阿布·贝克尔·拉齐

阿布·贝克尔·穆罕默德·扎卡里亚·拉齐（，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；），波斯医师、炼金术师、化学家、哲学家。他博学多才，为早期医学、化学、音乐和哲学领域做出很大贡献。医学方面，他发现天花与麻疹是两种不同的疾病，并最早阐明了过敏和免疫的原理。化学上，他发现乙醇，并认为元素嬗变为金银是可能的。他创立了完善的蒸馏和提取方法，并通过蒸馏绿矾（油）和石油，分别发现硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部书籍和文章，记载了他在各领域的探索。

参考文獻

擴展閱讀

第一手文獻

拉齊所作
 
 See  for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
 Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.

他人所作
 Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
 , Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
 Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
 J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
 Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
 Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
 Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
 Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
 Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
 , Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
 Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
 Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
 Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

第二手文獻
 G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
 Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
 Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
 Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
 H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by  in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
 E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
 S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
 Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
 Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
 Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
 , Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
 Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
 E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
 M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
 , Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
 L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
 H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
 A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
 Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
 Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
 
 , A History of Muslim Philosophy
 Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大学出版社, 61-94.(1992)
 Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi

百科全書
 <cite id=refRichter-Bernburg>
 Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).

外部連結 

 al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online , encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
 Levity.com 
 Payvand.com 
 Google Books Search , "Doubt: A History" p. 229
 "Lives of the Physicians" , dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.

波斯人
化学家
伊朗传统医学
中世纪伊斯兰教炼金术士
伊斯蘭黃金時代
穆斯林发明家
宗教批评者
伊斯兰哲学家