三元论 (神学)

在基督教神學中，三元论（Tripartite）认为人是三个不同部分组成的复合体：身体（body）、灵（spirit）和魂（soul）。另一种观点二元论（bipartite）则认为魂和灵只是同一实体（灵魂）的不同表达。

三元论的支持者
以下许多神学家都见于路易·伯克富（Louis Berkhof）的《系统神学》、 史特朗（Augustus H. Strong）的《系统神学》、 简·雅各布·范·奥斯特兹（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee）的《基督教教义》（Christian Dogmatics）、 约翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard）的《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man),和亨利·德·吕巴克（Henri de Lubac）的《历史与精神》。。

{| class="wikitable" style="border:\#c9c9c9 1px solid; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse;"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|姓名
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|出生
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|逝世
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|神学传统
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|主要著作
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|引用者
|-
| 游斯丁（Justin Martyr）||100||165||早期基督教护教士||《论复活》（On the Resurrection）<ref>Justin, 'Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 1, p. 298. "For the body is the house of the soul; and the soul the house of the spirit." Online .</ref>||奥斯特兹、赫德
|-
| 他提安（Tatian）||120||180||早期基督教护教士||《致希腊人书》（Tatian's Address to the Greeks）|| 奥斯特兹《早期基督教信仰词典》
|-
| 革利免（Clement of Alexandria）||150||215||教父||||伯克富
|-
| 墨利托（Melito）||?||180||撒狄主教||||奥斯特兹
|-
| 希坡律陀（Hippolytus of Rome）||170||235||罗马教会长老||但以理书注解第2册，第38页||吕巴克
|-
| 俄利根（Origen）||184||253||教父||《論基要教理》(De Principiis) Book 2,关于魂||奥斯特兹、伯克富、吕巴克
|-
| 爱任纽（Irenaeus）||2世纪||202||教父||《驳异端》（Against Heresies）||奥斯特兹
|-
| 該撒利亞的優西比烏（Eusebius）||260/265||339/340||罗马历史学家、凯撒利亚主教||诗篇102篇20节注解||吕巴克
|-
| 亞波里拿留（Apollinarius）||?||390||敘利亞老底嘉主教||||伯克富
|-
| 狄迪莫斯（Didymus of Alexandria）||313||398||科普特教会神学家||传道者注解;诗篇注解||理查德·阿莱顿 吕巴克  
|-
| 該撒利亞的巴西流(Basil of Caesarea)||329||379||教父||Homily 21||吕巴克
|-
| 圣额我略·纳齐安(Gregory of Nazianzus)||329||389/390||教父、君士坦丁堡大主教||Poems, bk. 1, sec. 1, 8 (On the Soul)||吕巴克
|-
| 尼撒的貴格利（Gregory of Nyssa）||335||395||教父||On the Making of Man 8.4–6||伯克富
|-
| 大馬士革的聖約翰（John of Damascus）||645/676||749||东正教||||史特朗
|-
| 若望·克利马古（John Climacus）||7世纪||?||7世纪修士||《乐园阶梯》（Scala Paradisi，The Ladder of Divine Ascent）||
|-
| 馬丁·路德（Martin Luther）||1483||1546||德国宗教改革领袖||Commentary on the Magnificat||Delitzsch
|-
|托马斯·杰克逊（Thomas Jackson）||1579||1640||英国神学家, Arminian||||
|-
| 托马斯·怀特（Thomas White）||1593||1676||罗马天主教神父、学者||||
|-
| 陶德瑞(Philip Doddridge)||1702||1751||英国非国教徒领袖||A Paraphrase and Notes on the First Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Thessalonians||
|-
| Magnus Friedrich Roos||1727||1803||German Lutheran theologian ||Outlines of Psychology drawn from the Holy Scriptures||伯克富
|-
| Seraphim of Sarov||1754||1833||Russian Orthodox Theologian||St. Seraphim of Sarov's Conversation with Nicholas Motovilov||
|-
| Adam Clarke||1762||1832||British Methodist theologian||Clarke's Commentary on the Bible||
|-
| Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert||1780||1860||German Theologian||||奥斯特兹
|-
| Karl Friedrich Goschel||1784||1861||Prussian Right Hegelian ||Herzog, Realencyclopadie, article "Seele"||史特朗
|-
| August Neander||1789||1850||German theologian and church historian||History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles||史特朗
|-
| Hermann Olshausen||1796||1839||German theologian||Opuscula Theologica and Commentary on 1 Thes. 5:23||史特朗、伯克富
|-
| Leonhard Usteri||1799||1833||Swiss Reformed theologian||Entwickelung Des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes||史特朗
|-
| August Friedrich Christian Vilmar||1800||1868||German Neo-Lutheran theologian|| Dogmatik: Akademische Vorlesungen || G. C. Berkouwer
|-
| Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer||1800||1873||German Protestant theologian||Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament||
|-
| Johann Tobias Beck||1804||1878||German theologian||Outlines of Biblical Psychology||史特朗、伯克富
|-
| 亨利·阿福德（Henry Alford）||1810||1871||英国圣公会神学家、圣经学者||New Testament for English Readers||
|-
| Frederic Charles Cook||1810||1889||English churchman and linguist||The Speaker's Commentary||
|-
| Johann Gottfried Hausmann||1811||1901||||||
|-
| Gustav Friedrich Oehler||1812||1872||German Lutheran theologian||Theology of the Old Testament||伯克富
|-
| 索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾（Søren Kierkegaard）||1813||1855||丹麦路德宗||The Concept of Anxiety, 《致死的疾病》（The Sickness Unto Death）, or De omnibus dubitandum est. A Narrative||
|-
| Franz Delitzsch||1813||1890||German Lutheran theologian||Biblical Psychology||伯克富
|-
| 威廉·史密斯（William Smith）||1813||1893||English Lexicographer||Smith's Bible Dictionary||
|-
| Theophan the Recluse||1815||1894||Russian Orthodox Theologian||The Spiritual Life||
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| 简·雅各布·范·奥斯特兹（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee）||1817||1882||荷兰||《基督教教义》（Christian Dogmatics）||史特朗  
|-
| Charles John Ellicott||1819||1905||Anglican theologian||Destiny of the Creature||史特朗
|-
| A. R. Fausset||1821||1910||Anglican theologian||Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary||
|-
| Karl August Auberlen||1824||1864||German Lutheran theologian||Geist des Menschen im Biblischen Sinne||史特朗、伯克富
|-
| George Boardman the Younger||1828||1903||Baptist||"The Scriptural Anthropology." Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1||史特朗
|-
| 慕安德烈（Andrew Murray）||1828||1917||南非荷兰归正会||《基督的灵》（The Spirit of Christ）||
|-
| 约翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard）||1828||?||||《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man)||史特朗、伯克富
|-
| Henry Liddon||1829||1890||English Theologian||||John Laidlaw
|-
| Hermann Cremer||1834||1903||German Protestant theologian||Biblico-theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek||史特朗
|-
| 司可福（C. I. Scofield）||1843||1921||美国神学家||《司可福串注圣经》（Scofield Reference Bible）||
|-
| 乔治·彭伯（G. H. Pember）||1837||1910||普利茅斯弟兄会解经家||《地的最早时期》（Earth's Earliest Ages）||
|-
| Otto Stockmayer||1838||1917||German Holiness Movement||||倪柝声《属灵人》
|-
| 弗雷德里克·迈尔（F. B. Meyer）||1847||1929||英国浸信会牧师||||倪柝声《属灵人》 & Latent Power of the Soul
|-
| James M Stalker||1848||1929||Scottish preacher||Christian Psychology||
|-
| Clarence Larkin||1850||1924||Protestant (Baptist)||Dispensational Truth or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages||
|-
| 宾路易师母（Jessie Penn-Lewis）||1861||1927||更正教(Welsh)||《魂与灵》（Soul and Spirit）、《众圣徒的争战》（War on The Saints）||
|-
| 麦敦诺师母（Mary E. McDonough）||1863||1962||||《神救赎的计划》（God's Plan of Redemption）||
|-
| Lewis Sperry Chafer||1871||1952||美国更正教神学家||Systematic Theology Vol. 1&2||Gordon R. Lewis and Bruce A. Demarest in Integrative Theology
|-
| George H. Lang||1874||1958||普利茅斯弟兄会||Firstfruits and Harvest||
|-
| 伊凡·罗伯斯||1878||1951||威尔士 Calvinist Methodist||《众圣徒的争战》（War on The Saints）||
|-
| Robert Lightfoot||1883||1953||圣公会牧师、神学家||||John Laidlaw
|-
| William Theodore Heard||1884||1973||罗马天主教枢机主教||||
|-
| Arthur W. Pink||1886||1952||Reformed||The Great Change, Regeneration, Or, The New Birth, Gleanings in Genesis||
|-
| Herbert Lockyer||1886||1984||||All the Doctrines of the Bible||约翰伍德沃德
|-
| 史百克（Theodore Austin-Sparks）||1888||1971||英国基督教传道人||What is Man?||约翰伍德沃德
|-
| 安汝慈（Ruth Paxson）||1889||1949||新教 ||《最高的生命》（Life on the Highest Plane）||
|-
| 倪柝声||1903||1972||中国基督徒领袖||《属灵人》（The Spiritual Man）、《人的破碎与灵的出来》（The Release of the Spirit）||
|-
| George S. Hendry||1904||1993||Reformed Theologian||The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology||
|-
| 李常受||1905||1997||中国基督徒领袖||《生命的认识》（The Knowledge of Life）、《神的经纶》（The Economy of God）、《那灵同我们的灵》（The Spirit with Our Spirit）||
|-
| E.C.Bragg||1912||1995||美国福音派神学家||||
|-
| Lehman Strauss||?||1997||浸信会||《三部份的人：灵、魂、体》（Man A Trinity：Spirit, Soul, Body)||
|-
| Mark G Cambron||1911||2000||||Bible Doctrines||约翰伍德沃德
|-
| Lester Sumrall||1913||1996||American Pentecostal pastor and evangelist||《灵、魂与体》（Spirit, Soul and Body）||
|-
| S. Lewis Johnson Jr.||1915||2004||美国长老会神学家||Man and his Nature, part 1||
|-
| Gleason Archer||1916||2004||美国神学家||Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties||
|-
| P. B. Fitzwater||?||?||||Christian Theology A Systematic Presentation||约翰伍德沃德
|}

参见
 二元论
 人论
 Christian psychology
 一元论

参考The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Reprint. 10 Vols. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1994.
Alford, Henry. The New Testament for English Readers. 2 Vols. London: Rivingtons, 1872.
Augustine. Confessions: Books I-XIII. Trans. F. J. Sheed. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 1993.
Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. Eerdmans, 1996.
Boardman, George D. "The Scriptural Anthropology." Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1 (1867): 177–190, 325–340, 428–444.
Delitzsch, Franz. A System of Biblical Psychology. Trans. Robert E. Wallis. 2nd, English ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1885.
Ellicott, C. J. The Destiny of the Creature. London: Longmans, Green, 1865.
Good, Roger. "The Parts of Man in Translation." Affirmation and Critique II.4 (October 1997).
Good, Roger. "The Progressive Revelation of Man." Affirmation and Critique III.1 (January 1998).
Heard, John Bickford. The Tripartite Nature of Man. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1868.
Hendry, George S. The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1956.
Hodge, Charles. Systematic Theology. Ed. Edward N. Gross. Abridged ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1992.
"Is Man Tripartite or Bipartite?" Catholic Answers. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2017.
Kelley, John N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 5th, revised ed. London: Continuum, 1977.
Lang, G. H. Firstfruits and Harvest: A Study in Resurrection and Rapture. Miami Springs, FL: Conley & Schoettle Pub., 1985.
Layton, Richard A. Didymus the Blind and His Circle in Late-antique Alexandria. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2004
Lee, Witness. The Spirit With Our Spirit. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1994.
Lee, Witness. The Knowledge of Life. 2nd ed. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1988.
Lubac, Henri De. History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen. San Francisco: Ignatius, 2007.
Marais, J. I. "Psychology." International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub., 1939.
McDonough, Mary E. God's Plan of Redemption. Bournemouth: Overcomer Book Room, 1922.
Nee, Watchman. The Spiritual Man. New York: Christian Fellowship, 1968.
Oehler, Gust Fr. Theology of the Old Testament. Trans. George Edward Day. 2nd ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1884.
Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago, 1971.
Pember, G. H. Earth's Earliest Ages. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1900.
Pester, John. "The Human Spirit in the Experience of the Triune God." Affirmation and Critique I.2 (April 1996).
Pink, Arthur W. Gleanings in Genesis. Paperback ed. Chicago, IL: Moody, 1922.
Scofield, C. I. The New Scofield Reference Bible. New York: Oxford UP, 1967.
Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. Vol 3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
Stalker, James. Christian Psychology. New York and London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914.
Strong, Augustus H. Systematic Theology. Valley Forge, PA: Judson, 1907.
Van Oosterzee, Jan Jacob. Christian Dogmatics. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1874.
Woodward, John B. Man as Spirit, Soul, and Body: A Study of Biblical Psychology''. Pigeon Forge, TN.: Grace Fellowship International, 2007.

外部链接
 The Tripartite Makeup of Man  (wholereason.com)
 Tripartite Man  (tripartiteman.org)
 The Collected Works of Watchman Nee 
神學