美國舊西部

美國西部拓荒时代（）是指美國領土擴張時期，美國西部的歷史、地理、居民、文化等多元內涵的呈現。這段時間從17世纪初的英國美洲殖民地時期到1912年建立最後一個美國本土的州亚利桑那州為止。

美國領土地图

参考文献

延伸阅读

国势研究 

 Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (5th ed. 2001); 892 pp; textbook with 160 –pp of detailed annotated bibliographies older edition online; also online 2001 abridged edition to borrow
 Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860 (1962), Wide-ranging scholarly survey; online free
 Clark, Thomas D. The rampaging frontier: Manners and humors of pioneer days in the South and the Middle West (1939).
 Deverell, William, ed. A Companion to the American West (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2004); 572 pp excerpt and text search
 Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers (1st ed. 1967); 234 pp; textbook covering pre-Columbian era through the mid-twentieth century
 Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers 1: The Southeastern Woodlands, 2: The Northeastern Woodlands, 3: The Great Plains, 4: The Far West and vol. 5: Chronology, Bibliography, Index. Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts
 Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History (Yale University Press, 2000). 576 pp.; textbook
 Josephy, Alvin. The American heritage book of the pioneer spirit (1965)
 Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (1998); this is a revised version of Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West ed. by Howard Lamar (1977)
 
 Milner, Clyde, Carol O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West (1994) long essays by scholars; online free
 Paxson, Frederic Logan. History of the American frontier, 1763–1893 (1924), an old survey by leading authority; Pulitzer Prize
 Paxson, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier (1910) online free
 Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers, (2015) McFarland & Company, 
 Utley, Robert M. The Story of The West (2003)
 White, Richard. "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (1991), textbook focused on the post-1890 far west

土地政策 

 Gates, Paul W. "An overview of American land policy". Agricultural History (1976): 213–29. in JSTOR 
 Gates, Paul W. "Homesteading in the High Plains". Agricultural History (1977): 109–33. in JSTOR 
 Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South (ABC-CLIO, 1989).
 Swierenga, Robert P. "Land Speculation and Its Impact on American Economic Growth and Welfare: A Historiographical Review". Western Historical Quarterly (1977) 8#3 pp: 283–302. in JSTOR 
 Unruh, John David. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860 (1993)
 Van Atta, John R. Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850 (2014) xiii + 294 pp. online review

历史学论 

 Billington, Ray Allen. America's Frontier Heritage (1984), a favorable analysis of Turner's theories about social sciences and historiography online
 Etulain, Richard W., "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", New Mexico Historical Review 87 (Summer 2012), 277–98.
 
 Hurtado, Albert L., "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism", Western Historical Quarterly, (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp. 5–20.
 Lewis, David Rich. "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in A Companion to the American West ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143–161. online  
 Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987), attacks Turner and promotes the New Western History
 Smith, Stacey L. "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction", Journal of the Civil War Era (Dec 2016) 6#4 pp. 566–91.  excerpt 
 Spackman, S. G. F. "The Frontier and Reform in the United States." Historical Journal 13#2  (1970): 333–39. online .
 Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56., online .

图片集合 

 Brégent-Heald Dominique. "Primitive Encounters: Film and Tourism in the North American West", Western Historical Quarterly (2007) 38#1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 47–67 in JSTOR 
 Etulain, Richard W. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art (1996)
 
 Hyde, Anne Farrar. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 (New York University Press, 1993)
 
 Prown, Jules David, Nancy K. Anderson, and William Cronon, eds. Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (1994)
 Rothman, Hal K. Devil's Bargains: Tourism and the Twentieth-Century American West (University of Kansas Press, 1998)
 
 
 
 
 Wrobel, David M. Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression (University of New Mexico Press, 2013) 312 pp.; evaluates European and American travelers' accounts

一手资料 

 Phillips, Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. Two volumes. (1909). vol 1 & 2 online
 Still, Bayrd, ed. The West; contemporary records of America's expansion across the continent, 1607-1890 (1961) online
 Watts, Edward, and David Rachels, eds. The First West: Writing from the American Frontier, 1776–1860 (Oxford UP, 2002), 960 pp; primary sources' long excerpts from 59 authors; excerpt 
 California Gold Rush, from PBS 
 1860s and 1870s from PBS 
 1880s from PBS 
 "Closing the Frontier", from U California

学术文章 

 Full text of all articles in Western Historical Quarterly, 1972 to present
 Great Plains Quarterly Table of contents, 1981 to present ; 2014 to present online articles

参见 

 美国西部

　
美國西部
美国西部文化
美国西部历史
美国扩张史
19世纪美国
20世紀美國
美國民俗
歷史時代