舉尾家蟻屬

舉尾家蟻屬 (Crematogaster ) 習性多樣，世界廣布，最易辨別的特徵便是其水滴型的腹部。舉尾家蟻屬英文俗名為 Saint Valentine ant ，意思為聖瓦倫丁螞蟻，因其心形的腹部得名，聖瓦倫丁為情人的象徵，2月14日的情人節便是紀念其殉道的節日。另一俗名為雞尾酒螞蟻 (cocktail ants)，因其受侵擾時會將腹部舉起的行為得名。大部分的種類是樹棲性，因此得到雜技螞蟻 (acrobat ants) 的俗名。

舉尾家蟻屬主食為其他昆蟲，如蜂類。舉尾家蟻會用毒液麻痺獵物，並沿途留下費洛蒙，引導同伴來到獵物所在的地點。

捕食行為 
舉尾家蟻大型和小型的獵物都會捕食，捕食的時候覓食的工蟻會留下費洛蒙引領四周的工蟻前來協助。當個體接觸到獵物時，它們會立即發動攻擊，有時候也會用螫針攻擊，攻擊時它們會釋放緊戒費洛蒙，吸引其他工蟻攻擊獵物，其他工蟻會拉扯獵物的附肢，讓獵物呈現全身舒展的狀態並將其扛回蟻巢。舉尾家蟻有爪間體，爪間體可以增加抓附能力，讓螞蟻能夠在樹上垂直移動並搬運獵物。如果獵物很小附近又沒有其他工蟻，工蟻會獨自將其搬回蟻巢，而如果附近有其他工蟻，其他工蟻會協助將獵物搬回蟻巢，就算獵物非常小也一樣。舉尾家蟻會取食蝗蟲、白蟻、蜂類和其他小型昆蟲。

捕食蜂類 
舉尾家蟻會捕食許多種蜂類，大多數為與樹互利（如授粉）的種類。蜂類通常會持續移動，造成捕食困難，而舉尾家蟻對蜂類所釋放的化學訊號極為敏感，讓他們能在第一時間抵達蜂類的位置。

棲地 

不論在野外或室內都能發現舉尾家蟻的蹤跡。在野外，舉尾家蟻通常居住在樹上，但它們也會居住在其他地方，通常為潮濕陰暗的地方，如木材堆裡、石頭底下。在室內，蟻巢通常會築在電線附近，靠近食物來源。

繁殖 
舉尾家蟻蟻后會在婚飛時和雄蟻交配，雄蟻交配後不久便會死去，而蟻后會將翅膀移除並建立新群體。

舉尾家蟻還有另一種生殖策略。蟻巢中會有體型略小於蟻后，但大於一般工蟻的大型工蟻，這些工蟻在生理上也和一般工蟻不同，它們的卵巢會發育並具有產卵的能力，如果群體中有蟻后，產下的卵會被蟻后和幼蟲吃掉，如果群體中沒有蟻后，產下的卵會孵化成雄蟻。在沒有蟻后的群體中，大型工蟻會產下較多的卵。其他工蟻會像對待蟻后一樣對待大型工蟻。

大型工蟻能產下會孵化成工蟻的卵，因此它們能對群體產生影響。大型工蟻甚至能透過分巢的方式建立新群體。

防禦行為 
舉尾家蟻能將腹部越過頭頂往前伸，可以將腹部朝向幾乎所有方向。打鬥時舉尾家蟻會從腹部末端釋放毒液，毒液對其他螞蟻的影響因種類而異，有些物種無法抵抗毒液，一兩滴即可致命，有些物種則具有抗性，可以承受大量的毒液，但無論如何毒液通常都可以逼退對方。毒液成分為酚類和羧酸，這些成分中有些具有抗生素的效果。

分工 
舉尾家蟻會分工，在巢內工作的個體體型和頭寬較小，在巢外工作的個體體型和頭寬則較大。有些 Orthocrema 亞屬的物種，如 Crematogaster schimmeri, C. biroi, C. pygmaea ，有專門產卵的階級，產下的未受精卵會被幼蟲吃掉。

共生 
舉尾家蟻會和某些植物共生，植物會分泌蜜露並提供住所，螞蟻則會保護植物不受其他昆蟲侵害。有些舉尾家蟻的主要食物由血桐屬提供。

當植物被攻擊時，舉尾家蟻會傾巢而出保護植物，當周遭的植物受到攻擊時舉尾家蟻也會保護其不受侵擾。

費洛蒙軌跡 
舉尾家蟻會留下費洛蒙軌跡，其功能多樣，如溝通、引導其他工蟻前來協助等。有些舉尾家蟻會用後足留下費洛蒙軌跡。

舉尾家蟻會在往食物的路上留下費洛蒙，吸引其他工蟻前來。吸引其他工蟻前來有許多好處，可以加快運送食物的速度，也可以協助禦敵。

物種列表 
舉尾家蟻屬下共有430種以上的物種。
C. abdominalis Motschoulsky, 1863 
C. aberrans Forel, 1892 
C. abrupta Mann, 1919 
C. abstinens Forel, 1899 
C. acaciae Forel, 1892 
C. aculeata Donisthorpe, 1941 
C. acuta Fabricius, 1804 
C. adrepens Forel, 1897 
C. aegyptiaca Mayr, 1862 
C. affabilis Forel, 1907 
C. afghanica Forel, 1967 
C. africana Mayr, 1895 
C. agnetis Forel, 1892 
C. agniae Karavaiev, 1935 
C. agnita Wheeler, 1934 
C. aitkenii Forel, 1902 
C. algirica Lucas, 1849 
C. alluaudi Emery, 1893 
C. aloysiisabaudiae Menozzi, 1930 
C. alulai Emery, 1901 
C. amabilis Santschi, 1911 
C. amapaensis Kempf, 1960 
C. ambigua Santschi, 1926 
C. amita Forel, 1913 
C. ampla Powell, 2014 
C. ampullaris Smith, 1861 
C. ancipitula Forel, 1917 
C. angulosa Andre, 1896 
C. angusticeps Santschi, 1911 
C. antaris Forel, 1894 
C. anthracina Smith, 1857 
C. apicalis Motschoulsky, 1878 
C. arata Emery, 1906 
C. arcuata Forel, 1899 
C. arizonensis Wheeler, 1908 
C. armandi Forel, 1921 
C. arnoldi Forel, 1914 
C. aroensis Menozzi, 1935 
C. arthurimuelleri Forel, 1894 
C. ashmeadi Mayr, 1886 
C. atitlanica Wheeler, 1936 
C. atkinsoni Wheeler, 1919 
C. atra Mayr, 1870 
C. auberti Emery, 1869 
C. augusti Emery, 1895 
C. aurita Karavaiev, 1935 
C. australis Mayr, 1876 
C. baduvi Forel, 1912 
C. bakeri Menozzi, 1925 
C. barbouri Weber, 1934 
C. batesi Forel, 1911 
C. bequaerti Forel, 1913 
C. betapicalis Smith, 1995 
C. bicolor Smith, 1860 
C. biformis Andre, 1892 
C. binghamii Forel, 1904 
C. bingo Forel, 1908 
C. biroi Mayr, 1897 
C. bison Forel, 1913 
C. boera Ruzsky, 1926 
C. bogojawlenskii Ruzsky, 1905 
C. boliviana Wheeler, 1922 
C. borneensis Andre, 1896 
C. brasiliensis Mayr, 1878 
C. brevimandibularis Donisthorpe, 1943 
C. brevis Emery, 1887 
C. brevispinosa Mayr, 1870 
C. breviventris Santschi, 1920 
C. browni Buren, 1968 
C. bruchi Forel, 1912 
C. brunnea Smith, 1857 
C. brunneipennis Andre, 1890 
C. brunnescens Motschoulsky, 1863 
C. buchneri Forel, 1894 
C. buddhae Forel, 1902 
C. butteli Forel, 1913 
C. californica Wheeler, 1919 
C. capensis Mayr, 1862 
C. captiosa Forel, 1911 
C. carinata Mayr, 1862 
C. castanea Smith, 1858 
C. censor Forel, 1910 
C. cephalotes Smith, 1857 
C. cerasi Fitch, 1855 
C. chiarinii Emery, 1881 
C. chlorotica Emery, 1899 
C. chopardi Bernard, 1950 
C. chungi Brown, 1949 
C. cicatriculosa Roger, 1863 
C. clariventris Mayr, 1895 
C. clydia Forel, 1912 
C. coarctata Mayr, 1870 
C. coelestis Santschi, 1911 
C. colei Buren, 1968 
C. concava Emery, 1899 
C. constructor Emery, 1895 
C. coriaria Mayr, 1872 
C. cornigera Forel, 1902 
C. cornuta Crawley, 1924 
C. corporaali Santschi, 1928 
C. corticicola Mayr, 1887 
C. corvina Mayr, 1870 
C. crassicornis Emery, 1893 
C. crinosa Mayr, 1862 
C. cristata Santschi, 1929 
C. curvispinosa Mayr, 1862 
C. cuvierae Donisthorpe, 1945 
C. cylindriceps Wheeler, 1927 
C. dahlii Forel, 1901 
C. daisyi Forel, 1901 
C. dalyi Forel, 1902 
C. decamera Forel, 1910 
C. degeeri Forel, 1886 
C. delagoensis Forel, 1894 
C. delitescens Wheeler, 1921 
C. dentinodis Forel, 1901 
C. depilis Wheeler, 1919 
C. depressa (Latreille, 1802) 
C. descarpentriesi Santschi, 1928 
C. descolei Kusnezov, 1949 
C. desecta Forel, 1911 
C. desperans Forel, 1914 
C. difformis Smith, 1857 
C. diffusa (Jerdon, 1851) 
C. dispar Forel, 1902 
C. distans Mayr, 1870 
C. dohrni Mayr, 1879 
C. dolens Forel, 1910 
C. donisthorpei Santschi, 1934 
C. dorsidens Santschi, 1925 
C. dubia Karavaiev, 1935 
C. ebenina Forel, 1902 
C. edentula Santschi, 1914 
C. egidyi Forel, 1903 
C. egregior Forel, 1912 
C. elegans Smith, 1859 
C. elysii Mann, 1919 
C. emeryana Creighton, 1950 
C. emeryi Forel, 1907 
C. emmae Forel, 1891 
C. enneamera Emery, 1900 
C. ensifera Forel, 1910 
C. erecta Mayr, 1866 
C. esterelana (Bernard, 1978) 
C. eurydice Forel, 1915 
C. euterpe Santschi, 1922 
C. evallans Forel, 1907 
C. excisa Mayr, 1895 
C. ferrarii Emery, 1888 
C. flavicornis Emery, 1897 
C. flavitarsis Emery, 1900 
C. foraminiceps Santschi, 1913 
C. formosa Mayr, 1870 
C. foxi Mann, 1919 
C. fraxatrix Forel, 1911 
C. fritzi Emery, 1901 
C. frivola Forel, 1902 
C. fruhstorferi Emery, 1901 
C. fuentei Menozzi, 1922 
C. fulmeki Forel, 1922 
C. fusca Mayr, 1876 
C. gabonensis Emery, 1899 
C. gallicola Forel, 1894 
C. gambiensis Andre, 1889 
C. gavapiga Menozzi, 1935 
C. gerstaeckeri Dalla Torre, 1892 
C. gibba Emery, 1894 
C. gordani Karaman, M., 2008
C. gratiosa Santschi, 1926 
C. grevei Forel, 1891 
C. gutenbergi Santschi, 1914 
C. heathi Mann, 1916 
C. hemiceros Santschi, 1926 
C. hespera Buren, 1968 
C. hezaradjatica Pisarski, 1967 
C. himalayana Forel, 1902 
C. hogsoni Forel, 1902 
C. homeri Forel, 1913 
C. hottentota Emery, 1899 
C. hova Forel, 1887 
C. huberi Forel, 1907 
C. iheringi Forel, 1908 
C. ilgii Forel, 1910 
C. impressa Emery, 1899 
C. impressiceps Mayr, 1902 
C. inca Wheeler, 1925 
C. inconspicua Mayr, 1896 
C. incorrecta Santschi, 1917 
C. indefensa Kempf, 1968 
C. inermis Mayr, 1862 
C. inflata Smith, 1857 
C. innocens Forel, 1911 
C. inops Forel, 1892 
C. insularis Smith, 1859 
C. ionia Forel, 1911 
C. iridipennis Smith, 1865 
C. irritabilis Smith, 1860 
C. isolata Buren, 1968 
C. jacobsoni Forel, 1911 
C. javanica Menozzi, 1935 
C. jeanneli Santschi, 1914 
C. jehovae Forel, 1907 
C. jullieni Santschi, 1910 
C. juventa Santschi, 1926 
C. kachelibae Arnold, 1954 
C. karawaiewi Menozzi, 1935 
C. kasaiensis Forel, 1913 
C. kelleri Forel, 1891 
C. kirbii (Sykes, 1835) 
C. kneri Mayr, 1862 
C. kohli Forel, 1909 
C. kutteri Viehmeyer, 1924 
C. laboriosa Smith, 1874 
C. laestrygon Emery, 1869 
C. laeviceps Smith, 1858 
C. laevis Mayr, 1878 
C. laevissima Smith, 1860 
C. laeviuscula Mayr, 1870 
C. lamottei Bernard, 1953 
C. lango Weber, 1943 
C. larreae Buren, 1968 
C. latuka Weber, 1943 
C. laurenti Forel, 1909 
C. ledouxi Soulie, 1961 
C. libengensis Stitz, 1916 
C. liengmei Forel, 1894 
C. limata Smith, 1858 
C. lineolata (Say, 1836) 
C. litoralis Arnold, 1955 
C. lobata Emery, 1895 
C. longiceps Forel, 1910 
C. longiclava Emery, 1893 
C. longipilosa Forel, 1907 
C. longispina Emery, 1890 
C. lorteti Forel, 1910 
C. lotti Weber, 1943 
C. lucayana Wheeler, 1905 
C. luctans Forel, 1907 
C. lutzi Forel, 1905 
C. macracantha Creighton, 1945 
C. madagascariensis Andre, 1887 
C. madecassa Emery, 1895 
C. magitae Forel, 1910 
C. magnifica Santschi, 1925 
C. major Donisthorpe, 1941 
C. manni Buren, 1968 
C. margaritae Emery, 1895 
C. marioni Buren, 1968 
C. marthae Forel, 1892 
C. matsumurai Forel, 1901 
C. meijerei Emery, 1911 
C. melanogaster Emery, 1895 
C. menilekii Forel, 1894 
C. mesonotalis Emery, 1911 
C. microspina Menozzi, 1942 
C. millardi Forel, 1902 
C. mimicans Donisthorpe, 1932 
C. mimosae Santschi, 1914 
C. minutissima Mayr, 1870 
C. misella Arnold, 1920 
C. mjobergi Forel, 1915 
C. modiglianii Emery, 1900 
C. montenigrinus Karaman, M., 2008
C. montezumia Smith, 1858 
C. monticola Arnold, 1920 
C. moorei Donisthorpe, 1941 
C. moqorensis Pisarski, 1967 
C. mormonum Wheeler, 1919 
C. mottazi Santschi, 1928 
C. mucronata Emery, 1900 
C. muralti Forel, 1910 
C. mutans Buren, 1968 
C. myops Forel, 1911 
C. natalensis Forel, 1910 
C. navajoa Buren, 1968 
C. nesiotis Mann, 1919 
C. neuvillei Forel, 1907 
C. nigeriensis Santschi, 1914 
C. nigrans Forel, 1915 
C. nigriceps Emery, 1897 
C. nigronitens Santschi, 1917 
C. nigropilosa Mayr, 1870 
C. nocturna Buren, 1968 
C. oasium Santschi, 1911 
C. obnigra Mann, 1919 
C. obscura Smith, 1857 
C. obscurior Dalla Torre, 1892 
C. ochracea Mayr, 1862 
C. ochraceiventris Stitz, 1916 
C. onusta Stitz, 1925 
C. opaca Mayr, 1870 
C. opaciceps Mayr, 1901 
C. opuntiae Buren, 1968 
C. ornatipilis Wheeler, 1918 
C. orobia Santschi, 1919 
C. osakensis Forel, 1900 
C. oscaris Forel, 1910 
C. overbecki Viehmeyer, 1916 
C. oxygynoides Santschi, 1934 
C. painei Donisthorpe, 1945 
C. pallida Lowne, 1865 
C. pallipes Mayr, 1862 
C. paolii Menozzi, 1930 
C. paradoxa Emery, 1894 
C. parallela Santschi, 1925 
C. patei Buren, 1968 
C. pauciseta Emery, 1899 
C. pauli Emery, 1901 
C. pellens Walker, 1859 
C. perelegans Forel, 1902 
C. peringueyi Emery, 1895 
C. peristerica Menozzi, 1925 
C. perthensis Crawley, 1922 
C. peruviana (Wheeler, 1922) 
C. petiolidens Forel, 1916 
C. phoenica Santschi, 1915 
C. phoenix Santschi, 1921 
C. pia Forel, 1911 
C. pilosa Emery, 1895 
C. polita Smith, 1865 
C. politula Forel, 1902 
C. polymnia Santschi, 1922 
C. popohana Forel, 1912 
C. praecursor Emery, 1891 
C. pseudinermis Viehmeyer, 1923 
C. pulchella Bernard, 1953 
C. punctulata Emery, 1895 
C. pusilla (Heer, 1850) 
C. pygmaea Forel, 1904 
C. pythia Forel, 1915 
C. quadriformis Roger, 1863 
C. quadrispinosa Roger, 1863 
C. queenslandica Forel, 1902 
C. ralumensis Forel, 1901 
C. ranavalonae Forel, 1887 
C. ransonneti Mayr, 1868 
C. rasoherinae Forel, 1891 
C. rectinota Forel, 1913 
C. recurva Emery, 1897 
C. resulcata Bolton, 1995 
C. retifera Santschi, 1926 
C. rifelna Buren, 1968 
C. rivai Emery, 1897 
C. rogenhoferi Mayr, 1879 
C. rogeri Emery, 1922 
C. rossi Buren, 1968 
C. rothneyi Mayr, 1879 
C. rudis Emery, 1894 
C. rufa (Jerdon, 1851) 
C. rufigena Arnold, 1958 
C. rufotestacea Mayr, 1876 
C. rugosa Andre, 1895 
C. rugosior Santschi, 1910 
C. ruspolii Forel, 1892 
C. russoi Menozzi, 1930 
C. rustica Santschi, 1935 
C. sagei Forel, 1902 
C. sanguinea Roger, 1863 
C. santschii Forel, 1913 
C. saussurei Forel, 1899 
C. scapamaris Santschi, 1922 
C. scelerata Santschi, 1917 
C. schencki Forel, 1891 
C. schimmeri Forel, 1912 
C. schmidti (Mayr, 1853) 
C. schultzei Forel, 1910 
C. scita Forel, 1902 
C. sculpturata Pergande, 1896 
C. scutellaris (Olivier, 1792) 
C. semperi Emery, 1893 
C. senegalensis Roger, 1863 
C. sewellii Forel, 1891 
C. similis Stitz, 1911 
C. simoni Emery, 1893 
C. sjostedti (Mayr, 1907) 
C. skounensis Soulie, 1961 
C. solenopsides Emery, 1899 
C. solers Forel, 1910 
C. sordidula (Nylander, 1849) 
C. sorokini Ruzsky, 1905 
C. soror Forel, 1902 
C. spengeli Forel, 1912 
C. stadelmanni Mayr, 1895 
C. steinheili Forel, 1881 
C. stenocephala Emery, 1922 
C. stethogompha Wheeler, 1919 
C. stigmata Santschi, 1914 
C. stollii Forel, 1885 
C. striatula Emery, 1892 
C. subcircularis Mayr, 1879 
C. subdentata Mayr, 1877 
C. subnuda Mayr, 1879 
C. sumichrasti Mayr, 1870 
C. tanakai Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009
C. tarsata Smith, 1865 
C. terminalis (Shuckard, 1838) 
C. tetracantha Emery, 1887 
C. theta Forel, 1911 
C. togoensis Donisthorpe, 1945 
C. torosa Mayr, 1870 
C. transiens Forel, 1913 
C. transvaalensis Forel, 1894 
C. trautweini Viehmeyer, 1914 
C. travancorensis Forel, 1902 
C. treubi Emery, 1896 
C. tumidula Emery, 1900 
C. udo Forel, 1905 
C. unciata Santschi, 1925 
C. ustiventris Menozzi, 1935 
C. vandeli Soulie, 1961 
C. vandermeermohri Menozzi, 1930 
C. vermiculata Emery, 1895 
C. victima Smith, 1858 
C. vidua Santschi, 1928 
C. vitalisi Menozzi, 1925 
C. voeltzkowi Forel, 1907 
C. vulcania Santschi, 1913 
C. walshi Forel, 1902 
C. warburgi Menozzi, 1933 
C. wasmanni Santschi, 1910 
C. weberi Emery, 1911 
C. wellmani Forel, 1909 
C. werneri Mayr, 1907 
C. wheeleri Mann, 1919 
C. whitei Wheeler, 1915 
C. wilwerthi Santschi, 1910 
C. wroughtonii Forel, 1902 
C. xerophila Wheeler, 1915 
C. yappi Forel, 1901 
C. yamanei Hosoishi, S. & Ogata, K., 2009
C. zavattarii Menozzi, 1926 
C. zonacaciae Weber, 1943

參考資料

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