CELEX ID: 32019R2033

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Document:
5.12.2019
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
L 314/1
REGULATION (EU) 2019/2033 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 27 November 2019
on the prudential requirements of investment firms and amending Regulations (EU) No 1093/2010, (EU) No 575/2013, (EU) No 600/2014 and (EU) No 806/2014
(Text with EEA relevance)
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 114 thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,
After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national parliaments,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Central Bank 
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,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee 
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,
Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure 
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,
Whereas:
(1)
Robust prudential requirements are an integral part of the regulatory conditions under which financial institutions provide services within the Union. Investment firms are, together with credit institutions, subject to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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 and to Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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 as regards their prudential treatment and supervision, while their authorisation and other organisational and conduct requirements are set out in Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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.
(2)
The existing prudential regimes under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU are largely based on successive iterations of the international regulatory standards set for large banking groups by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and only partially address the specific risks inherent to the diverse activities of a large number of investment firms. The specific vulnerabilities and risks inherent to those investment firms should therefore be specifically addressed by means of appropriate and proportionate prudential arrangements at Union level.
(3)
The risks which investment firms themselves incur and pose for their clients and the wider markets in which they operate depend on the nature and volume of their activities, including whether investment firms act as agents for their clients and are not party to the resulting transactions themselves, or whether they act as principals to the trades.
(4)
Sound prudential requirements should ensure that investment firms are managed in an orderly way and in the best interests of their clients. They should take into account the potential for investment firms and their clients to engage in excessive risk‐taking and the different degrees of risk assumed and posed by investment firms. Equally, such prudential requirements should aim to avoid imposing an undue administrative burden on investment firms.
(5)
Many of the prudential requirements that stem from the framework of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU are designed to address common risks faced by credit institutions. Accordingly, the existing requirements are largely calibrated to preserve the lending capacity of credit institutions through economic cycles and to protect depositors and taxpayers from possible failure, and are not designed to address all of the different risk profiles of investment firms. Investment firms do not have large portfolios of retail and corporate loans and do not take deposits. The likelihood that their failure can have a detrimental impact on overall financial stability is lower than in the case of credit institutions. The risks faced and posed by most investment firms are thus substantially different to the risks faced and posed by credit institutions and such differences should be clearly reflected in the prudential framework of the Union.
(6)
The prudential requirements to which investment firms are subject under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU are based on those of credit institutions. Investment firms the scope of whose authorisation is limited to specific investment services which are not targeted by the current prudential framework are subject to numerous exemptions from those requirements. Those exemptions recognise that those investment firms do not incur risks of the same nature as credit institutions. Investment firms which carry out activities that are targeted by the current prudential framework and that involve trading in financial instruments on a limited basis are subject to corresponding requirements of the framework in terms of capital but are eligible for exemptions in other areas, such as liquidity, large exposures and leverage. Investment firms the scope of whose authorisation is not subject to those limitations are subject to the same prudential requirements as credit institutions.
(7)
The trading of financial instruments, whether for the purposes of risk management, hedging or liquidity management or for taking directional positions on the value of the instruments over time, is an activity in which both credit institutions and investment firms authorised for dealing on own account may engage and which is already addressed by the prudential framework under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU. In order to avoid an unlevel playing field which could lead to regulatory arbitrage between credit institutions and investment firms in this area, the own funds requirements resulting from those rules that address the risk should therefore also continue to apply to those investment firms. The exposures of those investment firms to their trading counterparties in specific transactions and corresponding own funds requirements are also covered by the rules and should therefore also continue to apply to investment firms in a simplified way. Finally, the rules on large exposures in the current prudential framework are also relevant when the trading exposures of those investment firms to specific counterparties are particularly large and thereby generate an excessively concentrated source of risk for an investment firm from the default of the counterparty. Those rules should therefore also continue to apply to investment firms in a simplified way.
(8)
Differences in the application of the existing prudential framework in different Member States threaten the level playing field for investment firms within the Union. Those differences stem from the overall complexity of the application of the framework to different investment firms based on the services that they provide, where some national authorities adjust or streamline such application in national law or practice. Given that the existing prudential framework does not address all the risks faced and posed by some types of investment firms, large capital add‐ons have been applied to certain investment firms in some Member States. Uniform provisions addressing those risks should be established in order to ensure harmonised prudential supervision of investment firms across the Union.
(9)
A specific prudential regime is therefore required for investment firms which are not systemic by virtue of their size and interconnectedness with other financial and economic actors. Systemic investment firms should, however, remain subject to the existing prudential framework under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU. Those investment firms are a subset of investment firms to which the framework laid down in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU currently applies and which do not benefit from dedicated exemptions from any of their principle requirements. The largest and most interconnected investment firms have business models and risk profiles that are similar to those of significant credit institutions. They provide ‘bank‐like’ services and underwrite risks on a significant scale. Furthermore, systemic investment firms are large enough to, and have business models and risk profiles which, represent a threat for the stable and orderly functioning of financial markets on a par with large credit institutions. Therefore it is appropriate that those investment firms remain subject to the rules set out in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU.
(10)
The specific prudential regime for investment firms which, by virtue of their size and interconnectedness with other financial and economic actors, are not considered to be systemic should address the specific business practices of different types of investment firms. Investment firms with the highest possibility of generating risks to clients, markets or the orderly functioning of the investment firms themselves should, in particular, be subject to clear and effective prudential requirements tailored to those specific risks. Those prudential requirements should be calibrated in a manner proportionate to the type of investment firm, the best interests of the clients of that type of investment firm and the promotion of the smooth and orderly functioning of the markets in which that type of investment firm operates. They should mitigate identified areas of risk and help ensure that, if an investment firm fails, it can be wound down in an orderly manner with minimal disruption to the stability of financial markets.
(11)
The regime provided for in this Regulation should not affect the obligations of designated market makers at trading venues pursuant to Directive 2014/65/EU to provide quotes and be present in the market on a continuous basis.
(12)
The prudential regime for investment firms which, by virtue of their size and interconnectedness with other financial and economic actors, are not considered to be systemic should apply to each investment firm on an individual basis. However, in order to facilitate the application of prudential requirements for investment firms in the Union which are part of banking groups, to avoid disrupting certain business models the risks of which are already covered by the application of prudential rules, investment firms should be allowed to apply the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU where appropriate, subject to approval by the competent authorities, provided that their decision to do so is not driven by regulatory arbitrage purposes. Further, since the risks incurred by small and non‐interconnected investment firms are limited for the most part, they should be allowed to avail themselves of an exemption from the specific prudential requirements for investment firms where they are part of a banking group or investment firm group headquartered and subject to consolidated supervision under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU or under this Regulation and Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, as applicable, in the same Member State, as those prudential frameworks should adequately cover those risks in such cases. In order to mirror the existing treatment of investment firm groups under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU, for groups consisting only of investment firms, or where consolidation under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 does not apply, the parent undertaking in such groups should be required to comply with the requirements of this Regulation based on the consolidated situation of the group. Alternatively, instead of prudential consolidation, where such investment firm groups reflect simpler structures and risk profiles, competent authorities may allow the parent undertaking in the group to have sufficient capital to support the book value of its holdings in the subsidiaries. Where they are part of an insurance group, small and non‐interconnected investment firms should also be allowed to avail themselves of an exemption from disclosure requirements.
(13)
In order to allow investment firms to continue to rely on their existing own funds to meet their own funds requirements under the prudential framework specific to investment firms, the definition and composition of own funds should be aligned with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013. This includes full deductions of balance‐sheet items from own funds in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, such as deferred tax assets and holdings of capital instruments of other financial sector entities. However, investment firms should be able to exempt non‐significant holdings of capital instruments in financial sector entities from deductions if held for trading purposes in order to support market making in those instruments. In order to align the composition of own funds with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, the corresponding ratios of the types of own funds have been mirrored in the context of this Regulation. To ensure that the requirements are proportionate to the nature, scope and complexity of the activities of the investment firms and that they are readily accessible to the investment firms within this Regulation, the Commission should review the appropriateness of continuing to align the definition and composition of own funds with that of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
(14)
In order to ensure that investment firms always operate on the basis of the level of own funds required for their authorisation, all investment firms should, at all times, meet a permanent minimum capital requirement equal to the initial capital required for authorisation to conduct the relevant investment services set in accordance with Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
(15)
In order to ensure a simple application of the minimum own funds requirement for small and non‐interconnected investment firms, they should have own funds equal to the higher of their permanent minimum capital requirement or a quarter of their fixed overheads measured on the basis of their activity of the preceding year. Small and non‐interconnected investment firms that prefer to exercise further caution and avoid cliff effects in the case of reclassification should not be prevented from holding own funds in excess of, or applying measures stricter than, those required by this Regulation.
(16)
To account for the higher risks of investment firms which are not small and non‐interconnected, the minimum own funds requirement for such firms should be the higher of their permanent minimum capital requirement, a quarter of their fixed overheads for the preceding year, or the sum of their requirement under the set of risk factors tailored to investment firms (‘K‐factors’) which sets capital in relation to the risks in specific business areas of investment firms.
(17)
Investment firms should be considered to be small and non‐interconnected for the purposes of the specific prudential requirements for investment firms where they do not conduct investment services which carry a high risk for clients, markets or themselves and where their size means they are less likely to cause widespread negative impacts for clients and markets if risks inherent in their business materialise or if they fail. Accordingly, small and non‐interconnected investment firms should be defined as those that do not deal on own account or incur risk from trading financial instruments, hold no client assets or money, have assets under both discretionary portfolio management and non‐discretionary (advisory) arrangements of less than EUR 1,2 billion, handle less than EUR 100 million per day of client orders in cash trades or less than EUR 1 billion per day of client orders in derivatives, and have a balance sheet smaller than EUR 100 million including off‐balance‐sheet items and total gross annual revenues from the performance of their investment services of less than EUR 30 million.
(18)
In order to prevent regulatory arbitrage and to reduce the incentives for investment firms to restructure their operations to avoid exceeding the thresholds above which they do not qualify as small and non‐interconnected investment firms, the thresholds for assets under management, client orders handled, balance sheet size and total gross annual revenues should be applied on a combined basis for all investment firms that are part of the same group. The other conditions, namely whether an investment firm holds client money, administers or safeguards client assets, or trades financial instruments and incurs market or counterparty risk, are binary and leave no scope for such restructuring, and should therefore be assessed on an individual basis. In order to capture evolving business models and the risks they represent on an ongoing basis, those conditions and thresholds should be assessed on an end‐of‐day basis with the exception of holding client money, which should be assessed on an intraday basis, and balance sheet size and total annual gross revenues, which should be assessed based on the situation of the investment firm at the end of the previous financial year.
(19)
An investment firm that exceeds the regulatory thresholds or fails to meet the other conditions should not be considered small and non‐interconnected and should be subject to the requirements for other investment firms, subject to the specific transitional provisions set out in this Regulation. This should encourage investment firms to plan their business activities so as to clearly qualify as small and non‐interconnected investment firms. For an investment firm which does not satisfy the requirements to be considered small and non‐interconnected to qualify for such treatment, a monitoring phase should be provided where that investment firm meets the conditions and remains below the relevant thresholds for at least six consecutive months.
(20)
All investment firms should calculate their own funds requirement by reference to a set of K‐factors which capture Risk‐To‐Client (‘RtC’), Risk‐to‐Market (‘RtM’) and Risk‐to‐Firm (‘RtF’). The K‐factors under RtC capture client assets under management and ongoing advice (K‐AUM), client money held (K‐CMH), assets safeguarded and administered (K‐ASA), and client orders handled (K‐COH).
(21)
The K‐factor under RtM captures net position risk (K‐NPR) in accordance with the market risk provisions of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or, where permitted by the competent authority for specific types of investment firms which deal on own account through clearing members, based on the total margins required by an investment firm’s clearing member (K‐CMG). Investment firms should have an option to apply K‐NPR and K‐CMG simultaneously on a portfolio basis.
(22)
The K‐factors under RtF capture an investment firm’s exposure to the default of their trading counterparties (K‐TCD) in accordance with simplified provisions for counterparty credit risk based on Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, concentration risk in an investment firm’s large exposures to specific counterparties based on the provisions of that Regulation that apply to large exposures in the trading book (K‐CON), and operational risks from an investment firm’s daily trading flow (K‐DTF).
(23)
The overall own funds requirement under the K‐factors is the sum of the requirements of the K‐factors under RtC, RtM and RtF. K‐AUM, K‐ASA, K‐CMH, K‐COH and K‐DTF relate to the volume of activity referred to by each K‐factor. The volumes for K‐CMH, K‐ASA, and K‐DTF are calculated on the basis of a rolling average from the previous nine months. The volume for K‐COH is calculated on the basis of a rolling average from the previous six months, while for K‐AUM it is based on the previous 15 months. The volumes are multiplied by the corresponding coefficients set out in this Regulation in order to determine the own funds requirement. The own funds requirements for K‐NPR are derived from Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, while the own funds requirements for K‐CON and K‐TCD use a simplified application of the corresponding requirements under that Regulation for, respectively, the treatment of large exposures in the trading book and of counterparty credit risk. The amount of a K‐factor is zero if an investment firm does not undertake the relevant activity.
(24)
The K‐factors under RtC are proxies covering the business areas of investment firms from which harm to clients can conceivably be generated in case of problems. K‐AUM captures the risk of harm to clients from an incorrect discretionary management of client portfolios or poor execution and provides reassurance and client benefits in terms of the continuity of service of ongoing portfolio management and investment advice. K‐ASA captures the risk of safeguarding and administering client assets, and ensures that investment firms hold capital in proportion to such balances, regardless of whether they are on its own balance sheet or in third‐party accounts. K‐CMH captures the risk of potential for harm where an investment firm holds the money of its clients, taking into account whether they are on its own balance sheet or in third‐party accounts and arrangements under applicable national law provide that client money is safeguarded in the event of bankruptcy, insolvency, or entry into resolution or administration of the investment firm. K‐CMH excludes client money that is deposited on a (custodian) bank account in the name of the client itself, where the investment firm has access to the client money via a third‐party mandate. K‐COH captures the potential risk to clients of an investment firm which executes orders (in the name of the client, and not in the name of the investment firm itself), for example as part of execution‐only services to clients or when an investment firm is part of a chain for client orders.
(25)
The K‐factor for RtM for investment firms which deal on own account is based on the rules for market risk for positions in financial instruments, in foreign exchange, and in commodities in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013. This allows investment firms to choose to apply the standardised approach, the alternative standardised approach under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, or the option to use internal models, once those latter two approaches become applicable to credit institutions not only for reporting purposes but also for own funds requirements purposes. In the meantime, and at least during the five years after the date of application of this Regulation, investment firms should apply the market risk framework (standardised approach or, if applicable, internal models) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 for the purpose of calculating their K‐NPR. If the provisions set out in Chapters 1a and 1b of Title IV of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/876 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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 do not become applicable to credit institutions for own funds requirements purposes, investment firms should continue to apply the requirements set out in Title IV of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 for the purpose of calculating K‐NPR. Alternatively, the own funds requirement of investment firms trading financial instruments with positions that are subject to clearing may, subject to the approval of the competent authority and certain conditions, be equal to the amount of total margins required by their clearing member, multiplied by a fixed multiplier. The use of K‐CMG should be predicated primarily on an investment firm’s trading activity falling entirely or substantially under this approach. However, the investment firm’s competent authority may also allow the investment firm to make partial use of the K‐CMG approach, provided that this approach is used for all positions that are subject to clearing or margining and one of the three alternative methods for K‐NPR is applied to portfolios that are not subject to clearing. In order to ensure that the requirements are proportionate to the nature, scope and complexity of the activities of the investment firms and that they are readily accessible to the investment firms within this Regulation, any review that subsequently takes place concerning the application of the methods for calculating the K‐factors should include the appropriateness of continuing to align the calculation of K‐NPR with the rules for market risk for trading book positions in financial instruments, in foreign exchange, and in commodities in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
(26)
For investment firms which deal on own account, the K‐factors for K‐TCD and K‐CON under RtF constitute a simplified application of the rules laid down in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on counterparty credit risk and large exposure risk, respectively. K‐TCD captures the risk to an investment firm by counterparties to over‐the‐counter (OTC) derivatives, repurchase transactions, securities and commodities lending or borrowing transactions, long settlement transactions, margin lending transactions, or any other securities financing transactions, as well as by recipients of loans granted by the investment firm on an ancillary basis as part of an investment service that fail to fulfil their obligations, by multiplying the value of the exposures, based on replacement cost and an add‐on for potential future exposure, by risk factors based on Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, accounting for the mitigating effects of effective netting and the exchange of collateral. In order to further align the treatment of counterparty credit risk with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, a fixed multiplier of 1,2 and a multiplier for credit valuation adjustment (CVA) to reflect the current market value of the credit risk of the counterparty to the investment firm in specific transactions should also be added. K‐CON captures concentration risk in relation to individual or highly connected private sector counterparties with whom firms have exposures above 25 % of their own funds, or specific alternative thresholds in relation to credit institutions or other investment firms, by imposing a capital add‐on in line with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 for excess exposures above those limits. Finally, K‐DTF captures the operational risks to an investment firm in large volumes of trades concluded for its own account or for clients in its own name in one day which could result from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems or from external events, based on the notional value of daily trades, adjusted for the time to maturity of interest rate derivatives in order to limit increases in own funds requirements, in particular for short‐term contracts where perceived operational risks are lower.
(27)
All investment firms should monitor and control their concentration risk, including in respect of their clients. However, only investment firms which are subject to a minimum own funds requirement under the K‐factors should report to competent authorities on their concentration risks. For investment firms specialised in commodity derivatives or emission allowances or derivatives thereof with large concentrated exposures to non‐financial counterparties, the limits for concentration risk may be exceeded without additional capital under K‐CON as long as they serve commercial, treasury or risk management purposes.
(28)
All investment firms should have internal procedures to monitor and manage their liquidity requirements. Those procedures are intended to help ensure that investment firms can function in an orderly manner over time, without the need to set aside liquidity specifically for times of stress. To that end, all investment firms should hold a minimum of one third of their fixed overheads requirement in liquid assets at all times. However, competent authorities should be allowed to exempt small and non‐interconnected investment firms from that requirement. Those liquid assets should be of high quality and aligned with those listed in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 
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, together with the haircuts which apply to those assets under that Delegated Regulation. To account for the difference in liquidity profiles of investment firms compared to credit institutions, the list of appropriate liquid assets should be supplemented by the unencumbered own cash and short‐term deposits of the investment firm (which should not include any client money or financial instruments belonging to clients), and certain financial instruments for which there is a liquid market. If not exempt from liquidity requirements, small and non‐interconnected investment firms, as well as investment firms which are not licensed to carry out trading or underwriting activities, could further include items related to trade debtors and fees or commissions receivable within 30 days as liquid assets, provided that these items do not exceed one‐third of the minimum liquidity requirement, that they do not count towards any additional liquidity requirements imposed by the competent authority, and that they are subject to a haircut of 50 %. In exceptional circumstances, investment firms should be permitted to fall below the required threshold by monetising their liquid assets to cover liquidity requirements, provided that they notify their competent authority immediately. All financial guarantees provided to clients which can give rise to increased liquidity needs if triggered should reduce the amount of available liquid assets by at least 1,6 % of the total value of such guarantees. To ensure that the requirements are proportionate to the nature, scope and complexity of the activities of the investment firms and that they are readily accessible to the investment firms within the scope of this Regulation, a review should subsequently take place regarding the appropriateness of the liquid assets which are eligible for meeting the minimum liquidity requirement, including the continued alignment with those listed in Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61, together with the haircuts applying to those assets under that Delegated Regulation.
(29)
A proportionate corresponding regulatory reporting framework should be developed in conjunction with the new prudential regime and should be carefully tailored to the business of investment firms and the requirements of the prudential framework. Reporting requirements for investment firms should concern the level and composition of their own funds, their own funds requirements, the basis for the calculation of their own funds requirements, their activity profile and size in relation to the parameters for considering investment firms to be small and non‐interconnected, their liquidity requirements and their adherence to the provisions on concentration risk. Small and non‐interconnected investment firms should be exempt from reporting on concentration risk and should be required to report on liquidity requirements only where such requirements apply to them. The European Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority) established by Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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 (EBA) should develop draft implementing technical standards to further specify the detailed templates and arrangements for that regulatory reporting and to specify the templates for own funds disclosures. Those standards should be proportionate to the scale and complexity of different investment firms and should, in particular, take account of whether investment firms are considered to be small and non‐interconnected.
(30)
In order to provide transparency to their investors and the wider markets, investment firms which are not considered to be small and non‐interconnected should publicly disclose their levels of own funds, own funds requirements, governance arrangements, and remuneration policies and practices. Small and non‐interconnected investment firms should not be subject to public disclosure requirements, except where they issue Additional Tier 1 instruments in order to provide transparency to the investors in those instruments.
(31)
Investment firms should apply gender-neutral remuneration policies in accordance with the principle laid down in Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Some clarifications should be made to the remuneration disclosures. The disclosure requirements relating to remuneration set out in this Regulation should be compatible with the aims of the remuneration rules, namely to establish and maintain, for categories of staff whose professional activities have a material impact on the risk profile of investment firms, remuneration policies and practices that are consistent with effective risk management. Furthermore, investment firms benefitting from a derogation from certain remuneration rules should be required to disclose information concerning such derogation.
(32)
In order to facilitate a smooth transition for investment firms from the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU to the requirements under this Regulation and Directive (EU) 2019/2034, it is appropriate to provide for appropriate transitional measures. In particular, for a period of five years from the date of application of this Regulation, investment firms for which own funds requirements under this Regulation would more than double compared to their own funds requirement under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU should be able to mitigate the effects of potential increases by limiting the own funds requirement to twice their relevant own funds requirement under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU.
(33)
In order not to disadvantage new investment firms with similar profiles to existing investment firms, investment firms which were never subject to own funds requirements under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU should be able to limit their own funds requirements under this Regulation to twice their fixed overheads requirement for a period of five years from the date of application of this Regulation.
(34)
Equally, investment firms which were subject only to a requirement for initial capital under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU and for which own funds requirements under this Regulation would more than double compared to their situation under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU should be able to limit their own funds requirement under this Regulation to twice their initial capital requirement under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU for a period of five years from the date of application of this Regulation, with the exception of local firms referred to in point (2)(b) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/876, which should be subject to a specific transitional own funds requirement reflecting their greater level of risk. For the purposes of proportionality, specific transitional own funds requirements should also be provided for smaller investment firms and those which provide a limited range of investment services where they would not benefit from a limitation of the own funds requirements under this Regulation to twice their initial capital requirements under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/630 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, and Directive 2013/36/EU, as amended by Directive (EU) 2019/878 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, but whose binding own funds requirement under this Regulation would increase compared to their situation under Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/630.
(35)
Those transitional measures should, where applicable, also be available to investment firms referred to in Article 498 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, which exempts those investment firms from own funds requirements under that Regulation, whereas the requirements for initial capital with respect to those investment firms depend on the investment services or activities they provide. For a period of five years from the date of application of this Regulation, their own funds requirements under the transitional provisions of this Regulation should be calculated in view of those applicable levels.
(36)
For a period of five years from the date of application of this Regulation, or until the date of application of the changes adopted to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU as regards own funds requirements for market risk pursuant to Chapters 1a and 1b of Title IV of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/876, whichever is later, investment firms subject to the corresponding provisions of this Regulation should continue to calculate their own funds requirement for the trading book in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/630.
(37)
The largest investment firms that provide key wholesale market and investment banking services (dealing on own account in financial instruments or underwriting financial instruments or placing financial instruments on a firm commitment basis) have business models and risk profiles that are similar to those of significant credit institutions. Their activities expose them to credit risk, mainly in the form of counterparty credit risk, as well as to market risk for positions they take on own account, client related or not. As such, they present a risk to financial stability, given their size and systemic importance.
(38)
Those large investment firms present an additional challenge with regard to their effective prudential supervision by national competent authorities. Even though the largest investment firms provide cross‐border investment banking services on a significant scale, as investment firms they are subject to prudential supervision by authorities designated under Directive 2014/65/EU, which are not necessarily the same competent authorities as those designated under Directive 2013/36/EU. This may result in an unlevel playing field in the application of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU within the Union and prevents supervisors from obtaining an overall prudential perspective which is essential for effectively addressing the risks associated with large cross‐border investment firms. As a consequence, prudential supervision may become less effective and may also distort competition within the Union. The largest investment firms should therefore be given the status of credit institutions so as to create synergies with regard to the supervision of cross‐border wholesale market activities in a peer group, promoting a level playing field, and allowing for consistent supervision across groups.
(39)
Those investment firms, by virtue of becoming credit institutions, should therefore continue to be subject to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU and to supervision by competent authorities, including by the European Central Bank in the framework of the Single Supervisory Mechanism, in charge of credit institutions. This would ensure that the prudential supervision of credit institutions is implemented in a coherent and effective manner, and that the single rulebook for financial services is applied in the same manner to all credit institutions in light of their systemic importance. In order to prevent regulatory arbitrage and reduce the risks of circumvention, competent authorities should endeavour to avoid situations where potentially systemic groups would structure their operations in such a way as to not exceed the thresholds set out in point (1)(b) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and circumvent the obligation to seek authorisation as credit institutions pursuant to Article 8a of Directive 2013/36/EU.
(40)
Large investment firms converted into credit institutions should be allowed to take deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits for their own account only once they have obtained the authorisation for those activities in accordance with Directive 2013/36/EU. Carrying out all such activities, including taking deposits or other repayable funds from the public and granting credits for their own account, should not be a necessary requirement for undertakings to be considered to be credit institutions. The change in the definition of credit institution introduced by this Regulation should therefore be without prejudice to the national authorisation regimes implemented by Member States in accordance with Directives 2013/36/EU and (EU) 2019/2034, including any provisions that Member States may consider to be appropriate for the purpose of clarifying the activities which large investment firms that fall within the amended definition of credit institutions are permitted to take up.
(41)
In addition, the supervision of credit institutions on a consolidated basis aims to ensure, inter alia, the stability of the financial system and, in order to be effective, should be applied to all groups, including those the parent undertakings of which are not credit institutions or investment firms. Therefore, all credit institutions, including those that previously had the status of investment firms, should be subject to the rules on individual and consolidated supervision of the parent undertaking by the competent authorities pursuant to Section I of Chapter 3 of Title VII of Directive 2013/36/EU.
(42)
Furthermore, it is possible that large investment firms which are not of systemic importance but which deal on own account, underwrite financial instruments or place financial instruments on a firm commitment basis have business models and risk profiles that are similar to those of other systemic institutions. Given their size and activities, it is possible that such investment firms present some risks to financial stability and, although their conversion into credit institutions is not deemed to be appropriate in light of their nature and complexity, they should remain subject to the same prudential treatment as credit institutions. In order to prevent regulatory arbitrage and reduce the risks of circumvention, competent authorities should also endeavour to avoid situations where investment firms structure their operations in such a way as to not exceed the EUR 15 billion threshold related to the total value of the assets at individual or group level, or to unduly limit the discretion of competent authorities to subject investment firms to the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and to compliance with the prudential requirements laid down in Directive 2013/36/EU, in accordance with Article 5 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
(43)
Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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 introduced a Union harmonised regime for granting access to third‐country firms providing investment services or activities to eligible counterparties and professional clients that are established in the Union. Access to the internal market is conditional on the Commission adopting an equivalence decision and on the European Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority) established by Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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 (ESMA) registering the third‐country firm. It is important that the assessment of equivalence is done on the basis of the relevant applicable Union law and that effective tools to monitor that the conditions under which equivalence is granted are in place. For those reasons, third‐country registered firms should be required to report annually to ESMA information concerning the scale and scope of services provided, and activities carried out, in the Union. Supervisory cooperation in relation to monitoring, enforcement and the fulfilment of the equivalence conditions should also be improved.
(44)
With the aim of guaranteeing a level playing field and promoting the transparency of the Union market, Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 should be amended to subject systemic internalisers’ quotes, price improvements and execution prices to the tick size regime when dealing in all sizes. Consequently, the currently applicable regulatory technical standards dealing with the tick size regime should also apply to the extended scope of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014.
(45)
To ensure investor protection and the integrity and the stability of financial markets in the Union, the Commission, when adopting an equivalence decision, should take into account the potential risks posed by the services and the activities that firms from that third country could carry out in the Union following that decision. Their systemic importance should be considered based on criteria such as the likely scale and scope of service provision and performance of activities by firms from the third country concerned. For the same purpose, the Commission should be able to take into account whether the third country is identified as a non‐cooperative jurisdiction for tax purposes under the relevant Union policy or as a high‐risk third country pursuant to Article 9(2) of Directive (EU) 2015/849 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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. The Commission should consider specific prudential, organisational or business conduct requirements to be equivalent only where the same effect is achieved. Furthermore, the Commission should be able, where appropriate, to adopt equivalence decisions limited to specific services and activities or categories of services and activities listed in Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU.
(46)
EBA, with the participation of ESMA, has issued a report based on thorough background analysis, data collection and consultation for a bespoke prudential regime for all non‐systemic investment firms which serves as the basis for the revised prudential framework for investment firms.
(47)
In order to ensure the harmonised application of this Regulation, EBA should develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify the scope and methods for prudential consolidation of investment firm groups, the calculation of fixed overheads, measuring the K‐factors, specifying the notion of segregated accounts in relation to client money, adjusting the coefficients for K‐DTF in the case of stressed market conditions, the calculation for setting own funds requirements equal to the total margin required by clearing members, the templates for the public disclosures including as regards investment firms’ investment policy and regulatory reporting required under this Regulation and the information to be provided to competent authorities related to the thresholds for requiring authorisation as a credit institution. The Commission should be empowered to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards developed by EBA by means of delegated acts pursuant to Article 290 TFEU and in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010. The Commission and EBA should ensure that those regulatory technical standards can be applied by all investment firms concerned in a manner that is proportionate to the nature, scale and complexity of those investment firms and their activities.
(48)
The Commission should also be empowered to adopt the implementing technical standards developed by EBA and by ESMA by means of implementing acts pursuant to Article 291 TFEU and in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 and Article 15 Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010.
(49)
In order to ensure the uniform application of this Regulation and to take account of developments in financial markets, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 TFEU should be delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by clarifying the definitions in this Regulation. It is of particular importance that the Commission carry out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level, and that those consultations be conducted in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law‐Making 
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. In particular, to ensure equal participation in the preparation of delegated acts, the European Parliament and the Council receive all documents at the same time as Member States’ experts, and their experts systematically have access to meetings of Commission expert groups dealing with the preparation of delegated acts.
(50)
In order to ensure legal certainty and avoid overlaps between the current prudential framework applicable to both credit institutions and investment firms and this Regulation, Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU should be amended in order to remove investment firms from their scope. However, investment firms which are part of a banking group should remain subject to those provisions in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU which are relevant to the banking group, such as the provisions on the intermediate EU parent undertaking referred to in Article 21b of Directive 2013/36/EU and to the rules on prudential consolidation set out in Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
(51)
Since the objective of this Regulation, namely to set up an effective and proportionate prudential framework to ensure that investment firms which are authorised to operate within the Union operate on a sound financial basis and are managed in an orderly way including, where relevant, in the best interests of their clients, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States but can rather, by reason of its scale and effects, be better achieved at Union level, the Union may adopt measures, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that objective,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
PART ONE
GENERAL PROVISIONS
TITLE I
SUBJECT MATTER, SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
Article 1
Subject matter and scope
1.   This Regulation lays down uniform prudential requirements which apply to investment firms authorised and supervised under Directive 2014/65/EU and supervised for compliance with prudential requirements under Directive (EU) 2019/2034 in relation to the following:
(a)
own funds requirements relating to quantifiable, uniform and standardised elements of risk‐to‐firm, risk‐to‐client and risk‐to‐market;
(b)
requirements limiting concentration risk;
(c)
liquidity requirements relating to quantifiable, uniform and standardised elements of liquidity risk;
(d)
reporting requirements related to points (a), (b) and (c);
(e)
public disclosure requirements.
2.   By way of derogation from paragraph 1, an investment firm authorised and supervised under Directive 2014/65/EU, which carries out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU, shall apply the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 where the undertaking is not a commodity and emission allowance dealer, a collective investment undertaking or an insurance undertaking, and any of the following conditions apply:
(a)
the total value of the consolidated assets of the investment firm is equal to or exceeds EUR 15 billion, calculated as an average of the previous 12 months excluding the value of the individual assets of any subsidiaries established outside the Union that carry out any of the activities referred to in this subparagraph;
(b)
the total value of the consolidated assets of the investment firm is less than EUR 15 billion, and the investment firm is part of a group in which the total value of the consolidated assets of all undertakings in the group that individually have total assets of less than EUR 15 billion and that carry out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU is equal to or exceeds EUR 15 billion, all calculated as an average of the previous 12 months, excluding the value of the individual assets of any subsidiaries established outside the Union that carry out either of the activities referred to in this subparagraph; or
(c)
the investment firm is subject to a decision by the competent authority in accordance with Article 5 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
Investment firms referred to in this paragraph shall be supervised for compliance with prudential requirements under Titles VII and VIII of Directive 2013/36/EU, including for the purposes of the determination of the consolidating supervisor where such investment firms belong to an investment firm group as defined in point (25) of Article 4(1) of this Regulation.
3.   The derogation provided for in paragraph 2 does not apply where an investment firm no longer meets any of the thresholds set out in that paragraph, calculated over a period of 12 consecutive months, or where a competent authority so decides in accordance with Article 5 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034. The investment firm shall notify the competent authority without undue delay any breach of a threshold during that period.
4.   Investment firms that meet the conditions set out in paragraph 2 shall remain subject to the requirements of Articles 55 and 59.
5.   By way of derogation from paragraph 1, competent authorities may allow an investment firm authorised and supervised under Directive 2014/65/EU that carries out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU to apply the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 where all of the following conditions are fulfilled:
(a)
the investment firm is a subsidiary and is included in the supervision on a consolidated basis of a credit institution, a financial holding company or a mixed financial holding company, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(b)
the investment firm notifies the competent authority under this Regulation and the consolidating supervisor, if applicable;
(c)
the competent authority is satisfied that the application of the own funds requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on an individual basis to the investment firm and on a consolidated basis to the group, as applicable, is prudentially sound, does not result in a reduction of the own funds requirements of the investment firm under this Regulation, and is not undertaken for the purposes of regulatory arbitrage.
Competent authorities shall inform the investment firm of a decision to allow the application of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU pursuant to the first subparagraph within two months from the receipt of a notification referred to in point (b) of the first subparagraph of this paragraph, and shall inform EBA thereof. Where a competent authority refuses to allow the application of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU, it shall provide full reasons.
Investment firms referred to in this paragraph shall be supervised for compliance with prudential requirements under Titles VII and VIII of Directive 2013/36/EU, including for the purposes of the determination of the consolidating supervisor where such investment firms belong to an investment firm group as defined in point (25) of Article 4(1) of this Regulation.
For the purposes of this paragraph, Article 7 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall not apply.
Article 2
Supervisory powers
For the purpose of ensuring compliance with this Regulation, competent authorities shall have the powers and shall follow the procedures set out in Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
Article 3
Application of stricter requirements by investment firms
This Regulation shall not prevent investment firms from holding own funds and their components and liquid assets in excess of, or applying measures that are stricter than, those required by this Regulation.
Article 4
Definitions
1.   For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions apply:
(1)
‘ancillary services undertaking’ means an undertaking, the principal activity of which consists of owning or managing property, managing data‐processing services, or a similar activity which is ancillary to the principal activity of one or more investment firms;
(2)
‘asset management company’ means an asset management company as defined in point (19) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(3)
‘clearing member’ means an undertaking established in a Member State which fulfils the definition in point (14) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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;
(4)
‘client’ means a client as defined in point (9) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU except that, for the purposes of Part Four of this Regulation, ‘client’ means any counterparty of the investment firm;
(5)
‘commodity and emission allowance dealer’ means a commodity and emission allowance dealer as defined in point (150) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(6)
‘commodity derivatives’ means commodity derivatives as defined in point (30) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014;
(7)
‘competent authority’ means a competent authority as defined in point (5) of Article 3(1) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034;
(8)
‘credit institution’ means a credit institution as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(9)
‘dealing on own account’ means dealing on own account as defined in point (6) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(10)
‘derivatives’ means derivatives as defined in point (29) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014;
(11)
‘consolidated situation’ means the situation that results from applying the requirements of this Regulation in accordance with Article 7 to a Union parent investment firm, Union parent investment holding company or Union parent mixed financial holding company as if that undertaking formed, together with all the investment firms, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings and tied agents in the investment firm group, a single investment firm; for the purpose of this definition, the terms ‘investment firm’, ‘financial institution’, ‘ancillary services undertaking’ and ‘tied agent’ shall also apply to undertakings established in third countries, which, were they established in the Union, would fulfil the definitions of those terms;
(12)
‘consolidated basis’ means on the basis of the consolidated situation;
(13)
‘execution of orders on behalf of clients’ means execution of orders on behalf of clients as defined in point (5) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(14)
‘financial institution’ means an undertaking other than a credit institution or investment firm, and other than a pure industrial holding company, the principal activity of which is to acquire holdings or to pursue one or more of the activities listed in points (2) to (12) and point (15) of Annex I to Directive 2013/36/EU, including a financial holding company, a mixed financial holding company, an investment holding company, a payment institution within the meaning of Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, and an asset management company, but excluding insurance holding companies and mixed‐activity insurance holding companies as defined in point (g) of Article 212(1) of Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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;
(15)
‘financial instrument’ means a financial instrument as defined in point (15) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(16)
‘financial holding company’ means a financial holding company as defined in point (20) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(17)
‘financial sector entity’ means a financial sector entity as defined in point (27) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(18)
‘initial capital’ means initial capital as defined in point (18) of Article 3(1) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034;
(19)
‘group of connected clients’ means a group of connected clients as defined in point (39) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(20)
‘investment advice’ means investment advice as defined in point (4) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(21)
‘investment advice of an ongoing nature’ means the recurring provision of investment advice as well as the continuous or periodic assessment and monitoring or review of a client portfolio of financial instruments, including of the investments undertaken by the client on the basis of a contractual arrangement;
(22)
‘investment firm’ means an investment firm as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(23)
‘investment holding company’ means a financial institution, the subsidiaries of which are exclusively or mainly investment firms or financial institutions, at least one of such subsidiaries being an investment firm, and which is not a financial holding company as defined in point (20) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(24)
‘investment services and activities’ means investment services and activities as defined in point (2) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(25)
‘investment firm group’ means a group of undertakings which consists of a parent undertaking and its subsidiaries or of undertakings which meet the conditions set out in Article 22 of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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, of which at least one is an investment firm and which does not include a credit institution;
(26)
‘K‐factors’ means own funds requirements set out in Title II of Part Three for risks that an investment firm poses to clients, markets and to itself;
(27)
‘assets under management’ or ‘AUM’ means the value of assets that an investment firm manages for its clients under both discretionary portfolio management and nondiscretionary arrangements constituting investment advice of an ongoing nature;
(28)
‘client money held’ or ‘CMH’ means the amount of client money that an investment firm holds, taking into account the legal arrangements in relation to asset segregation and irrespective of the national accounting regime applicable to client money held by the investment firm;
(29)
‘assets safeguarded and administered’ or ‘ASA’ means the value of assets that an investment firm safeguards and administers for clients, irrespective of whether assets appear on the investment firm’s own balance sheet or are in third‐party accounts;
(30)
‘client orders handled’ or ‘COH’ means the value of orders that an investment firm handles for clients, through the reception and transmission of client orders and through the execution of orders on behalf of clients;
(31)
‘concentration risk’ or ‘CON’ means the exposures in the trading book of an investment firm to a client or a group of connected clients the value of which exceeds the limits in Article 37(1);
(32)
‘clearing margin given’ or ‘CMG’ means the amount of total margin required by a clearing member or qualifying central counterparty, where the execution and settlement of transactions of an investment firm dealing on own account take place under the responsibility of a clearing member or qualifying central counterparty;
(33)
‘daily trading flow’ or ‘DTF’ means the daily value of transactions that an investment firm enters through dealing on own account or the execution of orders on behalf of clients in its own name, excluding the value of orders that an investment firm handles for clients through the reception and transmission of client orders and through the execution of orders on behalf of clients which are already taken into account in the scope of client orders handled;
(34)
‘net position risk’ or ‘NPR’ means the value of transactions recorded in the trading book of an investment firm;
(35)
‘trading counterparty default’ or ‘TCD’ means the exposures in the trading book of an investment firm in instruments and transactions referred to in Article 25 giving rise to the risk of trading counterparty default;
(36)
‘current market value’ or ‘CMV’ means the net market value of the portfolio of transactions or securities legs subject to netting in accordance with Article 31, where both positive and negative market values are used in computing CMV;
(37)
‘long settlement transactions’ means long settlement transactions as defined in point (2) of Article 272 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(38)
‘margin lending transaction’ means margin lending transactions as defined in point (10) of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2365 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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;
(39)
‘management body’ means a management body as defined in point (36) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(40)
‘mixed financial holding company’ means a mixed financial holding company as defined in point (15) of Article 2 of Directive 2002/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 
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;
(41)
‘off‐balance‐sheet item’ means any of the items referred to in Annex I to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(42)
‘parent undertaking’ means a parent undertaking within the meaning of point (9) of Article 2 and Article 22 of Directive 2013/34/EU;
(43)
‘participation’ means participation as defined in point (35) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(44)
‘profit’ means profit as defined in point (121) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(45)
‘qualifying central counterparty’ or ‘QCCP’ means a qualifying central counterparty as defined in point (88) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(46)
‘portfolio management’ means portfolio management as defined in point (8) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(47)
‘qualifying holding’ means a qualifying holding as defined in point (36) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(48)
‘securities financing transaction’ or ‘SFT’ means SFT as defined in point (11) of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2365;
(49)
‘segregated accounts’, for the purposes of Table 1 in Article 15(2), means accounts with entities where client money held by an investment firm is deposited in accordance with Article 4 of Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593 
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 and, where applicable, where national law provides that, in the event of insolvency or entry into resolution or administration of the investment firm, the client money cannot be used to satisfy claims in relation to the investment firm other than claims by the client;
(50)
‘repurchase transaction’ means a repurchase transaction as defined in point (9) of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2365;
(51)
‘subsidiary’ means a subsidiary undertaking as defined in point (10) of Article 2 and within the meaning of Article 22 of Directive 2013/34/EU, including any subsidiary of a subsidiary undertaking of an ultimate parent undertaking;
(52)
‘tied agent’ means a tied agent as defined in point (29) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU;
(53)
‘total gross revenue’ means the annual operating income of an investment firm, in connection with the investment firm’s investment services and activities it is authorised to perform, including income stemming from interest receivable, from shares and other securities whether fixed yield or variable, from commission and fees, any gain and losses that the investment firm incurs on its trading assets, on assets held at fair value, or from hedging activities, but excluding any income which is not linked to the investment services and activities performed;
(54)
‘trading book’ means all positions in financial instruments and commodities held by an investment firm, either with trading intent or in order to hedge positions held with trading intent;
(55)
‘positions held with trading intent’ means any of the following:
(a)
proprietary positions and positions arising from client servicing and market making;
(b)
positions intended to be resold in the short term;
(c)
positions intended to benefit from actual or expected short‐term price differences between buying and selling prices or from other price or interest rate variations;
(56)
‘Union parent investment firm’ means an investment firm in a Member State which is part of an investment firm group and which has an investment firm or a financial institution as a subsidiary or which holds a participation in such an investment firm or financial institution, and which is not itself a subsidiary of another investment firm authorised in any Member State, or of an investment holding company or mixed financial holding company set up in any Member State;
(57)
‘Union parent investment holding company’ means an investment holding company in a Member State which is part of an investment firm group and which is not itself a subsidiary of an investment firm authorised in any Member State or of another investment holding company in any Member State;
(58)
‘Union parent mixed financial holding company’ means a parent undertaking of an investment firm group which is a mixed financial holding company as defined in point (15) of Article 2 of Directive 2002/87/EC.
2.   The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 56 to supplement this Regulation by clarifying the definitions set out in paragraph 1 to:
(a)
ensure uniform application of this Regulation;
(b)
take account, in the application of this Regulation, of developments on financial markets.
TITLE II
LEVEL OF APPLICATION OF REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 1
Application of requirements on an individual basis
Article 5
General principle
Investment firms shall comply with the requirements laid down in Parts Two to Seven on an individual basis.
Article 6
Exemptions
1.   Competent authorities may exempt an investment firm from the application of Article 5 in respect of Parts Two, Three, Four, Six and Seven, where all of the following conditions apply:
(a)
the investment firm meets the conditions for qualifying as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm set out in Article 12(1);
(b)
one of the following conditions is satisfied:
(i)
the investment firm is a subsidiary and is included in the supervision on a consolidated basis of a credit institution, a financial holding company or a mixed financial holding company, in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(ii)
the investment firm is a subsidiary and is included in an investment firm group supervised on a consolidated basis in accordance with Article 7;
(c)
both the investment firm and its parent undertaking are subject to authorisation and supervision by the same Member State;
(d)
the authorities competent for the supervision on a consolidated basis in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or in accordance with Article 7 of this Regulation agree to such an exemption;
(e)
own funds are distributed adequately between the parent undertaking and the investment firm, and all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(i)
there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of capital or repayment of liabilities by the parent undertaking;
(ii)
upon prior approval by the competent authority, the parent undertaking declares that it guarantees the commitments entered into by the investment firm or that the risks in the investment firm are of negligible interest;
(iii)
the risk evaluation, measurement and control procedures of the parent undertaking include the investment firm; and
(iv)
the parent undertaking holds more than 50 % of the voting rights attached to shares in the capital of the investment firm or has the right to appoint or remove a majority of the members of the investment firm’s management body.
2.   Competent authorities may exempt investment firms from the application of Article 5 in respect of Part Six where all of the following conditions apply:
(a)
the investment firm meets the conditions for qualifying as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm set out in Article 12(1);
(b)
the investment firm is a subsidiary and is included in the supervision on a consolidated basis of an insurance or reinsurance undertaking in accordance with Article 228 of Directive 2009/138/EC;
(c)
both the investment firm and its parent undertaking are subject to authorisation and supervision by the same Member State;
(d)
the authorities competent for the supervision on a consolidated basis in accordance with Directive 2009/138/EC agree to such an exemption;
(e)
own funds are distributed adequately between the parent undertaking and the investment firm and all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(i)
there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of capital or repayment of liabilities by the parent undertaking;
(ii)
upon prior approval by the competent authority, the parent undertaking declares that it guarantees the commitments entered into by the investment firm or that the risks in the investment firm are of negligible interest;
(iii)
the risk evaluation, measurement and control procedures of the parent undertaking include the investment firm; and
(iv)
the parent undertaking holds more than 50 % of the voting rights attached to shares in the capital of the investment firm or has the right to appoint or remove a majority of the members of the investment firm’s management body.
3.   Competent authorities may exempt investment firms from the application of Article 5 in respect of Part Five where all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(a)
the investment firm is included in the supervision on a consolidated basis in accordance with Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or is included in an investment firm group for which Article 7(3) of this Regulation applies and the exemption provided for in Article 7(4) does not apply;
(b)
the parent undertaking, on a consolidated basis, monitors and has oversight at all times over the liquidity positions of all institutions and investment firms within the group or sub‐group that are subject to a waiver and ensures a sufficient level of liquidity for all of those institutions and investment firms;
(c)
the parent undertaking and the investment firm have entered into contracts that, to the satisfaction of the competent authorities, provide for the free movement of funds between the parent undertaking and the investment firm to enable them to meet their individual obligations and joint obligations as they become due;
(d)
there is no current or foreseen material, practical or legal impediment to the fulfilment of the contracts referred to in point (c);
(e)
the authorities competent for the supervision on a consolidated basis in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or in accordance with Article 7 of this Regulation agree to such an exemption.
CHAPTER 2
Prudential consolidation and exemptions for an investment firm group
Article 7
Prudential consolidation
1.   Union parent investment firms, Union parent investment holding companies and Union parent mixed financial holding companies shall comply with the obligations laid down in Parts Two, Three, Four, Six and Seven on the basis of their consolidated situation. The parent undertaking and those of its subsidiaries that are subject to this Regulation shall set up a proper organisational structure and appropriate internal control mechanisms in order to ensure that the data required for consolidation are duly processed and forwarded. In particular, the parent undertaking shall ensure that subsidiaries that are not subject to this Regulation implement arrangements, processes and mechanisms to ensure proper consolidation.
2.   For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, when applying Part Two on a consolidated basis, the rules laid down in Title II of Part Two of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall also apply to investment firms.
For that purpose, when applying the provisions of Article 84(1), Article 85(1) and Article 87(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 only the references to Article 92(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall apply and shall consequently be read as referring to the own funds requirements set out under the corresponding provisions in this Regulation.
3.   Union parent investment firms, Union parent investment holding companies and Union parent mixed financial companies shall comply with the obligations laid down in Part Five on the basis of their consolidated situations.
4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, competent authorities may exempt the parent undertaking from compliance with that paragraph, taking into account the nature, scale and complexity of the investment firm group.
5.   EBA shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify the details of the scope and methods for prudential consolidation of an investment firm group, in particular for the purpose of calculating the fixed overheads requirement, the permanent minimum capital requirement, the K‐factor requirement on the basis of the consolidated situation of the investment firm group, and the method and necessary details to properly implement paragraph 2.
EBA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 December 2020.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
Article 8
The group capital test
1.   By way of derogation from Article 7, competent authorities may allow the application of this Article in the case of group structures which are deemed to be sufficiently simple, provided that there are no significant risks to clients or to market stemming from the investment firm group as a whole that would otherwise require supervision on a consolidated basis. Competent authorities shall notify EBA when they allow the application of this Article.
2.   For the purposes of this Article, the following shall apply:
(a)
‘own funds instruments’ means own funds as defined in Article 9 of this Regulation, without applying the deductions referred to in point (i) of Article 36(1), point (d) of Article 56, and point (d) of Article 66 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(b)
the terms ‘investment firm’, ‘financial institution’, ‘ancillary services undertaking’ and ‘tied agent’ shall also apply to undertakings established in third countries, which, were they established in the Union, would fulfil the definitions of those terms in Article 4.
3.   Union parent investment firms, Union parent investment holding companies, Union parent mixed financial holding companies and any other parent undertakings that are investment firms, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings or tied agents in the investment firm group shall hold at least enough own funds instruments to cover the sum of the following:
(a)
the sum of the full book value of all of their holdings, subordinated claims and instruments referred to in point (i) of Article 36(1), point (d) of Article 56, and point (d) of Article 66 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 in investment firms, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings and tied agents in the investment firm group; and
(b)
the total amount of all of their contingent liabilities in favour of investment firms, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings and tied agents in the investment firm group.
4.   Competent authorities may allow a Union parent investment holding company or a Union parent mixed financial holding company and any other parent undertaking that is an investment firm, a financial institution, an ancillary services undertaking or a tied agent in the investment firm group, to hold a lower amount of own funds than the amount calculated under paragraph 3, provided that this amount is no lower than the sum of the own funds requirements imposed on an individual basis on its subsidiary investment firms, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings and tied agents, and the total amount of any contingent liabilities in favour of those entities.
For the purposes of this paragraph, the own funds requirements for subsidiary undertakings as referred to in the first subparagraph which are located in third countries shall be notional own funds requirements that ensure a satisfactory level of prudence to cover for the risks arising from those subsidiary undertakings, as approved by the relevant competent authorities.
5.   Union parent investment firms, Union parent investment holding companies, and Union parent mixed financial holding companies shall have systems in place to monitor and control the sources of capital and funding of all investment firms, investment holding companies, mixed financial holding companies, financial institutions, ancillary services undertakings and tied agents within the investment firm group.
PART TWO
OWN FUNDS
Article 9
Own funds composition
1.   Investment firms shall have own funds consisting of the sum of their Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Additional Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital, and shall meet all the following conditions at all times:
(a)
,
(b)
,
(c)
,
where:
(i)
Common Equity Tier 1 capital is defined in accordance with Chapter 2 of Title I of Part Two of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, Additional Tier 1 capital is defined in accordance with Chapter 3 of Title I of Part Two of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, and Tier 2 capital is defined in accordance with Chapter 4 of Title I of Part Two of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013; and
(ii)
D
 is defined in Article 11.
2.   By way of derogation from paragraph 1:
(a)
the deductions referred to in point (c) of Article 36(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall apply in full, without the application of Articles 39 and 48 of that Regulation;
(b)
the deductions referred to in point (e) of Article 36(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall apply in full, without the application of Article 41 of that Regulation;
(c)
the deductions referred to in point (h) of Article 36(1), point (c) of Article 56, and point (c) of Article 66 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, insofar as they relate to holdings of capital instruments which are not held in the trading book, shall apply in full, without the application of the mechanisms provided for in Articles 46, 60 and 70 of that Regulation;
(d)
the deductions referred to in point (i) of Article 36(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall apply in full, without the application of Article 48 of that Regulation;
(e)
the following provisions shall not apply to the determination of own funds of investment firms:
(i)
Article 49 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(ii)
the deductions referred to in point (h) of Article 36(1), point (c) of Article 56, point (c) of Article 66 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and the related provisions in Articles 46, 60 and 70 of that Regulation, insofar as those deductions relate to holdings of capital instruments held in the trading book;
(iii)
the trigger event referred to in point (a) of Article 54(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013; the trigger event shall instead be specified by the investment firm in the terms of the Additional Tier 1 instrument referred to in paragraph 1;
(iv)
the aggregate amount referred to in point (a) of Article 54(4) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013; the amount to be written down or converted shall be the full principal amount of the Additional Tier 1 instrument referred to in paragraph 1.
3.   Investment firms shall apply the relevant provisions set out in Chapter 6 of Title I of Part Two of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 when determining the own funds requirements pursuant to this Regulation. In applying those provisions, the supervisory permission in accordance with Articles 77 and 78 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 shall be deemed to be granted if one of the conditions set out in point (a) of Article 78(1) or in Article 78(4) of that Regulation is fulfilled.
4.   For the purpose of applying point (a) of paragraph 1, for investment firms which are not legal persons or joint‐stock companies or which meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) of this Regulation, competent authorities may, after consulting the EBA, permit further instruments or funds to qualify as own funds for those investment firms, provided that those instruments or funds also qualify for treatment under Article 22 of Council Directive 86/635/EEC 
(
24
)
. On the basis of information received from each competent authority, EBA, together with ESMA, shall establish, maintain and publish a list of all the forms of instruments or funds in each Member State that qualify as such own funds. The list shall be published for the first time by 26 December 2020.
5.   Holdings of own funds instruments of a financial sector entity within an investment firm group shall not be deducted for the purpose of calculating own funds of any investment firm in the group on an individual basis, provided that all of the following conditions are met:
(a)
there is no current or foreseen material, practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of capital or repayment of liabilities by the parent undertaking;
(b)
the risk evaluation, measurement and control procedures of the parent undertaking include the financial sector entity;
(c)
the derogation provided for in Article 8 is not used by the competent authorities.
Article 10
Qualifying holdings outside the financial sector
1.   For the purposes of this Part, investment firms shall deduct amounts in excess of the limits specified in points (a) and (b) from the determination of Common Equity Tier 1 items referred to in Article 26 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013:
(a)
a qualifying holding, the amount of which exceeds 15 % of the own funds of the investment firm calculated in accordance with Article 9 of this Regulation but without applying the deduction referred to in point (k)(i) of Article 36(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, in an undertaking which is not a financial sector entity;
(b)
the total amount of the qualifying holdings of an investment firm in undertakings other than financial sector entities that exceeds 60 % of its own funds calculated in accordance with Article 9 of this Regulation but without applying the deduction referred to in point (k)(i) of Article 36(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
2.   Competent authorities may prohibit an investment firm from having qualifying holdings as referred to in paragraph 1 where the amount of those holdings exceed the percentages of own funds laid down in that paragraph. Competent authorities shall make public their decision exercising this power without delay.
3.   Shares in undertakings other than financial sector entities shall not be included in the calculation specified in paragraph 1 where any of the following conditions is met:
(a)
those shares are held temporarily during a financial assistance operation as referred to in Article 79 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(b)
the holding of those shares is an underwriting position held for five working days or fewer;
(c)
those shares are held in the own name of the investment firm and on behalf of others.
4.   Shares which are not financial fixed assets as referred to in Article 35(2) of Directive 86/635/EEC shall not be included in the calculation specified in paragraph 1 of this Article.
PART THREE
CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS
TITLE I
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Article 11
Own funds requirements
1.   Investment firms shall at all times have own funds in accordance with Article 9 which amount to at least 
D
, where 
D
 is defined as the highest of the following:
(a)
their fixed overheads requirement calculated in accordance with Article 13;
(b)
their permanent minimum capital requirement in accordance with Article 14; or
(c)
their K‐factor requirement calculated in accordance with Article 15.
2.   By way of derogation from paragraph 1, where an investment firm meets the conditions for qualifying as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm set out in Article 12(1), 
D
 shall be defined as the highest of the amounts specified in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1.
3.   Where competent authorities consider that there has been a material change in the business activities of an investment firm, they may require the investment firm to be subject to a different own funds requirement referred to in this Article, in accordance with Title IV, Chapter 2, Section 4 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
4.   Investment firms shall notify the competent authority as soon as they become aware that they no longer satisfy or will no longer satisfy the requirements of this Article.
Article 12
Small and non‐interconnected investment firms
1.   Investment firms shall be deemed to be small and non‐interconnected investment firms for the purposes of this Regulation where they meet all of the following conditions:
(a)
AUM measured in accordance with Article 17 is less than EUR 1,2 billion;
(b)
COH measured in accordance with Article 20 is less than either:
(i)
EUR 100 million/day for cash trades; or
(ii)
EUR 1 billion/day for derivatives;
(c)
ASA measured in accordance with Article 19 is zero;
(d)
CMH measured in accordance with Article 18 is zero;
(e)
DTF measured in accordance with Article 33 is zero;
(f)
NPR or CMG measured in accordance with Articles 22 and 23 is zero;
(g)
TCD measured in accordance with Article 26 is zero;
(h)
the on‐ and off‐balance‐sheet total of the investment firm is less than EUR 100 million;
(i)
the total annual gross revenue from investment services and activities of the investment firm is less than EUR 30 million, calculated as an average on the basis of the annual figures from the two‐year period immediately preceding the given financial year.
By way of derogation from the provisions of Title II, for the purposes of points (a), (b), (c), (e), (f), insofar as that point relates to NPR, and (g) of the first subparagraph, end‐of‐day values shall apply.
For the purposes of point (f) of the first subparagraph, insofar as that point relates to CMG, intraday values shall apply.
For the purposes of point (d) of the first subparagraph of this paragraph, and without prejudice to Article 16(9) of Directive 2014/65/EU and Articles 2 and 4 of Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593, intraday values shall apply, except where there has been an error in recordkeeping or in the reconciliation of accounts that incorrectly indicated that an investment firm breached the zero threshold referred to in point (d) of the first subparagraph of this paragraph and which is resolved before the end of the business day. The investment firm shall notify the competent authority without delay of the error, the reasons for its occurrence and its correction.
For the purposes of points (h) and (i) of the first subparagraph, the levels at the end of the last financial year for which accounts have been finalised and approved by the management body shall apply. Where accounts have not been finalised and approved after six months from the end of the last financial year, an investment firm shall use provisional accounts.
Investment firms may measure the values under points (a) and (b) of the first subparagraph by using the methods specified under Title II, with the exception that the measurement shall be done over 12 months, without the exclusion of the three most recent monthly values. Investment firms that choose this measurement method shall notify the competent authority accordingly and shall apply the chosen method for a continuous period of no less than 12 consecutive months.
2.   The conditions set out in points (a), (b), (h) and (i) of paragraph 1 shall apply on a combined basis for all investment firms that are part of a group. For the purpose of measuring the total annual gross revenue referred to in point (i) of paragraph 1, those investment firms may exclude any double counting that may arise in respect of gross revenues generated within the group.
The conditions set out in points (c) to (g) of paragraph 1 shall apply to each investment firm on an individual basis.
3.   Where an investment firm no longer meets all the conditions set out in paragraph 1, it shall cease to be considered to be a small and non‐interconnected investment firm, with immediate effect.
By way of derogation from the first subparagraph, where an investment firm no longer meets the conditions set out in points (a), (b), (h) or (i) of paragraph 1 but continues to meet the conditions set out in points (c) to (g) of that paragraph, it shall cease to be considered to be a small and non‐interconnected investment firm after a period of three months, calculated from the date on which the threshold was exceeded. The investment firm shall notify the competent authority without undue delay of any breach of a threshold.
4.   Where an investment firm which has not met all of the conditions set out in paragraph 1 subsequently meets them, it shall be considered to be a small and non‐interconnected investment firm only after a period of six months from the date on which those conditions are met, provided that no breach of a threshold has occurred during that period and the investment firm has notified the competent authority accordingly without delay.
Article 13
Fixed overheads requirement
1.   For the purposes of point (a) of Article 11(1), the fixed overheads requirement shall amount to at least one quarter of the fixed overheads of the preceding year. Investment firms shall use figures resulting from the applicable accounting framework.
2.   Where the competent authority considers that there has been a material change in the activities of an investment firm, the competent authority may adjust the amount of capital referred to in paragraph 1.
3.   Where an investment firm has not been in business for one year from the date on which it started providing investment services or performing investment activities, it shall use, for the purpose of calculation referred to in paragraph 1, the projected fixed overheads included in its projections for the first 12 months’ trading, as submitted with its application for authorisation.
4.   EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to supplement the calculation of the requirement referred to in paragraph 1 which includes at least the following items for deduction:
(a)
staff bonuses and other remuneration, to the extent that they depend on the net profit of the investment firm in the respective year;
(b)
employees’, directors’ and partners’ shares in profits;
(c)
other appropriations of profits and other variable remuneration, to the extent that they are fully discretionary;
(d)
shared commission and fees payable which are directly related to commission and fees receivable, which are included within total revenue, and where the payment of the commission and fees payable is contingent on the actual receipt of the commission and fees receivable;
(e)
fees to tied agents;
(f)
non‐recurring expenses from non‐ordinary activities.
EBA shall also specify for the purposes of this Article the notion of a material change.
EBA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 December 2020.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
Article 14
Permanent minimum capital requirement
For the purposes of point (b) of Article 11(1), the permanent minimum capital requirement shall amount to at least the levels of initial capital specified in Article 9 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
TITLE II
K-FACTOR REQUIREMENT
CHAPTER 1
General principles
Article 15
K‐factor requirement and applicable coefficients
1.   For the purposes of point (c) of Article 11(1), the K‐factor requirement shall amount to at least the sum of the following:
(a)
Risk‐to‐Client (RtC) K‐factors calculated in accordance with Chapter 2;
(b)
Risk‐to‐Market (RtM) K‐factors calculated in accordance with Chapter 3;
(c)
Risk‐to‐Firm (RtF) K‐factors calculated in accordance with Chapter 4.
2.   The following coefficients shall apply to the corresponding K‐factors:
Table 1
K‐FACTORS
COEFFICIENT
Assets under management under both discretionary portfolio management and nondiscretionary advisory arrangements of an ongoing nature
K‐AUM
0,02 %
Client money held
K‐CMH (on segregated accounts)
0,4 %
K‐CMH (on non‐segregated accounts)
0,5 %
Assets safeguarded and administered
K‐ASA
0,04 %
Client orders handled
K‐COH cash trades
0,1 %
K‐COH derivatives
0,01 %
Daily trading flow
K‐DTF cash trades
0,1 %
K‐DTF derivatives
0,01 %
3.   Investment firms shall monitor the value of their K‐factors for any trends that could leave them with a materially different own funds requirement for the purposes of Article 11 for the following reporting period under Part Seven and shall notify their competent authority of that materially different own funds requirement.
4.   Where competent authorities consider that there has been a material change in the business activities of an investment firm that impacts the amount of a relevant K‐factor, they may adjust the corresponding amount in accordance with point (a) of Article 39(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
5.   In order to ensure the uniform application of this Regulation and to take account of developments in financial markets, EBA shall, in consultation with ESMA, develop draft regulatory technical standards to:
(a)
specify the methods for measuring the K‐factors in Title II of Part Three;
(b)
specify the notion of segregated accounts for the purposes of this Regulation for the conditions that ensure the protection of client money in the event of the failure of an investment firm;
(c)
specify adjustments to the K‐DTF coefficients referred to in Table 1 of paragraph 2 of this Article in the event that, in stressed market condition as referred to in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/578 
(
25
)
, the K‐DTF requirements seem overly restrictive and detrimental to financial stability.
EBA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 December 2020.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
CHAPTER 2
RtC K‐factors
Article 16
RtC K‐factor requirement
The RtC K‐factor requirement is determined by the following formula:
K‐AUM + K‐CMH + K‐ASA + K‐COH
where:
K‐AUM is equal to AUM measured in accordance with Article 17, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient in Article 15(2);
K‐CMH is equal to CMH measured in accordance with Article 18, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient in Article 15(2);
K‐ASA is equal to ASA measured in accordance with Article 19, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient in Article 15(2);
K‐COH is equal to COH measured in accordance with Article 20, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient in Article 15(2).
Article 17
Measuring AUM for the purpose of calculating K‐AUM
1.   For the purpose of calculating K‐AUM, AUM shall be the rolling average of the value of the total monthly assets under management, measured on the last business day of each of the previous 15 months converted into the entities’ functional currency at that time, excluding the three most recent monthly values.
AUM shall be the arithmetic mean of the remaining 12 monthly values.
K‐AUM shall be calculated on the first business day of each month.
2.   Where the investment firm has formally delegated the management of assets to another financial entity, those assets shall be included in the total amount of AUM measured in accordance with paragraph 1.
Where another financial entity has formally delegated the management of assets to the investment firm, those assets shall be excluded from the total amount of assets under management measured in accordance with paragraph 1.
Where an investment firm has been managing assets for less than 15 months, or where it has done so for a longer period as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm and now exceeds the threshold for AUM, it shall use historical data for AUM for the period specified under paragraph 1 as soon as such data becomes available to calculate K‐AUM. The competent authority may replace missing historical data points by regulatory determinations based on the business projections of the investment firm submitted in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2014/65/EU.
Article 18
Measuring CMH for the purpose of calculating K‐CMH
1.   For the purpose of calculating K‐CMH, CMH shall be the rolling average of the value of total daily client money held, measured at the end of each business day for the previous nine months, excluding the three most recent months.
CMH shall be the arithmetic mean of the daily values from the remaining six months.
K‐CMH shall be calculated on the first business day of each month.
2.   Where an investment firm has been holding client money for less than nine months, it shall use historical data for CMH for the period specified under paragraph 1 as soon as such data becomes available to calculate K‐CMH.
The competent authority may replace missing historical data points by regulatory determinations based on the business projections of the investment firm submitted in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2014/65/EU.
Article 19
Measuring ASA for the purpose of calculating K‐ASA
1.   For the purpose of calculating K‐ASA, ASA shall be the rolling average of the value of the total daily assets safeguarded and administered, measured at the end of each business day for the previous nine months, excluding the three most recent months.
ASA shall be the arithmetic mean of the daily values from the remaining six months.
K‐ASA shall be calculated on the first business day of each month.
2.   Where an investment firm has formally delegated the tasks of safeguarding and administration of assets to another financial entity, or where another financial entity has formally delegated such tasks to the investment firm, those assets shall be included in the total amount of ASA which is measured in accordance with paragraph 1.
3.   Where an investment firm has been safeguarding and administering assets for less than six months, it shall use historical data for ASA for the period specified under paragraph 1 as soon as such data becomes available to calculate K‐ASA. The competent authority may replace missing historical data points by regulatory determinations based on the business projections of the investment firm submitted in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2014/65/EU.
Article 20
Measuring COH for the purpose of calculating K‐COH
1.   For the purpose of calculating K‐COH, COH shall be the rolling average of the value of the total daily client orders handled, measured throughout each business day over the previous six months, excluding the three most recent months.
COH shall be the arithmetic mean of the daily values from the remaining three months.
K‐COH shall be calculated on the first business day of each month.
2.   COH shall be measured as the sum of the absolute value of buys and the absolute value of sells for both cash trades and derivatives in accordance with the following:
(a)
for cash trades, the value is the amount paid or received on each trade;
(b)
for derivatives, the value of the trade is the notional amount of the contract.
The notional amount of interest rate derivatives shall be adjusted for the time to maturity (in years) of those contracts. The notional amount shall be multiplied by the duration set out in the following formula:
Duration = time to maturity(in years) / 10
Without prejudice to the fifth subparagraph, COH shall include transactions executed by investment firms providing portfolio management services on behalf of investment funds.
COH shall include transactions which arise from investment advice in respect of which an investment firm does not calculate K‐AUM.
COH shall exclude transactions handled by the investment firm that arise from the servicing of a client’s investment portfolio where the investment firm already calculates K‐AUM in respect of that client’s investments or where that activity relates to the delegation of management of assets to the investment firm not contributing to the AUM of that investment firm by virtue of Article 17(2).
COH shall exclude transactions executed by the investment firm in its own name either for itself or on behalf of a client.
Investment firms may exclude from the measurement of COH any orders which have not been executed, where such non‐execution is due to the timely cancellation of the order by the client.
3.   Where an investment firm has been handling client orders for less than six months, or has done so for a longer period as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm, it shall use historical data for COH for the period specified under paragraph 1 as soon as such data becomes available to calculate K‐COH. The competent authority may replace missing historical data points by regulatory determinations based on the business projections of the investment firm submitted in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2014/65/EU.
CHAPTER 3
RtM K‐Factors
Article 21
RtM K‐factor requirement
1.   The RtM K‐factor requirement for the trading book positions of an investment firm dealing on own account, whether for itself or on behalf of a client shall be either K‐NPR calculated in accordance with Article 22 or K‐CMG calculated in accordance with Article 23.
2.   Investment firms shall manage their trading book in accordance with Chapter 3 of Title I of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
3.   The RtM K‐factor requirement applies to all trading book positions, which include in particular positions in debt instruments (including securitisation instruments), equity instruments, collective investment undertakings (CIUs), foreign exchange and gold, and commodities (including emission allowances).
4.   For the purpose of calculating the RtM K‐factor requirement, an investment firm shall include positions other than trading book positions where those give rise to foreign exchange risk or commodity risk.
Article 22
Calculating K‐NPR
For the purpose of calculating K‐NPR, the own funds requirement for the trading book positions of an investment firm dealing on own account, whether for itself or on behalf of a client, shall be calculated using one of the following approaches:
(a)
the standardised approach set out in Chapters 2, 3 and 4 of Title IV of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(b)
the alternative standardised approach set out in Chapter 1a of Title IV of Part Three of the Regulation No (EU) No 575/2013;
(c)
the alternative internal model approach set out in Chapter 1b of Title IV of Part Three of the Regulation No (EU) No 575/2013.
Article 23
Calculating K‐CMG
1.   For the purposes of Article 21, the competent authority shall allow an investment firm to calculate K‐CMG for all positions that are subject to clearing, or on a portfolio basis, where the whole portfolio is subject to clearing or margining, under the following conditions:
(a)
the investment firm is not part of a group containing a credit institution;
(b)
the clearing and settlement of these transactions take place under the responsibility of a clearing member of a QCCP and that clearing member is a credit institution or an investment firm referred to in Article 1(2) of this Regulation, and the transactions are either centrally cleared in a QCCP or otherwise settled on a delivery versus payment basis under the responsibility of that clearing member;
(c)
the calculation of the total margin required by the clearing member is based on a margin model of the clearing member;
(d)
the investment firm has demonstrated to the competent authority that the choice of calculating RtM with K‐CMG is justified by certain criteria, which may include the nature of the main activities of the investment firm which shall essentially be trading activities subject to clearing and margining under the responsibility of a clearing member, and the fact that other activities performed by the investment firm are immaterial in comparison to those main activities; and
(e)
the competent authority has assessed that the choice of the portfolio(s) subject to K‐CMG has not been made with a view to engaging in regulatory arbitrage of the own funds requirements in a disproportionate or prudentially unsound manner.
For the purpose of point (c) of the first subparagraph, the competent authority shall carry out a regular assessment to confirm that the margin model leads to margin requirements that reflect the risk characteristics of the products the investment firms trade in and takes into account the interval between margin collections, market liquidity and the possibility of changes over the duration of the transaction.
The margin requirements shall be sufficient to cover losses that may result from at least 99 % of the exposures movements over an appropriate time horizon with at least a two‐business days holding period. The margin models used by that clearing member to call the margin referred to in point (c) of the first subparagraph of this paragraph shall always be designed to achieve a level of prudence similar to that required in the provisions on margin requirements in Article 41 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012.
2.   K‐CMG shall be the third highest amount of total margin required on a daily basis by the clearing member from the investment firm over the preceding three months, multiplied by a factor of 1,3.
3.   EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify the calculation of the amount of the total margin required and the method of calculation of K‐CMG as referred to in paragraph 2, in particular where K‐CMG is applied on a portfolio basis, and the conditions for the fulfilment of the provisions in point (e) of paragraph 1.
EBA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 December 2020.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
CHAPTER 4
RtF K‐factors
Article 24
RtF K‐factor requirement
The RtF K‐factor requirement is determined by the following formula:
K-TCD + K-DTF + K-CON
where:
K‐TCD is equal to the amount calculated in accordance with Article 26;
K‐DTF is equal to DTF measured in accordance with Article 33, multiplied by the corresponding coefficient established in Article 15(2) and
K‐CON is equal to the amount calculated in accordance with Article 39.
K‐TCD and K‐CON shall be based on the transactions recorded in the trading book of an investment firm dealing on own account, whether for itself or on behalf of a client.
K‐DTF shall be based on the transactions recorded in the trading book of an investment firm dealing on own account, whether for itself or on behalf of a client, and the transactions that an investment firm enters into through the execution of orders on behalf of clients in its own name.
Section 1
Trading counterparty default
Article 25
Scope
1.   This Section applies to the following contracts and transactions:
(a)
derivative contracts listed in Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, with the exception of the following:
(i)
derivative contracts directly or indirectly cleared through a central counterparty (CCP) where all of the following conditions are met:
—
the positions and assets of the investment firm related to those contracts are distinguished and segregated, at the level of both the clearing member and the CCP, from the positions and assets of both the clearing member and the other clients of that clearing member and, as a result of that distinction and segregation, those positions and assets are bankruptcy remote under national law in the event of the default or insolvency of the clearing member or one or more of its other clients,
—
laws, regulations, rules and contractual arrangements applicable to or binding the clearing member facilitate the transfer of the client’s positions relating to those contracts and of the corresponding collateral to another clearing member within the applicable margin period of risk in the event of default or insolvency of the original clearing member,
—
the investment firm has obtained an independent, written and reasoned legal opinion which concludes that, in the event of a legal challenge, the investment firm would bear no losses on account of the insolvency of its clearing member or of any of its clearing member’s clients;
(ii)
exchange‐traded derivative contracts;
(iii)
derivative contracts held for hedging a position of the investment firm resulting from a non‐trading book activity;
(b)
long settlement transactions;
(c)
repurchase transactions;
(d)
securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions;
(e)
margin lending transactions;
(f)
any other type of SFTs;
(g)
credits and loans referred to in point (2) of Section B of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU, if the investment firm is executing the trade in the name of the client or receiving and transmitting the order without executing it.
For the purposes of point (a)(i) of the first subparagraph, derivative contracts directly or indirectly cleared through a QCCP shall be deemed to meet the conditions set out in that point.
2.   Transactions with the following types of counterparties shall be excluded from the calculation of K‐TCD:
(a)
central governments and central banks, where the underlying exposures would receive a 0 % risk weight under Article 114 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(b)
multilateral development banks listed in Article 117(2) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(c)
international organisations listed in Article 118 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
3.   Subject to the prior approval of the competent authorities, an investment firm may exclude from the scope of the calculation of K‐TCD transactions with a counterparty which is its parent undertaking, its subsidiary, a subsidiary of its parent undertaking or an undertaking linked by a relationship within the meaning of Article 22(7) of Directive 2013/34/EU. Competent authorities shall grant approval if the following conditions are fulfilled:
(a)
the counterparty is a credit institution, an investment firm, or a financial institution, subject to appropriate prudential requirements;
(b)
the counterparty is included in the same prudential consolidation as the investment firm on a full basis in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 or Article 7 of this Regulation, or the counterparty and the investment firm are supervised for compliance with the group capital test in accordance with Article 8 of this Regulation;
(c)
the counterparty is subject to the same risk evaluation, measurement and control procedures as the investment firm;
(d)
the counterparty is established in the same Member State as the investment firm;
(e)
there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of own funds or repayment of liabilities from the counterparty to the investment firm.
4.   By way of derogation from this Section, an investment firm may, subject to the approval of the competent authority, calculate the exposure value of derivative contracts listed in Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and for the transactions referred to in points (b) to (f) of paragraph 1 of this Article by applying one of the methods set out in Section 3, 4 or 5, Chapter 6, Title II, Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and calculate the related own funds requirements by multiplying the exposure value by the risk factor defined per counterparty type as set out in Table 2 in Article 26 of this Regulation.
Investment firms included in the supervision on a consolidated basis in accordance with Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 may calculate the related own funds requirement by multiplying the risk weighted exposure amounts, calculated in accordance with Section 1 of Chapter 2 of Title II of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, by 8 %.
5.   When applying the derogation in paragraph 4 of this Article, investment firms shall also apply a credit valuation adjustment (CVA) factor by multiplying the own funds requirement, calculated in accordance with paragraph 2 of this Article, by the CVA calculated in accordance with Article 32.
Rather than applying the CVA factor multiplier, investment firms included in the supervision on a consolidated basis in accordance with Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 may calculate own funds requirements for credit valuation adjustment risk in accordance with Title VI of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
Article 26
Calculating K‐TCD
For the purpose of calculating K‐TCD, the own funds requirement shall be determined by the following formula:
Own funds requirement = α • EV • RF • CVA
where:
α = 1,2;
EV = the exposure value calculated in accordance with Article 27;
RF = the risk factor defined per counterparty type as set out in Table 2; and
CVA = the credit valuation adjustment calculated in accordance with Article 32.
Table 2
Counterparty type
Risk factor
Central governments, central banks and public sector entities
1,6 %
Credit institutions and investment firms
1,6 %
Other counterparties
8 %
Article 27
Calculation of exposure value
The calculation of the exposure value shall be determined in accordance with the following formula:
Exposure value = Max(0; RC + PFE – C)
where:
RC = replacement cost as determined in Article 28;
PFE = potential future exposure as determined in Article 29; and
C = collateral as determined in Article 30.
The replacement cost (RC) and collateral (C) shall apply to all transactions referred to in Article 25.
The potential future exposure (PFE) applies only to derivative contracts.
An investment firm may calculate a single exposure value at netting level for all the transactions covered by a contractual netting agreement, subject to the conditions laid down in Article 31. Where any of those conditions is not met, the investment firm shall treat each transaction as if it was its own netting set.
Article 28
Replacement cost (RC)
The replacement cost referred to in Article 27 shall be determined as follows:
(a)
for derivative contracts, RC is determined as the CMV;
(b)
for long settlement transactions, RC is determined as the settlement amount of cash to be paid or to be received by the investment firm upon settlement; a receivable is to be treated as a positive amount and a payable is to be treated as a negative amount;
(c)
for repurchase transactions and securities or commodities lending or borrowing transactions, RC is determined as the amount of cash lent or borrowed; cash lent by the investment firm is to be treated as a positive amount and cash borrowed by the investment firm is to be treated as a negative amount;
(d)
for securities financing transactions, where both legs of the transaction are securities, RC is determined by the CMV of the security lent by the investment firm; the CMV shall be increased using the corresponding volatility adjustment in Table 4 of Article 30;
(e)
for margin lending transactions and credits and loans referred to in point (g) of Article 25(1), RC is determined by the book value of the asset in accordance with the applicable accounting framework.
Article 29
Potential future exposure
1.   The potential future exposure (PFE) referred to in Article 27 shall be calculated for each derivative as the product of:
(a)
the effective notional (EN) amount of the transaction set in accordance with paragraphs 2 to 6 of this Article; and
(b)
the supervisory factor (SF) set in accordance with paragraph 7 of this Article.
2.   The effective notional (EN) amount shall be the product of the notional amount calculated in accordance with paragraph 3, its duration calculated in accordance with paragraph 4, and its supervisory delta calculated in accordance with paragraph 6.
3.   The notional amount, unless clearly stated and fixed until maturity, shall be determined as follows:
(a)
for foreign exchange derivative contracts, the notional amount is defined as the notional amount of the foreign currency leg of the contract, converted to the domestic currency; if both legs of a foreign exchange derivative are denominated in currencies other than the domestic currency, the notional amount of each leg is converted to the domestic currency and the leg with the larger domestic currency value is the notional amount;
(b)
for equity and commodity derivatives contracts and emission allowances and derivatives thereof, the notional amount is defined as the product of the market price of one unit of the instrument and the number of units referenced by the trade;
(c)
for transactions with multiple payoffs that are state contingent including digital options or target redemption forwards, an investment firm shall calculate the notional amount for each state and use the largest resulting calculation;
(d)
where the notional is a formula of market values, the investment firm shall enter the CMVs to determine the trade notional amount;
(e)
for variable notional swaps such as amortising and accreting swaps, investment firms shall use the average notional over the remaining life of the swap as the trade notional amount;
(f)
leveraged swaps shall be converted to the notional amount of the equivalent unleveraged swap so that where all rates in a swap are multiplied by a factor, the stated notional amount is multiplied by the factor on the interest rates to determine the notional amount;
(g)
for a derivative contract with multiple exchanges of principal, the notional amount shall be multiplied by the number of exchanges of principal in the derivative contract to determine the notional amount.
4.   The notional amount of interest rate contracts and credit derivative contracts for the time to maturity (in years) of those contracts shall be adjusted according to the duration set out in the following formula:
Duration = (1 – exp(–0,05 • time to maturity)) / 0,05
For derivative contracts other than interest rate contracts and credit derivative contracts the duration shall be 1.
5.   The maturity of a contract shall be the latest date on which the contract may still be executed.
If the derivative references the value of another interest rate or credit instrument, the time period shall be determined on the basis of the underlying instrument.
For options, the maturity shall be the latest contractual exercise date as specified by the contract.
For a derivative contract that is structured such that on specified dates any outstanding exposure is settled and the terms are reset so that the fair value of the contract is zero, the remaining maturity shall equal the time until the next reset date.
6.   The supervisory delta of options and swaptions may be calculated by the investment firm itself, using an appropriate model subject to the approval of competent authorities. The model shall estimate the rate of change of the value of the option with respect to small changes in the market value of the underlying. For transactions other than options and swaptions or where no model has been approved by the competent authorities, the delta shall be 1.
7.   The supervisory factor (SF) for each asset class shall be set in accordance with the following table:
Table 3
Asset class
Supervisory factor
Interest rate
0,5 %
Foreign exchange
4 %
Credit
1 %
Equity single name
32 %
Equity index
20 %
Commodity and emission allowance
18 %
Other
32 %
8.   The potential future exposure of a netting set is the sum of the potential future exposure of all transactions included in the netting set, multiplied by:
(a)
0,42, for netting sets of transactions with financial and non‐financial counterparties for which collateral is exchanged bilaterally with the counterparty, if required, in accordance with the conditions laid down in Article 11 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012;
(b)
1, for other netting sets.
Article 30
Collateral
1.   All collateral for both bilateral and cleared transactions referred to in Article 25 shall be subject to volatility adjustments in accordance with the following table:
Table 4
Asset class
Volatility adjustment repurchase transactions
Volatility adjustment other transactions
Debt securities issued by central governments or central banks
≤ 1 year
0,707 %
1 %
> 1 year ≤ 5 years
2,121 %
3 %
> 5 years
4,243 %
6 %
Debt securities issued by other entities
≤ 1 year
1,414 %
2 %
> 1 year ≤ 5 years
4,243 %
6 %
> 5 years
8,485 %
12 %
Securitisation positions
≤ 1 year
2,828 %
4 %
> 1 year ≤ 5 years
8,485 %
12 %
> 5 years
16,970 %
24 %
Listed equities and convertibles
14,143 %
20 %
Other securities and commodities
17,678 %
25 %
Gold
10,607 %
15 %
Cash
0 %
0 %
For the purposes of Table 4, securitisation positions shall not include re‐securitisation positions.
Competent authorities may change the volatility adjustment for certain types of commodities for which there are different levels of volatility in prices. They shall notify EBA of such decisions together with the reasons for the changes.
2.   The value of collateral shall be determined as follows:
(a)
for the purposes of points (a), (e) and (g) of Article 25(1), by the amount of collateral received by the investment firm from its counterparty decreased in accordance with Table 4;
(b)
for the transactions referred to in points (b), (c), (d) and (f) of Article 25(1), by the sum of the CMV of the security leg and the net amount of collateral posted or received by the investment firm.
For securities financing transactions, where both legs of the transaction are securities, collateral is determined by the CMV of the security borrowed by the investment firm.
Where the investment firm is purchasing or has lent the security, the CMV of the security shall be treated as a negative amount and shall be decreased to a larger negative amount, using the volatility adjustment in Table 4. Where the investment firm is selling or has borrowed the security, the CMV of the security shall be treated as a positive amount and be decreased using the volatility adjustment in Table 4.
Where different types of transactions are covered by a contractual netting agreement, subject to the conditions laid down in Article 31, the applicable volatility adjustments for ‘other transactions’ of Table 4 shall be applied to the respective amounts calculated under points (a) and (b) of the first subparagraph on an issuer basis within each asset class.
3.   Where there is a currency mismatch between the transaction and the collateral received or posted, an additional currency mismatch volatility adjustment of 8 % shall apply.
Article 31
Netting
For the purposes of this Section, an investment firm may, first, treat perfectly matching contracts included in a netting agreement as if they were a single contract with a notional principal equivalent to the net receipts, second, net other transactions subject to novation under which all obligations between the investment firm and its counterparty are automatically amalgamated in such a way that the novation legally substitutes one single net amount for the previous gross obligations, and third, net other transactions where the investment firm ensures that the following conditions have been met:
(a)
a netting contract with the counterparty or other agreement which creates a single legal obligation covers all included transactions, such that the investment firm would have either a claim to receive or obligation to pay only the net sum of the positive and negative mark‐to‐market values of included individual transactions in the event a counterparty fails to perform due to any of the following:
(i)
default;
(ii)
bankruptcy;
(iii)
liquidation; or
(iv)
similar circumstances;
(b)
the netting contract does not contain any clause which, in the event of default of a counterparty, permits a non‐defaulting counterparty to make limited payments only, or no payments at all, to the estate of the defaulting party, even if the defaulting party is a net creditor;
(c)
the investment firm has obtained an independent, written and reasoned legal opinion that, in the event of a legal challenge of the netting agreement, the investment firm’s claims and obligations would be equivalent to those referred to in point (a) under the following legal regime:
(i)
the law of the jurisdiction in which the counterparty is incorporated;
(ii)
if a foreign branch of a counterparty is involved, the law of jurisdiction in which the branch is located;
(iii)
the law that governs the individual transactions included in the netting agreement; or
(iv)
the law that governs any contract or agreement necessary to effect the netting.
Article 32
Credit valuation adjustment
For the purposes of this Section, CVA means an adjustment to the mid‐market valuation of the portfolio of transactions with a counterparty which reflects the CMV of the credit risk of the counterparty to the investment firm, but does not reflect the CMV of the credit risk of the investment firm to the counterparty.
CVA shall be 1,5 for all transactions other than the following transactions, for which CVA shall be 1:
(a)
transactions with non‐financial counterparties as defined in point (9) of Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012, or with non‐financial counterparties established in a third country, where those transactions do not exceed the clearing threshold as specified in Article 10(3) and (4) of that Regulation;
(b)
intragroup transactions as provided for in Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012;
(c)
long settlement transactions;
(d)
SFTs, including margin lending transactions, unless the competent authority determines that the investment firm’s CVA risk exposures arising from those transactions are material; and
(e)
credits and loans referred to in point (g) of Article 25(1).
Section 2
Daily trading flow
Article 33
Measuring DTF for the purpose of calculating K‐DTF
1.   For the purpose of calculating K‐DTF, DTF shall be the rolling average of the value of the total daily trading flow, measured throughout each business day over the previous nine months, excluding the three most recent months.
DTF shall be the arithmetic mean of the daily values from the remaining six months.
K‐DTF shall be calculated on the first business day of each month.
2.   DTF shall be measured as the sum of the absolute value of buys and the absolute value of sells for both cash trades and derivatives in accordance with the following:
(a)
for cash trades, the value is the amount paid or received on each trade;
(b)
for derivatives, the value of the trade is the notional amount of the contract.
The notional amount of interest rate derivatives shall be adjusted for the time to maturity (in years) of those contracts. The notional amount shall be multiplied by the duration set out in the following formula:
Duration = time to maturity(in years) / 10
3.   DTF shall exclude transactions executed by an investment firm for the purpose of providing portfolio management services on behalf of investment funds.
DTF shall include transactions executed by an investment firm in its own name either for itself or on behalf of a client.
4.   Where an investment firm has had a daily trading flow for less than nine months, it shall use historical data for DTF for the period specified under paragraph 1 as soon as such data becomes available to calculate K‐DTF. The competent authority may replace missing historical data points by regulatory determinations based on the business projections of the investment firm submitted in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2014/65/EU.
CHAPTER 5
Environmental and social objectives
Article 34
Prudential treatment of assets exposed to activities associated with environmental or social objectives
1.   EBA, after consulting the European Systemic Risk Board, shall assess, on the basis of available data and the findings of the Commission’s High‐Level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance, whether dedicated prudential treatment of assets exposed to activities associated substantially with environmental or social objectives, in the form of adjusted K‐factors or adjusted K‐factor coefficients, would be justified from a prudential perspective. In particular, EBA shall assess the following:
(a)
methodological options for assessing the exposures of asset classes to activities substantially associated with environmental or social objectives;
(b)
specific risk profiles of assets exposed to activities associated substantially with environmental or social objectives;
(c)
risks related to the depreciation of assets due to regulatory changes such as climate change mitigation;
(d)
potential effects of dedicated prudential treatment of assets exposed to activities associated substantially with environmental or social objectives on financial stability.
2.   EBA shall submit a report on its findings to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the Commission by 26 December 2021.
3.   On the basis of the report referred to in paragraph 2, the Commission shall, if appropriate, submit a legislative proposal to the European Parliament and the Council.
PART FOUR
CONCENTRATION RISK
Article 35
Monitoring obligation
1.   Investment firms shall monitor and control their concentration risk in accordance with this Part by means of sound administrative and accounting procedures and robust internal control mechanisms.
2.   For the purposes of this Part, the terms ‘credit institution’ and ‘investment firm’ include private or public undertakings, including the branches of such undertakings, provided that those undertakings, if they were established in the Union, would be credit institutions or investment firms as defined in this Regulation, and provided that those undertakings have been authorised in a third country that applies prudential supervisory and regulatory requirements at least equivalent to those applied in the Union.
Article 36
Calculation of the exposure value
1.   Investment firms that do not meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) shall calculate the exposure value with regard to a client or group of connected clients for the purposes of this Part by adding together the following items:
(a)
the positive excess of the investment firm’s long positions over its short positions in all the trading book financial instruments issued by the client in question, the net position for each instrument calculated in accordance with the provisions referred to in points (a), (b) and (c) of Article 22;
(b)
the exposure value of contracts and transactions referred to in Article 25(1) with the client in question, calculated in the manner laid down in Article 27.
For the purposes of point (a) of the first subparagraph, an investment firm that, for the purposes of the RtM K‐factor requirement, calculates own funds requirements for the trading book positions in accordance with the approach specified in Article 23 shall calculate the net position for the purposes of the concentration risk of those positions in accordance with the provisions referred to in point (a) of Article 22.
For the purposes of point (b) of the first subparagraph of this paragraph, an investment firm that, for the purposes of K‐TCD, calculates own funds requirements by applying the methods referred to in Article 25(4) of this Regulation shall calculate the exposure value of the contracts and transactions referred to in Article 25(1) of this Regulation by applying the methods set out in Section 3, 4 or 5 of Chapter 6 of Title II of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
2.   The exposure value with regard to a group of connected clients shall be calculated by adding together the exposures to the individual clients within the group, which shall be treated as a single exposure.
3.   In calculating the exposure value with regard to a client or a group of connected clients, an investment firm shall take all reasonable steps to identify underlying assets in relevant transactions and the counterparty of the underlying exposures.
Article 37
Limits with regard to concentration risk and exposure value excess
1.   An investment firm’s limit with regard to the concentration risk of an exposure value with regard to an individual client or group of connected clients shall be 25 % of its own funds.
Where that individual client is a credit institution or an investment firm, or where a group of connected clients includes one or more credit institutions or investment firms, the limit with regard to concentration risk shall be the higher of 25 % of the investment firm’s own funds or EUR 150 million provided that for the sum of exposure values with regard to all connected clients that are not credit institutions or investment firms, the limit with regard to concentration risk remains at 25 % of the investment firms’ own funds.
Where the amount of EUR 150 million is higher than 25 % of the investment firm’s own funds, the limit with regard to concentration risk shall not exceed 100 % of the investment firm’s own funds.
2.   Where the limits referred to in paragraph 1 are exceeded, an investment firm shall meet the obligation to notify set out in Article 38 and meet an own funds requirement on the exposure value excess in accordance with Article 39.
Investment firms shall calculate an exposure value excess with regard to an individual client or group of connected clients in accordance with the following formula:
exposure value excess = EV – L
where:
EV = exposure value calculated in the manner laid down in Article 36; and
L = limit with regard to concentration risk as determined in paragraph 1 of this Article.
3.   The exposure value with regard to an individual client or group of connected clients shall not exceed:
(a)
500 % of the investment firm’s own funds, where 10 days or less have elapsed since the excess occurred;
(b)
in aggregate, 600 % of the investment firm’s own funds, for any excesses that have persisted for more than 10 days.
Article 38
Obligation to notify
1.   Where the limits referred to in Article 37 are exceeded, an investment firm shall notify the competent authorities of the amount of the excess, the name of the individual client concerned and, where applicable, the name of the group of connected clients concerned, without delay.
2.   Competent authorities may grant the investment firm a limited period to comply with the limit referred to in Article 37.
Article 39
Calculating K‐CON
1.   The K‐CON own funds requirement shall be the aggregate amount of the own funds requirement calculated for each client or group of connected clients as the own funds requirement of the appropriate line in Column 1 in Table 6 that accounts for a part of the total individual excess, multiplied by:
(a)
200 %, where the excess has not persisted for more than 10 days;
(b)
the corresponding factor in Column 2 of Table 6, after the period of 10 days calculated from the date on which the excess has occurred, by allocating each proportion of the excess to the appropriate line in Column 1 of Table 6.
2.   The own funds requirement of the excess referred to in paragraph 1 shall be calculated in accordance with the following formula:
where:
OFRE = own funds requirement for the excess;
OFR = own funds requirement of exposures to an individual client or groups of connected clients, calculated by adding together the own funds requirements of the exposures to the individual clients within the group, which shall be treated as a single exposure;
EV = exposure value calculated in the manner laid down in Article 36;
EVE = exposure value excess calculated in the manner laid down in Article 37(2).
For the purpose of calculating K‐CON, the own funds requirements of exposures arising from the positive excess of an investment firm’s long positions over its short positions in all the trading book financial instruments issued by the client in question, the net position of each instrument calculated in accordance with the provisions referred to in points (a), (b) and (c) of Article 22 shall only include specific‐risk requirements.
An investment firm that, for the purposes of the RtM K‐factor requirement, calculates own funds requirements for trading book positions in accordance with the approach specified in Article 23 shall calculate the own funds requirement of the exposure for the purposes of the concentration risk of those positions in accordance with the provisions referred to in point (a) of Article 22.
Table 6
Column 1:
Exposure value excess as a percentage of own funds
Column 2:
Factors
Up to 40 %
200 %
From 40 % to 60 %
300 %
From 60 % to 80 %
400 %
From 80 % to 100 %
500 %
From 100 % to 250 %
600 %
Over 250 %
900 %
Article 40
Procedures to prevent investment firms from avoiding the K‐CON own funds requirement
1.   Investment firms shall not temporarily transfer exposures exceeding the limit laid down in Article 37(1) to another company, whether within the same group or not, or enter into artificial transactions to close out those exposures during the 10‐day period referred to in Article 39 and create new exposures.
2.   Investment firms shall maintain systems which ensure that any transfer as referred to in paragraph 1 is immediately reported to the competent authorities.
Article 41
Exclusions
1.   The following exposures shall be excluded from the requirements set out in Article 37:
(a)
exposures which are entirely deducted from an investment firm’s own funds;
(b)
exposures incurred in the ordinary course of the settlement of payment services, foreign currency transactions, securities transactions and the provision of money transmission;
(c)
exposures constituting claims against:
(i)
central governments, central banks, public sector entities, international organisations or multilateral development banks and exposures guaranteed by or attributable to such persons, where those exposures receive a 0 % risk weight under Articles 114 to 118 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013;
(ii)
the regional governments and local authorities of countries that are members of the European Economic Area;
(iii)
central counterparties and default fund contributions to central counterparties.
2.   Competent authorities may fully or partially exempt the following exposures from the application of Article 37:
(a)
covered bonds;
(b)
exposures incurred by an investment firm to its parent undertaking, to other subsidiaries of that parent undertaking or to its own subsidiaries, insofar as those undertakings are supervised on a consolidated basis in accordance with Article 7 of this Regulation or with Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, are supervised for compliance with the group capital test in accordance with Article 8 of this Regulation, or are supervised in accordance with equivalent standards in force in a third country, and provided that the following conditions are met:
(i)
there is no current or foreseen material practical or legal impediment to the prompt transfer of capital or repayment of liabilities by the parent undertaking; and
(ii)
the risk evaluation, measurement and control procedures of the parent undertaking include the financial sector entity.
Article 42
Exemption for commodity and emission allowance dealers
1.   The provisions of this Part shall not apply to commodity and emission allowance dealers where all the following conditions are met:
(a)
the other counterparty is a non‐financial counterparty;
(b)
both counterparties are subject to appropriate centralised risk evaluation, measurement and control procedures;
(c)
the transaction can be assessed as reducing risks directly relating to the commercial activity or treasury financing activity of the non‐financial counterparty or of that group.
2.   Investment firms shall notify the competent authority before using the exemption referred to in paragraph 1.
PART FIVE
LIQUIDITY
Article 43
Liquidity requirement
1.   Investment firms shall hold an amount of liquid assets equivalent to at least one third of the fixed overhead requirement calculated in accordance with Article 13(1).
By way of derogation from the first subparagraph of this paragraph, competent authorities may exempt investment firms that meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) from the application of the first subparagraph of this paragraph and shall duly inform EBA thereof.
For the purposes of the first subparagraph, liquid assets shall be any of the following, without limitation to their composition:
(a)
the assets referred to in Articles 10 to 13 of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61, subject to the same conditions regarding eligibility criteria and the same applicable haircuts as those laid down in those Articles;
(b)
the assets referred to in Article 15 of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61, up to an absolute amount of EUR 50 million or the equivalent amount in domestic currency, subject to the same conditions regarding eligibility criteria, with the exception of the EUR 500 million threshold amount referred to in Article 15(1) of that Regulation, and the same applicable haircuts as those laid down in in that Article;
(c)
financial instruments not covered by points (a) and (b) of this subparagraph, traded on a trading venue for which there is a liquid market as defined in point (17) of Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 and in Articles 1 to 5 of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/567 
(
26
)
, subject to a haircut of 55 %;
(d)
unencumbered short‐term deposits at a credit institution.
2.   Cash, short term deposits and financial instruments belonging to clients, even where held in the own name of the investment firm, shall not be treated as liquid assets for the purposes of paragraph 1.
3.   For the purposes of paragraph 1 of this Article, investment firms that meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) of this Regulation and investment firms that do not meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) of this Regulation but which do not carry out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU may also include receivables from trade debtors as well as fees or commissions receivable within 30 days in their liquid assets, where those receivables comply with the following conditions:
(a)
they account for up to a maximum of one third of the minimum liquidity requirements as referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article;
(b)
they are not to be counted towards any additional liquidity requirements required by the competent authority for firm‐specific risks in accordance with point (k) of Article 39(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034;
(c)
they are subject to a haircut of 50 %.
4.   For the purposes of the second subparagraph of paragraph 1, EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall issue guidelines specifying further the criteria which the competent authorities may take into account when exempting investment firms that meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) from the liquidity requirement.
Article 44
Temporary reduction of the liquidity requirement
1.   Investment firms may, in exceptional circumstances, and after approval by the competent authority, reduce the amount of liquid assets held.
2.   Compliance with the liquidity requirement set out in Article 43(1) shall be restored within 30 days of the original reduction.
Article 45
Client guarantees
Investment firms shall increase their liquid assets by 1,6 % of the total amount of guarantees provided to clients.
PART SIX
DISCLOSURE BY INVESTMENT FIRMS
Article 46
Scope
1.   Investment firms that do not meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) shall publicly disclose the information specified in this Part on the same date as they publish their annual financial statements.
2.   Investment firms that meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) which issue Additional Tier 1 instruments shall publicly disclose the information set out in Articles 47, 49 and 50 on the same date as they publish their annual financial statements.
3.   Where an investment firm no longer meets all the conditions for qualifying as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm set out in Article 12(1), it shall publicly disclose the information set out in this Part as of the financial year following the financial year in which it ceased to meet those conditions.
4.   Investment firms may determine the appropriate medium and location to comply effectively with the disclosure requirements referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2. All disclosures shall be provided in one medium or location, where possible. If the same or similar information is disclosed in two or more media, a reference to the synonymous information in the other media shall be included within each medium.
Article 47
Risk management objectives and policies
Investment firms shall disclose their risk management objectives and policies for each separate category of risk set out in Parts Three, Four and Five in accordance with Article 46, including a summary of the strategies and processes to manage those risks and a concise risk statement approved by the investment firm’s management body succinctly describing the investment firm’s overall risk profile associated with the business strategy.
Article 48
Governance
Investment firms shall disclose the following information regarding internal governance arrangements, in accordance with Article 46:
(a)
the number of directorships held by members of the management body;
(b)
the policy on diversity with regard to the selection of members of the management body, its objectives and any relevant targets set out in that policy, and the extent to which those objectives and targets have been achieved;
(c)
whether or not the investment firm has set up a separate risk committee and the number of times the risk committee has met annually.
Article 49
Own funds
1.   Investment firms shall disclose the following information regarding their own funds, in accordance with Article 46:
(a)
a full reconciliation of Common Equity Tier 1 items, Additional Tier 1 items, Tier 2 items and applicable filters and deductions applied to own funds of the investment firm and the balance sheet in the audited financial statements of the investment firm;
(b)
a description of the main features of the Common Equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 instruments and Tier 2 instruments issued by the investment firm;
(c)
a description of all restrictions applied to the calculation of own funds in accordance with this Regulation and the instruments and deductions to which those restrictions apply.
2.   EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall develop draft implementing technical standards to specify templates for disclosure under points (a), (b) and (c) of paragraph 1.
EBA shall submit those draft implementing technical standards to the Commission by 26 June 2021.
Power is conferred on the Commission to adopt the implementing technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
Article 50
Own funds requirements
Investment firms shall disclose the following information regarding their compliance with the requirements laid down in Article 11(1) of this Regulation and in Article 24 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034, in accordance with Article 46 of this Regulation:
(a)
a summary of the investment firm’s approach to assessing the adequacy of its internal capital to support current and future activities;
(b)
upon a request from the competent authority, the result of the investment firm’s internal capital adequacy assessment process, including the composition of the additional own funds based on the supervisory review process as referred to in point (a) of Article 39(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034;
(c)
the K‐factor requirements calculated, in accordance with Article 15 of this Regulation, in aggregate form for RtM, RtF, and RtC, based on the sum of the applicable K‐factors; and
(d)
the fixed overheads requirement determined in accordance with Article 13 of this Regulation.
Article 51
Remuneration policy and practices
Investment firms shall disclose the following information regarding their remuneration policy and practices, including aspects related to gender neutrality and the gender pay gap, for those categories of staff whose professional activities have a material impact on investment firm’s risk profile, in accordance with Article 46;
(a)
the most important design characteristics of the remuneration system, including the level of variable remuneration and criteria for awarding variable remuneration, payout in instruments policy, deferral policy and vesting criteria;
(b)
the ratios between fixed and variable remuneration set in accordance with Article 30(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034;
(c)
aggregated quantitative information on remuneration, broken down by senior management and members of staff whose actions have a material impact on the risk profile of the investment firm, indicating the following:
(i)
the amounts of remuneration awarded in the financial year, split into fixed remuneration, including a description of the fixed components, and variable remuneration, and the number of beneficiaries;
(ii)
the amounts and forms of awarded variable remuneration, split into cash, shares, share‐linked instruments and other types separately for the part paid upfront and for the deferred part;
(iii)
the amounts of deferred remuneration awarded for previous performance periods, split into the amount due to vest in the financial year and the amount due to vest in subsequent years;
(iv)
the amount of deferred remuneration due to vest in the financial year that is paid out during the financial year, and that is reduced through performance adjustments;
(v)
the guaranteed variable remuneration awards during the financial year and the number of beneficiaries of those awards;
(vi)
the severance payments awarded in previous periods, that have been paid out during the financial year;
(vii)
the amounts of severance payments awarded during the financial year, split into paid upfront and deferred, the number of beneficiaries of those payments and the highest payment that has been awarded to a single person;
(d)
information on whether the investment firm benefits from a derogation laid down in Article 32(4) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
For the purposes of point (d) of the first subparagraph, investment firms that benefit from such a derogation shall indicate whether that derogation was granted on the basis of point (a) or point (b) of Article 32(4) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034, or both. They shall also indicate for which of the remuneration principles they apply the derogation(s), the number of staff members who benefit from the derogation(s) and their total remuneration, split into fixed and variable remuneration.
This Article shall be without prejudice to the provisions set out in Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
27
)
.
Article 52
Investment policy
1.   Member States shall ensure that investment firms which do not meet the criteria referred to in point (a) of Article 32(4) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 disclose the following in accordance with Article 46 of this Regulation:
(a)
the proportion of voting rights attached to the shares held directly or indirectly by the investment firm, broken down by Member State and sector;
(b)
a complete description of voting behaviour in the general meetings of companies the shares of which are held in accordance with paragraph 2, an explanation of the votes, and the ratio of proposals put forward by the administrative or management body of the company which the investment firm has approved; and
(c)
an explanation of the use of proxy advisor firms;
(d)
the voting guidelines regarding the companies the shares of which are held in accordance with paragraph 2.
The disclosure requirement referred to in point (b) of the first subparagraph shall not apply if the contractual arrangements of all shareholders represented by the investment firm at the shareholders’ meeting do not authorise the investment firm to vote on their behalf unless express voting orders are given by the shareholders after receiving the meeting’s agenda.
2.   The investment firm referred to in paragraph 1 shall comply with that paragraph only in respect of each company whose shares are admitted to trading on a regulated market and only in respect of those shares to which voting rights are attached, where the proportion of voting rights that the investment firm directly or indirectly holds exceeds the threshold of 5 % of all voting rights attached to the shares issued by the company. Voting rights shall be calculated on the basis of all shares to which voting rights are attached, even if the exercise of those voting rights is suspended.
3.   EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify templates for disclosure under paragraph 1.
EBA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 June 2021.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Article 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
Article 53
Environmental, social and governance risks
From 26 December 2022, investment firms which do not meet the criteria referred to in Article 32(4) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 shall disclose information on environmental, social and governance risks, including physical risks and transition risks, as defined in the report referred to in Article 35 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
The information referred to in the first paragraph shall be disclosed once in the first year and biannually thereafter.
PART SEVEN
REPORTING BY INVESTMENT FIRMS
Article 54
Reporting requirements
1.   Investment firms shall report on a quarterly basis to the competent authorities all of the following information:
(a)
level and composition of own funds;
(b)
own funds requirements;
(c)
own funds requirement calculations;
(d)
the level of activity in respect of the conditions set out in Article 12(1), including the balance sheet and revenue breakdown by investment service and applicable K‐factor;
(e)
concentration risk;
(f)
liquidity requirements.
By way of derogation from the first subparagraph, investment firms that meet the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1) shall submit such reports on an annual basis.
2.   The information specified in point (e) of paragraph 1 shall include the following levels of risk and shall be reported to the competent authorities at least on an annual basis:
(a)
the level of concentration risk associated with the default of counterparties and with trading book positions, both on an individual counterparty and aggregate basis;
(b)
the level of concentration risk with respect to the credit institutions, investment firms and other entities where client money is held;
(c)
the level of concentration risk with respect to the credit institutions, investment firms and other entities where client securities are deposited;
(d)
the level of concentration risk with respect to the credit institutions where the investment firm’s own cash is deposited;
(e)
the level of concentration risk from earnings;
(f)
the level of concentration risk as described in points (a) to (e) calculated taking into account assets and off‐balance‐sheet items not recorded in the trading book in addition to exposures arising from trading book positions.
For the purposes of this paragraph, the terms ‘credit institution’ and ‘investment firm’ include private or public undertakings, including the branches of such undertakings, provided that those undertakings, if they were established in the Union, would be credit institutions or investment firms as defined in this Regulation, and provided that those undertakings have been authorised in a third country that applies prudential supervisory and regulatory requirements at least equivalent to those applied in the Union.
By way of derogation from paragraph 1 of this Article, an investment firm that meets the conditions for qualifying as a small and interconnected investment firm set out in Article 12(1) shall not be required to report the information specified in point (e) of paragraph 1 of this Article and, insofar as an exemption has been granted in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 43(1), in point (f) of paragraph 1 of this Article.
3.   For the purposes of the reporting requirements laid down in this Article, EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall develop draft implementing technical standards to specify:
(a)
the formats;
(b)
reporting dates and definitions and associated instructions which shall describe how to use those formats.
The draft implementing technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph shall be concise and proportionate to the nature, scope and complexity of the activities of the investment firms, taking into account the differences in the level of detail of information submitted by an investment firm that meets the conditions for qualifying as a small and non‐interconnected investment firm set out in Article 12(1).
EBA shall develop the draft implementing technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph by 26 December 2020.
Power is conferred on the Commission to adopt the implementing technical standards referred to in this paragraph in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
Article 55
Reporting requirements for certain investment firms, including for the purposes of the thresholds referred to in Article 1(2) of this Regulation and in point (1)(b) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
1.   Investment firms which carry out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU shall verify the value of their total assets on a monthly basis and shall report quarterly that information to the competent authority if the total value of the consolidated assets of the investment firm is equal to or exceeds EUR 5 billion, calculated as an average of the previous 12 months. The competent authority shall inform EBA thereof.
2.   Where an investment firm referred to in paragraph 1 is part of a group in which one or more other undertakings is an investment firm which carries out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU, all such investment firms in the group shall verify the value of their total assets on a monthly basis if the total value of the consolidated assets of the group is equal to or exceeds EUR 5 billion, calculated as an average of the previous 12 months. Such investment firms shall inform each other of their total assets on a monthly basis and report their consolidated total assets to the relevant competent authorities on a quarterly basis. The competent authorities shall inform EBA thereof.
3.   Where the average of monthly total assets of the investment firms referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 reaches any of the thresholds set out in Article 1(2) of this Regulation or in point (1)(b) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, calculated as an average of the previous 12 months, EBA shall notify those investment firms and the competent authorities, including the authorities competent for granting authorisation in accordance with Article 8a of Directive 2013/36/EU thereof.
4.   Where a review pursuant to Article 36 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 shows that an investment firm referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article may pose a systemic risk as referred to in Article 23 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, competent authorities shall inform EBA of the results of that review without delay.
5.   EBA, in consultation with ESMA, shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify further the obligation to provide information to the relevant competent authorities referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 in order to allow effective monitoring of the thresholds set out in points (a) and (b) of Article 8a(1) of Directive 2013/36/EU.
EBA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 December 2020.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in this paragraph, in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010.
PART EIGHT
DELEGATED ACTS
Article 56
Exercise of the delegation
1.   The power to adopt delegated acts is conferred on the Commission subject to the conditions laid down in this Article.
2.   The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 4(2) shall be conferred on the Commission for a period of five years from 25 December 2019.
3.   The delegation of power referred to in Article 4(2) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
 or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
4.   Before adopting a delegated act, the Commission shall consult experts designated by each Member State in accordance with the principles laid down in the Interinstitutional Agreement of 13 April 2016 on Better Law‐Making.
5.   As soon as it adopts a delegated act, the Commission shall notify it simultaneously to the European Parliament and to the Council.
6.   A delegated act adopted pursuant to Article 4(2) shall enter into force only if no objection has been expressed either by the European Parliament or the Council within a period of two months of notification of that act to the European Parliament and the Council or if, before the expiry of that period, the European Parliament and the Council have both informed the Commission that they will not object. That period shall be extended by two months at the initiative of the European Parliament or of the Council.
PART NINE
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS, REPORTS, REVIEWS AND AMENDMENTS
TITLE I
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS
Article 57
Transitional provisions
1.   Articles 43 to 51 shall apply to commodity and emission allowance dealers from 26 June 2026.
2.   Until 26 June 2026 or the date of application to credit institutions of the alternative standardised approach set out in Chapter 1a of Title IV of Part Three of the Regulation No (EU) No 575/2013 and the alternative internal model approach set out in Chapter 1b of Title IV of Part Three of the Regulation No EU) No 575/2013, whichever is the later, an investment firm shall apply the requirements set out in Title IV of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/630 for the purpose of calculating K‐NPR.
3.   By way of derogation from points (a) and (c) of Article 11(1), investment firms may apply lower own funds requirements for a period of five years from 26 June 2021, equal to:
(a)
twice the relevant own funds requirement pursuant to Chapter 1 of Title I of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, subject to Article 93(1) of that Regulation, with reference to levels of initial capital set by Title IV of Directive 2013/36/EU, as amended by Directive (EU) 2019/878, that would have applied if the investment firm had continued to be subject to the own funds requirements of that Regulation as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/630; or
(b)
twice the applicable fixed overhead requirement set out in Article 13 of this Regulation, where the investment firm was not in existence on or before 26 June 2021.
4.   By way of derogation from point (b) of Article 11(1), investment firms may apply lower own funds requirements for a period of five years from 26 June 2021 as follows:
(a)
investment firms that were subject only to an initial capital requirement before 26 June 2021 may limit their own funds requirements to twice the applicable initial capital requirement set out in Title IV of Directive 2013/36/EU, as amended by Directive (EU) 2019/878, with the exception of points (b) and (c) of Article 31(1), and Article 31(2) respectively, of that Directive;
(b)
investment firms that were in existence before 26 June 2021 may limit their permanent minimum capital requirements to those provided for in Article 93(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, as amended by Regulation (EU) 2019/876, with reference to levels of initial capital set by Title IV of Directive 2013/36/EU, as amended by Directive (EU) 2019/878, that would have applied if the investment firm had continued to be subject to that Regulation, subject to an annual increase in the amount of those requirements of at least EUR 5 000 during the five‐year period;
(c)
investment firms that were in existence before 26 June 2021, that are not authorised to provide the ancillary services referred to in point (1) of Section B of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU, that only provide one or more of the investment services and activities listed in points 1, 2, 4 and 5 of Section A of Annex I to that Directive, that are not permitted to hold client money or securities belonging to their clients and that therefore may not at any time place themselves in debt with those clients, may limit their permanent minimum capital requirement to at least EUR 50 000, subject to an annual increase of at least EUR 5 000 during the five‐year period.
5.   The derogations set out in paragraph 4 shall cease to apply where the investment firm has its authorisation extended on or after 26 June 2021 such that a higher amount of initial capital is required in accordance with Article 9 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
6.   By way of derogation from Article 11, investment firms that were in existence before 25 December 2019 and that deal on own account on markets in financial futures or options or other derivatives and on cash markets for the sole purpose of hedging positions on derivatives markets or deal for the accounts of other members of those markets and are guaranteed by clearing members of the same markets, where responsibility for ensuring the performance of contracts entered into by such investment firms is assumed by clearing members of the same markets, may limit their own funds requirements for a period of five years from 26 June 2021 to at least EUR 250 000, subject to an annual increase of at least EUR 100 000 during the five‐year period.
Irrespective of whether an investment firm referred to in this paragraph makes use of the derogation referred to in the first subparagraph, point (a) of paragraph 4 shall not apply to such an investment firm.
Article 58
Derogation for undertakings referred to in point (1)(b) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Investment firms which on 25 December 2019 meet the conditions of point (1)(b) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and have not yet obtained authorisation as credit institutions in accordance with Article 8 of Directive 2013/36/EU shall continue to be subject to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and to Directive 2013/36/EU.
Article 59
Derogation for investment firms referred to in Article 1(2)
An investment firm which on 25 December 2019 meets the conditions set out in Article 1(2) of this Regulation shall continue to be subject to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Directive 2013/36/EU.
TITLE II
REPORTS AND REVIEWS
Article 60
Review clause
1.   By 26 June 2024, the Commission shall, after consulting with EBA and ESMA, carry out a review and submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council, accompanied, if appropriate, by a legislative proposal, regarding at least the following:
(a)
the conditions for investment firms to qualify as small and non‐interconnected investment firms in accordance with Article 12;
(b)
the methods for measuring the K‐factors in Title II of Part Three, including investment advice in the scope of AUM, and in Article 39;
(c)
the coefficients referred to in Article 15(2);
(d)
the method used to calculate K‐CMG, the level of own funds requirements deriving from K‐CMG as compared with K‐NPR, and the calibration of the multiplying factor set out in Article 23;
(e)
the provisions set out in Articles 43, 44 and 45 and in particular the eligibility for the liquidity requirement of liquid assets in points (a), (b) and (c) of Article 43(1);
(f)
the provisions set out in Section 1 of Chapter 4 of Title II of Part Three;
(g)
the application of Part Three to commodity and emission allowance dealers;
(h)
the modification of the definition of credit institution in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as a result of point (a) of Article 62(3) of this Regulation and potential unintended negative consequences;
(i)
the provisions set out in Articles 47 and 48 of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 and their alignment with a consistent framework for equivalence in financial services;
(j)
the thresholds set out in Article 12(1);
(k)
the application of the standards of Chapters 1a and 1b of Title IV of Part Three of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 to investment firms;
(l)
the method of measuring the value of a derivative in point (b) of Article 20(2) and point (b) of Article 33(2), and the appropriateness of introducing an alternative metric and/or calibration;
(m)
the provisions set out in Part Two, in particular concerning the permission for further instruments or funds to qualify as own funds pursuant to Article 9(4), and the possibility of granting such permission to investment firms that fulfil the conditions for qualifying as small and non‐interconnected investment firms set out in Article 12(1);
(n)
the conditions for investment firms to apply the requirements of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 in accordance with Article 1(2) of this Regulation;
(o)
the provision set out in Article 1(5);
(p)
the relevance of the application of the disclosure requirements set out in Article 52 of this Regulation for other sectors, including investment firms referred to in Article 1(2) and (5) of this Regulation and credit institutions as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013.
2.   By 31 December 2021, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report on the resources needs arising from the assumption of new powers and duties by ESMA in accordance with Article 64 of this Regulation, including the possibility for ESMA to levy registration fees on third‐country firms registered by ESMA in accordance with Article 46(2) of Regulation (EU) No 600/2014, accompanied, where appropriate, by a legislative proposal.
TITLE III
AMENDMENTS TO OTHER REGULATIONS
Article 61
Amendment to Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010
In point (2) of Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, the following point is added:
‘(viii)
with regard to Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*1
)
 and Directive (EU) 2019/2034of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*2
)
, competent authorities as defined in point (5) of Article 3(1) of that Directive.
Article 62
Amendments to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013
Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 is amended as follows:
(1)
the title is replaced by the following:
‘Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012’;
(2)
in Article 2, the following paragraph is added:
‘5.   When applying the provisions laid down in Article 1(2) and 1(5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*3
)
 with regard to investment firms referred to in those paragraphs, the competent authorities as defined in point (5) of Article 3(1) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*4
)
 shall treat those investment firms as if they were “institutions” under this Regulation.
(
*3
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on the prudential requirements of investment firms and amending Regulations (EU) No 1093/2010, (EU) No 575/2013, (EU) No 600/2014 and (EU) No 806/2014 (OJ L 314, 5.12.2019, p. 1)."
(
*4
)
  Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on the prudential supervision of investment firms and amending Directives 2002/87/EC, 2009/65/EC, 2011/61/EU, 2013/36/EU, 2014/59/EU and 2014/65/EU (OJ L 314, 5.12.2019, p. 64).’;"
(3)
Article 4(1) is amended as follows:
(a)
point (1) is replaced by the following:
‘(1)
“credit institution” means an undertaking the business of which consists of any of the following:
(a)
to take deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits for its own account;
(b)
to carry out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*5
)
, where one of the following applies, but the undertaking is not a commodity and emission allowance dealer, a collective investment undertaking or an insurance undertaking:
(i)
the total value of the consolidated assets of the undertaking is equal to or exceeds EUR 30 billion;
(ii)
the total value of the assets of the undertaking is less than EUR 30 billion, and the undertaking is part of a group in which the total value of the consolidated assets of all undertakings in that group that individually have total assets of less than EUR 30 billion and that carry out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU is equal to or exceeds EUR 30 billion; or
(iii)
the total value of the assets of the undertaking is less than EUR 30 billion, and the undertaking is part of a group in which the total value of the consolidated assets of all undertakings in the group that carry out any of the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU is equal to or exceeds EUR 30 billion, where the consolidating supervisor, in consultation with the supervisory college, so decides in order to address potential risks of circumvention and potential risks for the financial stability of the Union;
for the purposes of points (b)(ii) and (b)(iii), where the undertaking is part of a third‐country group, the total assets of each branch of the third‐country group authorised in the Union shall be included in the combined total value of the assets of all undertakings in the group;
(
*5
)
  Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (
OJ L 173, 12.6.2014, p. 349
).’;"
(b)
point (2) is replaced by the following:
‘(2)
“investment firm” means an investment firm as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU which is authorised under that Directive but excludes credit institutions;’;
(c)
point (3) is replaced by the following:
‘(3)
“institution” means a credit institution authorised under Article 8 of Directive 2013/36/EU or an undertaking as referred to in Article 8a(3) thereof;’;
(d)
point (4) is deleted;
(e)
point (26) is replaced by the following:
‘(26)
“financial institution” means an undertaking other than an institution and other than a pure industrial holding company, the principal activity of which is to acquire holdings or to pursue one or more of the activities listed in points 2 to 12 and point 15 of Annex I to Directive 2013/36/EU, including an investment firm, a financial holding company, a mixed financial holding company, an investment holding company, a payment institution within the meaning of Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*6
)
, and an asset management company, but excluding insurance holding companies and mixed‐activity insurance holding companies as defined in points (f) and (g) of Article 212(1) of Directive 2009/138/EC;
(
*6
)
  Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC (
OJ L 337, 23.12.2015, p. 35
).’;"
(f)
point (29a) is replaced by the following:
‘(29a)
“parent investment firm in a Member State” means a parent undertaking in a Member State that is an investment firm;’;
(g)
point (29b) is replaced by the following:
‘(29b)
“EU parent investment firm” means an EU parent undertaking that is an investment firm;’;
(h)
point (51) is replaced by the following:
‘(51)
“initial capital” means the amounts and types of own funds specified in Article 12 of Directive 2013/36/EU;’;
(i)
point (60) is replaced by the following:
‘(60)
“cash assimilated instrument” means a certificate of deposit, a bond, including a covered bond, or any other non‐subordinated instrument, which has been issued by an institution or an investment firm, for which the institution or investment firm has already received full payment and which is to be unconditionally reimbursed by the institution or investment firm at its nominal value;’;
(j)
in point (72), point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
it is a regulated market or a third‐country market that is considered to be equivalent to a regulated market in accordance with the procedure set out in point (a) of Article 25(4) of Directive 2014/65/EU;’;
(k)
the following point is added:
‘(150)
“commodity and emission allowance dealer” means an undertaking the main business of which consists exclusively of the provision of investment services or activities in relation to commodity derivatives or commodity derivative contracts referred to in points (5), (6), (7), (9) and (10), derivatives of emission allowances referred to in point (4), or emission allowances referred to in point (11) of Section C of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU;’;
(4)
Article 6 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 4 is replaced by the following:
‘4.   Institutions shall comply with the obligations laid down in Part Six and in point (d) of Article 430(1) of this Regulation on an individual basis.
The following institutions shall not be required to comply with Article 413(1) and the associated liquidity reporting requirements laid down in Part Seven A of this Regulation:
(a)
institutions which are also authorised in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012;
(b)
institutions which are also authorised in accordance with Article 16 and point (a) of Article 54(2) of Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*7
)
, provided that they do not perform any significant maturity transformations; and
(c)
institutions which are designated in accordance with point (b) of Article 54(2) of Regulation (EU) No 909/2014, provided that:
(i)
their activities are limited to offering banking‐type services, as referred to in Section C of the Annex to that Regulation, to central securities depositories authorised in accordance with Article 16 of that Regulation; and
(ii)
they do not perform any significant maturity transformations.
(
*7
)
  Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on improving securities settlement in the European Union and on central securities depositories and amending Directives 98/26/EC and 2014/65/EU and Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 (
OJ L 257, 28.8.2014, p. 1
).’;"
(b)
paragraph 5 is replaced by the following:
‘5.   Institutions for which competent authorities have exercised the derogation specified in Article 7(1) or (3) of this Regulation, and institutions which are also authorised in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012, shall not be required to comply with the obligations laid down in Part Seven and the associated leverage ratio reporting requirements laid down in Part Seven A of this Regulation on an individual basis.’;
(5)
the following article is inserted in Section 1 of Chapter 2 of Title II of Part One:
‘Article 10a
Application of prudential requirements on a consolidated basis where investment firms are parent undertakings
For the purposes of the application of this Chapter, investment firms shall be considered to be parent financial holding companies in a Member State or Union parent financial holding companies where such investment firms are parent undertakings of an institution or of an investment firm subject to this Regulation that is referred to in Article 1(2) or (5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033.’;
(6)
in Article 11, paragraph 4 is replaced by the following:
‘4.   EU parent institutions shall comply with Part Six and point (d) of Article 430(1) of this Regulation on the basis of their consolidated situation where the group comprises one or more credit institutions or investment firms that are authorised to provide the investment services and activities listed in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU.
Where a waiver has been granted under Article 8(1) to (5), the institutions and, where applicable, the financial holding companies or mixed financial holding companies that are part of a liquidity sub‐group shall comply with Part Six and point (d) of Article 430(1) of this Regulation on a consolidated basis or on the sub‐consolidated basis of the liquidity sub‐group.’;
(7)
Articles 15, 16 and 17 are deleted;
(8)
in Article 81(1), point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
the subsidiary is one of the following:
(i)
an institution;
(ii)
an undertaking that is subject by virtue of applicable national law to the requirements of this Regulation and of Directive 2013/36/EU;
(iii)
an intermediate financial holding company or intermediate mixed financial holding company that is subject to the requirements of this Regulation on a sub‐consolidated basis, or an intermediate investment holding company that is subject to the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 on a consolidated basis;
(iv)
an investment firm;
(v)
an intermediate financial holding company in a third country, provided that that intermediate financial holding company is subject to prudential requirements as stringent as those applied to credit institutions of that third country and provided that the Commission has adopted a decision in accordance with Article 107(4) determining that those prudential requirements are at least equivalent to those of this Regulation;’;
(9)
in Article 82, point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
the subsidiary is one of the following:
(i)
an institution;
(ii)
an undertaking that is subject by virtue of applicable national law to the requirements of this Regulation and of Directive 2013/36/EU;
(iii)
an intermediate financial holding company or intermediate mixed financial holding company that is subject to the requirements of this Regulation on a sub‐consolidated basis, or an intermediate investment holding company that is subject to the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 on a consolidated basis;
(iv)
an investment firm;
(v)
an intermediate financial holding company in a third country, provided that that intermediate financial holding company is subject to prudential requirements as stringent as those applied to credit institutions of that third country and provided that the Commission has adopted a decision in accordance with Article 107(4) determining that those prudential requirements are at least equivalent to those of this Regulation;’;
(10)
Article 84 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   Institutions shall determine the amount of minority interests of a subsidiary that is included in consolidated Common Equity Tier 1 capital by subtracting from the minority interests of that undertaking the result of multiplying the amount referred to in point (a) by the percentage referred to in point (b) as follows:
(a)
the Common Equity Tier 1 capital of the subsidiary minus the lower of the following:
(i)
the amount of Common Equity Tier 1 capital of that subsidiary required to meet the following:
—
the sum of the requirement laid down in point (a) of Article 92(1) of this Regulation, the requirements referred to in Articles 458 and 459 of this Regulation, the specific own funds requirements referred to in Article 104 of Directive 2013/36/EU, the combined buffer requirement defined in point (6) of Article 128 of that Directive, the requirements referred to in Article 500 of this Regulation, and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries insofar as those requirements are to be met by Common Equity Tier 1 capital,
—
where the subsidiary is an investment firm, the sum of the requirement laid down in Article 11 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, the specific own funds requirements referred to in point (a) of Article 39(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries, insofar as those requirements are to be met by Common Equity Tier 1 capital;
(ii)
the amount of consolidated Common Equity Tier 1 capital that relates to that subsidiary that is required on a consolidated basis to meet the sum of the requirement laid down in point (a) of Article 92(1) of this Regulation, the requirements referred to in Articles 458 and 459 of this Regulation, the specific own funds requirements referred to in Article 104 of Directive 2013/36/EU, the combined buffer requirement defined in point (6) of Article 128 of that Directive, the requirements referred to in Article 500 of this Regulation, and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries insofar as those requirements are to be met by Common Equity Tier 1 capital;
(b)
the minority interests of the subsidiary expressed as a percentage of all Common Equity Tier 1 instruments of that undertaking plus the related share premium accounts, retained earnings and other reserves.’;
(b)
paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:
‘3.   Where a competent authority derogates from the application of prudential requirements on an individual basis, as laid down in Article 7 of this Regulation or, as applicable, as laid down in Article 6 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, minority interests within the subsidiaries to which the waiver is applied shall not be recognised in own funds at the sub‐consolidated or at the consolidated level, as applicable.’;
(11)
Article 85 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   Institutions shall determine the amount of qualifying Tier 1 capital of a subsidiary that is included in consolidated own funds by subtracting from the qualifying Tier 1 capital of that undertaking the result of multiplying the amount referred to in point (a) by the percentage referred to in point (b) as follows:
(a)
the Tier 1 capital of the subsidiary minus the lower of the following:
(i)
the amount of Tier 1 capital of the subsidiary required to meet the following:
—
the sum of the requirement laid down in point (b) of Article 92(1) of this Regulation, the requirements referred to in Articles 458 and 459 of this Regulation, the specific own funds requirements referred to in Article 104 of Directive 2013/36/EU, the combined buffer requirement defined in point (6) of Article 128 of that Directive, the requirements referred to in Article 500 of this Regulation, and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries insofar as those requirements are to be met by Tier 1 Capital,
—
where the subsidiary is an investment firm, the sum of the requirement laid down in Article 11 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, the specific own funds requirements referred to in point (a) of Article 39(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034, and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries insofar as those requirements are to be met by Tier 1 capital;
(ii)
the amount of consolidated Tier 1 capital that relates to the subsidiary that is required on a consolidated basis to meet the sum of the requirement laid down in point (b) of Article 92(1) of this Regulation, the requirements referred to in Articles 458 and 459 of this Regulation, the specific own funds requirements referred to in Article 104 of Directive 2013/36/EU, the combined buffer requirement defined in point (6) of Article 128 of that Directive, the requirements referred to in Article 500 of this Regulation, and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries insofar as those requirements are to be met by Tier 1 Capital;
(b)
the qualifying Tier 1 capital of the subsidiary expressed as a percentage of all Tier 1 instruments of that undertaking plus the related share premium accounts, retained earnings and other reserves.’;
(b)
paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:
‘3.   Where a competent authority derogates from the application of prudential requirements on an individual basis, as laid down in Article 7 of this Regulation or, where applicable, as laid down in Article 6 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, Tier 1 instruments within the subsidiaries to which the waiver is applied shall not be recognised as own funds at the sub‐consolidated or at the consolidated level, as applicable.’;
(12)
Article 87 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   Institutions shall determine the amount of qualifying own funds of a subsidiary that is included in consolidated own funds by subtracting from the qualifying own funds of that undertaking the result of multiplying the amount referred to in point (a) by the percentage referred to in point (b) as follows:
(a)
the own funds of the subsidiary minus the lower of the following:
(i)
the amount of own funds of the subsidiary required to meet the following:
—
the sum of the requirement laid down in point (c) of Article 92(1) of this Regulation, the requirements referred to in Articles 458 and 459 of this Regulation, the specific own funds requirements referred to in Article 104 of Directive 2013/36/EU, the combined buffer requirement defined in point (6) of Article 128 of that Directive, the requirements referred to in Article 500 of this Regulation and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries,
—
where the subsidiary is an investment firm, the sum of the requirement laid down in Article 11 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, the specific own funds requirements referred to in point (a) of Article 39(2) of Directive (EU) 2019/2034, and any additional local supervisory regulations in third countries;
(ii)
the amount of own funds that relates to the subsidiary that is required on a consolidated basis to meet the sum of the requirement laid down in point (c) of Article 92(1) of this Regulation, the requirements referred to in Articles 458 and 459 of this Regulation, the specific own funds requirements referred to in Article 104 of Directive 2013/36/EU, the combined buffer requirement defined in point (6) of Article 128 of that Directive, the requirements referred to in Article 500 of this Regulation, and any additional local supervisory own funds requirement in third countries;
(b)
the qualifying own funds of the undertaking, expressed as a percentage of all own funds instruments of the subsidiary that are included in Common Equity Tier 1, Additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 items and the related share premium accounts, the retained earnings and other reserves.’;
(b)
paragraph 3 is replaced by the following:
‘3.   Where a competent authority derogates from the application of prudential requirements on an individual basis, as laid down in Article 7 of this Regulation or, as applicable, as laid down in Article 6 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, own funds instruments within the subsidiaries to which the waiver is applied shall not be recognised as own funds at the sub‐consolidated or at the consolidated level, as applicable.’;
(13)
Article 93 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 3 is deleted;
(b)
paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 are replaced by the following:
‘4.   Where control of an institution falling within the category referred to in paragraph 2 is taken by a natural or legal person other than the person who controlled the institution previously, the amount of own funds of that institution shall attain the amount of initial capital required.
5.   Where there is a merger of two or more institutions falling within the category referred to in paragraph 2, the amount of own funds of the institution resulting from the merger shall not fall below the total own funds of the merged institutions at the time of the merger, as long as the amount of initial capital required has not been attained.
6.   Where competent authorities consider it necessary to ensure the solvency of an institution that the requirement laid down in paragraph 1 be met, the provisions laid down in paragraphs 2, 4 and 5 shall not apply.’;
(14)
in Chapter 1 of Title I of Part Three, Section 2 (Articles 95 to 98) is deleted with effect from 26 June 2026;
(15)
in Article 119, paragraph 5 is replaced by the following:
‘5.   Exposures to financial institutions authorised and supervised by the competent authorities and subject to prudential requirements comparable to those applied to institutions in terms of robustness shall be treated as exposures to institutions.
For the purposes of this paragraph, the prudential requirements laid down in Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 shall be considered to be comparable to those applied to institutions in terms of robustness.’;
(16)
in the second subparagraph of Article 162(3), point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
exposures to institutions or investment firms arising from the settlement of foreign exchange obligations;’;
(17)
Article 197 is amended as follows:
(a)
in paragraph 1, point (c) is replaced by the following:
‘(c)
debt securities issued by institutions or investment firms, which securities have a credit assessment by an ECAI which has been determined by EBA to be associated with credit quality step 3 or above under the rules for the risk weighting of exposures to institutions under Chapter 2;’;
(b)
in paragraph 4, the introductory wording is replaced by the following:
‘4.   An institution may use debt securities that are issued by other institutions or investment firms and that do not have a credit assessment by an ECAI as eligible collateral where those debt securities fulfil all the following criteria:’;
(18)
in Article 200, point (c) is replaced by the following:
‘(c)
instruments issued by a third‐party institution or by an investment firm which are to be repurchased by that institution or by that investment firm on request.’;
(19)
in Article 202, the introductory wording is replaced by the following:
‘An institution may use institutions, investment firms, insurance and reinsurance undertakings and export credit agencies as eligible providers of unfunded credit protection which qualify for the treatment set out in Article 153(3) where they meet all the following conditions:’;
(20)
in Article 224, paragraph 6 is replaced by the following:
‘6.   For unrated debt securities issued by institutions or investment firms and satisfying the eligibility criteria in Article 197(4), the volatility adjustments is the same as for securities issued by institutions or corporates with an external credit assessment associated with credit quality step 2 or 3.’;
(21)
in Article 227(3), the following point is inserted:
‘(ba)
investment firms;’;
(22)
in Article 243(1), the second subparagraph is replaced by the following:
‘In the case of trade receivables, point (b) of the first subparagraph shall not apply where the credit risk of those trade receivables is fully covered by eligible credit protection in accordance with Chapter 4, provided that in that case the protection provider is an institution, an investment firm, an insurance undertaking or a reinsurance undertaking.’;
(23)
in Article 382(4), point (b) is replaced by the following:
‘(b)
intragroup transactions as provided for in Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 648/2012, unless Member States adopt national law requiring the structural separation within a banking group, in which case competent authorities may require those intragroup transactions between the structurally separated entities to be included in the own funds requirements;’;
(24)
Article 388 is deleted;
(25)
in Article 395, paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   An institution shall not incur an exposure to a client or group of connected clients the value of which exceeds 25 % of its Tier 1 capital, after taking into account the effect of the credit risk mitigation in accordance with Articles 399 to 403. Where that client is an institution or an investment firm, or where a group of connected clients includes one or more institutions or investment firms, that value shall not exceed 25 % of the institution’s Tier 1 capital or EUR 150 million, whichever is higher, provided that the sum of exposure values, after taking into account the effect of the credit risk mitigation in accordance with Articles 399 to 403, to all connected clients that are not institutions, does not exceed 25 % of the institution’s Tier 1 capital.’;
(26)
Article 402(3) is amended as follows:
(a)
point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
the counterparty is an institution or an investment firm;’;
(b)
point (e) is replaced by the following:
‘(e)
the institution reports to the competent authorities in accordance with Article 394 the total amount of exposures to each other institution or investment firm that are treated in accordance with this paragraph.’;
(27)
in Article 412, paragraph 4a is replaced by the following:
‘4a.   The delegated act referred to in Article 460(1) shall apply to institutions.’;
(28)
in point (a) of Article 422(8), point (i) is replaced by the following:
‘(i)
a parent or subsidiary institution of the institution, or a parent or subsidiary investment firm of the institution, or another subsidiary of the same parent institution or parent investment firm;’;
(29)
in Article 428a, point (d) is deleted;
(30)
in Article 430b, paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   From the date of application of the delegated act referred to in Article 461a, credit institutions that do not meet the conditions set out in Article 94(1) nor the conditions set out in Article 325a(1) shall report, for all their trading book positions and all their non‐trading book positions that are subject to foreign exchange or commodity risks, the results of the calculations based on using the alternative standardised approach set out in Chapter 1a of Title IV of Part Three on the same basis as such institutions report the obligations laid down in points (b)(i) and (c) of Article 92(3).’;
(31)
in Article 456(1), points (f) and (g) are deleted;
(32)
Article 493 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘Until 26 June 2021, the provisions on large exposures as laid down in Articles 387 to 403 of this Regulation shall not apply to investment firms, the main business of which consists exclusively of the provision of investment services or activities in relation to the financial instruments set out in points (5), (6), (7), (9), (10) and (11) of Section C of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU and to which Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*8
)
 did not apply on 31 December 2006.
(
*8
)
  Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on markets in financial instruments amending Council Directives 85/611/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC (
OJ L 145, 30.4.2004, p. 1
).’;"
(b)
paragraph 2 is deleted;
(33)
in Article 498(1), the first subparagraph is replaced by the following:
‘Until 26 June 2021, the provisions on own funds requirements as set out in this Regulation shall not apply to investment firms the main business of which consists exclusively of the provision of investment services or activities in relation to the financial instruments set out in points (5), (6), (7), (9), (10) and (11) of Section C of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU and to which Directive 2004/39/EC did not apply on 31 December 2006.’;
(34)
in Article 508, paragraphs 2 and 3 are deleted;
(35)
in point (1) of Annex I, point (d) is replaced by the following:
‘(d)
endorsements on bills not bearing the name of another institution or investment firm;’;
(36)
Annex III is amended as follows:
(a)
in point (3), point (b) is replaced by the following:
‘(b)
they are not an obligation of an institution or investment firm or any of its affiliated entities.’;
(b)
in point (5), point (b) is replaced by the following:
‘(b)
they are not an obligation of an institution or investment firm or any of its affiliated entities.’;
(c)
in point (6), point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
they do not represent a claim on an SSPE, an institution or investment firm or any of its affiliated entities;’;
(d)
point 7 is replaced by the following:
‘7.
Transferable securities other than those referred to in points 3 to 6 that qualify for a 50 % or better risk weight under Chapter 2 of Title II of Part Three or are internally rated as having an equivalent credit quality, and do not represent a claim on an SSPE, an institution or investment firm or any of its affiliated entities.’;
(e)
point 11 is replaced by the following:
‘11.
Exchange traded, centrally cleared common equity shares that are a constituent of a major stock index, denominated in the domestic currency of the Member State and not issued by an institution or investment firm or any of its affiliates.’.
Article 63
Amendments to Regulation (EU) No 600/2014
Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 is amended as follows:
(1)
in Article 1, the following paragraph is inserted:
‘4a.   Chapter 1 of Title VII of this Regulation also applies to third‐country firms providing investment services or performing investment activities within the Union.’;
(2)
in Title III, the title is replaced by the following:
‘
                                    
TRANSPARENCY FOR SYSTEMATIC INTERNALISERS AND INVESTMENT FIRMS TRADING OTC AND TICK SIZE REGIME FOR SYSTEMATIC INTERNALISERS
’;
(3)
the following article is inserted:
‘Article 17a
Tick sizes
Systematic internalisers’ quotes, price improvements on those quotes and execution prices shall comply with tick sizes set in accordance with Article 49 of Directive 2014/65/EU.
Application of tick sizes shall not prevent systematic internalisers matching orders large in scale at mid‐point within the current bid and offer prices.’;
(4)
Article 46 is amended as follows:
(a)
in paragraph 2, the following point is added:
‘(d)
the firm has established the necessary arrangements and procedures to report the information set out in paragraph 6a.’;
(b)
in paragraph 4, the fifth subparagraph is replaced by the following:
‘Member States may allow third‐country firms to provide investment services to, or to perform investment activities together with ancillary services for, eligible counterparties and professional clients within the meaning of Section I of Annex II to Directive 2014/65/EU in their territories in accordance with national regimes where no Commission decision in accordance with Article 47(1) has been adopted or where such a decision has been adopted but either is no longer in effect or does not cover the services or activities concerned.’;
(c)
in paragraph 5, the third subparagraph is replaced by the following:
‘Member States shall ensure that where an eligible counterparty or professional client within the meaning of Section I of Annex II to Directive 2014/65/EU established or situated in the Union initiates at its own exclusive initiative the provision of an investment service or activity by a third‐country firm, this Article does not apply to the provision of that service or activity by the third‐country firm to that person, including a relationship specifically related to the provision of that service or activity. Without prejudice to intragroup relationships, where a third‐country firm, including through an entity acting on its behalf or having close links with such third‐country firm or any other person acting on behalf of such entity, solicits clients or potential clients in the Union, it shall not be deemed to be a service provided at the own exclusive initiative of the client. An initiative by such clients shall not entitle the third‐country firm to market new categories of investment products or investment services to that individual.’;
(d)
the following paragraphs are inserted:
‘6a.
Third‐country firms providing services or performing activities in accordance with this Article shall, on an annual basis, inform ESMA of the following:
(a)
the scale and scope of the services and activities carried out by the firms in the Union, including the geographical distribution across Member States;
(b)
for firms performing the activity referred to in point (3) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU, their monthly minimum, average and maximum exposure to EU counterparties;
(c)
for firms providing services referred to in point (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU, the total value of financial instruments originating from EU counterparties underwritten or placed on a firm commitment basis over the previous 12 months;
(d)
the turnover and the aggregated value of the assets corresponding to the services and activities referred to in point (a);
(e)
whether investor protection arrangements have been taken, and a detailed description thereof;
(f)
the risk management policy and arrangements applied by the firm to the carrying out of the services and activities referred to in point (a);
(g)
the governance arrangements, including key function holders for the activities of the firm in the Union;
(h)
any other information necessary to enable ESMA or the competent authorities to carry out their tasks in accordance with this Regulation.
ESMA shall communicate the information received in accordance with this paragraph to the competent authorities of the Member States where a third‐country firm provides investment services or performs investment activities in accordance with this Article.
Where necessary for the accomplishment of the tasks of ESMA or the competent authorities in accordance with this Regulation, ESMA may, including upon the request of the competent authority of the Member States where a third‐country firm provides investment services or performs investment activities in accordance with this Article, ask third‐country firms providing services or performing activities in accordance with this Article to provide any further information in respect of their operations.
6b.
Where a third‐country firm provides services or performs activities in accordance with this Article, it shall keep, at the disposal of ESMA, the data relating to all orders and all transactions in the Union in financial instruments which they have carried out, whether on own account or on behalf of a client, for a period of five years.
Upon the request of the competent authority of a Member State, where a third‐country firm provides investment services or performs investment activities in accordance with this Article, ESMA shall access the relevant data kept at its disposal in accordance with the first subparagraph and shall make that data available to the requesting competent authority.
6c.
Where a third‐country firm does not cooperate in an investigation or an on‐site inspection carried out in accordance with Article 47(2), or where it does not comply with a request from ESMA in accordance with paragraph 6a or 6b of this Article in due time and in a proper manner, ESMA may withdraw its registration or temporarily prohibit or restrict its activities in accordance with Article 49.’;
(e)
paragraph 7 is replaced by the following:
‘7.   ESMA, in consultation with EBA, shall develop draft regulatory technical standards to specify the information that the applicant third‐country firm is to provide in the application for registration referred to in paragraph 4 and the information to be reported in accordance with paragraph 6a.
ESMA shall submit those draft regulatory technical standards to the Commission by 26 September 2021.
Power is delegated to the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the regulatory technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 of Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010.’;
(f)
the following paragraph is added:
‘8.   ESMA shall develop draft implementing technical standards to specify the format in which the application for registration referred to in paragraph 4 is to be submitted and the information referred to in paragraph 6a is to be reported.
ESMA shall submit those draft implementing technical standards to the Commission by 26 September 2021.
Power is conferred on the Commission to supplement this Regulation by adopting the implementing technical standards referred to in the first subparagraph in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010.’;
(5)
Article 47 is amended as follows:
(a)
paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   The Commission may adopt a decision in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 51(2) in relation to a third country stating that the legal and supervisory arrangements of that third country ensure all of the following:
(a)
that firms authorised in that third country comply with legally binding prudential, organisational and business conduct requirements which have equivalent effect to the requirements set out in this Regulation, in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 and Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*9
)
, in Directive 2013/36/EU, Directive 2014/65/EU and Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*10
)
, and in the implementing measures adopted under those legislative acts;
(b)
that firms authorised in that third country are subject to effective supervision and enforcement ensuring compliance with the applicable legally binding prudential, organisational and business conduct requirements; and
(c)
that the legal framework of that third country provides for an effective equivalent system for the recognition of investment firms authorised under third‐country legal regimes.
Where the scale and scope of the services provided and the activities performed by third‐country firms in the Union following the adoption of the decision referred to in the first subparagraph are likely to be of systemic importance for the Union, the legally binding prudential, organisational and business conduct requirements referred to in the first subparagraph may only be considered to have equivalent effect to the requirements set out in the acts referred to in that subparagraph after a detailed and granular assessment. To that end, the Commission shall also assess and take into account the supervisory convergence between the third country concerned and the Union.
1a.   The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 50 to supplement this Regulation by further specifying the circumstances under which the scale and scope of the services provided and activities performed by third‐country firms in the Union following the adoption of an equivalence decision referred to in the paragraph 1 are likely to be of systemic importance to the Union.
Where the scale and scope of the services provided and activities performed by third‐country firms are likely to be of systemic importance for the Union, the Commission may attach specific operational conditions to equivalence decisions to ensure that ESMA and national competent authorities have the necessary tools to prevent regulatory arbitrage and monitor the activities of third‐country investment firms registered in accordance with Article 46(2) in respect of services provided and activities performed in the Union by ensuring that those firms comply with:
(a)
requirements which have an equivalent effect to the requirements referred to in Articles 20 and 21;
(b)
reporting requirements which have an equivalent effect to the requirements referred to in Article 26, where such information cannot be obtained directly and on an ongoing basis through a Memorandum of Understanding with the third‐country competent authority;
(c)
requirements that have an equivalent effect to the trading obligation referred to in Articles 23 and 28, where applicable.
When adopting the decision referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, the Commission shall take into account whether the third country is identified as a non‐cooperative jurisdiction for tax purposes under the relevant Union policy or as a high‐risk third country pursuant to Article 9(2) of Directive (EU) 2015/849.
1b.   The prudential, organisational and business conduct framework of a third country may be considered to have equivalent effect where that framework fulfils all of the following conditions:
(a)
firms providing investment services or performing investment activities in that third country are subject to authorisation and to effective supervision and enforcement on an ongoing basis;
(b)
firms providing investment services or performing investment activities in that third country are subject to sufficient capital requirements and, in particular, firms providing services or carrying out the activities referred to in point (3) or (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU are subject to comparable capital requirements to those they would apply if they were established in the Union;
(c)
firms providing investment services or performing investment activities in that third country are subject to appropriate requirements applicable to shareholders and members of their management body;
(d)
firms providing investment services or performing investment activities are subject to adequate business conduct and organisational requirements;
(e)
market transparency and integrity is ensured by preventing market abuse in the form of insider dealing and market manipulation.
For the purposes of paragraph 1a of this Article, when assessing the equivalence of third-country rules as regards the trading obligation set out in Articles 23 and 28, the Commission shall also assess whether the third country’s legal framework provides for criteria for the designation of trading venues as eligible for compliance with the trading obligation which have a similar effect to those set out under this Regulation or under Directive 2014/65/EU.
(
*9
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on the prudential requirements of investment firms and amending Regulations (EU) No 1093/2010, (EU) No 575/2013, (EU) No 600/2014 and (EU) No 806/2014 (OJ 314, 5.12.2019, p. 1 )."
(
*10
)
  Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on the prudential supervision of investment firms and amending Directives 2002/87/EC, 2009/65/EC, 2011/61/EU, 2013/36/EU, 2014/59/EU and 2014/65/EU (OJ 314, 5.12.2019, p. 64).’;"
(b)
paragraph 2 is amended as follows:
(i)
point (a) is replaced by the following:
‘(a)
the mechanism for the exchange of information between ESMA and the competent authorities of third countries concerned, including access to all information regarding the non‐Union firms authorised in third countries that is requested by ESMA, and, where relevant, the arrangements for the onward sharing by ESMA of such information with competent authorities of the Member States;’;
(ii)
point (c) is replaced by the following:
‘(c)
the procedures concerning the coordination of supervisory activities including investigations and on‐site inspections which ESMA may carry out, in cooperation with the competent authorities of the Member States where the third‐country firm provides investment services or performs investment activities in accordance with Article 46, where it is necessary for the accomplishment of the tasks of ESMA or the competent authorities in accordance with this Regulation, having duly informed the competent authority of the third country thereof.’;
(iii)
the following point is added:
‘(d)
the procedures concerning a request for information pursuant to Article 46(6a) and (6b) that ESMA may submit to a third‐country firm registered in accordance with Article 46(2).’;
(c)
the following paragraphs are added:
‘5.   ESMA shall monitor the regulatory and supervisory developments, the enforcement practices and other relevant market developments in third countries for which equivalence decisions have been adopted by the Commission pursuant to paragraph 1 in order to verify that the conditions on the basis of which those decisions have been taken are still fulfilled. ESMA shall submit a confidential report on its findings to the Commission on an annual basis. Where considered appropriate by ESMA, ESMA may consult EBA with regard to the report.
The report shall also reflect the trends observed on the basis of the data collected under Article 46(6a), in particular as regards firms providing services or performing the activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU.
6.   The Commission shall, on the basis of the report referred to in paragraph 5, submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council at least on an annual basis. The report shall include a list of the equivalence decisions taken or withdrawn by the Commission in the reporting year, as well as any measures taken by ESMA pursuant to Article 49, and provide the rationale for those decisions and measures.
The Commission report shall include information on the monitoring of the regulatory and supervisory developments, the enforcement practices and other relevant market developments in third countries for which equivalence decisions have been adopted. It shall also take stock of how the cross‐border provision of investment services by third‐country firms has evolved in general and in particular as regards the services and activities referred to in points (3) and (6) of Section A of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU. In due course, the report shall also include information concerning ongoing equivalence assessments that the Commission is undertaking in relation to a third country.’;
(6)
Article 49 is replaced by the following:
‘Article 49
Measures to be taken by ESMA
1.   ESMA may temporarily prohibit or restrict a third‐country firm from providing investment services or performing investment activities with or without any ancillary services in accordance with Article 46(1) where the third‐country firm has failed to comply with any prohibition or restriction imposed by ESMA or EBA in accordance with Articles 40 and 41 or by a competent authority in accordance with Article 42, has failed to comply with a request from ESMA in accordance with Article 46(6a) and (6b) in due time and a proper manner, or where the third‐country firm does not cooperate with an investigation or an on‐site inspection carried out in accordance with Article 47(2).
2.   Without prejudice to paragraph 1, ESMA shall withdraw the registration of a third‐country firm in the register established in accordance with Article 48 where ESMA has referred the matter to the competent authority of the third country, and that competent authority has not taken the appropriate measures needed to protect investors or the proper functioning of the markets in the Union, or has failed to demonstrate that the third‐country firm concerned complies with the requirements applicable to it in the third country or with the conditions under which a decision in accordance with Article 47(1) has been adopted, and one of the following applies:
(a)
ESMA has well‐founded reasons, based on documented evidence, including but not limited to the annual information provided in accordance with Article 46(6a), to believe that, in the provision of investment services and activities in the Union, the third‐country firm is acting in a manner which is clearly prejudicial to the interests of investors or the orderly functioning of markets;
(b)
ESMA has well‐founded reasons, based on documented evidence, including but not limited to the annual information provided in accordance with Article 46(6a), to believe that, in the provision of investment services and activities in the Union, the third‐country firm has seriously infringed the provisions applicable to it in the third country and on the basis of which the Commission has adopted the Decision in accordance with Article 47(1).
3.   ESMA shall inform the third‐country competent authority of its intention to take action in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 in due course.
In deciding the appropriate action to take under this Article, ESMA shall take into account the nature and seriousness of the risk posed to investors and the proper functioning of the markets in the Union, having regard to the following criteria:
(a)
the duration and frequency of the risk arising;
(b)
whether the risk has revealed serious or systemic weaknesses in the third‐country firm’s procedures;
(c)
whether financial crime has been occasioned, facilitated or otherwise attributable to the risk;
(d)
whether the risk has arisen intentionally or negligently.
ESMA shall inform the Commission and the third‐country firm concerned of any measure adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 without delay and shall publish its decision on its website.
The Commission shall assess whether the conditions under which a decision in accordance with Article 47(1) was adopted continue to persist in relation to the third country concerned.’;
(7)
in Article 52, the following paragraph is added:
‘13.   By 31 December 2020, ESMA shall assess the staffing and resources needs arising from the assumption of its powers and duties in accordance with Article 64 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 and submit a report on that assessment to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the Commission.’;
(8)
in Article 54, paragraph 1 is replaced by the following:
‘1.   Third‐country firms may continue to provide services and activities in Member States, in accordance with national regimes, until three years after the adoption by the Commission of a decision in relation to the relevant third country in accordance with Article 47. Services and activities not covered by such a decision may continue to be provided in accordance with national regime.’.
Article 64
Amendment to Regulation (EU) No 806/2014
In Article 12a of Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council 
(
28
)
, the following paragraph is added:
‘3.   In accordance with Article 65 of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*11
)
, references to Article 92 of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 in this Regulation as regards the own funds requirements on an individual basis of investment firms referred to in point (c) of Article 2 of this Regulation and which are not investment firms referred to in Article 1(2) or 1(5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 shall be construed as follows:
(a)
references to point (c) of Article 92(1) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as regards the total capital ratio requirement in this Regulation shall refer to Article 11(1) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033;
(b)
references to Article 92(3) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as regards the total risk exposure amount in this Regulation shall refer to the applicable requirement in Article 11(1) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, multiplied by 12,5.
In accordance with Article 65 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 (
*12
)
, references to Article 104a of Directive 2013/36/EU in this Regulation as regards additional own funds requirements of investment firms referred to in point (c) of Article 2 of this Regulation and which are not investment firms referred to in Article 1(2) or 1(5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 shall be construed as referring to Article 40 of Directive (EU) 2019/2034.
PART TEN
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 65
References to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 in other Union legal acts
For the purposes of prudential requirements of investment firms, references to Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 in other Union acts shall be construed as references to this Regulation.
Article 66
Entry into force and date of application
1.   This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
.
2.   It shall apply from 26 June 2021.
3.   Notwithstanding paragraph 2:
(a)
points (2) and (3) of Article 63 shall apply from 26 March 2020;
(b)
point (30) of Article 62 shall apply from 25 December 2019.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Strasbourg, 27 November 2019.
For the European Parliament
The President
D. M. SASSOLI
For the Council
The President
T. TUPPURAINEN
(
1
)
  
            
OJ C 378, 19.10.2018, p. 5
.
(
2
)
  
            
OJ C 262, 25.7.2018, p. 35
.
(
3
)
  Position of the European Parliament of 16 April 2019 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of 8 November 2019.
(
4
)
  Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (
OJ L 176, 27.6.2013, p. 1
).
(
5
)
  Directive 2013/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms, amending Directive 2002/87/EC and repealing Directives 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC (
OJ L 176, 27.6.2013, p. 338
).
(
6
)
  Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (
OJ L 173, 12.6.2014, p. 349
).
(
7
)
  Directive (EU) 2019/2034 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on the prudential supervision of investment firms and amending Directives 2002/87/EC, 2009/65/EC, 2011/61/EU, 2013/36/EU, 2014/59/EU and 2014/65/EU (see page 64 of this Official Journal).
(
8
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/876 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as regards the leverage ratio, the net stable funding ratio, requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities, counterparty credit risk, market risk, exposures to central counterparties, exposures to collective investment undertakings, large exposures, reporting and disclosure requirements, and Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (
OJ L 150, 7.6.2019, p. 1
).
(
9
)
  Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/61 of 10 October 2014 to supplement Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council with regard to liquidity coverage requirement for Credit Institutions (
OJ L 11, 17.1.2015, p. 1
).
(
10
)
  Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority), amending Decision No 716/2009/EC and repealing Commission Decision 2009/78/EC (
OJ L 331, 15.12.2010, p. 12
).
(
11
)
  Regulation (EU) 2019/630 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 amending Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 as regards minimum loss coverage for non-performing exposures (
OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 4
).
(
12
)
  Directive (EU) 2019/878 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 amending Directive 2013/36/EU as regards exempted entities, financial holding companies, mixed financial holding companies, remuneration, supervisory measures and powers and capital conservation measures (
OJ L 150, 7.6.2019, p. 253
).
(
13
)
  Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (
OJ L 173, 12.6.2014, p. 84
).
(
14
)
  Regulation (EU) No 1095/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Securities and Markets Authority), amending Decision No 716/2009/EC and repealing Commission Decision 2009/77/EC (
OJ L 331, 15.12.2010, p. 84
).
(
15
)
  Directive (EU) 2015/849 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purposes of money laundering or terrorist financing, amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council, and repealing Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Directive 2006/70/EC (
OJ L 141, 5.6.2015, p. 73
).
(
16
)
  
            
OJ L 123, 12.5.2016, p. 1
.
(
17
)
  Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on OTC derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories (
OJ L 201, 27.7.2012, p. 1
).
(
18
)
  Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC (
OJ L 337, 23.12.2015, p. 35
).
(
19
)
  Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II) (
OJ L 335, 17.12.2009, p. 1
).
(
20
)
  Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings, amending Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC (
OJ L 182, 29.6.2013, p. 19
).
(
21
)
  Regulation (EU) 2015/2365 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on transparency of securities financing transactions and of reuse and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 (
OJ L 337, 23.12.2015, p. 1
).
(
22
)
  Directive 2002/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the supplementary supervision of credit institutions, insurance undertakings and investment firms in a financial conglomerate and amending Council Directives 73/239/EEC, 79/267/EEC, 92/49/EEC, 92/96/EEC, 93/6/EEC and 93/22/EEC, and Directives 98/78/EC and 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (
OJ L 35, 11.2.2003, p. 1
).
(
23
)
  Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593 of 7 April 2016 supplementing Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to safeguarding of financial instruments and funds belonging to clients, product governance obligations and the rules applicable to the provision or reception of fees, commissions or any monetary or non‐monetary benefits (
OJ L 87, 31.3.2017, p. 500
).
(
24
)
  Council Directive 86/635/EEC of 8 December 1986 on the annual accounts and consolidated accounts of banks and other financial institutions (
OJ L 372, 31.12.1986, p. 1
).
(
25
)
  Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/578 of 13 June 2016 supplementing Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on markets in financial instruments with regard to regulatory technical standards specifying the requirements on market making agreements and schemes (
OJ L 87, 31.3.2017, p. 183
).
(
26
)
  Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/567 of 18 May 2016 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 600/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to definitions, transparency, portfolio compression and supervisory measures on product intervention and positions (
OJ L 87, 31.3.2017, p. 90
).
(
27
)
  Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (
OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1
).
(
28
)
  Regulation (EU) No 806/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2014 establishing uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of a Single Resolution Mechanism and a Single Resolution Fund and amending Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 (
OJ L 225, 30.7.2014, p. 1
).

Summary:
Prudential requirements of investment firms
SUMMARY OF:
Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 on the prudential requirements of investment firms
WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE REGULATION?
Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 sets out new 
prudential requirements
1
 and supervisory arrangements for certain categories of investment firms.
For these categories, it sets out specific requirements on own funds, concentration risk, liquidity risk, reporting and public disclosure.
The 
regulation
, also known as the 
investment firms regulation (IFR)
, introduces prudential requirements that are proportionate to a firm’s size, nature, complexity, risk profile and business model, while ensuring adequate protection of its customers and of the markets in which it operates.
KEY POINTS
The IFR sets out prudential requirements that are proportionate to the nature, size and complexity of an investment firm’s activities.
The IFR applies to investment firms that: 
are not subject to Regulation (EU) 
No 
575/2013
 (
capital requirements regulation (CRR)
 – see 
summary
) and are sufficiently small and non-interconnected (‘class 3’ investment firms – see IFR, Article 12); or
do not fall under either of the two other categories (‘class 2’ investment firms); the ‘class 2’ category comprises investment firms that are too small for the ‘class 1’ category (subject to CRR rules) yet are bigger and more interconnected than the ‘class 3’ category.
Investment firms that deal on their own account, underwrite financial instruments and/or place financial instruments on a firm commitment basis are subject to the CRR rules if: 
their consolidated assets are over €30 billion (‘class 1’ firms); or
their consolidated assets are over €15 billion; or
their consolidated assets are over €5 billion and they are designated by their competent authorities based on specific criteria (‘class 1 minus’ firms).
‘Class 1’ firms have to apply for authorisation as credit institutions, while ‘class 1 minus’ firms remain authorised as investment firms but are subject to the prudential requirements applicable to banks under the CRR and the capital requirements directive.
Capital requirements
 set out in the IFR consist of:
a 
fixed overheads requirement (FOR)
 equal to a quarter of the firm’s annual fixed overheads;
a 
permanent minimum capital requirement (PMR)
 of €75,000, €150,000 or €750,000, depending on the firm’s activities; and
an overall ‘
K-factor
’ capital requirement based on three main types of risks: 
risk to client,
risk to market, and
risk to firm.
‘Class 3’ firms are subject to 
lighter requirements
 than ‘class 2’ firms: while the capital requirements for a ‘class 3’ firm are equal to whichever of its FOR and PMR is higher, the capital requirements for a ‘class 2’ firm are equal to whichever of its FOR, PMR and overall K-factor requirement is higher.
Disclosure rules
 for investment firms require them to provide annual information on:
their risk management objectives and policies;
their governance arrangements;
their own funds compositions and requirements;
their pay policies and practices for the staff categories that have a material impact on the firms’ risk profile, including aspects related to gender neutrality, the gender pay gap and fixed and variable payments;
their investment policies;
their environmental, social and governance risks.
In amending Regulation (EU) 
No 
600/2014
 (the 
markets in financial instruments regulation
 – see 
summary
), the IFR has also enhanced and reinforced the regulation’s ‘
equivalence framework
’. This framework establishes rules in accordance with the 
markets in financial instruments directive (MiFID)
 for the provision of services in the 
European Union
 (EU) by firms based in non-EU countries for which the 
European Commission
 has adopted an ‘equivalence decision’. Such a decision means that the Commission has assessed that those countries’ legally binding prudential, organisational and business conduct rules are equivalent to those in place in the EU.
The IFR also amends Regulations (EU) 
No 
1093/2010
 (see 
summary
), (EU) 
No 575/2013
 and (EU) 
No 
806/2014
 (see 
summary
).
Delegated acts
The Commission has powers to adopt 
delegated acts
 in the form of regulatory and implementing technical standards developed by the 
European Banking Authority
 (EBA), in close cooperation with the 
European Securities and Markets Authority
 where applicable, to supplement the regulation and ensure that its requirements are applied uniformly.
EBA roadmap
An overview of the EBA’s work plan for the development of these technical standards is available here: 
EBA Roadmap on Investment Firms
.
Some of these 
technical standards
 have already been published in the 
Official Journal of the European Union
 (see ‘Related documents’ below) and may be found on the EBA’s 
website
.
European single access point
Amending Regulation (EU) 
2023/2869
 incorporates within Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 a new article concerning the accessibility of information on the European single access point (ESAP), established under Regulation (EU) 
2023/2859
 – see 
summary
. The ESAP will provide access to public financial and sustainability-related information about EU companies and EU investment products. From 
10 January 2030
, when making public any information required under Regulation (EU) 2019/2033, the amending act requires that investment firms submit that information at the same time to the EBA, as the relevant collection body for the purpose of making it accessible on the ESAP. The amending regulation also sets out the conditions with which that information must comply.
Report
The Commission, after consulting the EBA and the European Securities and Markets Authority, had to submit a report to the 
European Parliament
 and the 
Council of the European Union
 on the application of the IFR by 
26 June 2024
, together with a legislative proposal to review the framework if needed.
FROM WHEN DOES THE REGULATION APPLY?
It has applied since 
26 June 2021
.
BACKGROUND
Several thousand investment firms operate in the 
European Economic Area
. They play key roles in savings and investmentand range from one-person companies to large international groups.
Until 
25 June 2021
, they were subject to the same capital, liquidity and risk management rules as banks to ensure they had sufficient resources to cover any potential losses from their activities. However, these rules failed to take fully into account the firms’ specific features.
For further information, see: 
Prudential rules for investment firms
 (European Commission)
Investment firms
 (European Banking Authority).
KEY TERMS
Prudential requirements.
 EU rules on prudential requirements mainly concern the amount of capital and liquidity that banks hold. The goal of these rules is to strengthen the resilience of the EU banking sector so that it can better absorb economic shocks, while ensuring that banks continue to finance economic activity and growth.
MAIN DOCUMENT
Regulation (EU) 
2019/2033
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
27 November 2019
 on the prudential requirements of investment firms and amending Regulations (EU) 
No 1093/2010
, (EU) 
No 575/2013
, (EU) 
No 600/2014
 and (EU) 
No 806/2014
 (OJ L 314, 
5.12.2019
, 
pp. 1–63
).
Successive amendments to Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 have been incorporated into the original text. This 
consolidated version
 is of documentary value only.
RELATED DOCUMENTS
Regulation (EU) 
2023/2859
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
13 December 2023
 establishing a European single access point providing centralised access to publicly available information of relevance to financial services, capital markets and sustainability (OJ L, 2023/2859, 
20.12.2023
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 
2022/25
 of 
22 September 2021
 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to regulatory technical standards specifying the methods for measuring the K-factors referred to in Article 15 of that Regulation (OJ L 6, 
11.1.2022
, 
pp. 1–6
).
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 
2022/26
 of 
24 September 2021
 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to regulatory technical standards specifying the notion of segregated accounts to ensure client money’s protection in the event of an investment firm’s failure (OJ L 6, 
11.1.2022
, 
pp. 7–8
).
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 
2022/76
 of 
22 September 2021
 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to regulatory technical standards specifying adjustments to the K-factor ‘daily trading flow’ (K-DTF) coefficients (OJ L 13, 
20.1.2022
, 
pp. 1–3
).
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 
2022/244
 of 
24 September 2021
 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to regulatory technical standards specifying the amount of total margin for the calculation of the K-factor ‘clear margin given’ (K-CMG) (OJ L 41, 
22.2.2022
, 
pp. 1–4
).
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 
2022/1159
 of 
11 March 2022
 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to regulatory technical standards for public disclosure of investment policy by investment firms (OJ L 179, 
6.7.2022
, 
pp. 11–24
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 
2021/2284
 of 
10 December 2021
 laying down implementing technical standards for the application of Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to supervisory reporting and disclosures of investment firms (OJ L 458, 
22.12.2021
, 
pp. 48–172
).
Directive (EU) 
2019/2034
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
27 November 2019
 on the prudential supervision of investment firms and amending Directives 2002/87/EC, 2009/65/EC, 2011/61/EU, 2013/36/EU, 2014/59/EU and 2014/65/EU (OJ L 314, 
5.12.2019
, 
pp. 64–114
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Regulation (EU) 
No 
600/2014
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
15 May 2014
 on markets in financial instruments and amending Regulation (EU) 
No 648/2012
 (OJ L 173, 
12.6.2014
, 
pp. 84–148
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Directive 
2014/65/EU
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
15 May 2014
 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (OJ L 173, 
12.6.2014
, 
pp. 349–496
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Regulation (EU) 
No 
806/2014
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
15 July 2014
 establishing uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of a Single Resolution Mechanism and a Single Resolution Fund and amending Regulation (EU) 
No 1093/2010
 (OJ L 225, 
30.7.2014
, 
pp. 1–90
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Regulation (EU) 
No 
575/2013
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
26 June 2013
 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) 
No 648/2012
 (OJ L 176, 
27.6.2013
, 
pp. 1–337
).
See 
consolidated version
.
Regulation (EU) 
No 
1093/2010
 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 
24 November 2010
 establishing a European Supervisory Authority (European Banking Authority), amending Decision 
No 716/2009/EC
 and repealing Commission Decision 2009/78/EC (OJ L 331, 
15.12.2010
, 
pp. 12–47
).
See 
consolidated version
.
last update 
25.9.2024

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