聯合抵制蒙哥馬利公車運動

聯合抵制蒙哥馬利巴士運動（Montgomery Bus Boycott），美國一場大規模反對種族隔離的社會運動，起因是黑人羅莎·帕克斯在1955年12月1日拒絕聽從蒙哥马利巴士司機詹姆斯·F·布萊克的命令，不肯讓位給一名白人乘客而引起。參與聯合抵制的馬丁·路德·金開始在民權運動中引起注目。

诱发抵制的事件 
1955年12月1日，在阿拉巴马州的蒙哥马利，帕克斯拒绝服从公共汽车司机詹姆斯布莱克的命令，在白人座位满后，拒绝把有色座位讓给白人乘客。 帕克斯不是第一个抵抗公共汽车隔离的人。 其他人也采取了类似的措施，包括1942年的Bayard Rustin，1946年的Irene Morgan，1952年的Sarah Louise Keys，以及最终成功的Browder诉Gayle 1956年诉讼的成员（Claudette Colvin，Aurelia Browder，Susie McDonald和 玛丽·路易斯·史密斯）在蒙哥马利因为没有让出公共汽车座位而在帕克斯事件几个月前被捕。美國全國有色人種協進會認為，帕克斯是用公民不服从的行为违反阿拉巴马州隔离法而被逮后被通过法院挑战的最佳候选人，尽管最终她的案件在州法院陷入困境，当Browder诉Gayle案成功。 [4]

罗莎·帕克斯

E·D·尼克松

抵制

胜利

引述

更多阅读
 Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women's Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don't Cry, and From the Mississippi Delta", Journal of Women's History, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.
 Branch, Taylor. Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63 (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5
 Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5
 Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"
 Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1
 Garrow, David J., editor, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987).  ISBN 0-87049-527-5
 King, Martin Luther, Jr., Stride Toward Freedom.  ISBN 0-06-250490-8
 Morris, Aldon D., The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change (New York: The Free Press, 1984).  ISBN 0-02-922130-7
 
 Raines, Howell, My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South.  ISBN 0-14-006753-1
 Walsh, Frank, Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott.
 Williams, Juan, Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1988).  ISBN 0-14-009653-1

參考
 Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists, at Penn State University, includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Montgomery Bus Boycott article, Encyclopedia of Alabama 
 Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott  ~ Includes cross-referenced text, historical documents and streaming audio, presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University
  The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African-American History
 Montgomery Bus Boycott  ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
 Learning From Rosa Parks, The Indypendent
  Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the Montgomery Advertiser 
 Civil Rights Era Mug Shots, Montgomery County Sheriff's Office, Alabama Department of Archives & History
 Martin Luther King and the "Montgomery Story" Comic Book  - 1956
 Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents  Online collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans.

杯葛
1955年政治
1955年美国
1950年代美国政治
美国社会运动
20世纪美国交通
非洲裔美国人民权历史
1955年12月
1955年军事冲突