CELEX ID: 32013L0035

--- ENGLISH ---

Document:
29.6.2013
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 179/1
DIRECTIVE 2013/35/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 26 June 2013
on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004/40/EC
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 153(2) thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee 
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,
After consulting the Committee of the Regions,
Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure 
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,
Whereas:
(1)
Under the Treaty, the European Parliament and the Council may, by means of directives, adopt minimum requirements for the encouragement of improvements, in particular of the working environment, to guarantee a better level of protection of the health and safety of workers. Such directives are to avoid imposing administrative, financial and legal constraints in a way which would hold back the creation and development of small and medium-sized undertakings.
(2)
Article 31(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union provides that every worker has the right to working conditions which respect his or her health, safety and dignity.
(3)
Following the entry into force of Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) 
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, serious concerns were expressed by stakeholders, in particular those from the medical community, as to the potential impact of the implementation of that Directive on the use of medical procedures based on medical imaging. Concerns were also expressed as to the impact of the Directive on certain industrial activities.
(4)
The Commission examined attentively the arguments put forward by stakeholders and, after several consultations, decided to thoroughly reconsider some provisions of Directive 2004/40/EC on the basis of new scientific information produced by internationally recognised experts.
(5)
Directive 2004/40/EC was amended by Directive 2008/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, with the effect of postponing, by four years, the deadline for the transposition of Directive 2004/40/EC, and subsequently by Directive 2012/11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, with the effect of postponing that deadline for transposition until 31 October 2013. This was to allow the Commission to present a new proposal, and the co-legislators to adopt a new directive, based on fresher and sounder evidence.
(6)
Directive 2004/40/EC should be repealed and more appropriate and proportionate measures to protect workers from the risks associated with electromagnetic fields should be introduced. That Directive did not address the long-term effects, including the possible carcinogenic effects, of exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields, for which there is currently no conclusive scientific evidence establishing a causal relationship. This Directive is intended to address all known direct biophysical effects and indirect effects caused by electromagnetic fields, in order not only to ensure the health and safety of each worker on an individual basis, but also to create a minimum basis of protection for all workers in the Union, while reducing possible distortions of competition.
(7)
This Directive does not address suggested long-term effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields, since there is currently no well-established scientific evidence of a causal relationship. However, if such well-established scientific evidence emerges, the Commission should consider the most appropriate means for addressing such effects, and should, through its report on the practical implementation of this Directive, keep the European Parliament and Council informed in this regard. In doing so, the Commission should, in addition to the appropriate information that it receives from Member States, take into account the latest available research and new scientific knowledge arising from the data in this area.
(8)
Minimum requirements should be laid down, thereby giving Member States the option of maintaining or adopting more favourable provisions for the protection of workers, in particular by fixing lower values for the action levels (ALs) or the exposure limit values (ELVs) for electromagnetic fields. However, the implementation of this Directive should not serve to justify any regression in relation to the situation already prevailing in each Member State.
(9)
The system of protection against electromagnetic fields should be limited to a definition, which should be free of excessive detail, of the objectives to be attained, the principles to be observed and the fundamental values to be applied, in order to enable Member States to apply the minimum requirements in an equivalent manner.
(10)
In order to protect workers exposed to electromagnetic fields it is necessary to carry out an effective and efficient risk assessment. However, this obligation should be proportional to the situation encountered at the workplace. Therefore, it is appropriate to design a protection system that groups different risks in a simple, graduated and easily understandable way. Consequently, the reference to a number of indicators and standard situations, to be provided by practical guides, can usefully assist employers in fulfilling their obligations.
(11)
The undesired effects on the human body depend on the frequency of the electromagnetic field or radiation to which it is exposed. Therefore, exposure limitation systems need to be exposure-pattern and frequency dependent in order to adequately protect workers exposed to electromagnetic fields.
(12)
The level of exposure to electromagnetic fields can be more effectively reduced by incorporating preventive measures into the design of workstations and by giving priority, when selecting work equipment, procedures and methods, to reducing risks at source. Provisions relating to work equipment and methods thereby contribute to the protection of the workers involved. There is, however, a need to avoid duplication of assessments where work equipment meets the requirements of relevant Union law on products that establishes stricter safety levels than those provided for by this Directive. This allows for simplified assessment in a large number of cases.
(13)
Employers should make adjustments in the light of technical progress and scientific knowledge regarding the risks related to exposure to electromagnetic fields, with a view to improving the safety and health protection of workers.
(14)
Since this Directive is an individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work 
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, it follows that Directive 89/391/EEC applies to the exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields, without prejudice to more stringent and/or specific provisions contained in this Directive.
(15)
The physical quantities, ELVs and ALs, laid down in this Directive are based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and should be considered in accordance with ICNIRP concepts, save where this Directive specifies otherwise.
(16)
In order to ensure that this Directive remains up-to-date, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union should be delegated to the Commission in respect of purely technical amendments of the Annexes, to reflect the adoption of regulations and directives in the field of technical harmonisation and standardisation, technical progress, changes in the most relevant standards or specifications and new scientific findings concerning hazards presented by electromagnetic fields, as well as to adjust ALs. It is of particular importance that the Commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level. The Commission, when preparing and drawing-up delegated acts, should ensure a simultaneous, timely and appropriate transmission of relevant documents to the European Parliament and to the Council.
(17)
If amendments of a purely technical nature to the Annexes become necessary, the Commission should work in close cooperation with the Advisory Committee for Safety and Health at Work set up by Council Decision of 22 July 2003 
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.
(18)
In exceptional cases, where imperative grounds of urgency so require, such as possible imminent risks to workers’ health and safety arising from their exposure to electromagnetic fields, the possibility should be given to apply the urgency procedure to delegated acts adopted by the Commission.
(19)
In accordance with the Joint Political Declaration of 28 September 2011 of Member States and the Commission on explanatory documents 
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, Member States have undertaken to accompany, in justified cases, the notification of their transposition measures with one or more documents explaining the relationship between the components of a directive and the corresponding parts of national transposition instruments. With regard to this Directive, the legislator considers the transmission of such documents to be justified.
(20)
A system including ELVs and ALs, where applicable, should be seen as a means to facilitate the provision of a high level of protection against the adverse health effects and safety risks that may result from exposure to electromagnetic fields. However, such a system may conflict with specific conditions in certain activities, such as the use of the magnetic resonance technique in the medical sector. It is therefore necessary to take those particular conditions into account.
(21)
Given the specificities of the armed forces and in order to allow them to operate and interoperate effectively, including in joint international military exercises, Member States should be able to implement equivalent or more specific protection systems, such as internationally agreed standards, for example NATO standards, provided that adverse health effects and safety risks are prevented.
(22)
Employers should be required to ensure that risks arising from electromagnetic fields at work are eliminated or reduced to a minimum. It is nevertheless possible that in specific cases and in duly justified circumstances, the ELVs set out in this Directive are only temporarily exceeded. In such a case, employers should be required to take the necessary actions in order to return to compliance with the ELVs as soon as possible.
(23)
A system ensuring a high level of protection as regards the adverse health effects and safety risks that may result from exposure to electromagnetic fields should take due account of specific groups of workers at particular risk and avoid interference problems with, or effects on the functioning of, medical devices such as metallic prostheses, cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, cochlear implants and other implants or medical devices worn on the body. Interference problems, especially with pacemakers, may occur at levels below the ALs and should therefore be the object of appropriate precautions and protective measures,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
Subject-matter and scope
1.   This Directive, which is the 20th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, lays down minimum requirements for the protection of workers from risks to their health and safety arising, or likely to arise, from exposure to electromagnetic fields during their work.
2.   This Directive covers all known direct biophysical effects and indirect effects caused by electromagnetic fields.
3.   The exposure limit values (ELVs) laid down in this Directive cover only scientifically well-established links between short-term direct biophysical effects and exposure to electromagnetic fields.
4.   This Directive does not cover suggested long-term effects.
The Commission shall keep under review the latest scientific developments. If well-established scientific evidence on suggested long-term effects becomes available, the Commission shall consider a suitable policy response, including, if appropriate, the submission of a legislative proposal to address such effects. The Commission shall, through its report referred to in Article 15, keep the European Parliament and the Council informed in this regard.
5.   This Directive does not cover the risks resulting from contact with live conductors.
6.   Without prejudice to the more stringent or more specific provisions in this Directive, Directive 89/391/EEC shall continue to apply in full to the whole area referred to in paragraph 1.
Article 2
Definitions
For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:
(a)
‘electromagnetic fields’ means static electric, static magnetic and time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields with frequencies up to 300 GHz;
(b)
‘direct biophysical effects’ means effects in the human body directly caused by its presence in an electromagnetic field, including:
(i)
thermal effects, such as tissue heating through energy absorption from electromagnetic fields in the tissue;
(ii)
non-thermal effects, such as the stimulation of muscles, nerves or sensory organs. These effects might have a detrimental effect on the mental and physical health of exposed workers. Moreover, the stimulation of sensory organs may lead to transient symptoms, such as vertigo or phosphenes. These effects might create temporary annoyance or affect cognition or other brain or muscle functions, and may thereby affect the ability of a worker to work safely (i.e. safety risks); and
(iii)
limb currents;
(c)
‘indirect effects’ means effects, caused by the presence of an object in an electromagnetic field, which may become the cause of a safety or health hazard, such as:
(i)
interference with medical electronic equipment and devices, including cardiac pacemakers and other implants or medical devices worn on the body;
(ii)
the projectile risk from ferromagnetic objects in static magnetic fields;
(iii)
the initiation of electro-explosive devices (detonators);
(iv)
fires and explosions resulting from the ignition of flammable materials by sparks caused by induced fields, contact currents or spark discharges; and
(v)
contact currents;
(d)
‘exposure limit values (ELVs)’ means values established on the basis of biophysical and biological considerations, in particular on the basis of scientifically well-established short-term and acute direct effects, i.e. thermal effects and electrical stimulation of tissues;
(e)
‘health effects ELVs’ means those ELVs above which workers might be subject to adverse health effects, such as thermal heating or stimulation of nerve and muscle tissue;
(f)
‘sensory effects ELVs’ means those ELVs above which workers might be subject to transient disturbed sensory perceptions and minor changes in brain functions;
(g)
‘action levels (ALs)’ means operational levels established for the purpose of simplifying the process of demonstrating the compliance with relevant ELVs or, where appropriate, to take relevant protection or prevention measures specified in this Directive.
The AL terminology used in Annex II is as follows:
(i)
for electric fields, ‘low ALs’ and ‘high ALs’ means levels which relate to the specific protection or prevention measures specified in this Directive; and
(ii)
for magnetic fields, ‘low ALs’ means levels which relate to the sensory effects ELVs and ‘high ALs’ to the health effects ELVs.
Article 3
Exposure limit values and action levels
1.   Physical quantities regarding exposure to electromagnetic fields are indicated in Annex I. Health effects ELVs, sensory effects ELVs and ALs are set out in Annexes II and III.
2.   Member States shall require that employers ensure that the exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields is limited to the health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs set out in Annex II, for non-thermal effects, and in Annex III, for thermal effects. Compliance with health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs must be established by the use of relevant exposure assessment procedures referred to in Article 4. Where the exposure of workers to electromagnetic fields exceeds the ELVs, the employer shall take immediate action in accordance with Article 5(8).
3.   For the purpose of this Directive, where it is demonstrated that the relevant ALs set out in Annex II and III are not exceeded, the employer shall be deemed to be in compliance with the health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs. Where the exposure exceeds the ALs, the employer shall act in accordance with Article 5(2), unless the assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4(1), (2) and (3) demonstrates that the relevant ELVs are not exceeded and that safety risks can be excluded.
Notwithstanding the first subparagraph, exposure may exceed:
(a)
low ALs for electric fields (Annex II, Table B1), where justified by the practice or process, provided that either the sensory effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A3) are not exceeded; or
(i)
the health effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A2) are not exceeded;
(ii)
the excessive spark discharges and contact currents (Annex II, Table B3) are prevented by specific protection measures as set out in Article 5(6); and
(iii)
information on the situations referred to in point (f) of Article 6 has been given to workers;
(b)
low ALs for magnetic fields (Annex II, Table B2) where justified by the practice or process, including in the head and torso, during the shift, provided that either the sensory effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A3) are not exceeded; or
(i)
the sensory effects ELVs are exceeded only temporarily;
(ii)
the health effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A2) are not exceeded;
(iii)
action is taken, in accordance with Article 5(9), where there are transient symptoms under point (a) of that paragraph; and
(iv)
information on the situations referred to in point (f) of Article 6 has been given to workers.
4.   Notwithstanding paragraphs 2 and 3, exposure may exceed:
(a)
the sensory effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A1) during the shift, where justified by the practice or process, provided that:
(i)
they are exceeded only temporarily;
(ii)
the health effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A1) are not exceeded;
(iii)
specific protection measures have been taken in accordance with Article 5(7);
(iv)
action is taken in accordance with Article 5(9), where there are transient symptoms under point (b) of that paragraph; and
(v)
information on the situations referred to in point (f) of Article 6 has been given to workers;
(b)
the sensory effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A3 and Annex III, Table A2) during the shift, where justified by the practice or process, provided that:
(i)
they are exceeded only temporarily;
(ii)
the health effects ELVs (Annex II, Table A2 and Annex III, Table A1 and Table A3) are not exceeded;
(iii)
action is taken in accordance with Article 5(9), where there are transient symptoms under point (a) of that paragraph; and
(iv)
information on the situations referred to in point (f) of Article 6 has been given to workers.
CHAPTER II
OBLIGATIONS OF EMPLOYERS
Article 4
Assessment of risks and determination of exposure
1.   In carrying out the obligations laid down in Articles 6(3) and 9(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall assess all risks for workers arising from electromagnetic fields at the workplace and, if necessary, measure or calculate the levels of electromagnetic fields to which workers are exposed.
Without prejudice to Article 10 of Directive 89/391/EEC and Article 6 of this Directive, that assessment can be made public on request in accordance with relevant Union and national laws. In particular, in the case of processing the personal data of employees in the course of such an assessment, any publication shall comply with Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data 
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 and the national laws of the Member States implementing that Directive. Unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure, public authorities that are in possession of a copy of the assessment may refuse a request for access to it or a request to make it public, where disclosure would undermine the protection of commercial interests of the employer, including those relating to intellectual property. Employers may refuse to disclose or make public the assessment under the same conditions in accordance with the relevant Union and national laws.
2.   For the purpose of the assessment provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article the employer shall identify and assess electromagnetic fields at the workplace, taking into account the relevant practical guides referred to in Article 14 and other relevant standards or guidelines provided by the Member State concerned, including exposure databases. Notwithstanding the employer’s obligations under this Article, the employer shall also be entitled, where relevant, to take into account the emission levels and other appropriate safety-related data provided, by the manufacturer or distributor, for the equipment, in accordance with relevant Union law, including an assessment of risks, if applicable to the exposure conditions at the workplace or place of installation.
3.   If compliance with the ELVs cannot be reliably determined on the basis of readily accessible information, the assessment of the exposure shall be carried out on the basis of measurements or calculations. In such a case, the assessment shall take into account uncertainties concerning the measurements or calculations, such as numerical errors, source modelling, phantom geometry and the electrical properties of tissues and materials, determined in accordance with relevant good practice.
4.   The assessment, measurement and calculations referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of this Article shall be planned and carried out by competent services or persons at suitable intervals, taking into account the guidance given under this Directive and taking particular account of Articles 7 and 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC concerning the necessary competent services or persons and the consultation and participation of workers. The data obtained from the assessment, measurement or calculation of the level of exposure shall be preserved in a suitable traceable form so as to permit consultation at a later stage, in accordance with national law and practice.
5.   When carrying out the risk assessment pursuant to Article 6(3) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall give particular attention to the following:
(a)
the health effects ELVs, the sensory effects ELVs and the ALs referred to in Article 3 and Annexes II and III to this Directive;
(b)
the frequency, the level, duration and type of exposure, including the distribution over the worker’s body and over the volume of the workplace;
(c)
any direct biophysical effects;
(d)
any effects on the health and safety of workers at particular risk, in particular workers who wear active or passive implanted medical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, workers with medical devices worn on the body, such as insulin pumps, and pregnant workers;
(e)
any indirect effects;
(f)
the existence of replacement equipment designed to reduce the level of exposure to electromagnetic fields;
(g)
appropriate information obtained from the health surveillance referred to in Article 8;
(h)
information provided by the manufacturer of equipment;
(i)
other relevant health and safety related information;
(j)
multiple sources of exposure;
(k)
simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields.
6.   In workplaces open to the public it is not necessary for the exposure assessment to be carried out if an evaluation has already been undertaken in accordance with the provisions on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields, if the restrictions specified in those provisions are respected for workers and if the health and safety risks are excluded. Where equipment intended for the public use is used as intended and complies with Union law on products that establishes stricter safety levels than those provided for by this Directive, and no other equipment is used, these conditions are deemed to be met.
7.   The employer shall be in possession of an assessment of the risks in accordance with Article 9(1)(a) of Directive 89/391/EEC and shall identify which measures must be taken in accordance with Article 5 of this Directive. The risk assessment may include the reasons why the employer considers that the nature and the extent of the risks related to electromagnetic fields make a further detailed risk assessment unnecessary. The risk assessment shall be updated on a regular basis, particularly if there have been significant changes which could render it out of date, or if the results of the health surveillance referred to in Article 8 show this to be necessary.
Article 5
Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks
1.   Taking account of technical progress and the availability of measures to control the production of electromagnetic fields at the source, the employer shall take the necessary actions to ensure that risks arising from electromagnetic fields at the workplace are eliminated or reduced to a minimum.
The reduction of risks arising from exposure to electromagnetic fields shall be based on the general principles of prevention set out in Article 6(2) of Directive 89/391/EEC.
2.   On the basis of the risk assessment referred to in Article 4, once the relevant ALs, referred to in Article 3 and in Annexes II and III, are exceeded and unless the assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4(1), (2) and (3) demonstrates that the relevant ELVs are not exceeded and that safety risks can be excluded, the employer shall devise and implement an action plan that shall include technical and/or organisational measures to prevent exposure exceeding the health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs, taking into account, in particular:
(a)
other working methods that entail less exposure to electromagnetic fields;
(b)
the choice of equipment emitting less intense electromagnetic fields, taking account of the work to be done;
(c)
technical measures to reduce the emission of electromagnetic fields, including, where necessary, the use of interlocks, shielding or similar health protection mechanisms;
(d)
appropriate delimitation and access measures, such as signals, labels, floor markings, barriers, in order to limit or control access;
(e)
in the case of exposure to electric fields, measures and procedures to manage spark discharges and contact currents through technical means and through the training of workers;
(f)
appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment, workplaces and workstation systems;
(g)
the design and layout of workplaces and workstations;
(h)
limitations of the duration and intensity of the exposure; and
(i)
the availability of adequate personal protection equipment.
3.   On the basis of the risk assessment referred to in Article 4, the employer shall devise and implement an action plan that shall include technical and/or organisational measures to prevent any risks to workers at particular risk, and any risks due to indirect effects, referred to in Article 4.
4.   In addition to providing the information set out in Article 6 of this Directive, the employer shall, pursuant to Article 15 of Directive 89/391/EEC, adapt the measures referred to in this Article to the requirements of workers at particular risk and, where applicable, to individual risks assessments, in particular in respect of workers who have declared the use of active or passive implanted medical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, or the use of medical devices worn on the body, such as insulin pumps, or in respect of pregnant workers who have informed their employer of their condition.
5.   On the basis of the risk assessment referred to in Article 4, workplaces where workers are likely to be exposed to electromagnetic fields that exceed the ALs shall be indicated by appropriate signs in accordance with Annexes II and III and with Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum requirements for the provision of safety and/or health signs at work (ninth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) 
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. The areas in question shall be identified and access to them limited, as appropriate. Where access to these areas is suitably restricted for other reasons and workers are informed of the risks arising from electromagnetic fields, signs and access restrictions specific to electromagnetic fields shall not be required.
6.   Where Article 3(3)(a) applies, specific protection measures shall be taken, such as the training of workers in accordance with Article 6 and the use of technical means and personal protection, for example the grounding of work objects, the bonding of workers with work objects (equipotential bonding) and, where appropriate and in accordance with Article 4(1)(a) of Council Directive 89/656/EEC of 30 November 1989 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the use by workers of personal protective equipment at the workplace (third individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) 
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, the use of insulating shoes, gloves and protective clothing.
7.   Where Article 3(4)(a) applies, specific protection measures, such as controlling movements, shall be taken.
8.   Workers shall not be exposed above the health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs, unless the conditions under either Article 10(1)(a) or (c) or Articles 3(3) or (4) are fulfilled. If, despite the measures taken by the employer, the health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs are exceeded, the employer shall take immediate action to reduce exposure below these ELVs. The employer shall identify and record the reasons why the health effects ELVs and sensory effects ELVs have been exceeded, and shall amend the protection and prevention measures accordingly in order to prevent them being exceeded again. The amended protection and prevention measures shall be preserved in a suitable traceable form so as to permit consultation at a later stage, in accordance with national law and practice.
9.   Where paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 3 apply and where the worker reports transient symptoms, the employer shall, if necessary, update the risk assessment and the prevention measures. Transient symptoms may include:
(a)
sensory perceptions and effects in the functioning of the central nervous system in the head evoked by time varying magnetic fields; and
(b)
static magnetic field effects, such as vertigo and nausea.
Article 6
Worker information and training
Without prejudice to Articles 10 and 12 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall ensure that workers who are likely to be exposed to risks from electromagnetic fields at work and/or their representatives receive any necessary information and training relating to the outcome of the risk assessment provided for in Article 4 of this Directive, concerning in particular:
(a)
measures taken in application of this Directive;
(b)
the values and concepts of the ELVs and ALs, the associated possible risks and the preventive measures taken;
(c)
the possible indirect effects of exposure;
(d)
the results of the assessment, measurement or calculations of the levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields, carried out in accordance with Article 4 of this Directive;
(e)
how to detect adverse health effects of exposure and how to report them;
(f)
the possibility of transient symptoms and sensations related to effects in the central or peripheral nervous system;
(g)
the circumstances in which workers are entitled to health surveillance;
(h)
safe working practices to minimise risks resulting from exposure;
(i)
workers at particular risk, as referred to in Article 4(5)(d) and Article 5(3) and (4) of this Directive.
Article 7
Consultation and participation of workers
Consultation and participation of workers and/or their representatives shall take place in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC.
CHAPTER III
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Article 8
Health surveillance
1.   With the objective of the prevention and the early diagnosis of any adverse health effects due to exposure to electromagnetic fields, appropriate health surveillance shall be carried out in accordance with Article 14 of Directive 89/391/EEC. Health records and their availability shall be provided for in accordance with national law and/or practice.
2.   In accordance with national law and practice, the results of health surveillance shall be preserved in a suitable form that allows them to be consulted at a later date, subject to compliance with confidentiality requirements. Individual workers shall, at their request, have access to their own personal health records.
If any undesired or unexpected health effect is reported by a worker, or in any event where exposure above the ELVs is detected, the employer shall ensure that appropriate medical examinations or individual health surveillance is provided to the worker(s) concerned, in accordance with national law and practice.
Such examinations or surveillance shall be made available during hours chosen by the worker, and any costs arising shall not be borne by the worker.
Article 9
Penalties
Member States shall provide for adequate penalties applicable in the event of infringements of national legislation adopted pursuant to this Directive. These penalties must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.
Article 10
Derogations
1.   By way of derogation from Article 3 but without prejudice to Article 5(1), the following shall apply:
(a)
exposure may exceed the ELVs if the exposure is related to the installation, testing, use, development, maintenance of or research related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment for patients in the health sector, provided that all the following conditions are met:
(i)
the risk assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4 has demonstrated that the ELVs are exceeded;
(ii)
given the state of the art, all technical and/or organisational measures have been applied;
(iii)
the circumstances duly justify exceeding the ELVs;
(iv)
the characteristics of the workplace, work equipment, or work practices have been taken into account; and
(v)
the employer demonstrates that workers are still protected against adverse health effects and against safety risks, including by ensuring that the instructions for safe use provided by the manufacturer in accordance with Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices 
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 are followed;
(b)
Member States may allow for an equivalent or more specific protection system to be implemented for personnel working in operational military installations or involved in military activities, including in joint international military exercises, provided that adverse health effects and safety risks are prevented;
(c)
Member States may allow, in duly justified circumstances and only for as long as they remain duly justified, for the ELVs to be temporarily exceeded in specific sectors or for specific activities outside the scope of points (a) and (b). For the purposes of this point, ‘duly justified circumstances’ shall mean circumstances in which the following conditions are met:
(i)
the risk assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4 has shown that the ELVs are exceeded;
(ii)
given the state of the art, all technical and/or organisational measures have been applied;
(iii)
the specific characteristics of the workplace, work equipment, or work practices have been taken into account; and
(iv)
the employer demonstrates that workers are still protected against adverse health effects and safety risks, including using comparable, more specific and internationally recognised standards and guidelines.
2.   Member States shall inform the Commission of any derogation under points (b) and (c) of paragraph 1 and shall state the reasons that justify them in the report referred to in Article 15.
Article 11
Technical amendments of the Annexes
1.   The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 12 amending, in a purely technical way, the Annexes, so as to:
(a)
take into account the adoption of regulations and directives in the field of technical harmonisation and standardisation with regard to the design, building, manufacture or construction of work equipment or workplaces;
(b)
take into account technical progress, changes in the most relevant standards or specifications, and new scientific findings concerning electromagnetic fields;
(c)
make adjustments to the ALs where there is new scientific evidence, provided that employers continue to be bound by the existing ELVs set out in Annexes II and III.
2.   The Commission shall adopt a delegated act, in accordance with Article 12, to insert into Annex II the ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to electric fields induced by movement of the human body in a static magnetic field and by time-varying magnetic fields below 1 Hz as soon as they are available.
3.   Where, in the case of the amendments referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, imperative grounds of urgency so require, the procedure provided for in Article 13 shall apply to delegated acts adopted pursuant to this Article.
Article 12
Exercise of the delegation
1.   The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
2.   The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 11 shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 29 June 2013. The Commission shall draw up a report in respect of the delegation of power not later than nine months before the end of the five-year period. The delegation of power shall be tacitly extended for periods of an identical duration, unless the European Parliament or the Council opposes such extension not later than three months before the end of each period.
3.   The delegation of powers referred to in Article 11 may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
 or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
4.   As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.
5.   A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 11 shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.
Article 13
Urgency procedure
1.   Delegated acts adopted under this Article shall enter into force without delay and shall apply as long as no objection is expressed in accordance with paragraph 2. The notification of a delegated act to the European Parliament and to the Council shall state the reasons for the use of the urgency procedure which shall relate to the health and protection of workers.
2.   Either the European Parliament or the Council may object to a delegated act in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 12(5). In such a case, the Commission shall repeal the act without delay following the notification of the decision to object by the European Parliament or by the Council.
CHAPTER IV
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 14
Practical guides
In order to facilitate the implementation of this Directive the Commission shall make available non-binding practical guides at the latest six months before 1 July 2016. Those practical guides shall, in particular relate to the following issues:
(a)
the determination of exposure, taking into account appropriate European or international standards, including:
—
calculation methods for the assessment of the ELVs,
—
spatial averaging of external electric and magnetic fields,
—
guidance for dealing with measurements and calculations uncertainties;
(b)
guidance on demonstrating compliance in special types of non-uniform exposure in specific situations, based on well-established dosimetry;
(c)
the description of the ‘weighted peak method’ for the low frequency fields and of the ‘multifrequency fields summation’ for high frequency fields;
(d)
the conduct of the risk assessment and, wherever possible, the provision of simplified techniques, taking into account in particular the needs of SMEs;
(e)
measures aimed at avoiding or reducing risks, including specific prevention measures depending on the level of exposure and the workplace characteristics;
(f)
the establishment of documented working procedures, as well as specific information and training measures for workers exposed to electromagnetic fields during MRI-related activities falling under Article 10(1)(a);
(g)
the evaluation of exposures in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 MHz, where both thermal and non-thermal effects are to be considered;
(h)
the guidance on medical examinations and health surveillance to be provided by the employer in accordance with Article 8(2).
The Commission shall work in close cooperation with the Advisory Committee for Safety and Health at Work. The European Parliament shall be kept informed.
Article 15
Review and reporting
Taking into account Article 1(4), the report on the practical implementation of this Directive shall be established in accordance with Article 17a of Directive 89/391/EEC.
Article 16
Transposition
1.   Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 July 2016.
When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such a reference is to be made.
2.   Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.
Article 17
Repeal
1.   Directive 2004/40/EC is repealed from 29 June 2013.
2.   References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Directive and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table set out in Annex IV.
Article 18
Entry into force
This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
.
Article 19
Addressees
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
Done at Brussels, 26 June 2013.
For the European Parliament
The President
M. SCHULZ
For the Council
The President
A. SHATTER
(
1
)
  
            
OJ C 43, 15.2.2012, p. 47
.
(
2
)
  Position of the European Parliament of 11 June 2013 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of 20 June 2013.
(
3
)
  
            
OJ L 159, 30.4.2004, p. 1
.
(
4
)
  
            
OJ L 114, 26.4.2008, p. 88
.
(
5
)
  
            
OJ L 110, 24.4.2012, p. 1
.
(
6
)
  
            
OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1
.
(
7
)
  
            
OJ C 218, 13.9.2003, p. 1
.
(
8
)
  
            
OJ C 369, 17.12.2011, p. 14
.
(
9
)
  
            
OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31
.
(
10
)
  
            
OJ L 245, 26.8.1992, p. 23
.
(
11
)
  
            
OJ L 393, 30.12.1989, p. 18
.
(
12
)
  
            
OJ L 169, 12.7.1993, p. 1
.
ANNEX I
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES REGARDING THE EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
The following physical quantities are used to describe the exposure to electromagnetic fields:
Electric field strength (E) is a vector quantity that corresponds to the force exerted on a charged particle regardless of its motion in space. It is expressed in volt per metre (Vm
–1
). A distinction has to be made between the environmental electric field and the electric field present in the body (in situ) as a result of exposure to the environmental electric field.
Limb current (I
L
) is the current in the limbs of a person exposed to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 110 MHz as a result of contact with an object in an electromagnetic field or the flow of capacitive currents induced in the exposed body. It is expressed in ampere (A).
Contact current (I
C
) is a current that appears when a person comes into contact with an object in an electromagnetic field. It is expressed in ampere (A). A steady state contact current occurs when a person is in continuous contact with an object in an electromagnetic field. In the process of making such contact, a spark discharge may occur with associated transient currents.
Electric charge (Q) is an appropriate quantity used for spark discharge and is expressed in coulomb (C).
Magnetic field strength (H) is a vector quantity that, together with the magnetic flux density, specifies a magnetic field at any point in space. It is expressed in ampere per metre (Am
–1
).
Magnetic flux density (B) is a vector quantity resulting in a force that acts on moving charges, expressed in tesla (T). In free space and in biological materials, magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength can be interchanged using the magnetic field strength of H = 1 Am
–1
 equivalence to magnetic flux density of
T (approximately 1,25 microtesla).
Power density (S) is an appropriate quantity used for very high frequencies, where the depth of penetration in the body is low. It is the radiant power incident perpendicular to a surface, divided by the area of the surface. It is expressed in watt per square metre (Wm
–2
).
Specific energy absorption (SA) is an energy absorbed per unit mass of biological tissue, expressed in joule per kilogram (Jkg
–1
). In this Directive, it is used for establishing limits for effects from pulsed microwave radiation.
Specific energy absorption rate (SAR), averaged over the whole body or over parts of the body, is the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass of body tissue and is expressed in watt per kilogram (Wkg
–1
). Whole-body SAR is a widely accepted quantity for relating adverse thermal effects to radio frequency (RF) exposure. Besides the whole-body average SAR, local SAR values are necessary to evaluate and limit excessive energy deposition in small parts of the body resulting from special exposure conditions. Examples of such conditions include: an individual exposed to RF in the low MHz range (e.g. from dielectric heaters) and individuals exposed in the near field of an antenna.
Of these quantities, magnetic flux density (B), contact current (I
C
), limb current (I
L
), electric field strength (E), magnetic field strength (H), and power density (S) can be measured directly.
ANNEX II
NON-THERMAL EFFECTS
EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES AND ACTION LEVELS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE FROM 0 Hz TO 10 MHz
A.   EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES (ELVs)
ELVs below 1 Hz (Table A1) are limits for static magnetic field which is not affected by the tissue of the body.
ELVs for frequencies from 1 Hz to 10 MHz (Table A2) are limits for electric fields induced in the body from exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields.
ELVs for external magnetic flux density from 0 to 1 Hz
The sensory effects ELV is the ELV for normal working conditions (Table A1) and is related to vertigo and other physiological effects related to disturbance of the human balance organ resulting mainly from moving in a static magnetic field
The health effects ELV for controlled working conditions (Table A1) is applicable on a temporary basis during the shift when justified by the practice or process, provided that preventive measures, such as controlling movements and providing information to workers, have been adopted.
Table A1
ELVs for external magnetic flux density (B
0
) from 0 to 1 Hz
Sensory effects ELVs
Normal working conditions
2 T
Localised limbs exposure
8 T
Health effects ELVs
Controlled working conditions
8 T
Health effects ELVs for internal electric field strength from 1 Hz to 10 MHz
Health effects ELVs (Table A2) are related to electric stimulation of all peripheral and central nervous system tissues in the body, including the head.
Table A2
Health effects ELVs for internal electric field strength from 1 Hz to 10 MHz
Frequency range
Health effects ELVs
1 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz
1,1 Vm
–1
 (peak)
3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz
3,8 × 10
– 4
 f Vm
–1
 (peak)
Note A2-1:
f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).
Note A2-2:
The health effects ELVs for internal electric field are spatial peak values in the entire body of the exposed subject.
Note A2-3:
The ELVs are peak values in time which are equal to the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values multiplied by √2 for sinusoidal fields. In the case of non-sinusoidal fields, exposure evaluation carried out in accordance with Article 4 shall be based on the weighted peak method (filtering in time domain), explained in the practical guides referred to in Article 14 but other scientifically proven and validated exposure evaluation procedures can be applied, provided that they lead to approximately equivalent and comparable results.
Sensory effects ELVs for internal electric field strength from 1 Hz to 400 Hz
The sensory effects ELVs (Table A3) are related to electric field effects on the central nervous system in the head, i.e. retinal phosphenes and minor transient changes in some brain functions.
Table A3
Sensory effects ELVs for internal electric field strength from 1 to 400 Hz
Frequency range
Sensory effects ELVs
1 ≤ f < 10 Hz
0,7/f Vm
–1
 (peak)
10 ≤ f < 25 Hz
0,07 Vm
–1
 (peak)
25 ≤ f ≤ 400 Hz
0,0028 f Vm
–1
 (peak)
Note A3-1:
f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).
Note A3-2:
The sensory effects ELVs for internal electric field are spatial peak values in the head of the exposed subject.
Note A3-3:
The ELVs are peak values in time which are equal to the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values multiplied by √2 for sinusoidal fields. In the case of non-sinusoidal fields, the exposure evaluation carried out in accordance with Article 4 shall be based on the weighted peak method (filtering in time domain), explained in the practical guides referred to in Article 14, but other scientifically proven and validated exposure evaluation procedures can be applied, provided that they lead to approximately equivalent and comparable results.
B.   ACTION LEVELS (ALs)
The following physical quantities and values are used to specify the action levels (ALs), the magnitude of which are established to ensure by simplified assessment the compliance with relevant ELVs or at which relevant protection or prevention measures specified in Article 5 must be taken:
—
Low ALs(E) and high ALs(E) for electric field strength E of time varying electric fields as specified in Table B1;
—
Low ALs(B) and high ALs(B) for magnetic flux density B of time varying magnetic fields as specified in Table B2;
—
ALs(I
C
) for contact current as specified in Table B3;
—
ALs(B
0
) for magnetic flux density of static magnetic fields as specified in Table B4.
ALs correspond to calculated or measured electric and magnetic field values at the workplace in the absence of the worker.
Action levels (ALs) for exposure to electric fields
Low ALs (Table B1) for external electric field are based on limiting the internal electric field below the ELVs (Tables A2 and A3) and limiting spark discharges in the working environment.
Below high ALs, the internal electric field does not exceed the ELVs (Tables A2 and A3) and annoying spark discharges are prevented, provided that the protection measures referred to in Article 5(6) are taken.
Table B1
ALs for exposure to electric fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz
Frequency range
Electric field strength Low ALs (E)[Vm
–1
] (RMS)
Electric field strength High ALs (E) [Vm
–1
] (RMS)
1 ≤ f < 25 Hz
2,0 × 10
4
2,0 × 10
4
25 ≤ f < 50 Hz
5,0 × 10
5
/f
2,0 × 10
4
50 Hz ≤ f < 1,64 kHz
5,0 × 10
5
/f
1,0 × 10
6
/f
1,64 ≤ f < 3 kHz
5,0 × 10
5
/f
6,1 × 10
2
3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz
1,7 × 10
2
6,1 × 10
2
Note B1-1:
f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).
Note B1-2:
The low ALs (E) and high ALs (E) are the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values of the electric field strength which are equal to the peak values divided by √2 for sinusoidal fields. In the case of non-sinusoidal fields, the exposure evaluation carried out in accordance with Article 4 shall be based on the weighted peak method (filtering in time domain), explained in the practical guides referred to in Article 14, but other scientifically proven and validated exposure evaluation procedures can be applied, provided that they lead to approximately equivalent and comparable results.
Note B1-3:
ALs represent maximum calculated or measured values at the workers’ body position. This results in a conservative exposure assessment and automatic compliance with ELVs in all non-uniform exposure conditions. In order to simplify the assessment of compliance with ELVs, carried out in accordance with Article 4, in specific non-uniform conditions, criteria for the spatial averaging of measured fields based on established dosimetry will be laid down in the practical guides referred to in Article 14. In the case of a very localised source within a distance of a few centimetres from the body, the induced electric field shall be determined dosimetrically, case by case.
Action levels (ALs) for exposure to magnetic fields
Low ALs (Table B2) are, for frequencies below 400 Hz, derived from the sensory effects ELVs (Table A3) and, for frequencies above 400 Hz, from the health effects ELVs for internal electric field (Table A2).
High ALs (Table B2) are derived from the health effects ELVs for internal electric field related to electric stimulation of peripheral and autonomous nerve tissues in head and trunk (Table A2). Compliance with the high ALs ensures that health effects ELVs are not exceeded, but the effects related to retinal phosphenes and minor transient changes in brain activity are possible, if the exposure of the head exceeds the low ALs for exposures up to 400 Hz. In such a case, Article 5(6) applies.
ALs for exposure of limbs are derived from the health effects ELVs for internal electric field related to electric stimulation of the tissues in limbs by taking into account that the magnetic field is coupled more weakly to the limbs than to the whole body.
Table B2
ALs for exposure to magnetic fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz
Frequency range
Magnetic flux density Low ALs(B)[μT] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density High ALs(B) [μT] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density ALs for exposure of limbs to a localised magnetic field [μT] (RMS)
1 ≤ f < 8 Hz
2,0 × 10
5
/f
2
3,0 × 10
5
/f
9,0 × 10
5
/f
8 ≤ f < 25 Hz
2,5 × 10
4
/f
3,0 × 10
5
/f
9,0 × 10
5
/f
25 ≤ f < 300 Hz
1,0 × 10
3
3,0 × 10
5
/f
9,0 × 10
5
/f
300 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz
3,0 × 10
5
/f
3,0 × 10
5
/f
9,0 × 10
5
/f
3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz
1,0 × 10
2
1,0 × 10
2
3,0 × 10
2
Note B2-1:
f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).
Note B2-2:
The low ALs and the high ALs are the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values which are equal to the peak values divided by √2 for sinusoidal fields. In the case of non-sinusoidal fields the exposure evaluation carried out in accordance with Article 4 shall be based on the weighted peak method (filtering in time domain), explained in practical guides referred to in Article 14, but other scientifically proven and validated exposure evaluation procedures can be applied, provided that they lead to approximately equivalent and comparable results.
Note B2-3:
ALs for exposure to magnetic fields represent maximum values at the workers’ body position. This results in a conservative exposure assessment and automatic compliance with ELVs in all non-uniform exposure conditions. In order to simplify the assessment of compliance with ELVs, carried out in accordance with Article 4, in specific non-uniform conditions, criteria for the spatial averaging of measured fields based on established dosimetry will be laid down in the practical guides referred to in Article 14. In the case of a very localised source within a distance of a few centimetres from the body, the induced electric field shall be determined dosimetrically, case by case.
Table B3
ALs for contact current I
C
Frequency
ALs (I
C
) steady state contact current [mA] (RMS)
up to 2,5 kHz
1,0
2,5 ≤ f < 100 kHz
0,4 f
100 ≤ f ≤ 10 000  kHz
40
Note B3-1:
f is the frequency expressed in kilohertz (kHz).
Action levels (ALs) for magnetic flux density of static magnetic fields
Table B4
ALs for magnetic flux density of static magnetic fields
Hazards
ALs(B
0
)
Interference with active implanted devices, e.g. cardiac pacemakers
0,5  mT
Attraction and projectile risk in the fringe field of high field strength sources (> 100 mT)
3  mT
ANNEX III
THERMAL EFFECTS
EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES AND ACTION LEVELS IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE FROM 100 kHz TO 300 GHz
A.   EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES (ELVs)
Health effects ELVs for frequencies from 100 kHz to 6 GHz (Table A1) are limits for energy and power absorbed per unit mass of body tissue generated from exposure to electric and magnetic fields.
Sensory effects ELVs for frequencies from 0,3 to 6 GHz (Table A2) are limits on absorbed energy in a small mass of tissue in the head from exposure to electromagnetic fields.
Health effects ELVs for frequencies above 6 GHz (Table A3) are limits for power density of an electromagnetic wave incident on the body surface.
Table A1
Health effects ELVs for exposure to electromagnetic fields from 100 kHz to 6 GHz
Health effects ELVs
SAR values averaged over any six-minute period
ELVs related to whole body heat stress expressed as averaged SAR in the body
0,4  Wkg
–1
ELVs related to localised heat stress in head and trunk expressed as localised SAR in the body
10  Wkg
–1
ELVs related to localised heat stress in the limbs expressed as localised SAR in the limbs
20  Wkg
–1
Note A1-1:
Localised SAR averaging mass is any 10 g of contiguous tissue; the maximum SAR so obtained should be the value used for estimating exposure. This 10 g of tissue is intended to be a mass of contiguous tissue with roughly homogeneous electrical properties. In specifying a contiguous mass of tissue, it is recognised that this concept may be used in computational dosimetry but may present difficulties for direct physical measurements. A simple geometry, such as cubic or spheric tissue mass, can be used.
Sensory effects ELVs from 0,3 GHz to 6 GHz
This sensory effects ELVs (Table A2) is related to avoiding auditory effects caused by exposures of the head to pulsed microwave radiation.
Table A2
Sensory effects ELVs for exposure to electromagnetic fields from 0,3 to 6 GHz
Frequency range
Localised specific energy absorption (SA)
0,3 ≤ f ≤ 6 GHz
10  mJkg
–1
Note A2-1:
Localised SA averaging mass is 10 g of tissue.
Table A3
Health effects ELVs for exposure to electromagnetic fields from 6 to 300 GHz
Frequency range
Health effects ELVs related to power density
6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz
50  Wm
–2
Note A3-1:
The power density shall be averaged over any 20 cm
2
 of exposed area. Spatial maximum power densities averaged over 1 cm
2
 should not exceed 20 times the value of 50 Wm
–2
. Power densities from 6 to 10 GHz are to be averaged over any six-minute period. Above 10 GHz, the power density shall be averaged over any 68/f
1,05
-minute period (where f is the frequency in GHz) to compensate for progressively shorter penetration depth, as the frequency increases.
B.   ACTION LEVELS (ALs)
The following physical quantities and values are used to specify the action levels (ALs), the magnitude of which are established to ensure by simplified assessment the compliance with the relevant ELVs or at which relevant protection or prevention measures specified in Article 5 must be taken:
—
ALs(E) for electric field strength E of time varying electric field, as specified in Table B1;
—
ALs(B) for magnetic flux density B of time varying magnetic field, as specified in Table B1;
—
ALs(S) for power density of electromagnetic waves, as specified in Table B1;
—
ALs(I
C
) for contact current, as specified in Table B2;
—
ALs(I
L
) for limb current, as specified in Table B2;
ALs correspond to calculated or measured field values at the workplace in the absence of the worker, as maximum value at the position of the body or specified part of the body.
Action levels (ALs) for exposure to electric and magnetic fields
ALs(E) and ALs(B) are derived from the SAR or power density ELVs (Tables A1 and A3) based on the thresholds related to internal thermal effects caused by exposure to (external) electric and magnetic fields.
Table B1
ALs for exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz
Frequency range
Electric field strength ALs(E) [Vm
–1
] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density ALs(B) [μT] (RMS)
Power density ALs(S) [Wm
–2
]
100 kHz ≤ f < 1 MHz
6,1 × 10
2
2,0 × 10
6
/f
—
1≤ f < 10 MHz
6,1 × 10
8
/f
2,0 × 10
6
/f
—
10 ≤ f < 400 MHz
61
0,2
—
400 MHz ≤ f < 2 GHz
3 × 10
–3
 f
½
1,0 × 10
–5
 f
½
—
2 ≤ f < 6 GHz
1,4 × 10
2
4,5 × 10
–1
—
6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz
1,4 × 10
2
4,5 × 10
–1
50
Note B1-1:
f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).
Note B1-2:
[ALs(E)]
2
 and [ALs(B)]
2
 are to be averaged over a six-minute period. For RF pulses, the peak power density averaged over the pulse width shall not exceed 1 000 times the respective ALs(S) value. For multi-frequency fields, the analysis shall be based on summation, as explained in the practical guides referred to in Article 14.
Note B1-3:
ALs(E) and ALs(B) represent maximum calculated or measured values at the workers’ body position. This results in a conservative exposure assessment and automatic compliance with ELVs in all non-uniform exposure conditions. In order to simplify the assessment of compliance with ELVs, carried out in accordance with Article 4, in specific non-uniform conditions, criteria for the spatial averaging of measured fields based on established dosimetry will be laid down in the practical guides referred to in Article 14. In the case of a very localised source within a distance of a few centimetres from the body, compliance with ELVs shall be determined dosimetrically, case by case.
Note B1-4:
The power density shall be averaged over any 20 cm
2
 of exposed area. Spatial maximum power densities averaged over 1 cm
2
 should not exceed 20 times the value of 50 Wm
–2
. Power densities from 6 to 10 GHz are to be averaged over any six-minute period. Above 10 GHz, the power density shall be averaged over any 68/f
1,05
-minute period (where f is the frequency in GHz) to compensate for progressively shorter penetration depth as the frequency increases.
Table B2
ALs for steady state contact currents and induced limb currents
Frequency range
Steady state contact current, ALs(I
C
) [mA] (RMS)
Induced limb current in any limb, ALs(I
L
) [mA] (RMS)
100 kHz ≤ f < 10 MHz
40
—
10 ≤ f ≤ 110 MHz
40
100
Note B2-1:
[ALs(I
L
)]
2
 is to be averaged over a six-minute period.
ANNEX IV
Correlation table
Directive 2004/40/EC
This Directive
Article 1(1)
Article 1(1)
Article 1(2)
Article 1(2) and (3)
Article 1(3)
Article 1(4)
Article 1(4)
Article 1(5)
Article 1(5)
Article 1(6)
Article 2(a)
Article 2(a)
—
Article 2(b)
—
Article 2(c)
Article 2(b)
Article 2(d), (e) and (f)
Article 2(c)
Article 2(g)
Article 3(1)
Article 3(1)
Article 3(2)
Article 3(1)
—
Article 3(2)
Article 3(3)
Article 3(2) and (3)
—
Article 3(4)
Article 4(1)
Article 4(1)
Article 4(2)
Article 4(2) and (3)
Article 4(3)
Article 4(3)
Article 4(4)
Article 4(4)
Article 4(5)(a)
Article 4(5)(b)
Article 4(5)(b)
Article 4(5)(a)
—
Article 4(5)(c)
Article 4(5)(c)
Article 4(5)(d)
Article 4(5)(d)
Article 4(5)(e)
Article 4(5)(d)(i)
—
Article 4(5)(d)(ii)
—
Article 4(5)(d)(iii)
—
Article 4(5)(d)(iv)
—
Article 4(5)(e)
Article 4(5)(f)
Article 4(5)(f)
Article 4(5)(g)
—
Article 4(5)(h)
—
Article 4(5)(i)
Article 4(5)(g)
Article 4(5)(j)
Article 4(5)(h)
Article 4(5)(k)
—
Article 4(6)
Article 4(6)
Article 4(7)
Article 5(1)
Article 5(1)
Article 5(2), introductory wording
Article 5(2), introductory wording
Article 5(2)(a) to (c)
Article 5(2)(a) to (c)
—
Article 5(2)(d)
—
Article 5(2)(e)
Article 5(2)(d) to (g)
Article 5(2)(f) to (i)
—
Article 5(4)
Article 5(3)
Article 5(5)
—
Article 5(6)
—
Article 5(7)
Article 5(4)
Article 5(8)
—
Article 5(9)
Article 5(5)
Article 5(3)
Article 6, introductory wording
Article 6, introductory wording
Article 6(a)
Article 6(a)
Article 6(b)
Article 6(b)
—
Article 6(c)
Article 6(c)
Article 6(d)
Article 6(d)
Article 6(e)
—
Article 6(f)
Article 6(e)
Article 6(g)
Article 6(f)
Article 6(h)
—
Article 6(i)
Article 7
Article 7
Article 8(1)
Article 8(1)
Article 8(2)
—
Article 8(3)
Article 8(2)
Article 9
Article 9
—
Article 10
Article 10(1)
Article 11(1)(c)
Article 10(2)(a)
Article 11(1)(a)
Article 10(2)(b)
Article 11(1)(b)
Article 11
—
—
Article 12
—
Article 13
—
Article 14
—
Article 15
Article 13(1)
Article 16(1)
Article 13(2)
Article 16(2)
—
Article 17
Article 14
Article 18
Article 15
Article 19
Annex
Annex I, Annex II and Annex III
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Annex IV

Summary:
Limiting the exposure of workers to risks from electromagnetic fields (from July 2016)
The directive lays down minimum health and safety requirements on the exposure of workers to risks from electromagnetic fields.
ACT
Directive 
2013/35/EU
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004/40/EC.
SUMMARY
The legislation is an individual directive under 
Framework directive 89/391/EEC
. It introduces measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers. It replaces a 2004 directive (
2004/40/EC
) that never entered into force due to problems implementing its provisions, especially in the medical sector.
Scope
The directive provides for measures to protect workers from all known short-term direct and indirect adverse health effects caused by electromagnetic fields. It does not address potential long-term effects, but if well-established scientific evidence on these becomes available, the European Commission will consider what action to recommend.
The measures provide for a minimum basis of protection for all workers in the EU, leaving member countries free to maintain or establish stricter requirements. They must transpose the directive into their national legal system by 1 July 2016.
Definitions
The legislation covers direct biophysical effects.
 These occur in the human body as a direct result of its presence in an electromagnetic field. They include thermal effects, such as tissue heating, and non-thermal effects like the stimulation of muscles, nerves or sensory organs.
It includes among 
indirecteffects
 those that are caused by the presence of an object, such as cardiac pacemakers and other implants, in an electromagnetic field and which could become a safety or health hazard.
The directive sets out 
exposure limit values
, based on biophysical and biological considerations, to protect workers from adverse health and sensory effects. It also contains action levels to identify when relevant protection or prevention measures should be taken.
Obligations on employers
The directive lays down various obligations on employers. They must ensure that exposure of employees to electromagnetic fields remains within the limits set by the directive. If these are exceeded, they must take immediate preventive action. However, exemptions exist whereby levels may be exceeded under certain very strict conditions.
In general, employers must ensure that risks from electromagnetic fields at work are 
eliminated or reduced as much as possible
. Regular risk and exposure assessments and use of practical guides can help to ensure this.
Where risks to workers’ health are identified, employers must have an 
action plan of protection and preventive measures
. This can include technical and/or organisational measures, especially for workers at particular risk.
The legislation also requires 
health monitoring
 to prevent, or diagnose early on, any adverse health effects. If excessive exposure is detected employers must provide appropriate medical examinations or individual health monitoring in accordance with national law and practice.
REFERENCES
Act
Entry into force
Deadline for transposition in the Member States
Official Journal
Directive 
2013/35/EU
29.6.2013
1.7.2016
OJ L 179 of 29.06.2013, pp. 1-21
RELATED ACTS
Council Directive 
89/391/EEC
 of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work (
Official Journal L 183, 29.6.1989, pp. 1-8
).
16.10.2014

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