梭菌屬

梭菌屬（学名：Clostridium），菌體呈梭狀，又稱梭狀芽孢桿菌屬或厭氧芽孢桿菌屬，芽孢常比菌體大，是一類能產生内生孢子的厭氧性革蘭氏陽性菌。

梭菌屬廣泛分佈於自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圓形或橢圓形。除了產氣莢膜梭菌無鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌屬可以水解糖、蛋白质，又可产生外毒素，成為一些疾病的原因。

该属的模式种为丁酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum）。

下属物种
本属包括以下物种：
 不同梭菌 Clostridium absonum Nakamura et al., 1973 
 醋酸梭菌 Clostridium aceticum (ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇杆菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌，醋酪酸梭状芽胞杆菌
 Clostridium acetireducens Örlygsson et al. 1996
 丙酮丁醇梭杆菌 Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et al. 1926 
 Clostridium acidisoli Kuhner et al. 2000
 Clostridium aciditolerans Lee et al. 2007
 Clostridium acidiurici (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938 
 尿酸发酵梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium acidurici corrig. (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌
 腐气梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium aerofoetidum ，臭气杆菌，臭气梭菌
 产气梭菌 Clostridium aerogenes，产气梭状芽孢杆菌
 耐氧梭菌 Clostridium aerotolerans van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987
 Clostridium aestuarii Kim et al. 2007
 Clostridium akagii Kuhner et al. 2000
 Clostridium aldenense Warren et al. 2007
 Clostridium aldrichii Yang et al. 1990
 Clostridium algidicarnis Lawson et al. 1995
 Clostridium algidixylanolyticum Broda et al. 2000
 Clostridium algifaecis Wu et al. 2014
 Clostridium algoriphilum Shcherbakova et al. 2010
 碱性纤维素梭菌 Clostridium alkalicellulosi Zhilina et al. 2006 = Clostridium alkalicellum Zhilina et al. 2006
 亚马逊梭菌 Clostridium amazonense O'Neal et al. 2015
 Clostridium aminophilum Paster et al. 1993
 Clostridium aminovalericum Hardman and Stadtman 1960 
 Clostridium amygdalinum Parshina et al. 2003
 Clostridium amylolyticum Song and Dong 2008
 Clostridium arbusti Jung et al. 2010
 Clostridium arcticum corrig. (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
 Clostridium argentinense Suen et al. 1988
 Clostridium articum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
 Clostridium asparagiforme Mohan et al. 2007
 Clostridium aurantibutyricum Hellinger 1944
 产乙醇梭菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum
 Clostridium barati (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970 = 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium baratii (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970 
 Clostridium barkeri Stadtman et al. 1972 
 Clostridium bartlettii Song et al. 2004
 Clostridium beihaiense Dong et al. 2018
 拜氏梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii Donker 1926 
 双酶梭菌 Clostridium bifermentans (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium bolteae Song et al. 2003
 Clostridium bornimense Hahnke et al. 2014
 肉毒杆菌Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium bovifaecis Zhu et al. 2018
 Clostridium bowmanii Spring et al. 2003
 Clostridium bryantii Stieb and Schink 1985
 Clostridium budayi (Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018
 丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski 1880 
 尸毒梭菌 Clostridium cadaveris (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957 
 Clostridium caenicola Shiratori et al. 2009
 Clostridium caminithermale Brisbarre et al. 2003
 食一氧化碳梭菌 Clostridium carboxidivorans Liou et al. 2005
 Clostridium carnis (Klein 1904) Spray 1939 
 Clostridium cavendishii Bowman et al. 2010
 Clostridium celatum Hauschild and Holdeman 1974 
 Clostridium celerecrescens Palop et al. 1989
 Clostridium cellobioparum Hungate 1944 
 "Clostridium cellulofermentans" He et al. 1991
 Clostridium cellulolyticum Petitdemange et al. 1984
 Clostridium cellulosi He et al. 1991
 Clostridium cellulovorans Sleat et al. 1985
 Clostridium chartatabidum Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纤维分解细菌
 气肿疽梭菌 Clostridium chauvoei (Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鸣疽梭状芽孢杆菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌
 Clostridium chromiireducens Inglett et al. 2011
 Clostridium citroniae Warren et al. 2007
 Clostridium clariflavum Shiratori et al. 2009
 梭状梭菌 Clostridium clostridiiforme (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976 
 Clostridium clostridioforme corrig. (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976 
 Clostridium coccoides Kaneuchi et al. 1976 
 Clostridium cochlearium (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium cocleatum Kaneuchi et al. 1979 
 Clostridium colicanis Greetham et al. 2003
 鹌鹑梭菌 Clostridium colinum (ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985
 Clostridium collagenovorans Jain and Zeikus 1988
 Clostridium combesii (Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018
 Clostridium composti Shin et al. 2018
 克萨氏梭菌 Clostridium coskatii，一种新的产乙醇梭菌属物种
 柱盤孢梭菌 Clostridium cylindrosporum (ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985
 艰难梭菌 Clostridium difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938 
 Clostridium diolis Biebl and Spröer 2003
 Clostridium disporicum Horn 1987
 德可氏梭菌 Clostridium drakei Liou et al. 2005
 Clostridium durum Smith and Cato 1974 
 Clostridium estertheticum Collins et al. 1993
 谲诈梭菌 Clostridium fallax (Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium felsineum (Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939 
 Clostridium fermenticellae Xu et al. 2019
 Clostridium fervidum corrig. Patel et al. 1987
 Clostridium fervidus Patel et al. 1987
 Clostridium fessum Seo et al. 2020
 Clostridium fimetarium Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997
 Clostridium formicoaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970 = 自养乙酸梭菌 Clostridium formicaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970 
 Clostridium frigidicarnis Broda et al. 1999
 Clostridium frigoris Spring et al. 2003
 Clostridium ganghwense Kim et al. 2006
 Clostridium gasigenes Broda et al. 2000
 Clostridium ghoni Prévot 1938 
 Clostridium ghonii corrig. Prévot 1938 
 乙二醇梭菌 Clostridium glycolicum Gaston and Stadtman 1963 
 Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum Sakuma et al. 2006
 Clostridium grantii Mountfort et al. 1996
 广西梭菌 Clostridium guangxiense Zhao et al. 2017
 溶血梭菌 Clostridium haemolyticum (Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935 
 Clostridium halophilium Fendrich et al. 1991
 Clostridium halophilum corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991
 矛形梭菌 Clostridium hastiforme MacLennan 1939 
 Clostridium hathewayi Steer et al. 2002
 Clostridium herbivorans Varel et al. 1995
 Clostridium hiranonis Kitahara et al. 2001
 溶组织梭菌 Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium homopropionicum Dörner and Schink 1991
 Clostridium huakuii Ruan et al. 2014
 Clostridium hungatei Monserrate et al. 2001
 Clostridium hydrogeniformans Bowman et al. 2010
 Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum Zhang et al. 1994
 Clostridium hylemonae Kitahara et al. 2000
 印度梭菌 Clostridium indicum Gundawar et al. 2019
 Clostridium indolis McClung and McCoy 1957 
 无害梭菌 Clostridium innocuum Smith and King 1962，无害芽胞梭菌
 Clostridium intestinale corrig. Lee et al. 1989
 Clostridium intestinalis Lee et al. 1989
 Clostridium irregulare corrig. (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938 
 Clostridium irregularis (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938 
 Clostridium isatidis Padden et al. 1999
 Clostridium jeddahense Lagier et al. 2016
 Clostridium jejuense Jeong et al. 2004
 Clostridium josui Sukhumavasi et al. 1988
 Clostridium kluyveri Barker and Taha 1942 
 Clostridium lactatifermentans van der Wielen et al. 2002
 Clostridium lacusfryxellense Spring et al. 2003
 Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand et al. 1993
 Clostridium laramiense corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993
 Clostridium lavalense Domingo et al. 2009
 Clostridium lentocellum Murray et al. 1987
 Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger 1934 
 Clostridium leptum Moore et al. 1976 
 泥渣梭菌 Clostridium limosum André 1948 
 Clostridium liquoris Yin et al. 2016
 Clostridium litorale Fendrich et al. 1991
 Clostridium lituseburense (Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957 
 Clostridium ljungdahlii Tanner et al. 1993
 Clostridium lortetii Oren 1984
 Clostridium lundense Cirne et al. 2006
 Clostridium luticellarii Wang et al. 2015
 Clostridium magnum Schink 1984
 Clostridium malenominatum (Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948 
 Clostridium mangenotii (Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957 
 最大梭菌 Clostridium maximum (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016
 Clostridium mayombei Kane et al. 1992
 食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌 Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999
 Clostridium methylpentosum Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989
 Clostridium moniliforme (Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016
 Clostridium neonatale Bernard et al. 2018
 Clostridium neopropionicum Tholozan et al. 1995
 Clostridium neuense Zhao et al. 2017
 Clostridium nexile Holdeman and Moore 1974 
 Clostridium nitritogenes (Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018
 Clostridium nitrophenolicum Suresh et al. 2007
 诺氏梭菌 Clostridium novyi (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，诺威氏梭状芽孢杆菌
 Clostridium oceanicum Smith 1970 
 Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991
 Clostridium oroticum (Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968 
 Clostridium oryzae Horino et al. 2015
 Clostridium oxalicum Dehning and Schink 1990
 Clostridium pabulibutyricum Kobayashi et al. 2017
 Clostridium papyrosolvens Madden et al. 1982
 Clostridium paradoxum Li et al. 1993
 Clostridium paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970 
 类腐败梭菌 Clostridium paraputrificum (Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936 
 Clostridium pascui Wilde et al. 1997
 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium pasteurianum Winogradsky 1895 
 Clostridium peptidivorans Mechichi et al. 2000
 Clostridium perenne (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957 
 产气荚膜梭菌 Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937 
 Clostridium phytofermentans Warnick et al. 2002
 毛状梭菌 Clostridium piliforme (ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993
 Clostridium polyendosporum (Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016
 Clostridium polysaccharolyticum (van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983
 Clostridium populeti Sleat and Mah 1985
 Clostridium prolinivorans Huang et al. 2020
 Clostridium propionicum Cardon and Barker 1946 
 Clostridium proteoclasticum Attwood et al. 1996
 Clostridium proteolyticum Jain and Zeikus 1988
 Clostridium psychrophilum Spring et al. 2003
 Clostridium punense Lanjekar et al. 2015
 Clostridium puniceum Lund et al. 1981
 Clostridium purinilyticum corrig. Dürre et al. 1981
 Clostridium purinolyticum Dürre et al. 1981
 Clostridium putrefaciens (McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927 
 Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922 
 Clostridium quercicolum Stankewich et al. 1971 
 Clostridium quinii Svensson et al. 1995
 拉氏梭菌 Clostridium ragsdalei，拉格斯代尔梭菌
 多枝梭菌 Clostridium ramosum (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971 
 Clostridium rectum (Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972 
 Clostridium roseum (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988
 Clostridium saccharobutylicum Keis et al. 2001
 Clostridium saccharogumia Clavel et al. 2007
 Clostridium saccharolyticum Murray et al. 1982
 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Keis et al. 2001
 Clostridium sardiniense corrig. Prévot 1938 
 Clostridium sardiniensis Prévot 1938 
 Clostridium sartagoforme corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935 
 Clostridium sartagoformum Partansky and Henry 1935 
 Clostridium saudiense corrig. Angelakis et al. 2016
 Clostridium saudii Angelakis et al. 2016
 Clostridium scatologenes (Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948 
 Clostridium schirmacherense Alam et al. 2006
 Clostridium scindens Morris et al. 1985
 塞内加尔梭菌 Clostridium senegalense Mishra et al. 2015
 败毒梭菌 Clostridium septicum (Macé 1889) Ford 1927 
 索氏梭菌 Clostridium sordellii (Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938 
 楔形梭菌 Clostridium sphenoides (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium spiroforme Kaneuchi et al. 1979 
 生孢梭菌 Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923 
 Clostridium sporosphaeroides Soriano and Soriano 1948 
 Clostridium stercorarium Madden 1983
 Clostridium sticklandii Stadtman and McClung 1957 
 Clostridium straminisolvens Kato et al. 2004
 近端梭菌 Clostridium subterminale (Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948 
 Clostridium sufflavum Nishiyama et al. 2009
 Clostridium sulfidigenes Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009
 Clostridium swellfunianum Liu et al. 2015
 Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976 
 Clostridium tagluense Suetin et al. 2009
 Clostridium tarantellae (Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016
 Clostridium tepidiprofundi Slobodkina et al. 2008
 Clostridium tepidum Dobritsa et al. 2017
 Clostridium termitidis Hethener et al. 1992
 第三梭菌 Clostridium tertium (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923 
 破伤风梭菌 Clostridium tetani (Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破伤风芽孢梭菌
 Clostridium tetanomorphum (ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989
 Clostridium thermaceticum corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942 
 Clostridium thermarum Liu et al. 2021
 Clostridium thermautotrophicum corrig. Wiegel et al. 1982
 热醋酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoaceticum Fontaine et al. 1942
 热嗜酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoacidophilus
 热产气梭菌 Clostridium thermoaerogenes
 嗜热碱梭菌 Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Li et al. 1994
 Clostridium thermoautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982
 热丁酸梭菌 Clostridium thermobutyricum Wiegel et al. 1989
 热介纤维素梭菌 Clostridium thermocellulaseum
 热纤梭菌 Clostridium thermocellum Viljoen et al. 1926 
 Clostridium thermocopriae Jin et al. 1988
 温水硫磺梭菌 Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965 
 嗜热乳酸梭菌 Clostridium thermolacticum Le Ruyet et al. 1988，热乳梭菌
 热棕榈梭菌 Clostridium thermopalmarium Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐热梭菌
 Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum Méndez et al. 1991
 嗜热梭菌 Clostridium thermophilum
 热腐梭菌 Clostridium thermoputrificum
 嗜热化糖梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum McClung 1935 
 Clostridium thermosuccinogenes Drent et al. 1995
 Clostridium thermosulfurigenes corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983
 Clostridium thermosulfurogenes Schink and Zeikus 1983
 Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002
 酪丁酸梭菌 Clostridium tyrobutyricum van Beynum and Pette 1935 
 Clostridium uliginosum Matthies et al. 2001
 乌尔蒂纳梭菌 Clostridium ultunense Schnürer et al. 1996
 Clostridium ventriculi (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016
 Clostridium villosum Love et al. 1979 
 Clostridium vincentii Mountfort et al. 1997
 绿梭菌 Clostridium viride Buckel et al. 1995
 Clostridium vulturis Paek et al. 2015
 魏氏梭状芽孢杆菌 Clostridium welchii
 Clostridium xylanolyticum Rogers and Baecker 1991
 Clostridium xylanovorans Mechichi et al. 2000

参考文献 

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