烟管蜗牛科

烟管蜗牛科（學名：），亦作烟管螺科或密封蝸科，是烟管蜗牛总科之下的一種小型和非常長的科級分類。本科物種主要都是左旋物種的陸生蝸牛、會呼吸空氣的有肺類腹足綱直神經亞綱柄眼目軟體動物。

本科舊屬柄眼目中尿道亞目（Mesurethra）及泛有肺類真有肺類柄眼類非正式群組弯尿道類。

，本科連同現生種及化石種合共有1300個物種，是陸生蝸牛當中其生物多樣性最高的分類單元（參照Orthalicidae，在整個腹足綱來說也只是僅次於海生的小塔螺科）。

本科物種在台灣的名稱叫作「烟管-{}-蝸牛科」，這是得名於其殻口的獨特「烟管」解剖結構，叫作「腔襞」，讓牠們可以將牠們的殼口變得可以像一扇趟門那樣把殻口關閉起來。

型態描述

幾乎所有本科的貝殻都是左旋的，這在腹足綱物種的螺殻來說並不常見。殻的表面有肋樣構造。殻長約10到15 mm。

These snails have shells which are extremely high-spired, with numerous whorls.

The shells tend to be club-shaped, tapering at both ends to a rounded nub. The aperture usually has visible folds.

「烟管」

烟管蜗牛科物種在肺螺類腹足綱軟體動物來說相當特殊，因為牠們大多數的殻口都有稱為「腔襞」的類似「烟管」構造，就像一扇趟門一樣。這種「烟管」與口蓋並不一樣，因為在肺螺類物種都已有外套膜肺，並沒有「口蓋」這種構造。

腔襞是一種石灰質構造，舌形或調匙形，可將其殻口完全關閉，以防止肉食性的甲蟲幼蟲入侵其柔軟的身體。腔襞有不同的形態，如「月形」或「弓形」腔襞、「倒C形腔襞」、「工形腔襞」、「平行腔襞」等，還可以分為多個部分，如：上腔襞、下腔襞、月形襞及主襞等。腔襞有「閉板」及「腔襞板」（）將其封閉：「閉板」是附生於殻軸的板狀構造，而腔襞板則是殻內壁的板狀突起，由殻壁摺疊而形成。

生物學
本科物種的染色體的單倍體介乎21到30之間。

分類學
本科的模式屬是烟管蜗牛属（Clausilia ）。

根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，本科是彎尿道類非正式群組的成員，而這個群組在2010年的修訂被歸類為泛有肺類真有肺類演化支的成員。在2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，曲尿道類支序和泛有肺類都不再使用。

2005年分類
根據2005年《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，本科包括下列各亞科：
烟管蜗牛亚科 Clausiliinae 
 tribe Clausiliini Gray, 1855 - synonym: Fusulinae Lindholm, 1924
 tribe Gracillariini H. Nordsieck, 1979
subfamily Alopiinae A. J. Wagner, 1913
 tribe Alopiini A. J. Wagner, 1913
 tribe Cochlodinini Lindholm, 1925 (1923) - synonym: Marpessinae Wenz, 1923
 tribe Delimini Brandt, 1956 - synonym: Papilliferini Brandt, 1961 (n.a.)
 tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
 tribe Montenegrinini H. Nordsieck, 1972
subfamily Baleinae A. J. Wagner, 1913 - synonyms: Laciniariini H. Nordsieck, 1963; Tristaniinae Schileyko, 1999
subfamily † Constrictinae H. Nordsieck, 1981
斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae 
斜管螺族 Garnieriini 
伞管螺族 Tropidaucheniini 
subfamily † Eualopiinae H. Nordsieck, 1978
 tribe † Eualopiini H. Nordsieck, 1978
 tribe † Rillyini H. Nordsieck, 1985
subfamily Laminiferinae Wenz, 1923
subfamily Mentissoideinae Lindholm, 1924
 tribe Mentissoideini Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Euxininae I. M. Likharev, 1962
 tribe Acrotomini H. Nordsieck, 1979
 tribe Boettgeriini H. Nordsieck, 1979
 tribe Euxinellini Neubert, 2002
 tribe Filosini H. Nordsieck, 1979
 tribe Olympicolini Neubert, 2002
 tribe Strigileuxinini H. Nordsieck, 1994
 tribe Strumosini H. Nordsieck, 1994
subfamily Neniinae Wenz, 1923 - Neniastrinae H. B. Baker, 1930
subfamily Phaedusinae A. J. Wagner, 1922
 tribe Phaedusini A. J. Wagner, 1922
 tribe Megalophaedusini Zilch, 1954 - synonym: Zaptyxini Zilch, 1954
subfamily Serrulininae Ehrmann, 1927

2017年分類
根據2017年《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，煙管蝸牛科是柄眼目旋蝸牛亞目煙管蝸牛下目之下的煙管蝸牛總科的成員。本科之下的亞科從過往的11個亞科縮減至8個亞科21個族，分別如下：
 Subfamily Alopiinae 
 Tribe Alopiini 
 Tribe Cochlodinini 
 Tribe Delimini 
 Tribe Medorini 
 Subfamily Clausiliinae 
 斜管螺亞科 Garnieriinae 
 Subfamily Laminiferinae 
 Subfamily Mentissoideinae 
 Subfamily Neniinae 
 Subfamily Peruiniinae 
 管螺亚科 Phaedusinae 
 管螺族 Phaedusini 
 Tribe Serrulinini 
 Tribe Synprosphymini

屬
以下詳列本科之下各個亞科所屬的分類單元：

烟管蜗牛亚科
烟管蜗牛亚科（Clausiliinae）包括以下兩族：
烟管蜗牛族（Clausiliini）
 烟管蜗牛属 Clausilia Draparnaud, 1805 - with two subgenera: Clausilia and Strobeliella H. Nordsieck, 1977
 Erjaveci a Brusina, 1870
 Fusulus Fitzinger, 1833 - with two subgenera: Erjaveciella H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Fusulus
 Julica H. Nordsieck, 1963
 Macrogastra Hartmann, 1841 - with three subgenera: Macrogastra, Pseudovestia H. Nordsieck, 1877 and Pyrostoma Vest, 1867
 Micridyla H. Nordsieck, 1973
 Neostyriaca A. J. Wagner, 1920
 Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck, 1977 - has the only one species: Pseudofusulus varians
 Ruthenica Lindholm, 1924
tribe Gracillariini
 Graciliaria Bielz, 1867

Alopiinae 
Alopiinae

tribe Alopiini
 Alopia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Alopia and Kimakowiczia Szekeres, 1969
 Herilla H. & A. Adams, 1855
 Triloba Vest, 1867

tribe Cochlodinini
 Cochlodina A. Férussac, 1821 - with four subgenera: Cochlodina; Cochlodinastra H. Nordsieck, 1977; Paracochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969; Procochlodina H. Nordsieck, 1969
 Macedonica O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Delimini
 Barcania Brandt, 1956
 Charpentieria Stabille, 1864 - with four subgenera: Charpentieria; Gibbularia Monterosato, 1908; Mauritanica O. Boettger, 1877; Siciliaria Vest, 1867 and Stigmatica O. Boettger, 1877
 Delima Hartmann, 1842 - with four subgenera: Delima; Dugiana Stamol & Slapnik, 2002; Piceata O. Boettger, 1877 and Semirugata O. Boettger, 1877
 Dilataria Vest, 1867
 Papillifera Hartmann, 1842

tribe Medorini H. Nordsieck, 1997
 Agathylla H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera Agathylla and Agathyllina H. Nordsieck, 1969
 Albinaria Vest, 1867 - also include former genera Carinigera Moellendorff, 1873; Cristataria Vest, 1867; Isabellaria Vest, 1867; Sericata O. Boettger, 1878.
 Inchoatia Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2006
 Lampedusa - with two subgenera Imitatrix Westerlund, 1884 and Lampedusa
 Leucostigma A. J. Wagner, 1919
 Medora H. & A. Adams, 1855
 Muticaria Lindholm, 1925
 Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner, 1924

tribe Montenegrinini
 Montenegrina O. Boettger, 1877
 Protoherilla A. J. Wagner, 1921

Baleinae 

 Alinda H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Alinda and Pseudalinda O. Boettger, 1877
 Balea J. E. Gray, 1824
 Bulgarica O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera Bulgarica, Pavlovicia H. Nordsieck, 1973 and Strigilecula Kennard & Woodward, 1923
 Lacinaria Hartmann, 1842
 Likharevia H. Nordsieck, 1975
 Menissa H. & A.Adams, 1855
 Mentissella H. Nordsieck, 1973
 Micropontica O. Boettger, 1881 - with two subgenera: Baleopsina Lindholm, 1924 and Micropontica
 Mucronaria O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Index O. Boettger, 1877 and Mucronaria
 Quadriplicata O. Boettger, 1878
 Vestia Hesse, 1916 - with three subgenera: Brabenecia H. Nordsieck, 1974; Vestia and Vestiella H. Nordsieck, 1877

Constrictinae 
Fossil subfamily Constrictinae contains genera:
 † Constricta O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily

斜管螺亞科
斜管螺亞科（Garnieriinae）包括下列各屬：
 Garnieria Bourguignat, 1877
 斜管螺属 Grandinenia 
 Indonenia Ehrmann, 1927
 Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
 Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2002
 伞管螺属 Tropidauchenia 
 subsp. Euryauchenia H. Nordsieck, 2007
 subsp. Tropidauchenia

Eualopiinae 
Fossil subfamily Eualopiinae contains genera:

tribe † Eualopiini
 † Eualopia O. Boettger, 1877 - type genus of the subfamily

tribe † Rillyini
 † Rillya Munier-Chalmas [in P. Fischer], 1883 - type genus of the tribe

Laminiferinae 
 Laminifera O. Boettger, 1863 - the type genus of the family Laminiferinae. Its type species is fossil. (Actual status of the genus?)
 Bofilliella Ehrmann, 1927
 Neniatlanta Bouguignat, 1876

Mentissoideinae 
 Acrotoma O. Boettger, 1881 - with four subgenera: Acrotoma, Acrotomina H. Nordsieck, 1977; Bzybia H. Nordsieck, 1977 and Castelliana Suvorov, 2002
 Akramowskia H. Nordsieck, 1975
 Armenica O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Armenica and Astrogena Szekeres, 1970
 Bitorquata O. Boettger, 1877
 Boettgeria O. Boettger, 1863 - with two subgenera: Boettgeriaand Loosjesiella Neubert & Groh, 1998
 Elia H. & A.Adams, 1855 - with four subgenera: Acroeuxina O. Boettger, 1877; Caucasica O. Boettger, 1877; Elia and Megaleuxina O. Boettger, 1877
 Euxina O. Boettger, 1877 - with two subgenera: Euxina and Illunellaria Lindholm, 1924
 Euxinastra O. Boettger, 1888 - with two subgenera: Euxinastra and Odonteuxina H. Nordsieck, 1875
 Euxinella H. Nordsieck, 1973
 Filosa O. Boettger, 1877
 Galeata O. Boettger, 1877
 Idyla H. & A. Adams, 1855 - with two subgenera: Idyla and Strigilidyla H. Nordsieck, 1994
 Kazancia Neubert, 1992 - with two subgenera: Kazancia and Lasica Neubert, 1995
 Macroptychia O. Boettger, 1877
 Mentissoidea O. Boettger, 1877
 Olympicola Hesse, 1916
 Phrygica H. Nordsieck, 1994
 Roseniella Thiele, 1931 - with two subgenera: Chavchetia Neubert, 1992 and Roseniella
 Sabaeola Lindholm, 1925
 Sprattia O. Boettger, 1883
 Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck, 1975
 Strumosa O. Boettger, 1877
 Sumelia H. Nordsieck, 1994

大口管螺亚科
大口管螺亚科（Neniinae ）主要分佈於南美洲，但亦有少数分佈於中国南部、南亚及东南亚，包括以下各屬：
 Andinia Polinski, 1922
 Andiniella Weyrauch, 1958
 Audiniastra H. Nordsieck, 2005
 Bequaertinenia Weyrauch, 1964 - with two subgenera: Bequaertinenia and Miranenia Grego & Szekeres, 2004
 Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck, 2005
 Columbinia Polinski, 1924 - with three subgenera: Columbinia; Paranenia Rehder, 1939 and Steatonenia Pilsbry, 1926
 Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck, 1999
 Cylindronenia Ehrmann in Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Cylindronenia and Cylindroneniella H. Nordsieck, 2007
 Ehrmanniella Zilch, 1949
 Gonionenia Pilsbry, 1926
 Gracilinenia Polinski, 1922
 Hemicena Pilsbry, 1949
 Incaglaia Pilsbry, 1949 - with two subgenera: Gibbonenia Zilch, 1954 and Incaglaia
 Incania Polinski, 1922
 Leuconenia H. Nordsieck, 2005
 大口管螺屬 Nenia 
 Neniaptyx H. Nordsieck, 2007
 Neniatracta Pilsbry, 1926
 Neniella Grego & Sekeres, 2004
 Neniops Pilsbry, 1926
 Nenisca Rehder, 1939
 Parabalea Ancey, 1882
 Peruinia Polinski, 1922
 Pfeifferiella Weyrauch, 1957
 Pseudogracilinenia Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1984
 Steeriana Jousseaume, 1900
 Symptychiella H. Nordsieck, 1999 - with two subgenera: Divnenia H. Nordsieck, 2005 and Symptychiella
 Temesa H. & A. Adams, 1855
 Zilchiella Weyrauch, 1957

管螺亚科
管螺亚科（Phaedusinae ）包括以下各屬：

管螺族 Phaedusini
 管螺属 Phaedusa  - with four subgenera: Metaphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Phaedusa; Pseudophaedusa Tomiyama, 1984 and Stereophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877

tribe Megalophaedusini
 Leptacme Ehrmann, 1927
 Oospira Blanford, 1872 - with five subgenera: Atractophaedusa Ehrmann, 1927; Formosana O. Boettger, 1877; Formosanella H. Nordsieck, 2003; Oospira; Paraformosella H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Siphonophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
 Zaptyx Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Prozaptyx Loosjes, 1950 and Zaptyx

tribe ?
 Acanthophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2007
 Bathyptychia Lindholm, 1925 - with three subgenera: Bathyptychia; Brachyptychia H. Nordsieck, 2001 and Strictiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
 Celsiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
 Cylindrophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with three subgenera: Cylindrophaedusa and Montiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
 Dautzenbergiella Lindholm, 1924 - with two subgenera: Dautzenbergiella and Mansuyiella H. Nordsieck, 2003
 Diceratoptyx Pilsbry, 1905
 真管螺属 Euphaedusa O. Boettger, 1877： - with five subgenera: Dentiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Euphaedusa; Papilliphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003; Tauphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003 and Telophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2003：又名小煙管蝸牛屬。
 Fuchsiana Gredler, 1887
 拟管螺属 Hemiphaedusa ：with 10 subgenera: Dendrophaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002; Hemiphaedusa; Hemiphaedusoides H. Nordsieck, 2001; Hemizaptyx Pilsbry, 1905; Labyrinthiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Margaritiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001; Notoptychia Ehrmann, 1927; Pinguiphaedusa Azuma, 1982; Placeophaedusa Minato, 1994 and Selenophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
 Heterozaptyx Pilsbry, 1906
 Juttingia Loosjes, 1965 - with two subgenera: Juttingia and Pseudohemiphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2002
 Lindholmiella Ehrmann, 1927
 Liparophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
 Loosjesia H. Nordsieck, 2002
 Luchuphaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Luchuphaedusa and Nesiophaedusa Pilsbry, 1905
 Macrophaedusa Moellendorff, 1883
 Macrophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 2001
 Megalophaedusa O. Boettger, 1877 - with four subgenera: Megalophaedusa; Mesophaedusa Ehrmann, 1929; Mesozaptyx Kuroda, 1963 and Mundiphaedusa Minato, 1979. (Neophaedusa is a synonym of Megalophaedusa).
 Metazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
 Miraphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2005
 Oligozaptx Pilsbry, 1905
 Paraphedusa O. Boettger, 1877
 Parazaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
 Pliciphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1998
 Pulchraptyx Minato, 1981
 Reinia Kobelt, 1876 - with three subgenera: Parareinia H. Nordsieck, 1998; Pictophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Reinia
 Renschiphaedusa Loosjes & Loosjes-van Bemmel, 1973
 Selenoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
 Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 2001
 Sinigena Lindholm, 1925
 Stereozaptyx Pilsbry, 1905
 Streptodera Lindholm, 1925
 Synprosphyma Germain, 1919 - with two subgenera; Excussispira Lindholm, 1925 and Synprosphyma
 Thaumatoptyx Pilsbry, 1908
 Tyrannophaedusa Pilsbry, 1901 - with two subgenera: Aulacophaedusa Azuma, 1982 and Tyrannophaedusa
 Tyrannozaptyx Käufel, 1930
 Zaptychopsis Ehrmann, 1927

Serrulininae 
 Caspiophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
 Dobatia H. Nordsieck, 1973
 Graecophaedusa Rähle, 1982
 Laeviphaedusa Likharev & Stelkov, 1965
 Microphaedusa H. Nordsieck, 1978
 Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres, 1995
 Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres, 1995
 Pravispira Lindholm, 1924
 Pontophaedusa Lindholm, 1924
 Pontophaedusella H. Nordsieck, 1994
 Sciocochlea C. Boettger, 1935
 Serrulina Mousson, 1873
 Serrulinella H. Nordsieck, 1984
 Truncatophaedusa Majoros, Németh & Szili-Kovács 1994
 Tsoukatosia Gittenberger, 2000 - with two subgenera: Agiosspeleikos A. & P. Reischütz, 2003 and Tsoukatosia

保育
儘管非海洋軟體動物當中本科物種看似易危，但在《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》只有9個本科的物種被列入名錄內。

參考文獻

延伸閱讀
 
 Nordsieck H. (2007). Worldwide Door Snails. ConchBooks, 213 pp. .
 Uit de Weerd D. R. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetic history of eastern Mediterranean Alopiinae, a group of morphologically indeterminate land snails". Doctoral thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Leiden University. HTM , PDF.
 Uit de Weerd D. R., Piel W. H. & Gittenberger E. (2004). "Widespread polyphyly among Alopiinae snail genera: when phylogeny mirrors biogeography more closely than morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33(3): 533-548.

外部連結

 Nordsieck H. (2005–2007). www.clausilia.de at Internet Archive.
 Nordsieck H.: http://www.hnords.de : Internet journal for the malacology of landsnails (with special regard to Clausiliidae).
 BioLib info