留聲機

留声机（phonograph）亦称唱机（gramophone），是一種可以發出唱片所記錄声音的机器。

其聲音儲存在以聲學方法在黑膠唱片平面上刻出的弧形刻槽內。聲音振動波形以雕刻、蝕刻、切割或壓印到旋轉圓柱或盤的表面的溝槽裏，稱為“記錄”。為了重新創造聲音，旋轉表面，使用針頭跟踪凹槽並因此被它振動，可以非常微弱地再現所記錄的聲音。在早期的聲學留聲機中，針頭振動了一個振膜，振膜產生的聲波通過喇叭，或通過聽診器式耳機直接傳播到聽眾的耳朵。

第一個留聲機最早於1877年由美國發明家爱迪生發明，而第一個使用唱片的留聲機於1888年由德裔美國發明家贝利纳首先演示。唱片後來逐漸取代了筒式留聲機，因為唱片能比較方便地大量複製，播放時間也比大多數筒形錄音介質長。

延伸閲讀

 Bruil, Rudolf A. (January 8, 2004). "Linear Tonearms ." Retrieved on July 25, 2011.
 Gelatt, Roland. The Fabulous Phonograph, 1877–1977. Second rev. ed., [being also the] First Collier Books ed., in series, Sounds of the Century. New York: Collier, 1977. 349 p., ill. 
Heumann, Michael. "Metal Machine Music: The Phonograph's Voice and the Transformation of Writing ." eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism (January 2013). Montréal: CEC.
 Koenigsberg, Allen. The Patent History of the Phonograph, 1877–1912. APM Press, 1991.
 
 Various. "Turntable [wiki]: Bibliography." eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism (January 2013). Montréal: CEC.
 Weissenbrunner, Karin. "Experimental Turntablism: Historical overview of experiments with record players / records — or Scratches from Second-Hand Technology ." eContact! 14.3 — Turntablism (January 2013). Montréal: CEC.

外部連結

 c.1915 Swiss hot-air engined gramophone  at Museum of RetroTechnology
 Interactive sculpture delivers tactile soundwave experience 
 Very early recordings from around the world 
 The Birth of the Recording Industry 
 The Cylinder Archive 
 Cylinder Preservation & Digitization Project – Over 6,000 cylinder recordings held by the Department of Special Collections, University of California, Santa Barbara, free for download or streamed online.
 Cylinder players held at the British Library  – information and high-quality images.
 History of Recorded Sound: Phonographs and Records
 EnjoytheMusic.com  – Excerpts from the book Hi-Fi All-New 1958 Edition
 Listen to early recordings on the Edison Phonograph 
 Mario Frazzetto's Phonograph and Gramophone Gallery .
 Say What?  – Essay on phonograph technology and intellectual property law
 Vinyl Engine  – Information, images, articles and reviews from around the world
 The Analogue Dept  – Information, images and tutorials; strongly focused on Thorens brand
 45 rpm player and changer  at work on YouTube
 Historic video footage of Edison operating his original tinfoil phonograph 
 Turntable History on Enjoy the Music.com 

 
聲音儲存
Phonograph