皇冠

皇冠（）是包括皇帝在内等拥有帝号的君主于加冕礼等场合下穿戴的一种冠冕。

设计 
中世纪时代的欧洲冠冕在设计和风格上各有不同：

During the Middle Ages the crowns worn by English kings had been described as both closed (or arched) and open designs. This was in contrast with kings of France who always wore an open crown. However, there is academic debate on how often closed crowns were used in England during this period, as the first unequivocal use of the closed crown was by Henry IV of England at his coronation on 13 October 1399. However his effigy on his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral wears an open crown, so the link in England between the style of the crown and its representation as that worn by a king and an emperor was not established.  The use of a closed crown may have been adopted by the English as a way of distinguishing the English crown from the French crown, but it also had other meanings to some. For example, Henry V of England wore a helmet-crown of the arched type at the Battle of Agincourt which the French knight St. Remy commented was "like the imperial crown".

The association of the closed crown with imperial crowns was already established in Continental Europe by  the late 14th century, for example the florins minted for Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor) sometimes show him with a closed crown (though on the commoner variety, the crown is open). A miniature picture in the Chronica Aulae Regiae written in the great abbey outside Prague depicts his mother Elizabeth, a queen of Bohemia, wearing an open crown, while his two wives, who had imperial titles, have closed ones.

During the machinations that surrounded the introduction of the imperial crown under Henry VIII (see the section below Legal usage), the closed crown, became associated as a symbolic representation of the English Crown as an imperial crown, and has remained so until this day.

各式皇冠

罗马帝国皇冠

拜占庭帝国皇冠

附有主教冠的皇冠

带有单拱以及可展开式主教冠的皇冠

带有单拱以及固定式主教冠形状的皇冠

具有高拱形状的皇冠

奥斯曼帝国皇冠

普鲁士-德国皇冠

拿破仑皇冠

其他基于欧洲式冠冕设计的皇冠

其他非欧洲式冠冕设计的皇冠

参见
 后冠
 加冕冠
 王冠
 国冠

参考文献

外部链接

君主制
冠冕
国家礼仪和仪式
拜占庭君权象征物