委內瑞拉陸軍

委內瑞拉陸軍，正式名稱為委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國國民軍(), 是委內瑞拉武裝部隊的六個軍種之一。 該軍隊要參與陸上地面軍事行動，並應對可能危及國家主權的外部或內部威脅。

陸軍直接聽令於人民政權國防部。陸軍分為六個作戰兵種和四個指揮部：作戰、後勤、教育和陸軍航空兵。

委內瑞拉陸軍指揮官、官兵、技術員和軍醫均畢業於委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾軍事大學軍事院校，並且會被授予少尉軍銜，院校如下:

 委內瑞拉軍事學院,
 ,
 玻利瓦爾軍事技術學院,
 軍事衛生科學院

1821年6月24日，委內瑞拉軍隊在卡拉沃博戰役中戰勝西班牙帝國。不久委內瑞拉獨立。

歷史

獨立 

With the beginning of the  on 19 April 1810 and the subsequent war in the country, a 军校 was created in 1810 by decree of the Supreme Board of 卡拉卡斯 for the training of officers for the 共和主义 cause. The 保皇派 reaction was fast and by 1812 the  was dissolved. A war to the death begun (guerra a muerte), with neither side giving quarter. On 11 April 1817, 1,800 Republicans under General Píer won a major victory against the Royalists at San Félix (southeast of Caracas), where the revolutionaries defeated 1,500 Royalists under General Nicolás María Cerruti. The Royalists suffered 593 dead and 497 captured, of whom 160 peninsulares (西班牙人 born in the 伊比利亚半岛). All of the Spaniards were 斬首. The Republicans lost 31 dead and 65 wounded.

The war continued until 1824 with successes and failures on each side. On 7 August 1819, the army of 新格瑞那達共和國, under the command of the Liberator 西蒙·玻利瓦尔, defeats the Royalist troops under the command of General José María Barreiro in the , being the first republic of the so-called Bolivarianas (Bolivarians) to obtain their independence of the 西班牙帝國; a day that also celebrates the .

The liberating army, whose central nucleus are the infantry battalions of , 跳躍者, Vencedores, the , plus the contingents of the 槍騎兵 Bravos de Apure of General 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉, and whose contingents are made up mainly of Colombian-Venezuelan troops under the supreme leadership of Bolívar, are now waging the Venezuelan campaign as part of 大哥倫比亞共和國. On 24 June 1821, the Republicans obtained a decisive victory over the Royalists in the battle at , and today is celebrated as the day of the Venezuelan Army.

After the Battle of Carabobo, the remnants of the Royalist armies that managed to escape from the battlefield took refuge in 卡貝略港, while in the east they did the same in 庫馬納. Cumaná was taken shortly after by the Republicans, but the heavily fortified city of Puerto Cabello resisted under 攻城戰 until 1823, during which time it served as the base for the Spanish reconquest of territories in western Venezuela.

Afterwards, these troops take part in the Southern Campaign under the command of 元帅 安东尼奥·何塞·苏克雷, and went on to liberate 厄瓜多尔 in the 皮钦查战役, Peru in the , and  (today 玻利維亞) in the 阿亚库乔战役.

20世紀 
20世紀，委內瑞拉當局依據普魯士模式下對軍隊進行改革，這使得軍隊走上了現代化和專業化道路。不過隨之而來的是軍隊開始干預國政，委內瑞拉出現政治不穩定、政變和獨裁統治等局面。在1940年至1958年期間，軍國主義在該國政治中占主導地位，1952年時任國防部長希門內斯自任臨時總統，推翻委內瑞拉合眾國，建立了現在的政權。1958年，民主運動最終迫使軍方停止干預國政。

隨著佩雷斯希門尼斯的推翻和民主的回歸，委內瑞拉軍隊開始對付國內的由委內瑞拉共產黨和左翼革命運動（Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria ，MIR）的極端分子領導的民族解放武裝部隊（Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional，FALN）。此外委內瑞拉軍隊也參與了聯合國在尼加拉瓜的維和行動。

21世紀 

21世紀，委內瑞拉軍隊從俄羅斯手中購買了大量軍備，該國軍隊幾乎實現了全面現代化。

委內瑞拉武裝部隊是拉丁美洲第四大軍隊，僅次於巴西、哥倫比亞和墨西哥的軍隊。

Mission and vision

Its mission, as the ground forces of the 委內瑞拉軍事, is to:

Secure the ground defenses of the nation,
Contribute to the establishment of democratic institutions and build up respect and full compliance to the laws of the Republic as mandated,
Support national development and integration,
And to participate in programs of international cooperation and peacekeeping.

Functions of the Army 
In accordance with the Article 9 of the National Armed Forces Organic Law as amended, the functions of the Army are to

 Organize, train and equip units for ground forces operations
 Establish doctrines for the various operations it has to undertake 
 Participate in military mobilization programs
 Maintain the national borders
 And actively achieve readiness to develop technologies and scientifically advances for the advancement of national defense

Official hymn

Spanish lyrics
Chorus

Adelante marchemos, valientes, al combate y al rudo fragor
por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.
Por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.

Nuestra sangre es la savia del pueblo y en el pueblo se plasma en canción
es la rosa más pura del viento que en la historia da brillo a la acción,
En las aguas, el aire y la tierra la victoria es el alba inmortal,
si sublime es el triunfo en la guerra, preservemos la gloria y la paz.

Chorus

Y si el brazo extranjero se atreve a infamar de este suelo el honor
antes muerte mil veces nos llegue que rendirnos al torpe invasor,
pues de todas las patrias que el cielo diera al hombre en morada de amor,
es la nuestra el más hondo desvelo en el sueño de un mundo mejor.

Chorus

裝備

步兵武器

組織

Army major commands

陸軍總司令部

陸軍後勤司令部

陸軍航空司令部

特種部隊 
99th Army Special Operations Brigade

Army divisions and corps

第1步兵師

第2步兵師 

The 79th Andes Air Defense Artillery Brigade reports directly to the Operational Strategic Command, while being in the 2ID's territorial jurisdiction.

第 3 步兵師 

Since 2016 the newly created 34th CCB reports also to the Operational Strategic Command.

第 4 裝甲師

第 5 叢林步兵師

第9騎兵師

第 6 工兵團

Ranks

陸軍歷屆總司令 

(*): Marks promotion to the rank of full General (and appointment as Minister of Defense) after serving term as Commanding General of the Army

參考文獻

外部鏈接

  Sitio oficial del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Defensa de Venezuela
  Sitio oficial del Ejército Libertador (Venezuela)
  Sitio oficial de la Aviación del Ejército del Venezuela
 Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories 

委內瑞拉軍事
各國陸軍