旁观者效应

旁观者效应（）是一个社会心理学术语，在紧急情况下，一个人在有其他人在场时，出手帮助之機會降低，援助的几率与旁观者人数负相关。换句话说，旁观者数量越多，他们当中任何一人进行援助之機會越低。

例子 

1964年3月13日凱瑟琳·吉諾維斯兇殺案是旁觀者效應最著名之事例，也是社會心理學在這一領域進行研究之最初動機。

根据《新闻周刊》2021年3月的一篇事实核查文章，凱瑟琳·吉諾維斯案的報導（吉諾維斯遇害時多達38人袖手旁觀，任兇手三次行兇导致了吉諾維斯死亡）皆疑似為《紐約時報》記者查證不足下的杜撰，與警方資料有甚大差異。

参见 
 责任分散
好撒馬利亞人法

参考资料

外部链接 
 "Don't Just Stand There - Do Something" ，Safety Canada, January 2004.
 The Bystander's Dilemma ，Greater Good 3(2), Fall/Winter 2006-2007.
 "I kept saying, 'Help me, help me.' But no one did."  by Tara McCartney, The Guardian, August 4, 2005.
 "Act now to defy 'bystander effect'"  by Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger, Toronto Star, March 29, 2007.
 "Police: Shoppers Stepped Over Victim"  by Roxana Hegeman, Associated Press, July 4, 2007. (at SFGate.com)
 "A rape witnessed, a rape ignored"  by Mara H. Gottfried, Pioneer Press, August 23, 2007.
 "ABC News: What Would You Do in a Hit and Run?"  by Lauren Cox and Radha Chitale, ABC News, June 6, 2008.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090504071949/http://www.ombudsassociation.org/publications/journal/ Dealing with—or Reporting—“Unacceptable” Behavior - with additional thoughts about the “Bystander Effect” © 2009 Mary Rowe MIT, Linda Wilcox HMS, Howard Gadlin NIH)
 旁觀者效應蒸發，還紐約清白 －科學人2008年第77期7月號
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090504071949/http://www.ombudsassociation.org/publications/journal/ Bystander Training within Organizations, Maureen Scully and Mary Rowe, (PDF) The Journal of the International Ombudsman Association 2009, 2,(1)

社会心理学
社会现象