第三党 (美国)

第三党（）是一个政治术语，在现今的美国指除共和党、民主党两大政党外的其它所有政党。这些政党也参加各种公职选举，但在美国现行的两党制体制下，胜选几率极其微小。目前，美国主要的第三党有自由意志党、美国绿党和宪法党。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。

现在的第三黨列表 

 自由意志党
 美國綠黨
 非洲人民社会党
 全非人民革命党
 
 美国自由党
 美国劳工党
 美国团结党
 黑人骑士解放党
 
 美國共產黨
 宪法党
 美国民主社会主义者
 自由道路社会主义组织
 自由社会党
 人道党
 独立美国党
 公正党
 现在合法大麻党
 美国大麻党
 现代辉格党
 国家社会主义运动
 新非洲黑豹党
 新黑豹党
 美国海盗党
 进步劳工党
 禁酒党
 美国改革党
 革命黑豹党
 美国革命共产党
 争取社会主义和解放党
 美国社会党
 社会主义行动
 社会主义替代
 社会主义平等党
 社会主义工人党
 美国团结党 (2004年)
 工作家庭党
 工人世界党
 美国世界社会党
 前進党（美國）（2021年-）

参見
美国选举人团
無黨籍
政党
比例代表制
第三勢力
选举权

参考文献

延伸閱讀

調查 
 Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. 
 Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)
 Green, Donald J. Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010)
 Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
 Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United States (1962), Brief survey
 Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR
 Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
 Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America (4 vol. 2006)
 Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
 Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)
 Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources
  Sifry, Micah L. Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America (Routledge, 2002)

學術研究
 Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." Political Science Quarterly 110 (1995): 349–67
 Argersinger, Peter H. The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
 Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28
 Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36. 
 Brooks, Corey M. Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp. 
 Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." American Politics Research 33 (2005): 672–99.
 Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus (1994), includes Ross Parot
 Chace, James. 1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country (2009)
 Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." Quarterly Journal of Speech 74 (1988): 434–52.
 Gould, Lewis L. Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics (2008)
 Hazlett, Joseph. The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (McFarland & Company, 1992)
 Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." Southern Speech Communication Journal 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968
 Jelen, Ted G. ed.  Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond (State University of New York Press, 2001)
 Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141–53.
 Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48–65.
 Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." Quarterly Journal of Speech (2006): 355–78.
 Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946), on 1912
 Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
 Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506 pp
 Richardson, Darcy G.  A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness  59 pp
 Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316–22.
 Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004)
 Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 36–44.
 Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp
 Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online

外部連結
The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties
Free and Equal  – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
Independent Political Report  – Frequently updated source for third party news

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美国政治术语