CELEX ID: 32024R1257

--- ENGLISH ---

Document:
Official Journal 
of the European Union
EN
L series
2024/1257
8.5.2024
REGULATION (EU) 2024/1257 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 24 April 2024
on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, with respect to their emissions and battery durability (Euro 7), amending Regulation (EU) 2018/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011, Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151, Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 114 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee 
(
1
)
,
Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure 
(
2
)
,
Whereas:
(1)
Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
3
)
 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030 lays down, as one of the Union’s six thematic objectives for the period up to 31 December 2030, the pursuit of zero pollution, including in relation to harmful chemicals, in order to achieve a toxic-free environment, including for air, water and soil, as well as in relation to light and noise pollution, and the protection of the health and well-being of people, animals and ecosystems from environment-related risks and negative impacts.
(2)
The European Green Deal, adopted in a communication by the Commission on 11 December 2019, is the Union’s strategy to initiate a transition aiming to achieve, by 2050 at the latest, a climate-neutral, clean and circular economy, optimising resource management and minimising pollution while recognising the need for deeply transformative policies. The Union is also committed to the United Nations’ (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals. The Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy adopted by the Commission in December 2020 and the EU Action Plan: ‘Towards Zero Pollution for Air, Water and Soil’ adopted by the Commission in May 2021 specifically address transport pollution aspects of the European Green Deal. Other particularly relevant measures for that initiative include, for example, the proposal for a recast of Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
4
)
, the New Industrial Strategy for Europe presented by the Commission in March 2020, the revision by Regulation (EU) 2023/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
5
)
 of CO
2
 emission performance standards for cars and vans set out in Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
6
)
 and the proposal for a revision of CO
2
 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles set out in Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
7
)
.
(3)
The internal market is an area in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is to be ensured. To that end, Regulation (EU) 2018/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
8
)
 introduced a comprehensive type-approval and market surveillance system for motor vehicles and trailers, and for systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles.
(4)
The technical requirements for the type-approval of motor vehicles, engines and replacement parts with regard to emissions (‘emission type-approval’) should remain harmonised to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market, as well as a high level of environmental and health protection in all Member States.
(5)
A successful transition to zero-emission mobility requires an integrated approach and the right enabling environment to stimulate innovation and maintain the Union’s technological leadership in the road transport sector. Such an environment includes public and private investments in research and innovation, the increasing supply of zero- and low-emission vehicles, the roll-out of recharging and refuelling infrastructure, integration into the energy systems, as well as the sustainable materials supply and sustainable production, re-use and recycling of batteries in the Union. The establishment of such an environment requires coherent action at Union, national, regional and local levels.
(6)
In order to support the transition towards clean mobility while reindustrialising the Union and supporting its citizens, it is essential to keep the prices of private and commercial vehicles affordable for individuals and businesses. This would help maintain quality of life, industrial competitiveness and innovation, and support job creation and skill development in the sector.
(7)
A socially acceptable and just transition towards zero-emission mobility should be ensured. It is important, therefore, to take into account the social effects of such a transition throughout the whole automotive value chain and to proactively address the implications on employment. Targeted programmes at Union, national and regional levels, such as the development of just transition plans for automotive-dependent regions are to be established in the framework of the Just Transition Mechanism for the reskilling, upskilling and redeployment of workers, as well as education and job-seeking initiatives in adversely affected communities and regions, in close dialogue with social partners and competent authorities. As part of that transition, it is necessary to strengthen women’s employment, as well as equal opportunities in that sector.
(8)
This Regulation is a separate regulatory act for the purposes of the EU type-approval procedure laid down in Annex II to Regulation (EU) 2018/858. The administrative provisions of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, including the provisions on penalties, as well as its robust compliance enforcement mechanism, are fully applicable.
(9)
Substantiated complaints submitted by natural or legal persons can constitute an important source of information for both market-surveillance authorities and approval authorities. In that context, the establishment of straightforward and proportionate processes that allow natural and legal persons to submit substantiated complaints to the respective authorities where they have reason to believe that this Regulation is not complied with can contribute to the application and enforcement of this Regulation. Those complaints should be considered by national authorities as a risk factor in decisions on market surveillance or in-service conformity activities.
(10)
This Regulation should lay down common administrative provisions and requirements on emissions from vehicles and battery durability, whereas the technical elements should be laid down in implementing acts adopted in accordance with the examination procedure.
(11)
The technical requirements for the type-approval of motor vehicles, engines and replacement parts with regard to emissions are currently set out in two Regulations that apply to emission type-approval for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles respectively, namely Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
9
)
 and Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
10
)
.
(12)
Incorporating the requirements laid down in Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) Nó 595/2009 into a single Regulation would ensure internal coherence of the system of emission type-approvals for both light and heavy-duty vehicles, while allowing for different emission limits and testing procedures for such vehicles.
(13)
Furthermore, the current emission limits for heavy-duty vehicles were adopted in 2009 on the basis of the available technology at that time. Since then, technology has advanced and the level of emissions achievable with a combination of current technologies is much lower than that achievable more than 15 years ago. That technological progress should be reflected in emission limits based on existing state-of-the-art technology and knowledge of pollution controls and for all relevant pollutants.
(14)
In the Union, particle number (PN) exhaust emissions of solid particles larger than 23 nanometres (PN
23
) have been controlled since 2011 for light-duty vehicles and since 2013 for heavy-duty vehicles. Considering that existing technologies and the UN Global Technical Regulation No 15 allow the measurement of particle number emissions down to 10 nanometres (PN
10
), it is appropriate to apply the particle limits to PN
10
 for all vehicles covered by this Regulation. Setting specific limits for PN
10
 emissions for the first time will provide an impetus towards the global harmonisation of enhanced PN emissions control and measurement and the Union should encourage the UN World Forum for the Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UN WP.29) to align the relevant UN vehicle regulations accordingly.
(15)
Simplification could be achieved by eliminating tests which are not needed, by referring to standards under existing UN Regulations where applicable, and by ensuring a consistent set of procedures and tests for the various phases of the emission type-approval.
(16)
In order to ensure that the emissions for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles are limited in the real world, testing vehicles in real driving conditions, which are statistically relevant, with a minimum set of restrictions, boundaries and other driving requirements, is necessary. Such on-road testing should be based on normal driving and exclude biased driving.
(17)
Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 require that vehicles respect the emission limits for a specified period of time, which does not correspond to the average lifetime of vehicles. It is therefore appropriate to lay down durability requirements that reflect the average expected lifetime of vehicles in the Union.
(18)
Member States are encouraged to develop and implement strategies for incentivising fleet renewal, with the aim of facilitating a progressive transition of the fleet towards vehicles with reduced emissions, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable transport ecosystem.
(19)
There are technologies that are now available and widely used across the world limiting evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds during the use and parking of a vehicle with petrol fuel. It is therefore appropriate to set the emission limits for such volatile organic compounds at a lower level.
(20)
Non-exhaust emissions consist of particles emitted by tyres and brakes of vehicles. Emissions from tyres are estimated to be the largest source of microplastics released into the environment. As shown in the impact assessment accompanying the proposal for this Regulation, it is expected that by 2050 non-exhaust emissions will constitute up to 90 % of all particles emitted by road transport, because exhaust particles will diminish due to vehicle electrification. Those non-exhaust emissions should therefore be measured and limited. The Commission should encourage the work of UN WP.29 in order to achieve its objectives in a timely manner, reflecting a high level of ambition based on solid scientific and technical grounds, and to define abrasion limits on the basis of state-of-the-art methods. In the event that uniform provisions on tyre abrasion limits have not been adopted by UN WP.29 by 1 July 2026 for C
1
 class tyres, 1 April 2028 for C
2
 class tyres or 1 April 2030 for C
3
 class tyres, the Commission should adopt a delegated act aimed at reaching the Union’s objective to reduce microplastics released into the environment by 30 % by 2030 and based on state-of-the-art abrasion limits. Specific characteristics of vehicles with traction batteries, including plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles should be evaluated during the preparation of that delegated act.
(21)
Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
11
)
 regulates gear shift indicators (GSI), whose main purpose is to minimise fuel consumption of a vehicle when a driver follows its indications. However, the requirements related to pollutant emissions in the real world, including when following the GSI, should be addressed in this Regulation.
(22)
Vehicles with traction batteries, including plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles, contribute to the decarbonisation of the road transport sector. In order to gain and increase consumer trust in such vehicles, they should be performant and durable. It is therefore important to require that traction batteries retain a good part of their initial capacity after many years of use. Such a requirement would be of particular importance to buyers of second-hand electric vehicles given that it would ensure that the vehicle would continue to perform as expected. Monitors of the state of health of traction batteries should therefore be required for all vehicles that use traction batteries. In addition, minimum performance requirements for battery durability of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles should be introduced, taking into account UN Global Technical Regulation No 22.
(23)
On-board monitoring (OBM) systems and on-board fuel and electric energy consumption monitoring (OBFCM) devices use data generated by the vehicle to monitor compliance with this Regulation. Where appropriate, such data is to be subject to Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
12
)
.
(24)
The tampering of vehicles to remove or deactivate parts of the pollution control systems is a well-known problem. Such practice leads to uncontrolled emissions and, therefore, should be prevented and effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties should apply. Tampering of the odometer leads to false mileage and hampers the proper in-service control of a vehicle. It is therefore of the utmost importance to guarantee the highest possible security protection of those systems, complete with security certificates and appropriate tampering protection to ensure that neither pollution control systems nor the vehicle odometer can be tampered with.
(25)
To prevent anti-tampering measures from unduly hampering competition, this Regulation should maintain the possibility of allowing independent operators to develop, distribute, install and activate aftermarket replacement parts. Therefore, manufacturers should not deny independent operators access to the information, tools and processes that are strictly necessary for the development and installation of such replacement parts. Approval and authorisation of independent operators to access vehicle security features should be granted in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/858.
(26)
Achieving the Union air quality objectives requires a continuous effort to reduce emissions from vehicles. The use of manipulation devices as well as manipulation strategies should be prohibited under this Regulation. That prohibition is essential to safeguard those objectives. When assessing situations that could involve the use of manipulation devices or manipulation strategies, a broad assessment and interpretation of those situations should be made, in line with the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on defeat devices in the context of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. Any devices or strategies that reduce the effectiveness of exhaust and non-exhaust emission limits and testing condition requirements under this Regulation, that cause a non-compliant vehicle to appear compliant or that falsify test results, should be taken into account when determining whether manipulation devices or manipulation strategies exist. Designing, constructing and assembling vehicles with such manipulation devices or manipulation strategies should be subject to penalties.
(27)
Sensors installed on vehicles are already used to detect anomalies on emissions and trigger related repairs through the on-board diagnostic (OBD) system. The OBD system currently in use, however, does not accurately detect the malfunctions in a timely manner and does not sufficiently urge repairs on time. As a result, it is possible that vehicles have much higher pollutant emissions than allowed. The sensors used until now for OBD could also be used to monitor and control the exhaust emission performance of the vehicles on a continuous basis via an OBM system. The OBM system will also warn the user to perform repairs of the engine or the pollution control systems when such repairs are needed. It is therefore appropriate to require that such a system is installed and that its technical requirements are regulated. The measures implied by those systems should not lead to road safety being endangered.
(28)
Manufacturers have the choice to produce vehicles which include advanced options such as geofencing. Another option available to manufacturers is to produce ‘Euro 7ext’ vehicles that are vehicles of category N
2
 between 3,5 and 5 tonnes maximum mass originating from a type of vehicle of category N
1
, for which an N
2
 emission type-approval may be granted at the manufacturer’s request if the vehicle meets the requirements for a type of vehicle of category N
1
. Consumers and national authorities should be able to identify such vehicles through appropriate documentation.
(29)
Environmental data about vehicle types should be made available to vehicle users. An Environmental Vehicle Passport (EVP) should therefore be made available for each vehicle. Vehicle users should also have access to up-to-date information about fuel consumption, the state of health of traction batteries, pollutant emissions and other relevant information generated by on-board systems and monitors.
(30)
Where the Commission makes a proposal for the registration after 2035 of new light-duty vehicles that run exclusively on CO
2
 neutral fuels outside the scope of the CO
2
 fleet standards, and in conformity with Union law and the Union’s climate-neutrality objective, this Regulation will need to be amended to include the possibility to type-approve such vehicles.
(31)
Emissions from vehicles sold by small-volume manufacturers constitute an insignificant part of emissions in the Union. Some flexibility should therefore be allowed in respect of some of the requirements for such manufacturers. Small-volume manufacturers should be able to substitute certain tests during type-approval with declarations of compliance, while ultra-small-volume manufacturers should be allowed to use laboratory tests based on random real-driving cycles.
(32)
Regulations (EU) 2019/631 and (EU) 2019/1242 regulate the average fleet CO
2
 emission performance for new motor vehicles in the Union. The procedures and methodologies for the accurate determination of CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, electric range and power for individual vehicles should be introduced in emission type-approval, including updating and developing the vehicle energy consumption calculation tool (VECTO) in order to better take into account, among other aspects, the energy efficiency of heavier vehicle combinations.
(33)
Whilst the term ‘state of health’ (SOH) is commonly applied to refer to the health of a traction battery at a given point in its life, that term is not commonly defined and is determined through a variety of different methodologies, such as the ‘State of Certified Energy’ and the ‘State of Certified Range’. Both metrics represent a percentage of the certified battery energy or electric range remaining at a given point in time.
(34)
In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission in relation to the following:
—
obligations of manufacturers as part of type-approval and procedures, test and methodologies to be applied for declaration of compliance, conformity of production check, in-service conformity check, market surveillance and EVP;
—
requirements, tests, methods and corrective measures related to the durability of vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units, as well as registration and communication capabilities of OBM systems, including for the purpose of periodic technical inspections and roadworthiness checks;
—
methods and tests to: (i) measure exhaust emissions in the laboratory and on the road and the use of portable emissions measurement systems for verifying real driving emissions; (ii) determine the CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, the electric range and engine power of a motor vehicle; (iii) determine the energy efficiency of trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
; (iv) measure crankcase emissions, evaporative emissions and brake emissions; (v) evaluate compliance with minimum performance requirements of battery durability; (vi) assess the in-service conformity of engines and vehicles;(vii) assess the operation, effectiveness, regeneration and durability of original and replacement pollution control systems; (viii) ensure and assess measures related to manipulation devices and manipulation strategies, including vulnerability analysis and tampering protection; (ix) assess the functioning of vehicle types approved under some specific designations; (x) evaluate compliance with requirements for emission type-approvals applicable to vehicles constructed by small-volume and ultra-small-volume manufacturers; (xi) establish the absence of manipulation devices and manipulation strategies; and (xii) measure tyre abrasion;
—
methods, requirements and tests, including compliance thresholds, to ensure performance of OBFCM devices and OBD and OBM systems and the sensors of such devices and systems, as well as off-board communication of data recorded by such devices and systems;
—
methods, requirements and specifications for GSI;
—
characteristics and performance of driver warning systems and inducement methods and methods to assess their operation;
—
performance requirements for test equipment;
—
specification of reference fuels;
—
EVP format, data and the method of communication of EVP data;
—
requirements and information to be provided by manufacturers of vehicles, including multi-stage vehicles; as well as
—
technical elements, administrative and documentation requirements for emission type-approval and market surveillance checks, in-service conformity and conformity of production checks, as well as reporting obligations.
(35)
Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
13
)
. In order to ensure continuity as regards certain existing legal obligations on methods for measuring pollutant emissions from types of vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
, the methods for measuring exhaust and evaporative emissions should reflect those laid down in Regulation (EU) 2017/1151, as applicable at the moment of adoption of the implementing act.
(36)
In order to amend or supplement, as appropriate, non-essential elements of this Regulation, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union should be delegated to the Commission in respect of test conditions based on data collected when testing Euro 7 vehicles, brakes or tyres; test requirements, in particular taking into account technical progress and data collected when testing Euro 7 vehicles; introducing additional vehicle options and designations based on innovative technologies for manufacturers; setting out brake particle emission limits, formaldehyde emission limits for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2,
 and N
3,
 test conditions for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2,
 and N
3
 and, under certain conditions, abrasion limits for tyre types as well as minimum performance requirements of batteries and durability multipliers based on data collected when testing Euro 7 vehicles; setting out special rules for small-volume manufacturers for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2,
 and N
3
; and application of test requirements and declarations. It is of particular importance that the Commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level, and that those consultations be conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making 
(
14
)
. In particular, in order to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts, the European Parliament and the Council are to receive all documents at the same time as Member States’ experts, and their experts systematically have access to meetings of Commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts.
(37)
The Union is a Contracting Party to the Agreement of 20 March 1958 concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted to and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions 
(
15
)
. The requirements laid down in this Regulation should, where appropriate, align with the standards laid out in the UN Regulations or any subsequent amendments to those UN Regulations, where available, particularly in relation to brake particle emissions limits, abrasion limits for tyre types and the establishment of minimum performance requirements for batteries.
(38)
Consequently, where such limits or requirements in a proposal for a UN Regulation or an amendment to a UN Regulation have been approved in accordance with Article 218(9) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and Council Decision 97/836/EC 
(
16
)
 those limits or requirements should be incorporated into this Regulation. Accordingly, the power to adopt acts to that effect in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission.
(39)
In the interest of clarity, rationality and simplification, since the rules on emission type-approval of motor vehicles and engines, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles are updated and consolidated in this Regulation, Regulations (EC) No 595/2009 and (EC) No 715/2007 should be repealed and replaced by this Regulation.
(40)
In the interest of clarity, rationality and simplification, the following acts adopted under Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 should be repealed by this Regulation: Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 
(
17
)
,Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 
(
18
)
, Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 
(
19
)
 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362 
(
20
)
.
(41)
Whenever the measures provided for in this Regulation entail the processing of personal data, that processing should be carried out in accordance with Regulations (EU) 2016/679 
(
21
)
 and (EU) 2018/1725 
(
22
)
 of the European Parliament and of the Council, as well as the relevant national law in accordance with those Regulations.
(42)
It is important to grant Member States, national authorities and economic operators enough time to prepare for the application of the new rules introduced by this Regulation and the implementing and delegated acts adopted thereunder. The date of application should therefore be deferred, and different dates of application should be established for new and existing types. While for light-duty vehicles the date of application should be as soon as technically and economically possible, for heavy-duty vehicles and trailers the date of application can be delayed, since the transition to zero-emission vehicles will be longer for heavy-duty vehicles.
(43)
For vehicles of categories M
2
 and M
3
, for which a 100 % zero-emissions target is established as from the reporting period of the year 2030 in Regulation (EU) 2019/1242, transitional measures should be established in this Regulation in order to ensure coherence with the obligations laid down in Regulation (EU) 2019/1242, as well as to ensure that the required investment efforts remain proportionate.
(44)
Since the objectives of this Regulation, namely to lay down common technical requirements and administrative provisions for the emission type-approval and market surveillance of vehicles of categories M and N, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, with respect to their emissions, as well as to pursue a high level of environmental and health protection, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States, but can rather, by reason of its scale and effects, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve those objectives,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
CHAPTER I
SUBJECT MATTER, SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
Article 1
Subject matter
1.   This Regulation establishes common technical requirements and administrative provisions for the emission type-approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units, with regard to their CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption and battery durability.
2.   This Regulation also lays down rules for the emission type-approval, conformity of production, in-service conformity, market surveillance of on-board monitoring systems, durability of pollution control systems and traction batteries, as well as security provisions to limit tampering and cybersecurity measures, and rules for the accurate determination of CO
2
 emissions, electric range, fuel and electric energy consumption and energy efficiency.
Article 2
Scope
This Regulation applies to motor vehicles of categories M
1
, M
2
, M
3
, N
1
, N
2
 and N
3
, as well as trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
 as specified in Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2018/858, including those designed and constructed in one or more stages, and to systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, and C
1
, C
2
 and C
3
 class tyres, as specified in UN Regulation No 117 
(
23
)
, with the exception of ice grip tyres.
Article 3
Definitions
For the purposes of this Regulation, the relevant definitions in Regulation (EU) 2018/858 apply.
In addition, for the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:
(1)
‘emission type-approval’ means an EU type-approval complying with the administrative provisions and technical requirements of this Regulation as regards CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption and battery durability;
(2)
‘granting type-approval authority’ means the approval authority that grants the emission type approval;
(3)
‘conformity of production’ or ‘CoP’ means the activities carried out on new vehicles, separate technical units or components selected at the manufacturer’s premises to ensure that the products placed on the market comply with the requirements set out in this Regulation;
(4)
‘in-service conformity’ or ‘ISC’ means the activities carried out on vehicles in circulation, systems, separate technical units or components with the purpose of verifying compliance with the durability requirements set out in this Regulation;
(5)
‘engine’ means the internal combustion engine of a vehicle;
(6)
‘emissions’ means the exhaust and non-exhaust emissions of a motor vehicle;
(7)
‘exhaust emissions’ means the emission from the tailpipe of the motor vehicle or engine of all of the following: CO
2
, gaseous, solid, liquid compounds and crankcase emissions;
(8)
‘gaseous pollutants’ means the emissions of gaseous chemical species, excluding CO
2
;
(9)
‘CO
2
’ means the carbon dioxide emitted from the tailpipe;
(10)
‘nitrogen oxides’ or ‘NO
x
’ means the sum of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
) emitted from the tailpipe;
(11)
‘nitrous oxide’ or ‘N
2
O’ means nitrous oxide emitted from the tailpipe;
(12)
‘particulate matter’ or ‘PM’ means any material emitted from the tailpipe or the brakes and collected on a filter media;
(13)
‘particulate matter less than 10 μm’ or ‘PM
10
’ means the particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm;
(14)
‘particle number’ or ‘PN’ means the total number of solid particles emitted from the tailpipe or the brakes;
(15)
‘PN
10
’ means the total number of solid particles emitted from the tailpipe or the brakes that have a diameter larger or equal to 10 nm;
(16)
‘carbon monoxide’ or ‘CO’ means the carbon monoxide emitted from the tailpipe;
(17)
‘methane’ or ‘CH
4
’ means the methane emitted from the tailpipe;
(18)
‘total hydrocarbons’ or ‘THC’ means the total hydrocarbons emitted from the tailpipe;
(19)
‘non-methane hydrocarbons’ or ‘NMHC’ means the total hydrocarbons, excluding methane, emitted from the tailpipe;
(20)
‘non-methane organic gases’ or ‘NMOG’ means the sum of non-oxygenated and oxygenated hydrocarbons, excluding methane, emitted from the tailpipe;
(21)
‘ammonia’ or ‘NH
3
’ means the ammonia emitted from the tailpipe;
(22)
‘formaldehyde’ or ‘HCHO’ means the formaldehyde emitted from the tailpipe;
(23)
‘WHTC’ means the worldwide harmonised transient driving cycle in accordance with paragraph 7.2.1. of Annex 4 to UN Regulation No 49 
(
24
)
;
(24)
‘WHSC’ means the worldwide harmonised steady state driving cycle in accordance with paragraph 7.2.2. of Annex 4 to UN Regulation No 49;
(25)
‘electric energy consumption’ is the rate at which a vehicle uses electric energy from its traction battery or batteries under specified conditions of use;
(26)
‘fuel consumption’ is the rate at which a vehicle uses fuel under specified conditions of use;
(27)
‘vehicle energy consumption calculation tool’ or ‘VECTO’ means a simulation tool used in determining CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption, electric energy consumption and the electric range from heavy-duty vehicles;
(28)
‘evaporative emissions’ means the hydrocarbon vapours emitted from the fuel system of a vehicle, excluding those from exhaust emissions;
(29)
‘crankcase emissions’ means the gaseous pollutants from the spaces in, or external to, an engine which are connected to the oil sump by internal or external ducts;
(30)
‘brake particle emissions’ means the particles emitted from the brake system of a vehicle;
(31)
‘tyre abrasion’ means the mass of material lost from the tyre due to the abrasion process and emitted into the environment;
(32)
‘non-exhaust emissions’ means evaporative, tyre abrasion and brake emissions;
(33)
‘pollutant emissions’ means exhaust and non-exhaust emissions other than CO
2
 emissions;
(34)
‘pollution control device’ means a device of a vehicle that controls or limits pollutant emissions;
(35)
‘pollution control systems’ means the pollution control devices installed in a vehicle, including all control units and software that govern their use;
(36)
‘original pollution control systems’ means a pollution control system or an assembly of such systems covered by the type-approval granted for the vehicle concerned;
(37)
‘replacement pollution control systems’ means a pollution control system or an assembly of such systems which is intended to replace an original pollution control system and which can be approved as a separate technical unit;
(38)
‘on-board diagnostic system’ or ‘OBD system’ means a system on board a vehicle that can generate vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) information, as defined in Article 3, point 49, of Regulation (EU) 2018/858 and is capable of communicating that information off-board;
(39)
‘on-board monitoring system’ or ‘OBM system’ means a system on board a vehicle that is capable of monitoring exhaust emissions, detecting exhaust emission exceedances and capable of communicating that information together with the state-of-health information off-board;
(40)
‘on-board fuel and electric energy consumption monitoring device’ or ‘OBFCM device’ means any software or hardware on board a vehicle that detects and uses vehicle, engine, fuel or electric energy and payload/mass parameters to determine and store in the vehicle the fuel and electric energy consumption data and other parameters relevant in determining the fuel or electric energy consumption and energy efficiency of the vehicle;
(41)
‘manipulation device’ means any element of design that results in a vehicle not complying with the requirements of this Regulation when driven but not under a regulatory test, despite it resulting in the vehicle appearing to be compliant when tested, or that manipulates data related to sensors, fuel or electric energy consumption, electric range or battery durability;
(42)
‘manipulation strategy’ means a strategy that results in a vehicle not complying with the requirements of this Regulation when driven but not under regulatory test, despite it resulting in the vehicle appearing to be compliant when tested, or that manipulates data related to sensors, fuel or electric energy consumption, electric range or battery durability;
(43)
‘real-driving emissions’ or ‘RDE’ means the emissions of a vehicle under the conditions specified in Tables 1 and 2 of Annex III;
(44)
‘odometer’ means an instrument indicating the total distance driven by the vehicle since its production;
(45)
‘tampering’ means the inactivation, or modification of the engine or electric motor, vehicle pollution control devices and system, propulsion system, traction battery, odometer, OBFCM device, OBD or OBM system, including any software or other logical control elements of those systems and their data, resulting in the vehicle not complying with this Regulation;
(46)
‘own production facility’ means a manufacturing or assembly plant used by the manufacturer for the purpose of manufacturing or assembling new vehicles for that manufacturer, including, where relevant, vehicles which are intended for export;
(47)
‘own design centre’ means a facility in which the whole vehicle is designed and developed, and which is under the control and use of the manufacturer;
(48)
‘small-volume manufacturer’ means a manufacturer of fewer than 10 000 new motor vehicles of category M
1,
 or 22 000 new motor vehicles of category N
1,
 or 450 new motor vehicles of categories M
2
 and M
3
 combined, or 6 000 new motor vehicles of categories N
2
 and N
3
 combined, that are registered in the Union each calendar year, and which:
(a)
is not part of a group of connected manufacturers; or
(b)
is part of a group of connected manufacturers that is responsible in total for fewer than 10 000 new motor vehicles of category M
1
, or 22 000 new motor vehicles of category N
1
, or 450 new motor vehicles of categories M
2
 and M
3
 combined, or 6 000 new motor vehicles of categories N
2
 and N
3
 combined, that are registered in the Union each calendar year; or
(c)
is part of a group of connected manufacturers but operates its own production facilities and own design centre;
(49)
‘ultra-small-volume manufacturer’ means a small-volume manufacturer that produces fewer than 1 000 new motor vehicles of category M
1
 or fewer than 1 000 new motor vehicles of category N
1
 that are registered in the Union in the previous calendar year;
(50)
‘pure internal combustion engine vehicle’ or ‘ICEV’ means a vehicle where all of the propulsion energy converters are internal combustion engines, including hydrogen powered ones;
(51)
‘pure electric vehicle’ or ‘PEV’ means a vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing exclusively electric machines as propulsion energy converters and exclusively rechargeable electric energy storage systems as propulsion energy storage systems;
(52)
‘fuel cell’ means an energy converter transforming chemical energy (input) into electrical energy (output) or vice versa;
(53)
‘fuel cell vehicle’ or ‘FCV’ means a vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing exclusively fuel cell(s) and electric machine(s) as propulsion energy converter(s);
(54)
‘fuel cell hybrid vehicle’ or ‘FCHV’ means a fuel cell vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing at least one fuel storage system and at least one rechargeable electric energy storage system as propulsion energy storage systems;
(55)
‘hybrid vehicle’ or ‘HV’ means a vehicle equipped with a powertrain containing at least two different categories of propulsion energy converters and at least two different categories of propulsion energy storage systems;
(56)
‘hybrid electric vehicle’ or ‘HEV’ means a hybrid vehicle where one of the propulsion energy converters is an electric machine;
(57)
‘off-vehicle charging hybrid electric vehicle’ or ‘OVC-HEV’ means a hybrid electric vehicle that can be charged from an external source;
(58)
‘not off-vehicle charging hybrid electric vehicle’ or ‘NOVC-HEV’ means a vehicle with at least two different energy converters and two different energy storage systems that are used for the purpose of vehicle propulsion and that cannot be charged from an external source;
(59)
‘geofencing technologies’ means technologies that do not allow a hybrid vehicle to run with the use of the internal combustion engine, i.e. to enable zero-emission mode, when driven inside a specific geographic area;
(60)
‘zero-emission mode’ means a selectable mode, whereby a hybrid vehicle is driven without the use of the internal combustion engine;
(61)
‘mass in running order’ means the mass of the vehicle, with its fuel tank(s) filled to at least 90 per cent of their capacities, including the mass of the driver, fuel and liquids, fitted with the standard equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and, when they are fitted, the mass of the bodywork, the cabin, the coupling and the spare wheels as well as the tools;
(62)
‘traction battery’ means a battery system that stores energy with the main purpose of propelling the vehicle;
(63)
‘electric range’ means the distance travelled in charge-depleting operation condition until the traction battery is depleted;
(64)
‘zero-emission range’ means the maximum distance a vehicle can travel with zero exhaust emissions, which for PEVs corresponds to the electric range;
(65)
‘durability’ means the ability of a system or device, component or any part of the vehicle to maintain its required performance over a given time;
(66)
‘battery durability’ means in-vehicle durability of a traction battery measured in terms of its state of health;
(67)
‘state of health’ or ‘SOH’ means the measured or estimated state of a specific performance metric of a vehicle or traction battery at a specific point in its lifetime, expressed as a percentage of the performance that was determined when certified or new;
(68)
‘environmental vehicle passport’ or ‘EVP’ means a record in digital form that contains information on the environmental performance of a vehicle at the moment of registration, including the level of pollutant emission limits, CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption, electric energy consumption, electric range and engine or electric motor power, and battery durability and other related values;
(69)
‘excess exhaust emissions driver warning system’ means a system designed, constructed and installed in a vehicle to provide information to the user about excess exhaust emissions and to ensure repairs before further use;
(70)
‘low-reagent driver warning system’ means a system designed, constructed and installed in a vehicle to warn the user of the low level of the consumable reagent and to ensure the use of the reagent;
(71)
‘declaration of compliance’ or ‘declaration’ means a declaration by the manufacturer that a specific type or group of vehicles, component or separate technical unit is in compliance with the requirements of this Regulation;
(72)
‘energy efficiency of a trailer’ means the performance of a trailer with regard to its influence on the CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emission range, electric range and engine or electric motor power of a towing motor vehicle;
(73)
‘snow tyre’ means a tyre whose tread pattern, tread compound or construction is primarily designed to achieve in mud and snow conditions a performance better than that of a normal tyre with regard to its ability to initiate and control vehicle motion;
(74)
‘tyre for use in severe snow conditions’ means a snow tyre or a special use tyre whose tread pattern, tread compound or structure is specifically designed to be used in severe snow conditions;
(75)
‘ice grip tyre’ means a C
1
 class snow tyre for use in severe snow conditions, that is additionally designed to be used on road surfaces covered with ice and that fulfils the requirements provided for in UN Regulation No 117;
(76)
‘special use tyre’ means a tyre intended for mixed use both on- and off-road or for other special duty and that is primarily designed to initiate and maintain the vehicle in motion in off-road conditions;
(77)
‘option’ means a set of additional requirements laid down in this Regulation, which manufacturers may choose to comply with in order to be able to use the corresponding designation for the vehicles they manufacture.
CHAPTER II
MANUFACTURERS’ OBLIGATIONS
Article 4
Obligations of the manufacturers concerning construction of vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units
1.   Manufacturers shall ensure that the new vehicles that they manufacture, which are sold, registered or enter into service in the Union, are type-approved in accordance with this Regulation. From the specific dates of application set out in this Regulation, manufacturers shall ensure that the new systems, components or separate technical units, including engines, traction batteries, brake systems, tyres and replacement pollution control systems requiring type-approval which they manufacture and which are sold or enter into service in the Union are type-approved in accordance with this Regulation.
2.   Manufacturers shall design, construct and assemble vehicles to comply with this Regulation, including complying with the emission limits set out in Annex I under the conditions set out in Annex III and respecting the values declared in the certificate of conformity and in the type-approval documentation for the lifetime of the vehicle, as set out in Table 1 of Annex IV. Those vehicles shall be designated as ‘Euro 7’ vehicles.
3.   Where applicable, when manufacturers, national authorities, Commission or recognised third parties are verifying compliance with the exhaust emission limits, where the testing is performed in extended driving conditions, the emissions shall be divided by the extended driving divider set out in UN Regulation No 168 
(
25
)
.
4.   Manufacturers shall design and construct systems, components or separate technical units, including engines, electric motors, traction batteries, brake systems, tyres and replacement pollution control systems to comply with this Regulation, including with the emission limits set out in Annex I under the testing conditions set out in Annex III.
5.   Manufacturers shall not design, construct and assemble vehicles with manipulation devices or manipulation strategies.
6.   Manufacturers shall design, construct and assemble vehicles of categories M
1
, M
2
, M
3
, N
1
, N
2
 and N
3
 with:
(a)
OBD systems that can detect malfunctioning systems which lead to exhaust emission exceedances or the malfunctioning of components related to emission performance in order to facilitate repairs;
(b)
OBM systems capable of monitoring exhaust emissions;
(c)
OBFCM devices to monitor their real-world fuel and electric energy consumption and other relevant parameters, which are needed to determine their real-world fuel and energy efficiency;
(d)
SOH monitors of the traction battery;
(e)
excess exhaust emissions driver warning systems;
(f)
low-reagent driver warning systems;
(g)
devices communicating off-board vehicle generated data used for compliance with this Regulation and OBFCM data, including for the purpose of periodic roadworthiness tests in accordance with Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
26
)
 and technical roadside inspections in accordance with Directive 2014/47/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
27
)
, and for the purpose of communicating with recharging infrastructure and stationary power systems capable of supporting smart and bidirectional charging functionalities.
7.   Manufacturers shall design, construct and assemble vehicles of categories M
1
, M
2
, M
3
, N
1
, N
2
 and N
3
 in such a way as to minimise vulnerabilities, arising in all phases of their life-cycle, that may lead to tampering with the following:
(a)
fuel and reagent injection system,
(b)
engine and engine control units,
(c)
traction batteries and related management systems,
(d)
odometer,
(e)
pollution control systems,
(f)
electric motor and related control units,
(g)
OBFCM device,
(h)
OBD system,
(i)
OBM system, and
(j)
EVP.
8.   Manufacturers shall prevent the possibility of the exploitation of the vulnerabilities referred to in paragraph 7 to the fullest extent possible based on the best available knowledge at the time of type-approval. When such a vulnerability is found, manufacturers shall take all the possible measures, taking into account the state of technology, to remove the vulnerability, by software update or any other appropriate means.
9.   Manufacturers shall not deny access on anti-tampering grounds to information, tools or processes required to develop, install and activate compatible aftermarket replacement parts meeting the technical requirements of the manufacturer unless they can demonstrate that withholding information, tools and processes in question is a proportionate means in addressing the antitampering concerns at issue.
10.   Environmental data about the vehicle type and the environmental performance of individual vehicles shall be made available to users and, where appropriate, displayed inside the vehicle. Those data shall cover data from the EVP, the OBM system and the OBFCM device, including lifetime values, and the state of health of the traction battery.
11.   Manufacturers shall ensure the secure transmission of data related to emissions and battery durability by taking cybersecurity measures in accordance with UN Regulation No 155 
(
28
)
.
Article 5
Options of the manufacturers concerning the construction and designation of vehicles
1.   Manufacturers may designate vehicles as ‘Euro 7G’ vehicles where those vehicles are equipped with internal combustion engines with geofencing technologies. The manufacturer shall install on those vehicles a driver warning system to inform the user when the traction batteries are nearly empty and to stop the vehicle if not charged within 5 kilometres from the first warning while on zero-emission mode inside the geofencing area. The application of such geofencing technologies shall be demonstrated to the approval authority during type- approval and verified during the lifetime of the vehicle.
2.   At the request of the manufacturer, for vehicles of category N
2
 between 3,5 and 5 tonnes maximum mass originating from a type of vehicle of category N
1
, the approval authority may grant an emission type-approval if the vehicle meets the requirements for a type of vehicle of category N
1
. Such vehicles shall be designated as ‘Euro 7ext’ vehicles.
3.   Manufacturers may construct vehicles combining the characteristics referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 and designate them as ‘Euro 7Gext’ vehicles.
Article 6
Durability requirements for vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units
1.   Manufacturers shall ensure that the vehicles that they manufacture, which are sold, registered or enter into service in the Union, comply with the emission limits set out in Annex I when those vehicles are driven under test conditions as set out in Annex III, for the lifetime of the vehicle, as set out in table 1 of Annex IV, and comply with the minimum performance requirements on battery durability as set out in Annex II.
2.   Manufacturers shall ensure that the vehicles referred to in paragraph 1 comply with the values regarding CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption and energy efficiency declared under this Regulation for the lifetime of the vehicle, as set out in Annex IV.
3.   Manufacturers shall ensure that the design and functionality of OBFCM devices and OBD and OBM systems and anti-tampering measures installed in the vehicles referred to in paragraph 1 comply with this Regulation and that those devices, systems and measures cannot be deactivated as long as those vehicles are in use.
4.   The requirements referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall apply irrespective of the type of fuel or energy source by which the vehicles are powered. Those requirements shall also apply to all separate technical units and components intended for such vehicles.
5.   In order to verify compliance with the requirements referred to in the paragraph 1 during the additional lifetime of a vehicle, the gaseous pollutants limits set out in Annex I shall be adjusted by using the durability multipliers set out in Table 2 of Annex IV.
6.   The OBM systems installed by the manufacturer in the vehicles shall be capable of:
(a)
monitoring and registering all exhaust emissions of NO
x
, NH
3
 and PM from vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 and of NO
x
 and PM from vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
 and detecting exceedances of at least 2,5 times the relevant exhaust emission limit values set out in Annex I;
(b)
communicating data on exhaust emission performance and battery durability data of the vehicle via the OBD port, including for the purpose of roadworthiness tests in accordance with Directive 2014/45/EU and technical roadside inspections in accordance with Directive 2014/47/EU, and anonymously over the air for the purpose of monitoring compliance of vehicle types;
(c)
triggering the driver warning system when exhaust emissions are significantly exceeded, using harmonised methods to induce timely repairs, without preventing vehicles from completing an ongoing trip to avoid road safety issues.
7.   The OBFCM devices installed by the manufacturers in the vehicles referred to in paragraph 1 shall be capable of communicating all legally required relevant vehicle data they record, via the OBD port and over the air.
8.   Where a vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit presents a serious risk or non-compliance with the requirements of this Regulation, manufacturers, from the moment they are aware of it, shall immediately take the necessary corrective measures, including repairs or modifications of that vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit, as appropriate, to eliminate the serious risk or to ensure compliance with this Regulation. Manufacturers and any other economic operators shall apply Regulation (EU) 2018/858 accordingly.
Manufacturers shall immediately inform the approval authority that granted the type-approval of the non-conformity, and provide appropriate details.
Article 7
Obligations of the manufacturers concerning emission type-approval
1.   In order to demonstrate compliance with the emission type-approval rules during emission type-approval, manufacturers shall perform the tests specified in Tables 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 of Annex V. For the purpose of verifying the conformity of production with the requirements of this Regulation, vehicles, components and separate technical units shall be selected at the premises of the manufacturer by the approval authority or the manufacturer. In-service conformity shall be checked for the lifetime of the vehicle, as set out in Table 1 of Annex IV.
2.   Manufacturers shall provide the approval authority with a signed declaration of compliance as regards the RDE, CO
2
 ambient temperature correction, OBD and OBM systems, emissions and battery durability, continuous or periodic regeneration, anti-tampering and crankcase emissions requirements as specified in Annex V. Manufacturers shall provide to the approval authority a signed declaration of compliance on the use of the geofencing option where that option has been selected.
3.   The national authorities may test the vehicle type to verify its conformity during conformity of production, in-service conformity or market surveillance as specified in Annex V.
4.   Manufacturers shall issue an EVP for each vehicle and deliver that passport to the purchaser together with the vehicle, extracting the relevant data from sources, such as the certificate of conformity and the type-approval documentation. Manufacturers shall ensure that EVP data are available for display in the vehicle electronic systems or through a QR code, or any similar method, and that EVP data can be transmitted from on- to off- board.
5.   In the case of multi-stage type-approval, Article 13(2) of Regulation (EU) 2018/858 shall apply to the emission type-approval, conformity of production and in-service conformity.
Article 8
Special rules for small-volume manufacturers
1.   As regards pollutant emissions, small-volume manufacturers may substitute tests set out in Tables 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 of Annex V with declarations of compliance. The compliance of vehicles constructed and placed on the market by small-volume manufacturers may be tested for in-service conformity and market surveillance in accordance with Tables 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 of Annex V. Conformity of production tests set out in Annex V shall not be required.
Article 4(6), points (b), (c) and (e), shall not apply to small-volume manufacturers of vehicles of category M
1
 or N
1
.
2.   Ultra-small-volume manufacturers shall demonstrate compliance with the emission limits set out in Annex I either on road or in laboratory tests based on real-driving cycles for in-service conformity and market surveillance purposes.
Article 9
Special rules for vehicles with a type-approved engine
1.   In the event of approval of a type of vehicle of category M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 or N
3
 with a type-approved engine, the vehicle manufacturer shall be responsible for the emission type-approval. That obligation shall also cover the engine installation on the vehicle. Where the engine installation is in accordance with the engine installation specifications delivered by the engine manufacturer and subject to a prior agreement between the vehicle manufacturer and the engine manufacturer, the engine manufacturer can be made responsible for demonstrating compliance with the in-service conformity requirements.
2.   In the event of a vehicle with an approved engine, the engine manufacturer shall perform the vehicle related type-approval and conformity of production tests specified in Table 3 of Annex V, from which the vehicle manufacturer is exempted. The engine manufacturer shall also perform the in-service conformity related tests, where the engine manufacturer is made responsible for demonstrating compliance with the vehicle in-service conformity requirements, except for the CO
2
 determination for which the vehicle manufacturer remains responsible.
3.   The administrative requirements for the type-approval and in-service conformity testing of vehicles in which a type-approved engine is installed shall cover in particular the characteristics of the engine type-approval to be taken into consideration, the information to be provided by the engine manufacturer to the vehicle manufacturer and the attribution of responsibility for in-service conformity.
CHAPTER III
OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBER STATES FOR EMISSION TYPE-APPROVAL AND MARKET SURVEILLANCE
Article 10
Emission type-approval, conformity of production, in-service conformity and market surveillance
1.   Approval authorities shall put in place measures to grant emission type-approvals to vehicle types, systems, components and separate technical units and to perform tests, checks and inspections for verifying whether the manufacturers comply with the requirements for conformity of production and in-service conformity in accordance with Annex V.
2.   Market surveillance authorities shall perform market surveillance checks in accordance with Article 8 of Regulation (EU) 2018/858 and Tables 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 of Annex V to this Regulation.
3.   With effect from the adoption of all the implementing acts referred to in Article 14 (8), where a manufacturer so requests, the approval authorities shall not refuse to grant EU emission type-approval or national emission type-approval for a new type of vehicle of category M
1
 or N
1
, or prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of such a new vehicle complying with this Regulation.
With effect from the adoption of all the implementing acts referred to in Article 14 (9), where a manufacturer so requests, the approval authorities shall not refuse to grant EU emission type-approval or national emission type-approval for a new type of vehicle of category M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 or N
3
 or engine intended for such vehicles, or prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of such a new vehicle or engine complying with this Regulation.
4.   With effect from 29 November 2026, approval authorities shall, in the case of new types of vehicles of category M
1
 or N
1
 which do not comply with this Regulation, refuse to grant EU emission type-approval or national emission type-approval to such new types of vehicles on grounds relating to CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption or battery durability.
5.   With effect from 29 November 2027, national authorities shall, in the case of new vehicles of category M
1
 or N
1
 which do not comply with this Regulation, consider certificates of conformity to no longer be valid for the purposes of registration and shall prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of such new vehicles on grounds relating to CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption or battery durability.
6.   With effect from 29 May 2028, approval authorities shall, in the case of new types of vehicles of category M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 or N
3
 and new types of trailers of category O
3
 or O
4
 which do not comply with this Regulation, refuse to grant EU emission type-approval or national emission type-approval to such new types of vehicles and trailers on grounds relating to CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption or battery durability.
7.   With effect from 29 May 2029, national authorities shall, in the case of new vehicles of category M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 or N
3
 and new trailers of category O
3
 or O
4
, which do not comply with this Regulation, consider certificates of conformity to be no longer valid for the purposes of registration and shall prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of such new vehicles and trailers on grounds relating to CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, energy efficiency or battery durability.
8.   By way of derogation from paragraph 7 of this Article, until 31 December 2029, national authorities shall allow for vehicles of category M
2
 or M
3
, for which there is a 100 % zero-emission target as from the reporting period of the year 2030 in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2019/1242, the registration, sale or entry into service of new vehicles, which do not comply with this Regulation but have a valid emission type-approval in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 595/2009.
9.   With effect from 1 July 2030, national authorities shall, in the case of new vehicles of category M
1
 or N
1
 constructed by small-volume manufacturers which do not comply with this Regulation, consider certificates of conformity to be no longer valid for the purposes of registration and shall prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of such new vehicles on grounds relating to CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, energy efficiency or battery durability.
10.   With effect from 1 July 2031, national authorities shall, in the case of new vehicles of category M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 or N
3
 constructed by small-volume manufacturers, which do not comply with this Regulation, consider certificates of conformity to be no longer valid for the purposes of registration and shall prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of such new vehicles on grounds relating to CO
2
 and pollutant emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, energy efficiency or battery durability.
Article 11
Specific obligations of Member States concerning the emission type approval of systems, components and separate technical units
1.   With effect from 29 November 2026, Member States shall prohibit the sale or installation of a system, component or separate technical unit intended to be fitted on a vehicle of category M
1
 or N
1
 approved under this Regulation, where the system, component or separate technical unit is not type-approved in accordance with this Regulation.
2.   With effect from 29 May 2028, Member States shall prohibit the sale or installation of a system, component or separate technical unit intended to be fitted on a vehicle of category M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 or N
3,
 or on a trailer of category O
3
 or O
4
 approved under this Regulation, where the system, component or separate technical unit is not type-approved in accordance with this Regulation.
3.   Approval authorities may continue to grant extensions to EU emission type-approvals of replacement pollution control systems under the terms which applied at the time of the original emission type approval. National authorities shall prohibit the sale or installation on a vehicle of such replacement pollution control systems unless they are type-approved.
4.   With effect from 1 July 2028, national authorities shall grant component or separate technical unit EU type-approval only in respect of new types of C
1
 class tyres which comply with this Regulation.
With effect from 1 July 2030, national authorities shall prohibit the placing on the market of C
1
 class tyres which do not comply with this Regulation and shall prohibit the registration of new vehicles equipped with C
1
 class tyres where those tyres do not comply with this Regulation.
C
1
 class tyres which do not comply with this Regulation may continue to be made available on the market until 30 June 2032.
5.   With effect from 1 April 2030, national authorities shall grant component or separate technical unit EU type-approval only in respect of new types of C
2
 class tyres which comply with this Regulation.
With effect from 1 April 2032, national authorities shall prohibit the placing on the market of C
2
 class tyres which do not comply with this Regulation and shall prohibit the registration of new vehicles equipped with C
2
 class tyres where those tyres do not comply with this Regulation.
C
2
 class tyres which do not comply with this Regulation may continue to be made available on the market until 31 March 2034.
6.   With effect from 1 April 2032, national authorities shall grant component or separate technical unit EU type-approval only in respect of new types of C
3
 class tyres which comply with this Regulation.
With effect from 1 April 2034, national authorities shall prohibit the placing on the market of C
3
 class tyres which do not comply with this Regulation and shall prohibit the registration of new vehicles equipped with C
3
 class tyres where those tyres do not comply with this Regulation.
C
3
 class tyres which do not comply with this Regulation may continue to be made available on the market until 31 March 2036.
Article 12
Operation of systems using a consumable reagent and pollution-control systems
1.   Economic operators and independent operators shall not tamper with the vehicles and their systems.
2.   National authorities shall, during in-service conformity or market surveillance checks, verify whether vehicle manufacturers have correctly installed excess exhaust emissions driver warning systems and low-reagent driver warning systems and whether vehicles can be tampered with.
CHAPTER IV
ROLE OF THE COMMISSION AND RECOGNISED THIRD PARTIES FOR IN-SERVICE CONFORMITY AND MARKET SURVEILLANCE
Article 13
Application of test requirements by the Commission and recognised third parties
1.   In-service conformity and market surveillance checks as set out in Tables 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 of Annex V to this Regulation, shall be performed by the Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Regulation (EU) 2018/858 and may be performed by recognised third parties in accordance with Article 13(10) of that Regulation, to verify compliance of vehicles, components and separate technical units with this Regulation.
2.   Manufacturers shall make available the data required to perform such checks to the Commission and recognised third parties in accordance with Article 9(5) and Article 13(10) of Regulation (EU) 2018/858.
CHAPTER V
TESTS AND DECLARATIONS
Article 14
Procedures and tests
1.   Procedures for the emission type-approval shall include tests and checks as specified in Annex V as well as all administrative procedures and documentation requirements. For the purpose of demonstrating compliance with the requirements specified in Annex V, where applicable, manufacturers shall provide a declaration of compliance to the approval authority.
2.   Tests to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this Regulation shall be performed by manufacturers and national authorities as specified in Annex V. Tests to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this Regulation may be performed by the Commission and recognised third parties as specified in Annex V. Where a test is specified as optional in Tables 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 of Annex V, the approval authority may request that the specified test is performed.
The tests specified in Tables 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 of Annex V are to be performed by manufacturers. The tests specified in Tables 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 of Annex V are to be performed by the national authorities, the Commission and recognised third parties.
3.   The Commission shall adopt implementing acts setting out procedures and testing methodologies, administrative provisions, procedures and methodologies for amending and extending emission type-approvals and data access, documentation requirements and templates for emission type-approval, conformity of production, in-service conformity and market surveillance, for all of the following:
(a)
types of vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
;
(b)
types of vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
;
(c)
engines used in types of vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
;
(d)
OBM and OBD systems;
(e)
excess emissions driver warning system;
(f)
low-reagent driver warning system;
(g)
anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity systems;
(h)
replacement pollution control systems types and their parts;
(i)
brake system types and their replacement parts, in respect to particle emissions;
(j)
C
1
, C
2
 and C
3
 class tyres, in respect to tyre abrasion;
(k)
other component types and their replacement parts;
(l)
CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, electric range and power determination for vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
, provisions for OBFCM devices;
(m)
CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emission range, electric range and power determination for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
, energy efficiency of trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
, provisions for OBFCM devices.
4.   The Commission shall adopt implementing acts for the emission type-approval, in-service conformity, conformity of production and market surveillance, to lay down the following:
(a)
the methods to measure exhaust emissions in the laboratory and on the road as per usual use for real world driving and the use of portable emissions measurement systems for verifying real driving emissions;
(b)
the methods to determine the CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emission range, electric range and power of a motor vehicle;
(c)
the methods, requirements and technical specifications for gear shift indicators;
(d)
the methods to determine the energy efficiency of trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
;
(e)
the methods to measure crankcase emissions;
(f)
the methods to measure evaporative emissions;
(g)
the methods to measure brake particle emissions including methods for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
, real driving brake particle emissions and regenerative braking;
(h)
the methods to measure tyre abrasion;
(i)
the methods to evaluate compliance with minimum performance requirements of battery durability;
(j)
the methods, requirements and tests, including compliance thresholds, to ensure performance of OBFCM devices, OBD and OBM systems and the sensors of such devices and systems, as well as off-board communication of data recorded by such devices and systems;
(k)
the characteristics and performance of driver warning-systems and inducement methods and methods to assess their operation;
(l)
the methods to assess the operation, effectiveness, regeneration and durability of original and replacement pollution control systems;
(m)
the methods to ensure and assess compliance with Article 4(5), including the methodology for the vulnerability analysis and tampering protection;
(n)
the methods to evaluate compliance with requirements for emission type approvals applicable to vehicles constructed by small- and ultra-small-volume manufacturers as set out in Article 8 and test procedures for such vehicles;
(o)
the methods to assess the functioning of vehicle types approved under the designations referred to in Article 5;
(p)
the checks for compliance with Article 9 (1) and (2) and test procedures for multi-stage vehicles;
(q)
the performance requirements for test equipment;
(r)
the specifications of reference fuels used for testing;
(s)
the methods for establishing the absence of manipulation devices and manipulation strategies;
(t)
the format and data and off-board communication methods for the EVP, and methods for in-vehicle display of environmental data about the vehicle type and the environmental performance of the individual vehicle;
(u)
the administrative and documentation requirements for emission type-approval, conformity of production, in service conformity and market surveillance;
(v)
reporting obligations, where appropriate.
5.   Thе implementing acts referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 17(2).
6.   Any implementing act referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 shall cover one or more of the items referred to in paragraph 3, points (a) to (m), combined with one or more of the items referred to in paragraph 4, points (a) to (v).
7.   For implementing acts referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article, as regards categories M
1
 and N
1
, the methods for measuring pollutant exhaust emissions and evaporative emissions shall reflect those laid down in Regulation (EU) 2017/1151, as applicable at the moment of adoption of the relevant implementing act.
8.   By 29 May 2025 the Commission shall adopt for vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
, as referred to in paragraph 3, point (a), the following implementing acts:
(a)
with respect to pollutant emissions, as referred to in paragraph 4, points (a), (e), (f), (k), (q), (r), (s), (t), (u) and (v);
(b)
with respect to the methods to determine the CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emission range, electric range, vehicle power as well as performance of OBFCM devices, as referred to in paragraph 4, points (b), (c) and (j);
(c)
with respect to the OBM and OBD systems, as referred to in paragraph 4, points (j) and (k).
9.   By 29 November 2026, the Commission shall adopt, for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3,
 as referred to in paragraph 3, points (b) and (c), respectively, and their engines, as well as for trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
, the following implementing acts:
(a)
with respect to pollutant emissions, as referred to in paragraph 4, points (a), (e), (k), (q), (r), (s), (t), (u) and (v);
(b)
with respect to the methods to determine the CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emission range, electric range, vehicle power as well as the performance of OBFCM devices, as referred to in paragraph 4, points (b), (d) and (j);
(c)
with respect to the OBM and OBD systems, as referred to in paragraph 4, points (j) and (k).
Article 15
Adaptation to technical progress
1.   The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 16 in order to take into account technical progress to amend this Regulation as follows:
(a)
Article 5 by introducing additional options and designations based on innovative technologies for manufacturers;
(b)
setting out special rules for small-volume manufacturers for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 under Articles 3 and 8;
(c)
where appropriate, setting out emission limits for formaldehyde from vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 in Table 2 of Annex I, following and based on the review in accordance with Article 18(6);
(d)
Table 2 of Annex III, as regards the test conditions for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
, based on data collected when testing ‘Euro 7’ vehicles;
(e)
Tables 4 and 5 of Annex III, as regards the test conditions, based on data collected when testing ‘Euro 7’ brakes or tyres;
(f)
setting out durability multipliers in Table 2 of Annex IV based on data collected when testing exhaust emissions of vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 and a report on the durability of heavy duty vehicles submitted to the European Parliament and Council in accordance with Article 18(3);
(g)
Annex V, as regards the application of test requirements and declarations.
2.   Where a proposal for a UN Regulation, for a Global Technical Regulation or an amendment to a UN Regulation or to a Global Technical Regulation has been adopted and without undue delay after such adoption, or based on the reports submitted to the European Parliament and to the Council in accordance with Articles 18(4) and (5), where appropriate, taking into account technical progress, the Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 16, amending this Regulation as follows:
(a)
setting out brake particle emission limits in Annex I in line with state-of-the art technologies and, if appropriate, referring to the work performed in the United Nations World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (UN WP.29), including, where relevant, amending Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Annex I, respectively, by providing for different limits or criteria depending on categories of vehicles and powertrain technologies;
(b)
setting out abrasion limits for tyre types in Annex I, referring to the work of the UN WP.29;
(c)
setting out the minimum performance requirements of batteries laid down in Annex II, in line with state-of-the art technologies and battery architecture as well as their application, particularly in small vehicles, and taking into account criteria such as mileage and lifetime periods for all vehicle categories in relation to battery performance.
By way of derogation from the first subparagraph of this paragraph, the Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 16 to amend this Regulation by setting out abrasion limits for tyre types referred to in Annex I where the UN WP.29 has not adopted uniform provisions before the relevant deadline laid down in paragraph 3 of this Article, in line with and referring to, where appropriate, the work of the UN WP.29, and taking into account technical progress, by 1 July 2027 for C
1
 class tyres, by 1 April 2029 for C
2
 class tyres and by 1 April 2031 for C
3
 class tyres.
3.   Where the UN WP.29 has not adopted uniform provisions by 1 July 2026 for C
1
 class tyres, by 1 April 2028 for C
2
 class tyres and by 1 April 2030 for C
3
 class tyres, the Commission shall develop a method for the measurement of tyre abrasion and shall define abrasion limits for tyres based on existing state-of-the-art methods.
CHAPTER VI
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 16
Exercise of the delegation
1.   The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
2.   The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 15(1) and (2) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 28 May 2024. The Commission shall draw up a report in respect of the delegation of power not later than nine months before the end of the five-year period. The delegation of power shall be tacitly extended for periods of an identical duration, unless the European Parliament or the Council opposes such extension not later than three months before the end of each period.
3.   The delegation of power referred to in Article 15 (1) and (2) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
 or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
4.   Before adopting a delegated act, the Commission shall consult experts designated by each Member State in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law-Making.
5.   As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.
6.   A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 15(1) or (2) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or by the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.
Article 17
Committee Procedure
1.   The Commission shall be assisted by the Technical Committee — Motor Vehicles. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.
2.   Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.
Article 18
Reporting and review
1.   By 1 September 2030, Member States shall inform the Commission of the application of this Regulation.
2.   By 1 September 2031, on the basis of the information provided in accordance with paragraph 1, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council an evaluation report on the application of this Regulation, including an evaluation of the exhaust and non-exhaust emission reductions achieved.
3.   By 31 December 2025, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report assessing the durability performance of heavy-duty vehicles with regard to emissions.
4.   By 31 December 2027, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report on battery durability reviewing the state of the art, as a basis for a review of the minimum performance requirements, with a view to the adoption of the delegated acts referred to in Article 15(2), point (c).
That report shall assess, inter alia, the appropriateness of setting out minimum performance requirements for vehicles up to at least 10 years or 200 000 km, whichever comes first.
5.   By 31 December 2027, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report on brake particle emissions reviewing measuring methods and the state of the art, with a view to the adoption of the delegated acts referred to in Article 15(2), point (a), on the level of the second stage emission limits set out in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 of Annex I.
6.   By 31 December 2027, the Commission shall conduct a review on the appropriateness of setting out a specific limit for formaldehyde emissions in respect of vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
, based on the expected use of fuels that would lead to an increase in formaldehyde emissions, with a view to the possible adoption of the delegated act referred to in Article 15(1), point (c).
CHAPTER VII
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 19
Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/858
Article 84 of Regulation (EU) 2018/858 is amended as follows:
(1)
paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements by economic operators, independent operators, and technical services of this Regulation and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. The penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. In particular, those penalties shall be proportionate to the seriousness of the non-compliance and to the number of non-compliant vehicles, systems, components or separate technical units made available on the market of the Member State concerned. Member States shall notify the Commission of those rules and of those measures and shall notify it without delay of any subsequent amendment affecting them.’;
(2)
paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:
‘3.   In addition to the types of infringements set out in paragraph 2, the types of infringements by economic operators that are also subject to penalties shall be at least the following:
(a)
refusal to provide access to information;
(b)
making available on the market vehicles, systems, components or separate technical units subject to approval without such approval, or falsifying documents, certificates of conformity, statutory plates or approval marks with that intention;
(c)
tampering with the vehicle and its systems.’;
(3)
the following paragraphs are inserted:
‘3a.   In additional to the types of infringements set out in paragraphs 2 and 3, the types of infringements by manufacturers that are also subject to penalties shall be at least the following:
(a)
falsifying test results for in-service conformity under emission type-approval;
(b)
designing, constructing and assembling vehicles with manipulation devices or manipulation strategies, which cause a non-compliant vehicle to appear compliant with this Regulation;
(c)
designing, constructing and assembling vehicles of categories M
1
, M
2
, M
3
, N
1
, N
2
 and N
3
 without the required excess exhaust emissions driver warning systems or low-reagent driver warning systems.
3b.   The types of infringements by independent operators subject to penalties shall include at least tampering with the vehicle and its systems.’.
Article 20
Repeal
1.   Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 is repealed with effect from 1 July 2030.
Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 is repealed with effect from 1 July 2031.
References to Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 shall be construed as references to this Regulation and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table set out in Annex VI to this Regulation.
2.   Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 is repealed with effect from 1 July 2030.
Regulations (EU) No 582/2011 and (EU) 2017/2400, as well as Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362 are repealed with effect from 1 July 2031.
Article 21
Entry into force and application
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
.
It shall apply from 29 November 2026 for new types of vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
 and components, systems and separate technical units intended for vehicles of categories M
1
 or N
1
 type-approved under this Regulation and from 29 November 2027 for new vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
 and components, systems and separate technical units for those vehicles.
It shall apply from 29 May 2028 for new types of vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
, N
3
, O
3
 and O
4
 and components, systems and separate technical units intended for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
, N
3
, O
3
 or O
4
 type-approved under this Regulation and from 29 May 2029 for new vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
, N
3
, O
3
 and O
4
 and components, systems and separate technical units for those vehicles.
It shall apply from 1 July 2028 for new types of C
1
 class tyres, from 1 April 2030 for new types of C
2
 class tyres and from 1 April 2032 for new types of C
3
 class tyres.
It shall apply from 1 July 2030 for vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
, constructed by small-volume manufacturers and from 1 July 2031 for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 constructed by small-volume manufacturers.
However, Article 11(3) shall apply from 28 May 2024.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Strasbourg, 24 April 2024.
For the European Parliament
The President
R. METSOLA
For the Council
The President
M. MICHEL
(
1
)
  
            
OJ C 228, 29.6.2023, p. 103
.
(
2
)
  Position of the European Parliament of 13 March 2024 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of 12 April 2024.
(
3
)
  Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 April 2022 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030 (
OJ L 114, 12.4.2022, p. 22
).
(
4
)
  Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (
OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p. 1
).
(
5
)
  Regulation (EU) 2023/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 April 2023 amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards strengthening the CO
2
 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles in line with the Union’s increased climate ambition (
OJ L 110, 25.4.2023, p. 5
).
(
6
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO
2
 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (
OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 13
).
(
7
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 setting CO
2
 emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles and amending Regulations (EC) No 595/2009 and (EU) 2018/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 96/53/EC (
OJ L 198, 25.7.2019, p. 202
).
(
8
)
  Regulation (EU) 2018/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, amending Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 and repealing Directive 2007/46/EC (
OJ L 151, 14.6.2018, p. 1
).
(
9
)
  Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) (
OJ L 171, 29.6.2007, p. 1
).
(
10
)
  Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directives 80/1269/EEC, 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC (
OJ L 188, 18.7.2009, p. 1
).
(
11
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on type-approval requirements for motor vehicles and their trailers, and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, as regards their general safety and the protection of vehicle occupants and vulnerable road users, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulations (EC) No 78/2009, (EC) No 79/2009 and (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulations (EC) No 631/2009, (EU) No 406/2010, (EU) No 672/2010, (EU) No 1003/2010, (EU) No 1005/2010, (EU) No 1008/2010, (EU) No 1009/2010, (EU) No 19/2011, (EU) No 109/2011, (EU) No 458/2011, (EU) No 65/2012, (EU) No 130/2012, (EU) No 347/2012, (EU) No 351/2012, (EU) No 1230/2012 and (EU) 2015/166 (
OJ L 325, 16.12.2019, p. 1
).
(
12
)
  Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2023 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (Data Act) (
OJ L, 2023/2854, 22.12.2023, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj
).
(
13
)
  Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers (
OJ L 55, 28.2.2011, p. 13
).
(
14
)
  
            
OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1
.
(
15
)
  
            
OJ L 346, 17.12.1997, p. 81
.
(
16
)
  Council Decision 97/836/EC of 27 November 1997 with a view to accession by the European Community to the Agreement of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted to and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions (‘Revised 1958 Agreement’) (
OJ L 346, 17.12.1997, p. 78
).
(
17
)
  Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and amending Annexes I and III to Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (
OJ L 167, 25.6.2011, p. 1
).
(
18
)
  Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151 of 1 June 2017 supplementing Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information, amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 (
OJ L 175, 7.7.2017, p. 1
).
(
19
)
  Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 of 12 December 2017 implementing Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the determination of the CO
2
 emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 (
OJ L 349, 29.12.2017, p. 1
).
(
20
)
  Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362 of 1 August 2022 implementing Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the performance of heavy-duty trailers with regard to their influence on the CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption, energy consumption and zero emission driving range of motor vehicles and amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/683 (
OJ L 205, 5.8.2022, p. 145
).
(
21
)
  Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (
OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1
).
(
22
)
  Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2018 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and Decision No 1247/2002/EC (
OJ L 295, 21.11.2018, p. 39
).
(
23
)
  Regulation No 117 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tyres with regard to rolling sound emissions and to adhesion on wet surfaces and/or to rolling resistance.
(
24
)
  Regulation No 49 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines and positive ignition engines for use in vehicle
s
.
(
25
)
  UN Regulation No 168 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of light duty passenger and commercial vehicles with regards to real driving emissions (RDE).
(
26
)
  Directive 2014/45/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on periodic roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers and repealing Directive 2009/40/EC (
OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 51
).
(
27
)
  Directive 2014/47/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the technical roadside inspection of the roadworthiness of commercial vehicles circulating in the Union and repealing Directive 2000/30/EC (
OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 134
).
(
28
)
  UN Regulation No 155 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regards to cybersecurity and cybersecurity management system.
ANNEX I
EURO 7 EMISSION LIMITS
Table 1: Euro 7 exhaust emission limits for vehicles of categories M1 and N1 with internal combustion engine
Mass in running order (MRO) (kg)
Mass of carbon monoxide (CO)
Mass of total hydrocarbons (THC)
Mass of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC)
Mass of oxides of nitrogen (NO
x
)
Combined mass of total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (THC + NO
x
)
Mass of particulate matter (PM)
Number of particles (PN
10
)
L
1
 (mg/km)
L
2
 (mg/km)
L
3
 (mg/km)
L
4
 (mg/km)
L
2
 + L
4
 (mg/km)
L
5
 (mg/km)
L
6
 (#/km)
Category
Class
PI
CI
PI
CI
PI
CI
PI
CI
PI
CI
PI
CI
PI
CI
M
1
—
1 000
500
100
—
68
—
60
80
—
170
4,5
4,5
6x10
11
6x10
11
N
1
I
MRO ≤ 1 280
1 000
500
100
—
68
—
60
80
—
170
4,5
4,5
6x10
11
6x10
11
II
1 280  < MRO ≤ 1735
1 810
630
130
—
90
—
75
105
—
195
4,5
4,5
6x10
11
6x10
11
III
1 735  < MRO
2 270
740
160
—
108
—
82
125
—
215
4,5
4,5
6x10
11
6x10
11
Note:
PI = positive ignition.
CI = compression ignition.
Table 2: Euro 7 exhaust emission limits for vehicles of categories M2, M3, N2 and N3 with internal combustion engine and internal combustion engines used in those vehicles
Pollutant emissions
WHSC (CI) and WHTC (CI and PI)
Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
per kWh
per kWh
NO
x
 in mg
200
260
PM in mg
8
—
PN
10
 in #
6x10
11
9 x 10
11
CO in mg
1 500
1 950
NMOG in mg
80
105
NH
3
 in mg
60
85
CH
4
 in mg
500
650
N
2
O in mg
200
260
Note:
PI = positive ignition.
CI = compression ignition.
Table 3: Euro 7 evaporative emission limits for petrol-fuelled vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
Mass of evaporative emission (g/test)
1,5
Table 4: Euro 7 brake particle emission limits in standard driving cycle applying until 31 December 2029, by powertrain technology
Emission limits in mg/km per vehicle
Vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
, excluding N
1,
 Class III
 (
*1
)
Powertrain technology
PEV
OVC-HEV
NOVC-HEV
FCV/FCHV
ICEV
Brake particle emissions (PM
10
)
3
7
7
7
7
Table 5: Euro 7 brake particle emission limits in standard driving cycle applying from 1 January 2030 following the review specifed in Article 18(5), by powertrain technology (vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
)
Emission limits
M
1
 and N
1
 vehicles
Powertrain technology
PEV
OVC-HEV
NOVC-HEV
FCV/FCHV
ICEV
Brake particle emissions (PM
10
)
Brake particle number emissions (PN)
Table 6: Euro 7 brake particle emission limits in standard driving cycle applying from 1 January 2030 following the review specifed in Article 18 (5), by powertrain technology (vehicles of categories M
2
 and N
2
)
Emission limits
Vehicles of categories M
2
 and N
2
Powertrain technology
PEV
OVC-HEV
NOVC-HEV
FCV/FCHV
ICEV
Brake particle emissions (PM
10
)
Brake particle number emissions (PN)
Table 7: Euro 7 brake particle emission limits in standard driving cycle applying from 1 January 2030 until 31 December 2034 following the review specifed in Article 18(5), by powertrain technology (vehicles of categories M
3
 and N
3
)
Emission limits
Vehicles of categories M
3
 and N
3
Powertrain technology
PEV
OVC-HEV
NOVC-HEV
FCV/FCHV
ICEV
Brake particle emissions (PM
10
)
Brake particle number emissions (PN)
Table 8: Euro 7 brake particle emission limits in standard driving cycle applying from 1 January 2035 for all powertrain technologies, by vehicle category
Emission limits
Vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
Vehicles of categories M
2
 and M
3
Vehicles of categories N
2
 and N
3
Brake particle emissions (PM
10
)
3 mg/km per vehicle
Brake particle number emissions (PN)
Table 9: Euro 7 tyre abrasion limits
Tyre abrasion limits
C
1
 tyres
C
2
 tyres
C
3
 tyres
Normal tyres
Snow tyres
Special use tyres
(
*1
)
  For N1, Class III vehicles, the applicable limits are as follows: PEV 5 mg/km; OVC-HEV, NOVC-HEV, FCV/FCHV and ICEV 11 mg/km.
ANNEX II
EURO 7 MINIMUM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR BATTERY DURABILITY
Table 1: Euro 7 Minimum performance requirements (MPR) for battery durability for vehicles of category M
1
Battery energy based MPR
Start of life to 5 years or 100 000  km whichever comes first
Vehicles more than 5 years or 100 000  km, and up to whichever comes first of 8 years or 160 000  km
Vehicles up to additional lifetime
 (
*1
)
OVC-HEV
80 %
72 %
PEV
80 %
72 %
Range based MPR
Start of life to 5 years or 100 000  km whichever comes first
Vehicles more than 5 years or 100 000  km, and up to whichever comes first of 8 years or 160 000  km
Vehicles up to additional lifetime
 (
*1
)
OVC-HEV
PEV
Table 2: Euro 7 Minimum performance requirements (MPR) for battery durability for vehicles of category N
1
Battery energy based MPR
Start of life to 5 years or 100 000  km whichever comes first
Vehicles more than 5 years or 100 000  km, and up to whichever comes first of 8 years or 160 000  km
Vehicles up to additional lifetime
 (
*2
)
OVC-HEV
75 %
67 %
PEV
75 %
67 %
Range based MPR
Start of life to 5 years or 100 000  km whichever comes first
Vehicles more than 5 years or 100 000  km, and up to whichever comes first of 8 years or 160 000  km
Vehicles up to additional lifetime
 (
*2
)
OVC-HEV
PEV
Table 3: Euro 7 Minimum performance requirements (MPR) for battery durability for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
Battery Energy based MPR
Vehicles in main lifetime
 (
*3
)
Vehicles in additional lifetime
 (
*3
)
OVC-HEV
PEV
(
*1
)
  As specified in Annex IV.
(
*2
)
  As specified in Annex IV.
(
*3
)
  As specified in Annex IV.
ANNEX III
TEST CONDITIONS
Table 1: Conditions for testing compliance of vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
 with exhaust emission limits with any market fuel and lubricant within the specifications issued by the manufacturer
Laboratory exhaust emission measurement
Real Driving Emission (RDE) measurement
For all exhaust emission tests conducted using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) chassis dynamometer test cycle, UN Regulation No 154
 (
*1
)
 shall apply.
The provisions in respect of Level 1A (4-phase WLTP) shall apply.
For RDE tests conducted on the road, UN Regulation No 168
 (
*2
)
 shall apply, with emissions evaluation fulfilled with respect to the 4-phase WLTP.
Table 2: Conditions for testing compliance of vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 with exhaust emission limits with any market fuel and lubricant within the specifications issued by the manufacturer
Laboratory exhaust emission measurement
RDE measurement
For all exhaust emission tests conducted using the WHTC/WHSC engine bench test cycles, Annex 4 to UN Regulation No 49
 (
*3
)
.
Annex 8 of UN Regulation No 49 shall apply with the following adaptations: (i) point A.1.4.2.2.2.1. of Appendix 1 to Annex 8 to UN Regulation No 49 shall read as follows: ‘The valid windows are the windows whose average power exceeds the power threshold of 6 % of the maximum engine power’ (ii)
in relation to the conformity factor (CF) in Table 2 of point 6.3 of Annex 8 to UN Regulation No 49 the value = 1,0  shall be used for all pollutants; the applicable limits shall be the RDE limits in Table 2 of Annex I to this Regulation.
Table 3: Conditions for testing compliance with evaporative emission limits
Testing conditions
Evaporative emission SHED
 (
*4
)
 test
UN Regulation No 154, Level 1A (4-phase WLTP) shall apply
 (
*5
)
.
Table 4: Conditions for testing compliance with brake particle emission limits
Vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
Vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
Brake particle emissions test
Testing according to the UN Global Technical Regulation No 24 on brake emissions
Table 5: Conditions for testing compliance with tyre abrasion limits
C
1
 class tyres
C
2
 class tyres
C
3
 class tyres
Tyre abrasion limits test
Based on the testing methodologies developed in UN WP.29 for testing tyre abrasion in real world
Based on the testing methodologies developed in UN WP.29 for testing tyre abrasion in real world
Based on the testing methodologies developed in UN WP.29 for testing tyre abrasion in real world
(
*1
)
  UN Regulation No 154 — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of light duty passenger and commercial vehicles with regards to criteria emissions, emissions of carbon dioxide and fuel consumption and/or the measurement of electric energy consumption and electric range (WLTP), 02 series of amendments.
(
*2
)
  UN Regulation No 168, Original version.
(
*3
)
  UN Regulation No 49, 07 series of amendments.
(
*4
)
  SHED: Sealed housing for evaporative determination.
(
*5
)
  UN Regulation No 154, 02 series of amendments.
ANNEX IV
LIFETIME REQUIREMENTS
Table 1: Lifetime of vehicles, engines and pollution control systems
Lifetime of vehicles, engines and replacement pollution control devices
M
1
, N
1
 and M
2
N
2
, N
3
≤16 t
 (
*1
)
, M
3
≤7,5  t
 (
*1
)
N
3
>16 t
 (
*1
)
, M
3
>7,5  t
 (
*1
)
Main lifetime
Up to 160 000  km or 8 years, whichever comes first
300 000  km or 8 years, whichever comes first
700 000  km or 12 years, whichever comes first
Additional lifetime
After main lifetime and up to 200 000  km or 10 years, whichever comes first
After main lifetime and up to 375 000  km or 10 years, whichever comes first
After main lifetime and up to 875 000  km or 15 years, whichever comes first
Table 2: Applicable durability multipliers for adjusting exhaust emission limits under Annex 1 when testing vehicles, engines and replacement pollution control devices during additional lifetime
Durability multipliers
M
1
, N
1
 and M
2
N
2
, N
3
≤16 t
 (
*2
)
, M
3
≤7,5  t
 (
*2
)
N
3
>16 t
 (
*2
)
, M
3
>7,5  t
 (
*2
)
Durability multiplier for additional lifetime
1,2  for gaseous pollutants
(
*1
)
  Maximum mass.
(
*2
)
  Maximum mass.
ANNEX V
APPLICATION OF TEST REQUIREMENTS AND DECLARATIONS
Table 1: Application of test requirements and declarations for vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
 for manufacturers
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Gaseous pollutants and PN in road testing (RDE)
Required demonstration test for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted and declaration of compliance for all fuels, all payloads and all applicable vehicle types
Not required
Optional
Gaseous pollutants, PM, PN, CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption (OBFCM), electric energy consumption and electric range (battery durability) (WLTP at 23 
o
C)
Required test for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted
Required for exhaust emissions and OBFCM
Required for exhaust emissions, OBFCM and SOH monitors of battery durability
CO
2
 ambient temperature correction
(WLTP at 14 
o
C)
Declaration
 (
*1
)
Not required
Optional
Crankcase emissions
Declaration that a closed crankcase system or routing to the tailpipe is installed
 (
*1
)
Required
Optional
Evaporative emissions test
Required
Required
Optional
Durability of emission control systems
Declaration
Not required
Not required
Correct operation of systems using a consumable reagent and pollution control systems
Declaration
Not required
Optional
Battery durability
Declaration
Not required
Required
Laboratory test of low temperature for emissions
Required
Not required
Optional
Laboratory test of low temperature for electric range
Required
Not required
Optional
On-board diagnostics
Declaration
Not required
Optional
On-board monitoring
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Required
Power determination
Required
Not required
Optional
Anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity
Declaration and documentation
Not required
Not required
Geofencing technologies (where applicable)
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Not required
Table 2: Application of test requirements and declarations for vehicles of categories M
1
 and N
1
 for Member States, Commission and recognised third parties
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Tests at market surveillance
Relevant actor
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Commission and recognised third parties
Market surveillance authorities
Commission and recognised third parties
Gaseous pollutants and PN in road testing (RDE)
Required demonstration test for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted and declaration of compliance for all fuels, all payloads and all applicable vehicle types
Not required
Required
Optional
Required
Optional
Gaseous pollutants, PM, PN, CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption (OBFCM), electric energy consumption and electric range (battery durability) (WLTP at 23 
o
C)
Required test for all fuels for which the type- approval is granted
Audits or optional testing
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
CO
2
 ambient temperature correction (WLTP at 14 
o
C)
Declaration
 (
*2
)
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
Crankcase emissions
Declaration that a closed crankcase system or routing to the tailpipe is installed
 (
*2
)
Audits or optional testing
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Evaporative emissions test
Required
Audits or optional testing
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
Durability of emission control systems
Declaration
Not required
Required
Optional
Required
Optional
Operation of systems using a consumable reagent and pollution control systems
Not required
Not required
Required
Optional
Required
Optional
Battery durability
Declaration
Not required
Required
Optional
Required
Optional
Laboratory test of low temperature for emissions
Required
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
Laboratory test of low temperature for electric range
Required
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
On-board diagnostics
Declaration
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
On-board monitoring
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Required
Optional
Required
Optional
Power determination
Required
Not required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity
Declaration and documentation
Not required
Not required
Not required
Required
Optional
Geofencing technologies (where applicable)
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Not required
Not required
Required
Optional
Table 3: Application of tests requirements, declarations and other requirements for type-approval and extensions to type-approval for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 for manufacturers
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Gaseous pollutants, PM, PN and CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption (WHTC and WHSC)
Required on the parent engine of the emission family and declaration for all family members
 (
*3
)
;
 (
*4
)
Required on an engine out of the family
 (
*5
)
Not required
Gaseous pollutants, PN in road testing (RDE) for each fuel and for the applicable vehicle categories (M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
)
Required demonstration tests for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted per vehicle type and a declaration of compliance for all fuels, all payloads and all applicable vehicle categories
 (
*4
)
Not required
Required test on a vehicle with any fuel and on any vehicle category and any payload for all engine types every two years
 (
*5
)
CO
2,
emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emissions and electric range determination of a vehicle
Licence to operate the VECTO simulation tool, components certification.
For components. VECTO usage check (four times a year)
Required
Verification testing procedure
Not required
Required
Not required
Crankcase emissions
Check installation of closed crankcase system or routing to the tailpipe
 (
*4
)
Not required
Optional
Durability of emission control systems
Declaration
 (
*4
)
Not required
Not required
Operation of systems using a consumable reagent and pollution control systems
Declaration
 (
*4
)
Not required
Optional
 (
*5
)
Battery durability
Declaration
Not required
Required
Power determination
Required
 (
*4
)
Not required
Not required
On-board diagnostics (OBD family level)
Declaration
Not required
Optional
On-board monitoring (OBM family level)
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Required
OBFCM (on-board measurement of fuel and electric energy consumption, as well as payload)
Required
Required
Required
Anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity
Declaration and documentation
Not required
Not required
Geofencing technologies (where applicable)
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Not required
Table 4: Application of test requirements and declarations for type-approval and extensions to type-approval for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 for Member States, Commission and recognised third parties
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Tests at market surveillance
Relevant actor
Granting type- approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Commission and recognised third parties
Market surveillance authorities
Commission and recognised third parties
Gaseous pollutants and PN in road testing (RDE) for each fuel and for the applicable vehicle categories (M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
)
Required demonstration tests for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted per vehicle type and a declaration of compliance for all fuels, all payloads and all applicable vehicle categories
 (
*7
)
(See engine requirements)
Required yearly for an adequate number of vehicle types on any fuel and on any vehicle category covered by the emission type-approval
 (
*8
)
Optional
Required/Optional
Optional
Gaseous pollutants, PM, PN and CO
2
 emissions, fuel consumption (WHTC and WHSC)
Required on the parent engine of the engine family and declaration for all family members
 (
*6
)
;
 (
*7
)
Required on an engine of the engine family
 (
*7
)
Not required
Not required
Not required
Not required
CO
2
 emissions, fuel and electric energy consumption, zero-emissions and electric range determination of a vehicle
Issue licence to operate the VECTO simulation tool; issue component certificates
For components
Not required
Not required
Optional
Optional
Verification testing procedure
Not required
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Crankcase emissions
Check installation of closed crankcase system or routing to the tailpipe
Not required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Durability of emission control systems
Declaration
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
Operation of systems using a consumable reagent and pollution control systems
Not required
Not required
Required
Optional
Required
Optional
Battery durability
Declaration
Not required
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Power determination
Required
 (
*7
)
Not required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
On-board diagnostics (OBD family level)
Declaration
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
On-board monitoring (OBM family level)
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Required
Not required
Required
Optional
OBFCM (on-board measurement of fuel and electric energy consumption, as well as payload)
Required
Required
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity
Declaration and documentation
 (
*7
)
Not required
Not required
Not required
Required
Optional
Geofencing technologies (where applicable)
Declaration and demonstration
Not required
Not required
Not required
Required
Optional
Table 5: Application of test requirements, declarations and other requirements for type-approval and extensions to type-approval for trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
 for manufacturers
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Energy efficiency of trailers
Issue licence to operate the VECTO simulation tool; issue component certificates
For components
Optional
Table 6: Application of test requirements and declarations for type-approval and extensions to type-approval for trailers of categories O
3
 and O
4
 for Member States, Commission and recognised third parties
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Tests at market surveillance
Energy efficiency of trailers
Issue licence to operate the VECTO simulation tool; issue component certificates
For components
Not required
Not required
Optional
Optional
Table 7: Application of test requirements and declarations for type-approval and extensions to type-approval of engines intended for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 for manufacturers
Test requirements for each fuel
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Gaseous pollutants, PM, PN and CO
2
 emissions and fuel consumption (WHTC and WHSC)
Required on the parent engine of the engine family and declaration for all family members
 (
*10
)
Required on an engine of the engine family
Performed only with the complete vehicle as in Tables 3 and 4
Gaseous pollutants, PN in road testing (RDE) for each type of fuel and for the applicable vehicle categories (M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
)
Required demonstration tests for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted per vehicle type and a declaration of compliance for all fuels, all payloads and all applicable vehicle categories
Not required
Engine tests for verifying data required for CO
2
 emissions determination
Required
Required
Continuous/periodic regeneration
Declaration
Not required
Crankcase emissions
Check installation of closed crankcase system or routing to the tailpipe
Not required
Durability of emission control systems
Declaration
Not required
Power determination
Required
Not required
On-board diagnostics (OBD family level)
Declaration
Not required
On-board monitoring (OBM family level)
Performed only with the complete vehicle as in Tables 3 and 4
Not required
Anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity
Declaration and documentation
 (
*9
)
Not required
Table 8: Application of test requirements and declarations for type-approval and extensions to type-approvals of engines intended for vehicles of categories M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
 for Member States, Commission and recognised third parties
Test requirements for each fuel
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Tests at market surveillance
Relevant actor
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
—
—
Gaseous pollutants, PM, PN and CO
2
 emissions and fuel consumption (WHTC and WHSC)
Required on the parent engine and a declaration for all engine family members
 (
*12
)
Audit or optional testing
Performed only with the complete vehicle as in Tables 3 and 4
Performed only with the complete vehicle as in Tables 3 and 4
Gaseous pollutants, PN in road testing (RDE) for each type of fuel and for the applicable vehicle categories (M
2
, M
3
, N
2
 and N
3
)
Required demonstration tests for all fuels for which the type-approval is granted per vehicle type and a declaration of compliance for all fuels, all payloads and all applicable vehicle categories
Not required
Engine tests for verifying data required for CO
2
 determination
Required
Required
Continuous/periodic regeneration
Declaration
Not required
Crankcase emissions
Check installation of closed crankcase system or routing to the tailpipe
Not required
Durability of emission control systems
Declaration
Not required
Power determination
Required
Not required
On-board diagnostics (OBD family level)
Declaration
Not required
On-board monitoring (OBM family level)
Performed only with the complete vehicle as in Tables 3 and 4
Engine power
Required
Not required
Anti-tampering, security and cybersecurity
Declaration and documentation
 (
*11
)
Not required
Table 9: Application of test requirements and declarations for type-approval of pollution control systems for manufacturers
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Demonstration of performance and durability with aged parts
Required/Declaration
Not required
Optional
Durability requirement check in real world (RDE test with aged vehicles)
Declaration
Not required
Optional
Table 10: Application of test requirements and declarations for type-approval of pollution control systems for Member States, Commission and recognised third parties
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Tests at market surveillance
Relevant actor
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Commission and recognised third parties
Market surveillance authorities
Commission and recognised third parties
Demonstration of performance and durability with aged parts
Required
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Optional
Durability requirement check in real world (RDE test with aged vehicles)
Declaration
Not required
Optional
Optional
Required
Optional
Table 11: Application of test requirements for type-approval of brake systems for manufacturers
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Brake system emissions test in WLTP brake cycle
Required
Required
Not required
Table 12: Application of test requirements for type-approval of brake systems for Member States, Commission and recognised third parties
Test requirements
Tests and requirements for emission type-approval
Tests at conformity of production
Tests at in-service conformity
Tests at market surveillance
Relevant actor
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Granting type-approval authority
Commission and recognised third parties
Market surveillance authorities
Commission and recognised third parties
Brake system emissions test in WLTP brake cycle
Required
Audit or optional testing
Not required
Optional for verifying the share of friction braking
Optional for verifying the share of friction braking
Optional for verifying the share of friction braking
(
*1
)
  The approval authority may require a test to be performed.
(
*2
)
  The approval authority may require a test to be performed.
(
*3
)
  Supported by data of engine testing of all power ratings.
(
*4
)
  In the case of a vehicle with an emission type-approved engine system, the engine manufacturer is responsible for demonstrating compliance of the vehicle in this test (the engine is type-approved as a separate technical unit).
(
*5
)
  In the case of a vehicle with an emission type-approved engine system, the engine manufacturer is responsible for demonstrating compliance of the vehicle in this test when agreed with the vehicle manufacturer in accordance with Article 9.
(
*6
)
  Supported by data of engine testing of all power ratings.
(
*7
)
  In the case of a vehicle with an emission type-approved engine system, the engine manufacturer is responsible for demonstrating compliance of the vehicle in this test (the engine is type-approved as a separate technical unit).
(
*8
)
  In the case of a vehicle with an emissions type-approved engine system, the engine manufacturer is responsible for demonstrating compliance of the vehicle in this test when agreed with the vehicle manufacturer in accordance with Article 9.
(
*9
)
  Only if the engine manufacturer provides those systems together with the engine.
(
*10
)
  Supported by data of engine testing of all power ratings.
(
*11
)
  Only if the engine manufacturer provides those systems together with the engine.
(
*12
)
  Supported by data of engine testing of all power ratings.
ANNEX VI
CORRELATION TABLE
1.   Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
This Regulation
Article 1(1)
Article 1(1)
Article 1(2)
Article 1(2)
Article 2(1)
Article 2(1)
Article 2(2)
Article 5(2)
Article 3
Article 3
Article 4(1), first subparagraph
Article 4(1)
Article 4(1), second subparagraph
Article 4(2)
Article 4(2)
Article 7(1)
Article 4(3)
Article 7(4)
Article 4(4)
Article 14(3) and (4)
Article 5(1)
Article 4(2)
Article 5(2)
Article 4(5)
Article 5(3)
Article 14
Article 10
Article 10
Article 11
Article 11
Article 12
—
Article 13
Article 19
Article 14
—
Article 15
Article 17
Article 16
—
Article 17
Article 20
Article 18
Article 21
Annex I
Annex I
Annex II
—
2.   Regulation (EC) No 595/2009
Regulation (EC) No 595/2009
This Regulation
Article 1
Article 1
Article 2, first subparagraph
Article 2
Article 2, second subparagraph
—
Article 2, third subparagraph
—
Article 2, fourth subpagraph
—
Article 3
Article 3
Article 4(1)
Article 4(1)
Article 4(2)
Article 7(1)
Article 4(3)
Article 14
Article 5(1)
Article 4(2)
Article 5(2)
Article 4(4)
Article 5(3)
Article 4(5)
Article 5(4)
Article 14
Article 5a
Article 4(6)
Article 5b
Article 10(6) and (7)
Article 5c(a)
Article 14(4)(d)
Article 5c(b)
Article 14(4)(j)
Article 5c (c)
Article 14(4)(b)
Article 7
Article 12
Article 8
Article 10(6) and Article 10(7)
Article 9
Article 11
Article 10
—
Article 11
Article 19
Article 12
—
Article 13
Article 17
Article 13a
Article 17
Article 14
—
Article 15
—
Article 16
—
Article 17
Article 20
Article 18
Article 21
Annex I
Annex I
Annex II
—
ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1257/oj
ISSN 1977-0677 (electronic edition)

Summary:
Vehicle emissions and battery durability (Euro 7): technical requirements and certification rules
SUMMARY OF:
Regulation (EU) 2024/1257 on type approval of motor vehicles and engines and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, with respect to their emissions and battery durability (Euro 7)
WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE REGULATION?
The aim of regulation (EU) 2024/1257 is to further lower air pollutant emissions from exhaust fumes and brakes by setting tighter 
European Union
 (EU)-wide rules on emission limits, fuel and electric energy consumption and battery durability for road vehicles.
It amends Regulation (EU) 
2018/858
 on EU approval and market surveillance measures for motor vehicles and their trailers (see 
summary
).
It repeals:
Regulations (EC) Nos 
715/2007
 on reducing pollution from light motor vehicles (see 
summary
) and 
595/2009
 on emissions from heavy-duty vehicles (Euro VI) certification rules (see 
summary
);
Regulation (EU) No 
582/2011
;
Regulation (EU) 
2017/1151 
(see 
summary
);
Regulation (EU) 
2017/2400
 on CO
2
 emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles (see 
summary
); and
Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2022/1362
.
KEY POINTS
As part of the 
European Green Deal
 and in accordance with the EU’s commitment to the 
Paris Agreement
 on 
climate action
, the 
regulation
 sets out new EU rules, known as 
Euro 7
, further tightening rules on polluant emissions from road vehicles and expanding their scope, for example including non-exhaust emissions from brakes and tyre abrasion.
It works alongside Regulation (EU) 
2019/631
 (see 
summary
), which requires the elimination of tailpipe CO
2
 emissions of 
new cars
 
(M1, N1)
 by 2035.
Scope
The regulation applies to:
light-duty vehicles (
cars and vans of categories M1 and N1
); and
heavy-duty vehicles (
lorries, buses and coaches of categories M2, M3, N2, N3 and trailers of categories O3 and O4
).
Emissions limits and testing
The regulation includes a number of measures covering emissions limits and testing.
It sets Euro 7 exhaustemission limits for the following vehicle categories:
for vehicle categories M1 and N1 the Euro 6 limits are maintained, with the particle number limit now including particles above 10 nm;
for vehicle categories M2, M3, N2 and N3 more stringent pollutant limits are introduced, including for some pollutants that have not been regulated until now, such as 
nitrous oxide
.
It requires real driving emissions (RDE) testing for all motor vehicle categories, along with engine laboratory testing in the case of heavy-duty vehicles.
It introduces testing procedures to measure fuel and electric energy consumption for all motor vehicle categories.
It introduces limits for non-exhaust emissions such as brake particle emissions and tyre abrasion for all motor vehicle categories.
Battery durability requirements
The regulation:
establishes minimum performance requirements for traction battery durability in electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles;
sets thresholds for battery state of health during a vehicle’s lifetime.
Manufacturers’ obligations
The regulation:
requires manufacturers to design vehicles to comply with emission limits over 
a vehicle’s lifetime
;
mandates the installation of on-board monitoring and on-board fuel/energy consumption monitoring systems;
prohibits tampering and manipulation devices
1
/strategies; and
requires environmental data reporting and an environmental vehicle passport.
Type approval
2
 and market surveillance
The regulation:
sets deadlines for the type approval and registration of compliant vehicles;
empowers authorities to conduct conformity of production and in-service conformity checks and market surveillance activities;
allows small-volume manufacturers some flexibility in testing.
Reporting and review
The regulation requires periodic reporting and a review of its implementation and effectiveness.
Alignment with United Nations (UN) rules
The regulation:
aims to align technical requirements with United Nations vehicle regulations where applicable; and
allows for the adoption of United Nations regulation limits/requirements in EU law.
FROM WHEN DOES THE REGULATION APPLY?
The regulation applies from 
29 November 2026
 for new types of vehicles of categories M1 and N1 and components, systems and separate technical units intended for vehicles of categories M1 or N1 type approved under this regulation.
It applies from 
29 November 2027
 for new vehicles of categories M1 and N1 and components, systems and separate technical units for those vehicles.
It applies from 
29 May 2028
 for new types of vehicles of categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4 and components, systems and separate technical units intended for vehicles of categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4 type approved under this regulation.
It applies from 
29 May 2029
 for new vehicles of categories M2, M3, N2, N3, O3 and O4 and components, systems and separate technical units for those vehicles.
BACKGROUND
For further information, see:
Technical harmonisation in the EU
 (European Commission)
Road transport
 (European Commission).
KEY TERMS
Manipulation device.
 Any element of design that results in a vehicle not complying with the requirements of this regulation when driven but not under a regulatory test, despite it resulting in the vehicle appearing to be compliant when tested, or that manipulates data related to sensors, fuel or electric energy consumption, electric range or battery durability.
Type approval.
 The procedure whereby an approval authority certifies that a type of vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit meets the relevant administrative rules and technical requirements.
MAIN DOCUMENT
Regulation (EU) 
2024/1257
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
24 April 2024
 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, with respect to their emissions and battery durability (Euro 7), amending Regulation (EU) 2018/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011, Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151, Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1362 (OJ L, 2024/1257, 
8.5.2024
).
RELATED DOCUMENTS
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2022/1362
 of 
1 August 2022
 implementing Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the performance of heavy-duty trailers with regard to their influence on the CO2 emissions, fuel consumption, energy consumption and zero emission driving range of motor vehicles and amending Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/683 (OJ L 205, 
5.8.2022
, 
pp. 145
–206).
Successive amendments to Regulation (EU) 2022/1362 have been incorporated into the original text. This 
consolidated version
 is of documentary value only.
Regulation (EU) 
2021/1119
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
30 June 2021
 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (European Climate Law) (OJ L 243, 
9.7.2021
, 
pp. 1
–17).
Regulation (EU) 
2019/631
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
17 April 2019
 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (OJ L 111, 
25.4.2019
, 
pp. 13
–53).
Regulation (EU) 
2018/858
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
30 May 2018
 on the approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, amending Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009 and repealing Directive 2007/46/EC (OJ L 151, 
14.6.2018
, 
pp. 1
–218).
See 
consolidated version
.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – The European Green Deal (
COM(2019) 640 final
, 
11.12.2019
).
Commission Regulation (EU) 
2017/1151
 of 
1 June 2017
 supplementing Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information, amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 (OJ L 175, 
7.7.2017
, 
pp. 1
–643).
See 
consolidated version
.
Commission Regulation (EU) 
2017/2400
 of 
12 December 2017
 implementing Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the determination of the CO2 emissions and fuel consumption of heavy-duty vehicles and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EU) No 582/2011 (OJ L 349, 
29.12.2017
, 
pp. 1
–247).
See 
consolidated version
.
Commission Regulation (EU) No 
582/2011
 of 
25 May 2011
 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and amending Annexes I and III to Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 167, 
25.6.2011
, 
pp. 1
–168).
See 
consolidated version
.
Regulation (EC) No 
595/2009
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
18 June 2009
 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directives 80/1269/EEC, 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC (OJ L 188, 
18.7.2009
, 
pp. 1
–13).
See 
consolidated version
.
Regulation (EC) No 
715/2007
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
20 June 2007
 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (OJ L 171, 
29.6.2007
, 
pp. 1
–16).
See 
consolidated version
.
last update 
23.5.2025

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