通布卡语

通布卡语（Tumbuka language，又名或，意為的語言）是班图语一支，主要在马拉维北部地区和赞比亚的隆達濟地区使用。  通布卡语与齐切瓦语和属于同一语群（  ）。  

根據1998年的《世界年鉴》估计大约有2,000,000名通布卡语使用者，尽管其他来源估计使用人数要少得多。据说大多数讲通布卡语的人都住在马拉维。 通布卡语是马拉维北部地区使用最广泛的语言，尤其是在倫比、姆祖祖和姆津巴地区。 

马拉维城市中使用的通布卡语（許多詞借用斯瓦希里语和齐切瓦语 ）与乡村中使用的通布卡语存在很大差异。  姆津巴方言則受到祖鲁语影响，  在有些詞彙上甚至出現搭嘴音，這在通布卡语其它方言並沒有发生。 

自1968年以来，由于馬拉維總統黑斯廷斯·卡穆祖·班达的「一個民族，一种语言」的政策，通布卡语的使用受到了影响，它失去了在马拉维官方語言的地位， 導致通布卡语在学校課程，国家广播电台和印刷媒体中禁止使用。  随着1994年馬拉維民主化和多党制的到来，在馬拉維的广播上再次开播通布卡語的节目，但是通布卡的书籍和其他出版物的数量仍然很少。

参考文献

参考书目 

 Botne, Robert (1999). "Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?" . In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.), Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp. 473-515.
 Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
 Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016). "Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka" . Leiden University doctoral thesis.
 Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, 55-79.
 Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 49, 47-65.
 Downing, Laura J. (2012). "On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka" . Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
 Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds) Intonation in African Tone Languages. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp. 365–392.
 Downing, Laura J. (2019). "Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress". In: Emily Clem et al (eds). Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 75-94. Also available online at:  
 Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923): Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language. Livingstonia Mission Press.
 Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004). Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi" , Nordic Journal of African Studies 13(3): 275–288.
 Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006). Parlons citumbuka : langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages. 
 Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018).  (Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi. 
 Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena" . Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
 McNicholl, Duncan (2010). "The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1" .
 Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones". Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1, 100-120. (pp. 112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
 Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
 Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
 Turner, W.M. (1952). Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
 University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006). "Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi" .
 Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka". African studies, v. 30, 1, p. 35-59.
 Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.

外部链接 

 关于通布卡语的简短报道。 
 马拉维北部语言地图调查  。 马拉维大学语言研究中心，2006年。 
 马拉维北部语言地图  
 一些更多的chiTumbuka词汇。 
 在图姆巴卡上的泛非L10n页面  
 Citumbuka单语词典  

馬拉維語言