubsidier
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
Anvendelse
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.11
—
Løn
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.12
—
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.21
—
Produktskatter
x
x
D.29
—
Andre produktionsskatter
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
(B.2g+ B.3g)
Overskud af produktion, brutto plus blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.2g
—
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
II.1.2
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Sektorer
Anvendelse
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14 +S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
(B.2g+ B.3g)
Overskud af produktion, brutto plus blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.2g
—
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
x
x
x
x
D.11
—
Løn
x
x
x
x
D.12
—
Arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
x
x
x
x
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
x
x
x
D.21
—
Produktskatter
x
x
x
D.211
— —
Moms
x
x
x
D.212
— —
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
x
x
x
D.214
— —
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
x
x
x
D.29
—
Andre produktionsskatter
x
x
x
D.4
Formueindkomst
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Rente
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.421
— —
Udbytte
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.422
— —
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.43
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.43S2I
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for euroområdet
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S2X
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for euroområdet
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S21
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for EU
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S22
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for EU
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.44
—
Anden investeringsindkomst
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.441
— —
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.442
— —
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.443
— —
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Husleje
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
o
x
o
x
o
o
o
o
o
D.41g
Renter i alt inden fordeling af FISIM
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Anvendelse
D.3
Subsidier
x
x
x
D.31
—
Produktsubsidier
x
x
x
D.39
—
Andre produktionssubsidier
x
x
x
D.4
Formueindkomst
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Rente
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
x
x
o
x
o
x
D.421
— —
Udbytte
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.422
— —
Udtræk af indkomst fra kvasiselskaber
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.43
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.43S2I
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for euroområdet
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S2X
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for euroområdet
 (
48
)
(
49
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S21
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for EU
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.43S22
— —
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for EU
 (
48
)
x
o
x
o
D.44
—
Anden investeringsindkomst
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.441
— —
Investeringsindkomst henført til forsikringstagere
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.442
— —
Investeringsindkomst henført til pensionsopsparere
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.443
— —
Investeringsindkomst henført til ejere af kapitalandele i kollektive investeringsforeninger
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Husleje
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto / Nationalindkomst, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.41g
Renter i alt inden fordeling af FISIM
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
II.2
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Sektorer
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14 +S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
Anvendelse
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto / Nationalindkomst, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
x
x
x
D.51
—
Indkomstskatter
x
x
x
D.59
—
Andre løbende skatter
x
x
x
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.611
— —
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.612
— —
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.613
— —
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
X
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.614
— —
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.61SC
— —
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.62
—
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
x
x
x
D.63
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
x
x
D.631
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
o
o
o
D.632
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
o
o
o
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
x
x
o
x
x
D.72
—
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.74
—
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
x
x
x
D. 74A
— —
Heraf: til/ fra europæiske institutioner (f.eks. EUF)
x
D.75
—
Diverse løbende overførsler
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.76
—
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
x
Anvendelse
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.51
—
Indkomstskatter
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.59
—
Andre løbende skatter
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
x
x
x
x
D.611
— —
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.612
— —
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.613
— —
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.614
— —
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.61SC
— —
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
 (
48
)
x
x
x
x
D.62
—
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.63
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
x
x
x
D.631
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
o
x
o
o
D.632
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
o
x
o
o
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.72
—
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
x
x
o
x
x
D.74
—
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
x
x
x
D.74A
— —
Heraf: til/fra europæiske institutioner (f.eks. EUF)
x
x
D.75
—
Diverse løbende overførsler
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.76
—
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
x
x
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
II.4.1
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Sektorer
Anvendelse
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14 +S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
x
x
x
x
Anvendelse
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
x
x
x
x
x
P.31
—
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
x
x
x
x
x
P.32
—
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
x
x
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
x
III.1.1
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
x
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.91r
—
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
x
x
x
D.92r
—
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.99r
—
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Ændringer i aktiver
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
D.91p
—
Kapitalskatter, betalte
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
D.92p
—
Investeringstilskud, betalte
 (
47
)
x
x
x
D.99p
—
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
 (
47
)
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
B.10.1
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
III.1.2
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Sektorer
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.1
S.11
S.11001
S.12
S.12001
S.13
S.14 +S.15
S.14
 (
46
)
S.15
 (
46
)
S.1N
S.2
B.10.1
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Ændringer i aktiver
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.51g
—
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.52
—
Lagerændringer
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
P.53
—
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af værdigenstande
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikke-producerede aktiver
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
DB.9
Afvigelse fra de finansielle kontis fordringserhvervelse, netto
x
x
o
x
o
x
x
x
x
x
Yderligere oplysninger
EMP
Beskæftigelse (i antal personer og antal arbejdstimer)
o
o
o
o
o
x
o
o
o
OTE
Offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter i alt
x
OTR
Offentlig forvaltning og services indtægter i alt
x
= ikke relevante felter
x
= obligatorisk
o
= frivillig
Tabel 801 —
   
Ikkefinansielle konti efter på sektor – på kvartalsbasis
Kode
Transaktioner og saldoposter
Sektorer
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
I.
Produktionskonto/udlandskonto for varer og tjenester
Anvendelse
Den samlede økonomi
Ikkefinansielle selskaber
Finansielle selskaber
Det offentlige
Husholdninger + nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
Ikke sektoropdelt
Udlandet
P.1
Produktion
o
o
o
o
o
(P.11+P12+P131)
heraf: Markedsmæssig produktion, produktion til eget brug og betalinger for anden ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
x
P.7
Import af varer og tjenester
x
P.71
—
Import af varer
x
P.72
—
Import af tjenester
x
P.72F
—
Import af FISIM
o
D.21 – D.31
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
x
x
Anvendelse
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
o
o
o
o
o
P.6
Eksport af varer og tjenester
x
P.61
—
Eksport af varer
x
P.62
—
Eksport af tjenester
x
P.62F
—
Eksport af FISIM
o
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.11
Udlandskontoens vare- og tjenestebalance
x
P51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
x
x
x
x
x
B.1n
Værditilvækst, netto/Nettonationalprodukt
x
x
x
x
x
II.1.1
Indkomstdannelseskonto
Anvendelse
Sektorer
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.1g
Værditilvækst, brutto/Bruttonationalprodukt
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.3
Subsidier
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.31
—
Produktsubsidier
x
x
D.39
—
Andre produktionssubsidier
x
x
x
x
x
Anvendelse
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
x
x
x
x
x
x
D.21
—
Produktskatter
x
x
D.29
—
Andre produktionsskatter
x
x
x
x
x
B.2g+B.3g
Overskud af produktion, brutto plus blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
II.1.2
Konto for allokering af primær indkomst
Sektorer
Anvendelse
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.2g+B.3g
Overskud af produktion, brutto plus blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.3g
—
Blandet indkomst, brutto
x
x
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
x
x
x
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
x
x
x
D.21
—
Produktskatter
x
x
x
D.211
—
Moms
x
D.29
—
Andre produktionsskatter
x
x
x
D.4
Formueindkomst
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Rente
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
(D.42+D.43+D.44+D.45)
—
Anden formueindkomst i.a.n.
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.43
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.43S2I
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for euroområdet
o
o
D.43S2X
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for euroområdet
o
o
D.43S21
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for EU
o
o
D.43S22
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for EU
o
o
D.44
—
Anden investeringsindkomst
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Husleje
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
B.4g
Virksomhedsindkomst, brutto
o
x
x
o
o
D.41g
Renter i alt inden fordeling af FISIM
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
Anvendelse
D.3
Subsidier
x
x
x
x
D.31
—
Produktsubsidier
x
x
x
x
D.39
—
Andre produktionssubsidier
x
x
x
D.4
Formueindkomst
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.41
—
Rente
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
(D.42+D.43+D.44+D.45)
—
Anden formueindkomst i.a.n.
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.42
—
Udloddet selskabsudbytte
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
D.43
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
D.43S2I
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for euroområdet
o
o
D.43S2X
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for euroområdet
o
o
D.43S21
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer inden for EU
o
o
D.43S22
—
Reinvesteret indtjening på udenlandske direkte investeringer uden for EU
o
o
D.44
—
Anden investeringsindkomst
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
D.45
—
Husleje
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto/Nationalindkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
D.41g
Renter i alt inden fordeling af FISIM
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
II.2
Sekundærindkomstfordelingskonto
Sektorer
Anvendelse
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.5g
Primær indkomst, brutto/ Nationalindkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
x
x
x
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.62
—
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
 (
50
)
x
x
D.63
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
 (
50
)
x
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
D.72
—
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
(D.74+D.75+D.76)
—
Andre løbende overførsler i.a.n.
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.74
—
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
o
o
o
D.74A
—
heraf: til/ fra europæiske institutioner (f.eks. EUF)
x
D.75
—
Diverse løbende overførsler
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.76
—
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
o
Anvendelse
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.6
Sociale bidrag og ydelser
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.61
—
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
x
 (
50
)
x
x
D.62
—
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.63
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier
x
 (
50
)
x
x
D.631
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
x
x
D.632
—
Sociale overførsler i naturalier – indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
x
x
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.71
—
Skadesforsikringspræmier, netto
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.72
—
Skadesforsikringserstatninger
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
(D.74+D.75+D.76)
—
Andre løbende overførsler i.a.n.
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.74
—
Løbende internationalt samarbejde
o
o
o
D.74A
—
heraf: til/ fra europæiske institutioner (f.eks. EUF)
x
x
D.75
—
Diverse løbende overførsler
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.76
—
Moms- og BNI-baserede egne EU-indtægter
o
o
B.7g
Korrigeret disponibel indkomst, brutto
x
x
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
II.4.1
Konto for anvendelse af disponibel indkomst
Sektorer
Anvendelse
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.6g
Disponibel indkomst, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
x
x
x
Anvendelse
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
x
x
x
P.31
—
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
x
x
x
P.32
—
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
x
x
D.8
Korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
x
III.1.1
Konto for ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
B.8g
Opsparing, brutto
x
x
x
x
x
B.12
Saldo på udlandskontoens løbende poster
x
D.9r
Kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.91r
—
Kapitalskatter, modtagne
x
x
x
D.92r+D.99r
—
Investeringstilskud og andre kapitaloverførsler
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.92r
—
Investeringstilskud, modtagne
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
D.99r
—
Andre kapitaloverførsler, modtagne
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
Ændringer i aktiver
D.9p
Kapitaloverførsler, betalte
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.91p
—
Kapitalskatter, betalte
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
D.92p+D.99p
—
Investeringstilskud og andre kapitaloverførsler
 (
51
)
x
 (
50
)
x
x
x
x
x
D.92p
—
Investeringstilskud, betalte
 (
51
)
o
o
o
D.99p
—
Andre kapitaloverførsler, betalte
 (
51
)
o
o
o
o
o
o
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
x
x
x
x
x
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
x
x
x
x
x
x
III.1.2
Konto for anskaffelser af ikkefinansielle aktiver
Sektorer
Ændringer i passiver og nettoformue
S.1
S.11
 (
50
)
S.12
 (
50
)
S.13
S.14 + S.15
 (
50
)
S.1N
 (
50
)
S.2
B.101
Ændringer i nettoformue forårsaget af opsparing og kapitaloverførsler
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ændringer i aktiver
P.5g
Bruttoinvesteringer
x
x
x
x
x
P.51g
—
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
x
x
x
x
x
P.51c
Forbrug af fast realkapital
x
x
x
x
x
P.52+P.53
—
Lagerændringer og nettoanskaffelser af værdigenstande
x
x
x
x
x
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikke-producerede aktiver
x
x
x
x
x
x
B.9
Fordringserhvervelse, netto
x
x
x
x
x
x
DB.9
Afvigelse fra de finansielle kontis fordringserhvervelse, netto
o
o
o
o
o
o
Yderligere oplysninger
EMP
Beskæftigelse (i antal personer og antal arbejdstimer)
o
o
o
o
o
o
OTE
Offentlig forvaltning og services udgifter i alt
x
OTR
Offentlig forvaltning og services indtægter i alt
x
AN.111
Boliger
o
AN.211
Jord
o
= ikke relevante felter
x
= obligatorisk
o
= frivillig
SÆSONKORRIGERING
—
Sæsonkorrigering (herunder kalenderkorrektion om nødvendigt) begyndende fra referenceår 2014 er obligatorisk for:
—
Anvendelse: S.2/P.6, S.2/D.1+D.2+D.3+D.4, S.2/D.5+D.6+D.7, S.2/D.8, S.2/D.9
—
Ressourcer: S.2/P.7, S.2/D.1+D.2+D.3+D.4, S.2/D.5+D.6+D.7, S.2/D.8, S.2/D.9
—
Saldoposter: S.1/B.1g, S.1/B.2g+B.3g, S.1/B.5g, S.1/B.6g, S.1/B.8g, S.1/B.9
—
Fremsendelsesfrist: tre arbejdsdage efter tidsfristen for ikkesæsonkorrigerede data.
—
Sæsonkorrigering (herunder kalenderkorrektion om nødvendigt) begyndende fra referenceår 2017 er obligatorisk for:
—
Anvendelse: S.11/D.1 
(
1
)
, S.11/P.51g 
(
1
)
, S.13/P.3, S.13/P.51g, S.13/OTE, S.14+S.15/D.4 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.5 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.61 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.7 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.8 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/P.31, S.14+S.15/P.51g 
(
1
)
—
Ressourcer: S.13/OTR, S.14+S.15/D.1 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.4 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.62 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.7 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/D.8 
(
1
)
—
Saldoposter: S.11/B.1g 
(
1
)
, S.11/B.2g+B.3g 
(
1
)
, S.13/B.9, S.14+S.15/B.2g+B.3g 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/B.6g 
(
1
)
, S.14+S.15/B.8g 
(
1
)
—
Fremsendelsesfrist: tre arbejdsdage efter tidsfristen for ikkesæsonkorrigerede data.
—
Sæsonkorrigering (herunder kalenderkorrektion om nødvendigt) er frivilligt for:
—
Anvendelse: S.11/(P.52+P.53), S.11/D.5, S.14+S.15/D.62, S.14+S.15/D.63, S.2/P.61, S.2/P.62
—
Ressourcer: S.14+S.15/D.61, S.14+S.15/D.63, S.2/P.71, S.2/P.72
—
Saldoposter: S.11/B.4g, S.11/B.9, S.14+S.15/B.3g, S.14+S.15/B.9
—
Fremsendelsesfrist: tre arbejdsdage efter tidsfristen for ikkesæsonkorrigerede data.
MÆNGDEOPLYSNINGER
Data i kædeindekserede mængder efter sæsonkorrigering (herunder kalenderkorrektion om nødvendigt) er frivilligt for:
S.11/B1g, S.11/P.51g, S.14+S.15/P.31, S.14+S.15/P.51g.
Fremsendelsesfrist: tre arbejdsdage efter tidsfristen for ikkesæsonkorrigerede data.
KILDER OG METODER
Medlemsstaterne skal orientere Kommissionen om vigtige metodologiske eller andre ændringer, som påvirker de fremsendte data senest tre måneder efter, at sådanne ændringer træder i kraft.
Tabel 9 —
   
Skatteindtægter og indkomne bidrag til sociale ordninger efter arten af skatter og bidrag og modtagende delsektor, herunder listen over skatter og sociale bidrag i den nationale klassifikation
(
*8
)
Kode
 (
*9
)
Transaktion
D.2
Produktions- og importskatter
D.21
Produktskatter
D.211
Meromsætningsafgifter (moms)
D.212
Importskatter og told ekskl. moms
D.2121
Told mv.
D.2122
Importskatter ekskl. moms og told
D.2122a
Afgifter på importerede landbrugsprodukter
D.2122b
Monetære udligningsbeløb på import
D.2122c
Forbrugsskatter
D.2122d
Almindelige omsætningsafgifter
D.2122e
Skatter på specifikke tjenester
D.2122f
Importmonopolers udbytte
D.214
Produktskatter ekskl. moms og importskatter
D.214a
Forbrugsskatter og andre afgifter
D.214b
Stempelafgifter
D.214c
Skatter på finans- og kapitaltransaktioner
D.214d
Registreringsafgifter for biler
D.214e
Forlystelsesskatter
D.214f
Skatter på lotteri og spil
D.214g
Skatter på forsikringspræmier
D.214h
Andre skatter på specifikke tjenester
D.214i
Generelle skatter på salg
D.214j
Fiskale monopolers udbytte
D.214k
Eksportskatter og monetære udligningsbeløb opkrævet på eksport
D.214l
Andre produktskatter i.a.n.
D.29
Andre produktionsskatter
D.29a
Skatter på jord, bygninger og anlæg
D.29b
Skatter på brugen af faste aktiver
D.29c
Skatter på udbetalt lønsum og antal ansatte
D.29d
Skatter på internationale transaktioner
D.29e
Skatter i forbindelse med erhvervsmæssige tilladelser og autorisationer
D.29f
Miljøafgifter
D.29g
Underkompensation for moms (standardsatser)
D.29h
Andre produktionsskatter i.a.n.
D.5
Løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv.
D.51
Indkomstskatter
D.51a+D.51c1
Skatter af personlige indkomster eller husholdningers indkomster inkl. kapitalvindingsskat
D.51a
Skatter af personlige indkomster eller husholdningers indkomster ekskl. kapitalvindingsskat
 (
52
)
D.51c1
Skatter af enkeltpersoners eller husholdningers kapitalgevinster
 (
52
)
D.51b+D51c2
Selskabsskatter mv., inkl. kapitalvindingsskat
D.51b
Selskabsskatter mv., ekskl. kapitalvindingsskat
 (
52
)
D.51c2
Selskabers kapitalvindingsskat
 (
52
)
D.51c3
Andre skatter af kapitalgevinster
 (
52
)
D.51c
Kapitalvindingsskat
D.51d
Skatter af lotteri- eller spillegevinster
D.51e
Andre indkomstskatter i.a.n.
D.59
Andre løbende skatter
D.59a
Løbende kapitalskatter
D.59b
Kopskat
D.59c
Udgiftsskat
D.59d
Gebyrer betalt af husholdninger for tilladelser
D.59e
Skatter på internationale transaktioner
D.59f
Andre løbende skatter i.a.n.
D.91
Kapitalskatter
D.91a
Skatter på kapitaloverførsler
D.91b
Kapitalafgifter
D.91c
Andre kapitalskatter i.a.n.
ODA
Skatteindtægter i alt
D.61
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
D.611
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.611C
Obligatoriske faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.611V
Frivillige faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.61SC
Gebyrer til socialforsikringsordninger
 (
54
)
D.6111
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6112
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6121
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6122
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6131
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6132
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6141
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.6142
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag, undtagen til pensionsordninger
 (
52
)
D.612
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.613
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
D.613c
Husholdningernes obligatoriske faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
D.613ce
Obligatoriske faktiske lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger
D.613cs
Selvstændiges obligatoriske faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
52
)
D.613cn
Ikkebeskæftigedes obligatoriske faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
52
)
D.613v
Husholdningernes frivillige faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
D.614
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
54
)
D.995
Kapitaloverførsler fra sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service til de relevante sektorer i form af skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995a
Produktskatter, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995b
Andre produktionsskatter, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995c
Indkomstskatter, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995d
Andre løbende skatter, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995e
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995f
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995fe
Faktiske lønmodtagerbidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
D.995fs
Selvstændiges faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
52
)
D.995fn
Ikkebeskæftigedes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
52
)
D.995g
Kapitalskatter, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
 (
53
)
ODB
Skatter og bidrag til sociale ordninger i alt efter fradrag af beløb, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
ODC
Skatter og nettobidrag til sociale ordninger i alt (inkl. imputerede bidrag til sociale ordninger) efter fradrag af beløb, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
ODD
Skattebyrde = skatter og obligatoriske bidrag til sociale ordninger i alt efter fradrag af beløb, der er ansat, men som ikke forventes at indgå
Tabel 10 —
   
Tabeller efter branche og region (NUTS 2-niveau)
Kode
Variabler
Fordeling på
B.1g
1.
Bruttoværditilvæksten i basispriser (mængdemæssig vækstrate baseret på foregående års priser)
 (
55
)
B.1g
2.
Værditilvækst, brutto, i basispriser (løbende priser)
 (
56
)
A*10
D.1
3.
Aflønning af ansatte (løbende priser)
A*10
P.51g
4.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer (løbende priser)
A*10
5.
Beskæftigelse
 (
56
)
(
57
)
 (i 1 000  personer og 1 000  udførte arbejdstimer)
ETO
—
I alt
 (
56
)
(
57
)
A*10
EEM
—
Ansatte
 (
57
)
A*10
POP
6.
Befolkning (i 1 000  personer)
 (
58
)
Tabel 11 —
   
Udgifter i offentlig forvaltning og service efter formål
Kode
Variabler
Formål
Fordeling på delsektorer
 (
59
)
OP5ANP
Bruttoinvesteringer + anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikkefinansielle ikkeproducerede aktiver
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.5
Bruttoinvesteringer
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.51g
heraf faste bruttoinvesteringer
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.13
NP
Anskaffelser minus afhændelser af ikke-finansielle ikkeproducerede aktiver
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.1
Aflønning af ansatte
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.3
Subsidier
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4
Formueindkomst
 (
60
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1311
heraf til delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (S.1311)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1312
heraf til delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (S.1312)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.4p_S.1313
heraf til delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (S.1313)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.4p_S.1314
heraf til delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D.62+D.632
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier, og sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.62
Sociale ydelser undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
 (
66
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.632
Sociale overførsler i naturalier — indkøbt markedsmæssig produktion
 (
66
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.2+D.29+D.5+D.8
Forbrug i produktionen + andre produktionsskatter + løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. + korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.2
Forbrug i produktionen
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.29+D.5+D.8
Andre produktionsskatter + løbende indkomst- og formueskatter mv. + korrektion for ændringer i pensionsrettigheder
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7
Andre løbende overførsler
 (
60
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1311
heraf til delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (S.1311)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1312
heraf til delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (S.1312)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.7p_S.1313
heraf til delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (S.1313)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.7p_S.1314
heraf til delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
D.9
Kapitaloverførsler
 (
60
)
(
63
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.92p
heraf investeringstilskud
 (
60
)
(
61
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.13
D.9p_S.1311
heraf til delsektoren statslig forvaltning og service (S.1311)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1312
heraf til delsektoren offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau (S.1312)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1313, S.1314
D.9p_S.1313
heraf til delsektoren kommunal forvaltning og service (S.1313)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1314
D.9p_S.1314
heraf til delsektoren sociale kasser og fonde (S.1314)
 (
60
)
(
64
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.1311, S.1312, S.1313
TE
Udgifter i alt
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.3
Udgifter til forbrug
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
61
)
(
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.31
Udgifter til individuelt forbrug
 (
62
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
P.32
Udgifter til kollektivt forbrug
 (
62
)
COFOG hovedgr.
COFOG-grupper
 (
65
)
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Tabel 12 —
   
Tabeller efter branche og region (NUTS 3-niveau)
Kode
Variabler
Opdeling
 (
67
)
B1.g
1.
Værditilvækst, brutto, i basispriser (løbende priser)
A*10
2.
Beskæftigelse
 (
68
)
 (i 1 000  personer)
ETO
—
I alt
A*10
EEM
—
Ansatte
A*10
POP
3.
Befolkning (i 1 000  personer)
Tabel 13 —
   
Husholdningernes konti efter region (NUTS 2-niveau)
Husholdningernes konto for allokering af primær indkomst (S.14)
Kode
Anvendelse
Kode
Anvendelse
D.4
1.
Formueindkomst
B.2n/B.3n
3.
Overskud af produktionen, netto/blandet indkomst, netto
B.5n
2.
Primær indkomst, netto
D.1
4.
Aflønning af ansatte
D.4
5.
Formueindkomst
Husholdningernes sekundære indkomstfordelingskonto (S.14.)
Kode
Anvendelse
Kode
Anvendelse
D.5
6.
Tilgang
B.5
10.
Primær indkomst, netto
D.61
7.
Nettobidrag til sociale ordninger
D.62
11.
Sociale ydelser, undtagen sociale overførsler i naturalier
D.7
8.
Andre løbende overførsler
D.7
12.
Andre løbende overførsler
B.6n
9.
Disponibel indkomst, netto
Husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug (S.14)
P.3
13.
Husholdningernes udgifter til forbrug
 (
69
)
Tabel 15 —
   
Tilgangstabel i basispriser inkl. omregning til køberpriser (løbende priser og foregående års priser
(
70
)
)
n=64, m=64
Brancher (NACE A*64)
1 2 3 4 …… n
Σ (1)
Import cif
 (
72
)
Tilgang i basispriser i alt
Handels- og transport-avancer
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
Tilgang i køberpriser i alt
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
1
2
3
4
.
.
.
Produkter (CPA)
.
.
.
m
(1)
Produktion i basispriser efter produkt og branche
a)
Inden for EU cif
 (
71
)
a1)
S.2I-medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet (cif)
 (
71
)
a2)
S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet) (cif)
 (
71
)
b)
Uden for EU cif
 (
71
)
c)
I alt
Σ (1)
Produktion i alt efter branche
Korrektionsposter:
(2)
—
Cif/fob-justeringer vedr. importen
—
—
—
—
Residenters direkte indkøb i udlandet
—
—
—
(1) + (2)
I alt, heraf:
(3)
Markedsmæssig produktion
—
Produktion til eget brug
—
—
—
—
—
Ikkemarkedsmæssig produktion
—
—
—
—
Tabel 16 —
   
Anvendelsestabel i køberpriser
(
*10
)
(løbende priser og priser fra foregående år
(
73
)
)
n=64, m=64
Brancher (NACE A*64)
1 2 3 …… n
Σ (1)
Endelig anvendelse
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
Σ (3)
Σ (1) + Σ (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
1
2
3
.
.
.
Produkter
(CPA)
.
m
(1)
Forbrug i produktionen i køberpriser efter produkt og efter branche
Endelig anvendelse i køberpriser
 (
77
)
:
Udgifter til forbrug:
a)
husholdninger
b)
NPISH'er
c)
af offentlig forvaltning
d)
i alt
Bruttoinvesteringer:
e)
faste bruttoinvesteringer
f)
lagerændringer
 (
74
)
g)
ændringer i beholdninger af værdigenstande
 (
74
)
h)
lagerændringer og ændringer i beholdninger af værdigenstande
i)
i alt
Eksport fob
 (
75
)
:
j)
inden for EU
j1) —
til S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
 (
75
)
j2) —
til S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet)
 (
75
)
k)
uden for EU
 (
75
)
l)
i alt
Σ (1)
(2)
Forbrug i produktionen i alt efter branche
Endelig anvendelse i alt efter art
Anvendelse i alt
Korrektionsposter:
(3)
—
Cif/fob-justeringer vedr. eksporten
—
kun eksport
kun eksport
—
Residenters direkte indkøb i udlandet
—
kun husholdningers udgifter til forbrug
kun husholdningers udgifter til forbrug
—
Ikkeresidenters indkøb på det nationale område
—
kun husholdningers udgifter til forbrug og eksport
kun husholdningers udgifter til forbrug og eksport
Σ (2) + Σ (3)
(4)
—
Aflønning af ansatte
 (
76
)
Løn
 (
76
)
(5)
—
—
—
—
Andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Forbrug af fast realkapital
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Overskud af produktionen, netto
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
 (
76
)
—
—
—
—
Blandet indkomst, brutto
 (
74
)
—
—
—
Værditilvækst, brutto, i basispriser
(6)
—
—
—
Produktion i basispriser i alt
(7)
—
—
—
Supplerende frivillige data:
(8)(2)
—
Faste bruttoinvesteringer
—
—
Fast bruttokapitalapparat
—
—
Udførte arbejdstimer (i 1 000 )
—
Tabel 17 —
   
Symmetrisk input-output-tabel i basispriser
(
*12
)
(produkt efter produkt
(
*11
)
)
(løbende priser
 (
81
)
)
n=64
Produkter
1 2 3 …… n
Σ (1)
Endelig anvendelse
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)
Σ (3)
Σ (1) + Σ (3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Produkter
1
2
3
n
(1)
forbrug i produktionen i basispriser (produkt/produkt)
Endelig anvendelse i basispriser
 (
80
)
:
Udgifter til forbrug:
a)
husholdninger
b)
NPISH'er
c)
af offentlig forvaltning
d)
i alt
Bruttoinvesteringer:
e)
faste bruttoinvesteringer
f)
lagerændringer
 (
78
)
g)
ændringer i beholdninger af værdigenstande
 (
78
)
h)
lagerændringer og ændringer i beholdninger af værdigenstande
i)
i alt
Eksport
 (
79
)
:
j)
inden for EU
j1) —
til S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
 (
79
)
j2) —
til S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet)
k)
uden for EU
 (
79
)
l)
i alt
Σ (1)
(2)
Forbrug i produktionen i alt i basispriser efter produkt
Endelig anvendelse i basispriser efter art
Anvendelse i alt i basispriser
Anvendelse af importerede produkter
 (
*13
)
Forbrug i produktionen af importerede produkter i alt efter produkt, cif
Endelig anvendelse af importerede produkter, cif
Import i alt
Produktskatter minus produkt-subsidier
(3)
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier efter produkt
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier efter den endelige anvendelses art
Produktskatter minus produktsubsidier i alt
Σ (1) + (3)
(4)
Forbrug i produktionen i alt i køberpriser efter produkt
Endelig anvendelse i alt i køberpriser efter art
Anvendelse i alt i køberpriser
—
Aflønning af ansatte
Løn
(5)
—
Andre produktionsskatter minus produktionssubsidier
—
—
—
—
Forbrug af fast realkapital
—
—
—
—
Overskud af produktionen, netto
—
—
—
—
Overskud af produktionen, brutto
—
—
—
—
Blandet indkomst, brutto
 (
78
)
—
—
—
Værditilvækst, brutto, i basispriser
(6)
—
—
—
Produktion i basispriser i alt
(7)
—
—
—
Import inden for EU
 (
79
)
(8)
—
import fra S.2I medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet (cif)
 (
79
)
—
—
—
—
import fra S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet) (cif)
 (
79
)
—
—
—
Import uden for EU
 (
79
)
—
—
—
Σ (8)
(9)
Import cif efter produkt
Tilgang i basispriser i alt
(10)
Tilgang i basispriser efter produkt
Tabel 20 —
   
Krydsklassificering af faste aktiver efter branche og aktiv (beholdninger)
Kode
Variabler
Fordeling på brancher
 (
82
)
Løbende genanskaffelsespriser
Foregående års genanskaffelsespriser
AN.11g
1.
Faste aktiver, brutto
x
x
AN.111g
2.
Boliger, brutto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.112g
3.
Andre bygninger og anlæg, brutto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.113g+AN.114g
4.
Maskiner og udstyr, brutto + våbensystemer, brutto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1131g
5.
Transportmidler, brutto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1132g
6.
IKT-udstyr, brutto
x
x
AN.11321g
7.
Computerhardware, brutto
x
x
AN.11322g
8.
Telekommunikationsudstyr, brutto
x
x
AN.1139g+AN.114g
9.
Andre maskiner og udstyr, brutto + våbensystemer, brutto
x
x
AN.115g
10.
Avlede/ dyrkede natur-ressourcer, brutto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.117g
11.
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, brutto
x
x
AN.1173g
12.
Computersoftware og databaser, brutto
x
x
AN.11n
13.
Faste aktiver, netto
x
x
AN.111n
14.
Boliger, netto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.112n
15.
Andre bygninger og anlæg, netto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.113n+AN.114n
16.
Maskiner og udstyr, netto + våbensystemer, netto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1131n
17.
Transportmidler, netto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.1132n
18.
Ikt-udstyr, netto
x
x
AN.11321n
19.
Computerhardware, netto
x
x
AN.11322n
20.
Telekommunikationsudstyr, netto
x
x
AN.1139n+AN.114n
21.
Andre maskiner og udstyr, netto + våbensystemer, netto
x
x
AN.115n
22.
Avlede/ dyrkede natur-ressourcer, netto
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
AN.117n
23.
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, netto
x
x
AN.1173n
24.
Computersoftware og databaser, netto
x
x
Tabel 22 —
   
Krydsklassificering af faste bruttoinvesteringer efter branche og beholdning (transaktioner)
Kode
Variabler
Fordeling på brancher
 (
83
)
Løbende priser
Foregående års priser og kædeindekserede mængder
 (
85
)
P.51g_AN.11
1.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i faste aktiver
x
x
P.51g_AN.111
2.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i boliger
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.112
3.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i andre bygninger og anlæg
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.113+AN.114
4.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i andre maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer*
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.1131
5.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i transportmidler
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.1132
6.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i ikt-udstyr
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.11321
7.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i computerhardware
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.11322
8.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i telekommunikationsudstyr
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.1139+AN.114
9.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i andre maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer
 (
84
)
x
x
P.51g_AN.115
10.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
A*21/A*38/A*64
x
x
P.51g_AN.117
11.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
x
x
P.51g_AN.1173
12.
Faste bruttoinvesteringer i computersoftware og databaser
 (
84
)
x
x
Tabel 26 —
   
Statuskonti for ikkefinansielle aktiver
Kode
Variabler
Fordeling på
sektorer
AN.1
1.
Producerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.11+AN.12
2.
Faste aktiver + lagerbeholdninger
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.11
3.
Faste aktiver
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.111
4.
Boliger
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.112
5.
Andre bygninger og anlæg
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1121
6.
Bygninger, undtagen boliger
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1122
7.
Andre strukturer
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.113+AN.114
8.
Maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.115
9.
Avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.117
10.
Produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
 (
87
)
S.1, S.11
 (
89
)
, S.12
 (
89
)
, S.13
 (
89
)
, S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.1171
11.
Forskning og udvikling
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1172
12.
Efterforskning og evaluering af mineralske råstoffer
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1173
13.
Computersoftware og databaser
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1174
14.
Originalværker inden for underholdning, litteratur og kunst
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.1179
15.
Andre produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.12
16.
Lagerbeholdninger
 (
86
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.13
17.
Værdigenstande
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.2
18.
Ikkeproducerede ikkefinansielle aktiver
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.21
19.
Naturressourcer
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.211
20.
Jord
S.1
 (
88
)
, S.11
 (
88
)
, S.12
 (
88
)
, S.13
 (
88
)
,S.14 + S.15
 (
89
)
AN.212
21.
Mineral- og energiforekomster
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.213 + AN.214
22.
Ikkeavlede/dyrkede naturressourcer og vandressourcer
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.215
23.
Andre naturressourcer
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.22
24.
Kontrakter, leasingkontrakter og licenser
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
AN.23
25.
Køb minus salg af goodwill og markedsføringsaktiver
 (
88
)
S.1, S.11, S.12, S.13, S.14 + S.15
Enhed: løbende priser
Tabel 27
(
90
)
—
   
Finansielle konti for offentlig forvaltning og service på kvartalsbasis
Kode
Transaktion/Status
Aktiver/passiver
Sektorer og delsektorer
 (
91
)
(
92
)
F
Finansielle transaktioner
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.1
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.21
Sedler og mønt
Passiver
S.1311
F.3
Gældsværdipapirer
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.31
Kortfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.32
Langfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.4
Lån
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.41
Kortfristede lån
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.42
Langfristede lån
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.51
Ejerandele
Aktiver
S.13
F.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
Aktiver
S.13
F.6
Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.63+F.64+F.65
Pensionsrettigheder, pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere og rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
F.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
LE
Status
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.1
Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.21
Sedler og mønt
Passiver
S.1311
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.31
Kortfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.32
Langfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.4
Lån
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.41
Kortfristede lån
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.42
Langfristede lån
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.51
Ejerandele
Aktiver
S.13
AF.52
Andele i investeringsforeninger
Aktiver
S.13
AF.6
Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.61
Forsikringstekniske reserver, skadesforsikring
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.63+AF.64+AF.65
Pensionsrettigheder, pensionskassers krav på pensionsmanagere og rettigheder til ydelser, undtagen pensionsydelser
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.66
Hensættelser til forpligtelser i forbindelse med standardiserede garantier
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.7
Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.8
Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
Aktiver/passiver
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Oplysninger om modsektor
 (
93
)
 / Transaktioner
F.31
Kortfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
F.32
Langfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
F.41
Kortfristede lån
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128+S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
94
)
F.41
Kortfristede lån
Passiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128+S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
F.42
Langfristede lån
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12
 (
93
)
, S.128+S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
93
)
F.42
Langfristede lån
Passiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128+S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
F.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
Oplysninger om modsektor
 (
93
)
 /Status
AF.31
Kortfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
AF.32
Langfristede værdipapirer
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
AF.41
Kortfristede lån
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.41
Kortfristede lån
Passiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.42
Langfristede lån
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.14+S.15, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.42
Langfristede lån
Passiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11
 (
94
)
, S.12
 (
94
)
, S.128 +S.129, S.2
 (
94
)
AF.5
Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
Aktiver
S.1311 og S.1314 over for:
S.11, S.12, S.128+S.129, S.2
Tabel 28 —
   
Offentlig gæld (efter Maastrichtkriterierne) – på kvartalsbasis
Kode
Passiver
 (
95
)
Sektorer og delsektorer
 (
96
)
(
97
)
GD
I alt
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.2
Sedler og mønt samt indskud
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.21
Sedler og mønt
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.22 +AF.29
Indskud
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.3
Gældsværdipapirer
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.31
Kortfristede
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.32
Langfristede
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.4
Lån
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.41
Kortfristede
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
AF.42
Langfristede
S.13, S.1311, S.1312, S.1313, S.1314
Tabel 29 —
   
Optjente pensionsrettigheder i socialsikringsordninger
(
104
)
(
105
)
Tilknytning
Kode
Række nr.
Registrering
Nationalregnskabets hovedkonti
Ikke omfattet af nationalregnskabets hovedkonti
Pensionsordninger i alt
Modposteringer: Ikkeresidente husholdningers pensionsrettigheder
 (
101
)
Pensionsmanager
Ikke det offentlige
Det offentlige
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger og andre
 (
98
)
 ikke-bidragsdefinerede ordninger
I alt
Bidragsdefinerede ordninger
Ydelsesdefinerede ordninger for offentligt ansatte
 (
99
)
Klassificeret under finansielle selskaber
Klassificeret under offentlig forvaltning
 (
100
)
Klassificeret under offentlig forvaltning
Social-sikrings-pensioner
Kode
XPC1W
XPB1W
XPCB1W
XPCG
XPBG12
XPBG13
XPBOUT13
XP1314
XPTOT
XPTOTNRH
Kolonne nr.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Primostatuskonto
XAF63LS
1
Pensionsrettig-heder
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af transaktioner
Σ 2.1 til 2.4 – 2.5
XD61p
2
Stigning i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af sociale bidrag
XD6111
2.1
Faktiske arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
XD6121
2.2
Imputerede arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ordninger
XD6131
2.3
Husholdningernes faktiske bidrag til sociale ordninger
XD6141
2.4
Husholdningernes supplerende bidrag til sociale ordninger
 (
102
)
XD61SC
2.5
Minus: Gebyrer til pensions-ordninger
XD619
3
Anden (aktuarmæssig) ændring i pensionsrettigheder i sociale pensionsordninger
XD62p
4
Reduktion i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af betaling af pensionsydelser
2 + 3 – 4
XD8
5
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af sociale bidrag og pensionsydelser
XD81
6
Overførsler af pensionsrettigheder mellem ordninger
XD82
7
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af forhandlede ændringer i ordningernes struktur
Ændringer i pensionsrettigheder forårsaget af andre strømme
XK7
8
Ændringer i rettigheder forårsaget af omvurderinger
 (
103
)
XK5
9
Ændringer i rettigheder forårsaget af andre mængdeændringer
 (
103
)
Ultimostatuskonto
1+ Σ 5 til 9
XAF63LE
10
Pensionsrettig-heder
Dertil knyttede indikatorer
XP1
11
Produktion
(
1
)
  Variablerne skal under alle omstændigheder fremsendes til Kommissionen (Eurostat), senest samme dag som de offentliggøres af den nationale myndighed. Når data, som allerede er fremsendt til Kommissionen (Eurostat), revideres, skal disse reviderede data fremsendes til Kommissionen (Eurostat) senest samme dag, som de offentliggøres af den nationale myndighed.
(
2
)
  Gælder for hele tabellen bortset fra enkelte variabler (jf. de enkelte tabeller).
(
3
)
  Gælder for enkelte variabler (jf. de enkelte tabeller).
(
4
)
  Tidsfristen på 85 dage finder anvendelse for de medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta. For medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, er tidsfristen for fremsendelse af data tre måneder.
Hvis angivet som »ikkeoffentliggjort« på nationalt plan skal foreløbige tal, der er fremsendt af de enkelte medlemsstater inden udløbet af tidsfristen på 85 dage, ikke offentliggøres på europæisk niveau. De tilsvarende, endeligt bearbejdede tal skal fremsendes af de pågældende medlemsstater inden udløbet af tidsfristen på tre måneder. Fremsendelse inden tidsfristen på 85 dage af sæsonkorrigerede tal og tal i kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser er frivilligt.
For medlemsstater, som tiltræder den økonomiske og monetære union efter denne forordnings ikrafttræden, er tidsfristen for fremsendelse 85 dage fra datoen for medlemsstatens tiltrædelse.
(
5
)
  Hvis en medlemsstat fremsender det samlede datasæt inden for 85 dage, er det ikke nødvendigt at fremsende data efter tre måneder.
(
6
)
  For medlemsstater, hvis bruttonationalprodukt i løbende priser udgør mindre end 1 % af det samlede EU-bruttonationalprodukt, er kun data for udvalgte positioner obligatoriske (jf. detaljerne i tabel 801).
(
7
)
  Kvartalsdata fremsendes i et ikkesæsonkorrigeret format såvel som i et sæsonkorrigeret format (herunder eventuelt efter kalenderkorrektion). Sæsonkorrigerede kvartalsdata i foregående års priser fremsendes ikke. Fremsendelse af kvartalsdata, som kun omfatter kalenderkorrektion, er frivilligt.
(
8
)
  For den samlede økonomi, medmindre andet er angivet.
(
9
)
  Opdeling mellem skatter og subsidier for kvartalsregnskaber er frivilligt.
(
10
)
  Opdeles efter varighed i de årlige regnskaber: varige goder, halvvarige goder, ikkevarige goder, tjenester.
Opdeles efter varighed i kvartalsregnskaberne: varige goder og øvrige.
(
11
)
  AN_F6: Opdeling af faste aktiver:
AN.111 boliger
AN.112 andre bygninger og anlæg
AN.113 + AN.114 maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer
—
AN.1131 transportmidler
—
AN.1132 ikt-udstyr 
(
*1
)
—
AN.1139 + AN.114 andre maskiner og udstyr + våbensystemer 
(
*1
)
AN.115 avlede/dyrkede naturressourcer
AN.117 produkter omfattet af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
(
*1
)
  Frivilligt.
(
12
)
  Kun i foregående års priser.
(
13
)
  Import og eksport opdeles i:
a)
S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
b)
S.xx (S.21 - S. 2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet)
c)
S.22 Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union, idet der tages hensyn til følgende:
—
ØMU- og EU-opdelinger repræsenterer den faktiske sammensætning ved udløbet af hver referenceperiode (»sammensætning under udvikling«)
—
data for referenceperioderne fra og med 2012 fremsendes i løbende priser, foregående års priser og kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser på obligatorisk basis.
—
data for referenceperioderne 2008-2011 fremsendes i løbende priser på obligatorisk basis og i foregående års priser og kædeindekserede mængdeopgørelser på frivillig basis.
—
data for referenceperioderne 1999-2007 fremsendes i løbende priser på frivillig basis.
(
14
)
  Frivilligt.
(
15
)
  A*10 kun for den samlede beskæftigelse, selvstændige og ansatte i residente produktionsenheder.
(
16
)
  Årlige data og kvartalsdata i foregående års priser fremsendes ikke for referenceåret 1995.
(
*2
)
  Sektorer og delsektorer:
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning og service
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunal forvaltning og service
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
(
17
)
  Delsektordata konsolideres inden for hver delsektor, men ikke mellem delsektorer. Data for sektor S.13 beregnes som summen af data for delsektorerne undtagen data vedrørende position D.4, D.7 og D.9 (og deres underpositioner), der konsolideres delsektorerne imellem (med angivelse af modsektor).
(
18
)
  D.995 trækkes fra D.99r. D.9p skal ikke indeholde beløb for D.995.
(
19
)
  Opdeling i modtagende delsektorer er frivilligt.
(
20
)
  Hvis der er foretaget betydelige betalinger mellem delsektorer i forbindelse med andre positioner end D.4, D.7 eller D.9 og deres underpositioner, bedes der gjort rede herfor i fodnoter.
(
21
)
  En skattegodtgørelse er en skattelempelse, der trækkes fra den skat, som den pågældende husstand eller det pågældende selskab ellers skulle have betalt. Skattegodtgørelser, der skal udbetales, er skattegodtgørelser for hvilke, ethvert beløb, der overstiger den skyldige skat, udbetales til den skattepligtige. Hele den skattegodtgørelse, der skal betales, registreres som en offentlig udgift (»Skattegodtgørelser, der skal betales, i alt«, PTC) med angivelse af »Overført beløb« (TC), som er skattegodtgørelse, der overstiger det skyldige skattebeløb, og som udbetales til skatteyderen.
(
22
)
  Frivillig fremsendelse af data for delsektorer.
(
23
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceår inden 2012 er frivillig. Fremsendelse er obligatorisk for referenceår fra og med 2012.
(
*3
)
  Frivilligt.
(
*4
)
  Kun for den samlede økonomi.
(
24
)
  Opdeling efter branche i henhold til NACE-nomenklaturen. Den førstnævnte opdeling finder anvendelse på fremsendelser med en frist på t+9 måneder. Den anden opdeling finder anvendelse på fremsendelser med en frist på t+21 måneder. For den samlede økonomi, medmindre andet er angivet.
(
25
)
  Data i foregående års priser fremsendes ikke for referenceåret 1995.
(
26
)
  For opdeling A*64 er fremsendelse af underpositionen »beregnet lejeværdi af ejerboliger«(position 44 – »Fast ejendom«) kun obligatorisk for variablerne P.1, P.2 og B.1g.
(
27
)
  Fremsendelse af data for arbejdstimer på NACE-niveau A*64 er frivillig.
(
28
)
  Frivilligt.
(
29
)
  Kun i foregående års priser.
(
30
)
  COICOP-grupper C12.2 »Prostitution« og C12.7 »Andre tjenester, som ikke er klassificeret andetsteds«, fremsendes som en sum.
(
31
)
  Data i foregående års priser fremsendes ikke for referenceåret 1995.
(
*5
)
  Fremsendelse af ikkekonsoliderede oplysninger om modsektorer er frivillig og begrænset til følgende modsektorer:
—
S.11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber
—
S.12 Finansielle selskaber
—
S.13 Det offentlige
—
S.14 + S.15 Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
—
S.2 Udlandet.
(
*6
)
  Fremsendelse af ikkekonsoliderede konti for andre mængdeændringer og omvurdering er obligatorisk for referenceårene fra og med 2012, dog kun for sektorer og instrumenter opdelt som følger:
—
S.11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber
—
S.12 Finansielle selskaber
—
S.13 Det offentlige
—
S.14 + S.15 Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
—
S.2 Udlandet.
—
F.1 Monetært guld og særlige trækningsrettigheder (SDR)
—
F.2 Sedler og mønt samt indskud
—
F.3 Gældsværdipapirer
—
F.4 Lån
—
F.5 Ejerandele og andele i investeringsforeninger
—
F.6 Forsikrings-, pensions- og standardiserede garantiordninger
—
F.7 Finansielle derivater og medarbejderaktieoptioner
—
F.8 Andre forfaldne ikkebetalte mellemværender
Fremsendelse af konsoliderede konti for andre mængdeændringer og omvurdering er frivillig.
(
32
)
  Ikkefinansielle selskaber:
—
S.11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber – i alt
—
S.11001 Alle offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber (fremsendelse frivillig).
(
33
)
  Finansielle selskaber:
—
S.12 Finansielle selskaber – i alt
—
S.121+S.122+S.123 Monetære finansielle institutioner
—
S.121 Centralbanken
—
S.122+S.123 Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken, og pengemarkedsforeninger (opdeling frivillig)
—
S.124 Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
—
S.125+S.126+S.127 Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser, finansielle hjælpeenheder og koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (opdeling frivillig)
—
S.128+S.129 Forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (opdeling frivillig)
—
S.12001 Alle offentlige finansielle selskaber (fremsendelse frivillig).
(
34
)
  Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service – i alt
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning og service
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunal forvaltning og service
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
(
35
)
  Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (frivillig fremsendelse af opdeling for referenceårene inden 2012):
—
S.14+S.15 Husholdninger + nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger – i alt
—
S.14 Husholdninger
—
S.15 Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
(
36
)
  Udlandet:
S.2 Udlandet – i alt (opdeling frivillig)
S 21 Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer
S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den EuropæiskeCentralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
S.22 Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union, idet der tages hensyn til følgende:
—
ØMU- og EU-opdelinger repræsenterer den faktiske sammensætning ved udløbet af hver referenceperiode (»sammensætning under udvikling«)
—
Frivillige data fremsendes ikke for referenceperioder inden 1999.
(
37
)
  Fremsendelse frivillig.
(
38
)
  Kun for »transaktioner i finansielle instrumenter«, men ikke relevant for »mængdeændringer«, »omvurdering af finansielle instrumenter« og oplysninger om modsektor.
(
*7
)
  Fremsendelse af ikkekonsoliderede oplysninger om modsektor er frivillig og begrænset til følgende modsektorer:
—
S.11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber
—
S.12 Finansielle selskaber
—
S.13 Det offentlige
—
S.14 + S.15 Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
—
S.2 Udlandet.
(
39
)
  Ikkefinansielle selskaber:
—
S.11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber – i alt
—
S.11001 Alle offentlige ikkefinansielle selskaber (fremsendelse frivillig).
(
40
)
  Finansielle selskaber:
—
S.12 Finansielle selskaber – i alt
—
S.121+S.122+S.123 Monetære finansielle institutioner
—
S.121 Centralbanken
—
S.122+S.123 Pengeinstitutter, undtagen centralbanken, og pengemarkedsforeninger (opdeling frivillig)
—
S.124 Investeringsforeninger, undtagen pengemarkedsforeninger
—
S.125 + S.126+S.127 Andre finansielle formidlere, undtagen forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser, finansielle hjælpeenheder og koncerntilknyttede finansielle institutioner og pengeudlånere (opdeling frivillig)
—
S.128+S.129 Forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser (opdeling frivillig)
—
S.12001 Alle offentlige finansielle selskaber (fremsendelse frivillig).
(
41
)
  Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service – i alt
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning og service
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunal forvaltning og service
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
(
42
)
  Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger (frivillig fremsendelse af opdeling for referenceårene inden 2012):
—
S.14+S.15 Husholdninger + nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger – i alt
—
S.14 Husholdninger
—
S.15 Nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger.
(
43
)
  Udlandet:
—
S.2 Udlandet – i alt (opdeling frivillig)
—
S 21 Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer
—
S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet
—
S.22 Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union, idet der tages hensyn til følgende:
—
ØMU- og EU-opdelinger repræsenterer den faktiske sammensætning ved udløbet af hver referenceperiode (»sammensætning under udvikling«)
—
Frivillige data fremsendes ikke for referenceåret 1999.
(
44
)
  Fremsendelse frivillig.
(
45
)
  Oplysninger om modsektor ikke relevant for denne position.
(
46
)
  Fremsendelse af data for S.14 og S.15 for referenceårene inden er frivillig. Fremsendelse er obligatorisk for referenceårene fra og med 2012.
(
47
)
  Generelt konsolideres data for den offentlige forvaltning inden for hver delsektor, men ikke mellem delsektorer. For denne transaktion foretages dog også konsolidering mellem delsektorer under offentlig forvaltning (S.13): statslig forvaltning og service, offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau, kommunal forvaltning og service samt sociale kasser og fonde.
(
48
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceårene inden 2012 er frivillig. Fremsendelse er obligatorisk for referenceårene fra og med 2012.
(
49
)
  Fremsendes kun af medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta.
(
50
)
  Frivilligt for lande, hvis bruttonationalprodukt i løbende priser udgør mindre end 1 % af den tilsvarende samlede BNP for Unionen. Tærsklen på 1 % udregnes som et glidende gennemsnit baseret på de tre senest tilgængelige år.
(
51
)
  Generelt konsolideres data for den offentlige forvaltning inden for hver delsektor, men ikke mellem delsektorer. For denne transaktion foretages dog også konsolidering mellem delsektorer under offentlig forvaltning (S.13): statslig forvaltning og service, offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau, kommunal forvaltning og service samt sociale kasser og fonde.
(
1
)
  Frivilligt for lande, hvis bruttonationalprodukt i løbende priser udgør mindre end 1 % af den tilsvarende samlede BNP for Unionen. Tærsklen på 1 % udregnes som et glidende gennemsnit baseret på de tre senest tilgængelige år.
(
*8
)
  Sektorer og delsektorer:
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning og service
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunal forvaltning og service
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
S.212 Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer.
(
*9
)
  Herudover fremsendes i tabel 9 de fuldstændige nationale klassifikationer af skatter og sociale bidrag (den nationale liste over skatter) med tilhørende beløb under de relevante ENS-koder. Fremsendelse af den nationale liste over skatter er obligatorisk for offentlig forvaltning og service samt Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer.
(
52
)
  Frivilligt.
(
53
)
  Opdeling i modtagende delsektorer er frivillig.
(
54
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceårene inden 2012 er frivillig. Fremsendelse er obligatorisk for referenceårene fra og med 2012.
(
55
)
  Frivillig fremsendelse indtil 2016. Fra og med 2017: Obligatorisk fremsendelse med en frist på t+24 måneder og frivillig fremsendelse med en frist på t+12 måneder.
(
56
)
  Værditilvækst, brutto, i alt og beskæftigelse i 1 000 personer i alt: fremsendelse med en frist på t+12 måneder.
Beskæftigelse i alt i antal arbejdstimer, A*10 opdeling af beskæftigelse i personer og i arbejdstimer, A*10 opdeling i bruttoværditilvækst: fremsendelse med en frist på t +24 måneder.
(
57
)
  Beskæftigelse og ansatte: residenter og ikkeresidenter ansat i residente produktionsenheder (indenlandsk begreb).
(
58
)
  Fremsendelse med en frist på t+12 måneder er obligatorisk.
(
59
)
  Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning og service
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunal forvaltning og service
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
(
60
)
  Delsektordata konsolideres inden for hver delsektor, men ikke mellem delsektorer. Data for sektor S.13 beregnes som summen af data for delsektorerne undtagen data vedrørende position D.4, D.7 og D.9 (og deres underpositioner), der konsolideres delsektorerne imellem (med angivelse af modsektor).
(
61
)
  Frivilligt for delsektorer.
(
62
)
  Obligatorisk for alle COFOG-grupper.
(
63
)
  D.9p skal ikke indeholde beløb for D.995. D.995 trækkes fra D.99r.
(
64
)
  Frivilligt.
(
65
)
  Fremsendes fra og med referenceår 2001.
(
66
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceår inden 2012 er frivillig. Fremsendelse for referenceårene fra og med 2012 er obligatorisk.
(
67
)
  Følgende aggregerede positioner i opdeling A*10 på grundlag af NACE rev. 2 kan anvendes:
—
(G, H, I og J) i stedet for (G, H og I) og (J)
—
(K, L, M og N) i stedet for (K), (L) og (M og N)
—
(O, P, Q, R, S, T og U) i stedet for (O, P og Q) og (R, S, T og U).
(
68
)
  Beskæftigelse og ansatte: residenter og ikkeresidenter ansat i residente produktionsenheder (indenlandsk begreb).
(
69
)
  Frivilligt.
(
70
)
  Fremsendelse af data om det foregående års priser for referenceårene 2010-2014 er frivillig. Fremsendelse fra og med referenceår 2015 er obligatorisk.
(
71
)
  Import opdeles i:
a)
S.21 Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer,
a1)
S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet,
a2)
S.xx (S.21-S2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet) samt
b)
S.22 Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union,
idet der tages hensyn til:
—
ØMU- og EU-opdelinger repræsenterer den faktiske sammensætning ved udløbet af hver referenceperiode (»sammensætning under udvikling«)
—
Medlemsstater, der har euroen, fremsender alle opdelinger som nævnt under a), a1), a2) og b). Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen, fremsender opdelinger som nævnt under a) og b), men fremsendelse af opdelinger nævnt under a1) og a2) er frivillig
—
Data fremsendes i løbende priser og foregående års priser.
(
72
)
  Begrebet, der anvendes på data efter produkter i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller og input-output-tabeller, er det indenlandske begreb. Justeringer af det nationale begreb (residenters direkte køb i udlandet) er inkluderet som rækketotaler i tabellens del (2). Import (cif) efter produkt inkluderer ikke residente enheders direkte køb i udlandet.
(
*10
)
  De fem yderligere tabeller nedenfor kræves på femårsbasis (for referenceår, der ender med 0 eller 5). Obligatorisk fremsendelse af disse fem yderligere tabeller i løbende priser og frivilligt i foregående års priser.
De fem tabeller er:
—
anvendelsestabel i basispriser (bestående af rækkeblok (1)-(7))
—
anvendelsestabel for indenlandsk produktion i basispriser (bestående af rækkeblok (1)-(2))
—
anvendelsestabel for import i basispriser (bestående af rækkeblok (1)-(2))
—
tabel over handels- og transportavancer (bestående af rækkeblok (1) og (2))
—
tabel over produktskatter minus produktsubsidier (bestående af rækkeblok (1) og (2)).
(
73
)
  Frivillig fremsendelse af data om det foregående års priser for referenceårene 2010-2014. Obligatorisk fremsendelse fra og med referenceår 2015.
(
74
)
  Frivilligt.
(
75
)
  Eksport opdeles i:
j)
S.21 Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer,
j1)
S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet,
j2)
S.xx (S.21-S2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet) samt
k)
S.22 Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union, idet der tages hensyn til:
—
ØMU- og EU-opdelinger repræsenterer den faktiske sammensætning ved udløbet af hver referenceperiode (»sammensætning under udvikling«)
—
Medlemsstater, der har euroen, fremsender alle opdelinger som nævnt under j), j1), j2) og k). Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen, fremsender opdelinger som nævnt under j) og k), men fremsendelse af opdelinger nævnt under j1) og j2) er frivillig.
—
Data fremsendes i løbende priser og foregående års priser.
(
76
)
  Data i løbende priser obligatorisk, data i foregående års priser frivilligt.
(
77
)
  Begrebet, der anvendes på data efter produkter i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller og input-output-tabeller, er det indenlandske begreb. Justeringer af det nationale begreb (residenters direkte køb og ikkeresidenters indkøb på det nationale område) er inkluderet som rækketotaler i tabellens del (3). Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug efter produkt inkluderer ikke residenters direkte køb i udlandet. Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug efter produkt inkluderer ikkeresidenters køb i på det nationale territorium. Eksport (fob) efter produkt inkluderer ikke ikkeresidenters køb på det nationale territorium.
(
*11
)
  Branche/branche, hvis dette er en egnet tilnærmet værdi for produkt/produkt.
(
*12
)
  Obligatorisk fremsendelse af de to ekstra tabeller nævnt nedenfor i løbende priser:
—
symmetrisk input-output-tabel for indenlandsk produktion i basispriser (bestående af rækkeblok (1), rækkeblok (2), rækken »anvendelse af importerede produkter«, rækkeblok (3) og (4))
—
symmetrisk input-output-tabel for import i basispriser (bestående af rækkeblok (1) og (2)).
(
*13
)
  Kun for deltabellen over indenlandsk produktion.
(
78
)
  Frivilligt.
(
79
)
  Import og eksport opdeles i:
j)
S.21 Medlemsstaterne og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer,
j1)
S.2I Medlemsstater, der har euroen som valuta, Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet,
j2)
S.xx (S.21-S2I) Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen som valuta, og Den Europæiske Unions institutioner og organer (undtagen Den Europæiske Centralbank og andre institutioner og organer i euroområdet) samt
k)
S.22 Tredjelande og internationale organisationer, der ikke er residente i Den Europæiske Union,
idet der tages hensyn til:
—
ØMU- og EU-opdelinger repræsenterer den faktiske sammensætning ved udløbet af hver referenceperiode (»sammensætning under udvikling«)
—
Medlemsstater, der har euroen, fremsender alle opdelinger som nævnt under j), j1), j2) og k). Medlemsstater, der ikke har euroen, fremsender opdelinger som nævnt under j) og k), men fremsendelse af opdelinger nævnt under j1) og j2) er frivillig.
—
Data fremsendes i løbende priser.
(
80
)
  Begrebet, der anvendes på data efter produkter i tilgangs- og anvendelsestabeller og input-output-tabeller, er det indenlandske begreb. Justeringer af det nationale begreb (residenters direkte køb) og ikkeresidenters indkøb på det nationale område er inkluderet som rækketotaler. Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug efter produkt inkluderer ikke residenters direkte køb i udlandet. Husholdningers udgifter til forbrug efter produkt inkluderer ikkeresidenters køb i på det nationale territorium. Eksport (fob) efter produkt inkluderer ikke ikkeresidenters køb på det nationale territorium.
(
81
)
  Fremsendelse af alle symmetriske input-output-tabeller i foregående års priser er frivillig.
(
82
)
  A*21: obligatorisk.
A*38/A*64: frivilligt.
For den samlede økonomi, medmindre andet er angivet.
(
83
)
  A*21: obligatorisk.
A*38/A*64: frivilligt.
For den samlede økonomi, medmindre andet er angivet.
(
84
)
  Frivilligt for referenceårene inden 2000. Obligatorisk for referenceårene fra og med referenceåret 2000.
(
85
)
  Data i foregående års priser fremsendes ikke for referenceåret 1995.
(
86
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceår inden 2012 er frivillig. Fremsendelse fra og med referenceår 2012 er obligatorisk.
(
87
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceårene inden 2000 er frivillig. Data for referenceårene 2000-2011 kun obligatorisk for den samlede økonomi. Fremsendelse for den samlede økonomi og for institutionelle sektorer for referenceårene fra og med 2012 er obligatorisk.
(
88
)
  Frivilligt.
(
89
)
  Første fremsendelse i 2017.
(
90
)
  Medlemsstaterne forelægger Kommissionen (Eurostat) en beskrivelse af kilder og metoder anvendt ved dataindsamlingen, når de første gang fremsender tabel 27. Medlemsstaterne orienterer Kommissionen (Eurostat) om eventuelle ændringer i denne indledende beskrivelse, når de sender de reviderede data.
(
91
)
  Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunalforvaltning
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
(
92
)
  Konsolidering:
—
S.13 Konsolideret og ikkekonsolideret
—
andre delsektorer: konsoliderede.
(
93
)
  Oplysninger om modsektorer og moddelsektorer:
—
S.11 Ikkefinansielle selskaber
—
S.12 Finansielle selskaber
—
S.128+S.129 Forsikringsselskaber og pensionskasser
—
S.14+S.15 Husholdninger og nonprofitinstitutioner rettet mod husholdninger
—
S.2 Udlandet.
(
94
)
  Frivilligt.
(
95
)
  Pålydende værdi ved udgangen af kvartalet.
(
96
)
  Offentlig forvaltning og service opdelt i delsektorer:
—
S.13 Offentlig forvaltning og service
—
S.1311 Statslig forvaltning
—
S.1312 Offentlig forvaltning og service på delstatsniveau
—
S.1313 Kommunal forvaltning og service
—
S.1314 Sociale kasser og fonde
(
97
)
  Delsektordata konsolideres inden for hver delsektor, men ikke mellem delsektorer.
(
98
)
  Sådanne andre ikkebidragsdefinerede ordninger, ofte kaldet hybridordninger, har både et ydelsesdefineret og et bidragsdefineret element.
(
99
)
  Ordninger oprettet af sektoren offentlig forvaltning og service for dens aktuelle og tidligere ansatte.
(
100
)
  Disse er ikkeselvstændige ydelsesdefinerede ordninger, hvor pensionsrettighederne bogføres i hovedkontiene.
(
101
)
  Modpartsdata for ikkeresidente husholdninger opføres kun særskilt, når pensionsforbindelserne med udlandet er signifikante.
(
102
)
  Disse supplerende bidrag repræsenterer det afkast, der følger af medlemmers fordringer på pensionsordninger, og som udgøres af både investeringsindkomst af aktiver i forbindelse med bidragsdefinerede ordninger og af afkast, der fremkommer ved den gradvise afvikling af diskonteringssatsen i forbindelse med ydelsesdefinerede ordninger.
(
103
)
  Kolonne G og H bør for så vidt angår disse positioner opdeles mere detaljeret på grundlag af modelberegningerne for disse ordninger. Sorte celler █ er ikke relevante. Grå celler ▒ indeholder data, som afviger fra hovedkontiene.
(
104
)
  Data i kolonne G og H bør omfatte tre datasæt baseret på de aktuarmæssige beregninger, der er foretaget for disse pensionsordninger. Datasættene bør afspejle resultaterne af en følsomhedsanalyse med hensyn til de vigtigste parametre i beregningerne, således som der er opnået enighed om mellem statistikere på den ene side og eksperter i den aldrende befolkning, der arbejder under ledelse af Udvalget for Økonomisk Politik, på den anden side. De parametre, der skal anvendes, skal uddybes i overensstemmelse med nærværende forordnings artikel 2, stk. 3.
(
105
)
  Fremsendelse af data for referenceåret 2012 er frivillig. Fremsendelse af data fra og med referenceåret 2015 er obligatorisk.

Summary:
National- og regionalregnskabssystemet i Den Europæiske Union
RESUMÉ AF:
Forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Den Europæiske Union
HVAD ER FORMÅLET MED FORORDNINGEN?
Forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 opretter 
det europæiske regnskabssystem 2010
 (ENS 2010), som er 
Den Europæiske Unions
 (EU) internationalt kompatible regnskabssystem, der kan bruges til at give en systematisk og detaljeret beskrivelse af en økonomi.
Forordning (EU) 
2023/734
 ændrer forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 og ophæver 11 retsakter, som vedrører et tidligere ENS (ENS 1995) og ikke længere er relevante, da ENS 2010 er blevet gennemført.
HOVEDPUNKTER
Det begrebsmæssige grundlag for ENS 2010
ENS 2010 indeholder en 
metode
 (bilag A) vedrørende 
fælles standarder, definitioner, klassifikationer og regnskabsregler
, der anvendes til udarbejdelse af sammenlignelige regnskaber og tabeller til brug for EU.
Ændringsforordning (EU) 2023/734 opdaterer bilag A for at afspejle ændringer i »klassifikationen af privat forbrug efter formål« (Coicop), en international klassifikation, der sikrer sammenlignelighed af data mellem lande.
Ændringsforordningen opdaterer også bilag A for at rette mindre uoverensstemmelser i teksten, der er blevet konstateret under gennemførelsen i 
EU-medlemsstaterne
.
Indberetningsprogrammet for ENS 2010
Forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 fastsætter også et 
indberetningsprogram
 (bilag B) med tidsfrister for medlemsstaternes fremsendelse af disse regnskaber og tabeller til 
Eurostat
, som er EU’s statistiske kontor. ENS 2010-regnskabssystemet har været anvendt på data siden september 2014.
Disse data skal anvendes til at 
koordinere udarbejdelsen af den økonomiske politik
 mellem medlemsstaterne og til koordinering af finanspolitikkerne (specielt via forholdet mellem offentlig gæld og underskud), som udgør en del af EU’s 
Økonomiske og Monetære Union
 (ØMU), der understøtter 
euroen
.
En 
gennemførelsesretsakt
, gennemførelsesafgørelse 
2014/403/EU
, som ændret ved gennemførelsesafgørelse (EU) 
2018/1891
, gav medlemsstaterne 
undtagelser
 (fritagelser) med hensyn til indberetning af statistikker på baggrund af anmodninger, der var begrundet i behovet for større tilpasninger til de nationale administrative og statistiske systemer for fuldt ud at overholde forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013.
 Alle disse undtagelser udløb senest den 
1. januar 2020
.
Gennemførelsesforordning (EU) 
nr. 
724/2014
 fastsætter 
udvekslingsstandarden
 for fremsendelse af data.
Ændringsforordning (EU) 
2023/734
 opdaterer bilag B for at afspejle ændrede brugerbehov, nye politiske prioriteter og udviklingen af nye økonomiske aktiviteter i EU.
Ændringen angiver også, at data om strukturelle oplysninger, som skal fremsendes, bør tage hensyn til de 
principper
, der er beskrevet i henstilling (EU) 
2023/397
, og at nye metadatafremsendelseskrav ikke bør pålægge medlemsstaterne uforholdsmæssigt store ekstraomkostninger eller en uforholdsmæssigt stor administrativ byrde.
Da gennemførelsesforordning (EU) 
2023/734
 vil kræve omfattende tilpasninger af de nationale statistiske systemer, kan 
Europa-Kommissionen
 give 
midlertidige undtagelser
 til medlemsstaterne i en periode på højst 3 år.
Kvalitetsvurdering
Medlemsstaterne skal forelægge Kommissionen (Eurostat) en rapport om kvaliteten af de data, der skal fremsendes. Eurostat vurderer så kvaliteten af dataene.
Gennemførelsesforordning (EU) 
2016/2304
 fastsætter de nærmere retningslinjer for, strukturen i, hyppigheden af samt vurderingsindikatorerne i kvalitetsrapporterne om de data, der fremsendes.
Ophævet lovgivning
Ændringsforordning (EU) 2023/734 ophæver følgende 11 retsakter vedrørende ENS 1995:
Afgørelse 
98/715/EF
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
264/2000
Afgørelse 
2002/990/EF
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
359/2002
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
1221/2002
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
1267/2003
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
501/2004
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
1222/2004
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
1161/2005
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
1392/2007
Forordning (EF) 
nr. 
400/2009
.
HVORNÅR GÆLDER FORORDNINGEN FRA?
Forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 trådte i kraft den 
16. juli 2013
.
Ændringsforordning (EU) 2023/734 træder i kraft den 
1. september 2024
.
BAGGRUND
For yderligere oplysninger henvises til:
Om ENS 2010
 — oversigt (Eurostat).
HOVEDDOKUMENT
Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 
nr. 
549/2013
 af 
21. maj 2013
 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Den Europæiske Union (EUT L 174 af 
26.6.2013
, 
s. 1-727
).
Efterfølgende ændringer til forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 er blevet indarbejdet i grundteksten. Denne 
konsoliderede udgave
 har ingen retsvirkning.
TILHØRENDE DOKUMENTER
Kommissionens henstilling (EU) 
2023/397
 af 
17. februar 2023
 om referencemetadata og kvalitetsrapporter til det europæiske statistiske system, der erstatter henstilling 2009/498/EF om referencemetadata til det europæiske statistiske system (EUT L 53 af 
21.2.2023
, 
s. 104-105
).
Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 
2023/734
 af 
15. marts 2023
 om ændring af forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Den Europæiske Union og om ophævelse af 11 retsakter på området nationalregnskaber (EUT L 97 af 
5.4.2023
, 
s. 1-114
).
Kommissionens gennemførelsesforordning (EU) 
2016/2304
 af 
19. december 2016
 om de nærmere retningslinjer for, strukturen i, hyppigheden af samt vurderingsindikatorerne i kvalitetsrapporterne om de data, der fremsendes i henhold til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 (EUT L 345 af 
20.12.2016
, 
s. 27-36
).
Kommissionens gennemførelsesafgørelse 
2014/403/EU
 af 
26. juni 2014
 om indrømmelse af undtagelser for medlemsstater med hensyn til fremsendelse af statistikker i henhold til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Den Europæiske Union (meddelt under nummer C(2014) 4164) (EUT L 195 af 
2.7.2014
, 
s. 1-131
).
Se den 
konsoliderede udgave
.
Kommissionens gennemførelsesforordning (EU) 
nr. 
724/2014
 af 
26. juni 2014
 om den udvekslingstandard for fremsendelse af data, der kræves i henhold til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EU) 
nr. 549/2013
 om det europæiske national- og regionalregnskabssystem i Den Europæiske Union (EUT L 192 af 
1.7.2014
, 
s. 38-39
).
seneste ajourføring 
12.5.2023