核选项

在美国参议院，核选项（）是一种议事程序，允许参议院以简单多数推翻日常规则，而不是参议院规则通常需要的三分之二的绝对多数。特别是在60票规则中，该程序被用来结束辩论并结束阻挠议事。

2013年11月，哈里·里德领导的参议院民主党多数通过该程序取消了除最高法院提名外的总统提名60票规则，首次援引了核选项。2017年4月，再次援引了核选项，这一次，由米奇·麦康奈尔领导的参议院共和党多数也取消了最高法院提名的60票规则，从而结束了关于尼尔·戈萨奇提名的辩论。

截至2021年7月，核选项尚未被用于废除立法上的阻挠议事程序。废除阻挠议事程序需要至少51名参议员的投票，或者如果副总统（作为参议院主席）的反对票也投赞成票，则需要50名参议员的投票。“核选项”一词类似于核武器是战争中最极端的选择。

参考资料

外部链接

Supportive of nuclear option
M. Gold & D. Gupta, The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: a Majoritarian Means to Overcome the Filibuster in the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy; 28 Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 205  (2004) (arguing that the nuclear/constitutional option it is firmly grounded in Senate history) (PDF file)
William G. Dauster, “The Senate in Transition or How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love the Nuclear Option,”  N.Y.U. Journal of Legislation & Public Policy, volume 19 (number 4) (December 2016): pages 631–83 (explaining Senator Reid's use of the nuclear option).
Policy Analysis by Senate Republican Policy Committee summarizing arguments and reviewing history
National Review's Bench Memos 
Senator George Allen (R-VA) Calls Democrats Bluff 

Opposed to nuclear option
Center for American Progress: Nuclear Option Resource Guide 
CivilRights.org: a coalition representing 180 national organizations
Home Page for Senate Democratic Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev)
Independent Judiciary 
Senator Reid's Letter to Bill Frist
Washington Post article on Republican's 1968 Fortas filibuster 
Hatching a New Filibuster Precedent: The Senator from Utah's Revisionist history  John Dean writes for FindLaw arguing that Orrin Hatch has attempted to mischaracterize the Abe Fortas nomination filibuster.
Revenge of the Frist
MoveOn.org Emergency Petition to Save the Courts
Myth and fact sheets
Filibustering the Truth 

Other
David Law & Lawrence B. Solum, "Judicial Selection, Appointments Gridlock, and the Nuclear Option," (April 14, 2006).
History of U.S. House Committee on Rules 
History of U.S. Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
[ Standing Rules of The Senate]
TIME: The Filibuster Formula
Politics and justice for all: Court nomination fights predate Bork, Thomas

議事程序
冗长辩论