符號奠基問題

符號奠基問題，又稱符號接地問題（英語：Symbol grounding problem）在认知科学和语义学中指的是「单词（通常指符号）如何獲得含義」的問題，與意義本身是什麼的問題關係密切。而意義問題與心理狀態是如何有意義的問題相關，因此符號奠基問題也與意識難題有關（即某些物理系統與主觀經驗的內容之間的聯繫是什麼？）。

參見 

 
 
 
 意識
 形式语言
 形式系統

 
 詮釋學
 物理符號系統
 语用学
 语义学
 

 符號學
 記號
 
 
 句法
 图灵机

笔记

参考文献 

 注意： 本文基于最初发表于《自然/麦克米伦认知科学百科全书》中的条目，此条目此后由作者和維基百科社群进行了修订。 

 Blondin Masse, A, G. Chicoisne, Y. Gargouri, S. Harnad, O. Picard, O. Marcotte (2008) How Is Meaning Grounded in Dictionary Definitions? TextGraphs-3 Workshop, 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Coling 2008, Manchester, 18–22 August 2008
 Cangelosi, A. & Harnad, S. (2001) The Adaptive Advantage of Symbolic Theft Over Sensorimotor Toil: Grounding Language in Perceptual Categories.  Evolution of Communication 4(1) 117–142.
 Cangelosi, A.; Greco, A.; Harnad, S. From robotic toil to symbolic theft: grounding transfer from entry-level to higher-level categories.  Connection Science12(2) 143–62.
 Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell
 Frege, G. (1952/1892). On sense and reference. In P. Geach and M. Black, Eds., Translations of the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford: Blackwell
 Harnad, S. (1990) The Symbol Grounding Problem.  Physica D 42: 335–346.
 Harnad, S. (1992) There Is Only One Mind/Body Problem . Symposium on the Perception of Intentionality, XXV World Congress of Psychology, Brussels, Belgium, July 1992 International Journal of Psychology 27: 521
 Harnad, S. (1994) Computation Is Just Interpretable Symbol Manipulation: Cognition Isn't.  Minds and Machines 4:379–390 (Special Issue on "What Is Computation")
 Harnad, S. (1995) Why and How We Are Not Zombies.  Journal of Consciousness Studies 1: 164–167.
 Harnad, S. (2000) Minds, Machines and Turing: The Indistinguishability of Indistinguishables . Journal of Logic, Language, and Information 9(4): 425–445. (Special Issue on "Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence")
 Harnad, S. (2001a) Minds, Machines and Searle II: What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument?  In: M. Bishop & J. Preston (eds.) Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument. Oxford University Press.
 Harnad, S. (2001b) No Easy Way Out.  The Sciences 41(2) 36–42.
 Harnad, Stevan (2001a) Explaining the Mind: Problems, Problems . The Sciences 41: 36–42.
 Harnad, Stevan (2001b) The Mind/Body Problem is the Feeling/Function Problem: Harnad on Dennett on Chalmers . Technical Report. Department of Electronics and Computer Sciences. University of Southampton.
 Harnad, S. (2003) Can a Machine Be Conscious?  How?.  Journal of Consciousness Studies 10(4–5): 69–75.
 Harnad, S. (2005) To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is categorization.  in Lefebvre, C. and Cohen, H., Eds. Handbook of Categorization. Elsevier.
 Harnad, S. (2007) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence.  In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Kluwer
 Harnad, S. (2006) Cohabitation: Computation at 70 Cognition at 20.  In Dedrick, D., Eds. Essays in Honour of Zenon Pylyshyn.
 MacDorman, Karl F.  (1999). Grounding symbols through sensorimotor integration. Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan, 17(1), 20–24. Online version 
 MacDorman, Karl F.  (2007). Life after the symbol system metaphor. Interaction Studies, 8(1), 143–158. Online version 
 Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition. Cambridge MA: MIT/Bradford
 Searle, John. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3): 417–457
 Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano (2005). The symbol grounding problem: A critical review of fifteen years of research. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(4), 419–445. Online version 
 Turing, A.M. (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49 433–460 [Reprinted in Minds and machines. A. Anderson (ed.), Engelwood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964.]
语言哲学
語義學
精神哲學論證
象徵主義
認知科學