費爾南多·佩索阿

费尔南多·佩索阿（，），生於里斯本，是葡萄牙詩人與作家。 他生前以詩集《使命》而聞名於世。 他被認為是繼路易·德贾梅士之後最偉大的葡語作家。文評家卜倫在他的作品《西方正典》形容為他是與諾貝爾獎得主巴勃魯·聶魯達最能夠代表二十世紀的詩人。在2007年票選中，他排名第八。

寫作風格 
他在文學上以「創造」性格聞名，我們稱這種寫作手法為「異名」(Heteronymy)。各個「異名者」(heteronyms)有着不同的阅历、性格与人生哲学。異名者与作者「自我」之间常常互通书信，交流思想。在眾多角色中，以「自我」加上另外三個「異名者」最為成熟及最廣為人知。三個「異名者」分別是Álvaro de Campos、Ricardo Reis和Alberto Caeiro。在他們當中，「自我」通常都是最能夠帶出真理、存在及個性等深層哲學意義的角色。

自我(Ortónimo) 
「佩索亞的自我」性格很全面，本身也是個作家，但是總離不開士巴斯梯斯式的愛國主義思想。他的「自我」在某程度上深受一些宗教理念影響，如通神論思想及共濟會的宗教觀。故此，「自我」的詩詞充滿神話及史詩式的氣魄，有時還有一種悲劇的味道。他作為一個普世主義(Universalism)詩人，他的世界觀可能受到東方及理性主義哲學思想所影響，顯得相當矛盾，他同時接受單一及多方面的世界觀。所以，這倒令佩索亞有十足的理由把其他的三個「異名者」連同《使命》中的「半自我」－Bernando Soares從「自我」分開出來。

以葡萄牙歷史人物為背景的詩集《使命》中的佩索亞，就是最能夠代表這個「自我」，這也是他生前唯一出版的詩集。
 por: Rui Alexandre N. Costa 12ºano Escola Secundária Paços de Ferreira '04/'05

延伸阅读

图书
 Gray de Castro, Mariana (ed.). Fernando Pessoa's modernity without frontiers: influences, dialogues, responses . Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK. Rochester, NY; USA: Oxford: Tamesis, 2013, . 
 Jackson, Kenneth David. Adverse Genres in Fernando Pessoa. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
 Jennings, Hubert D. and Carlos Pittella. Fernando Pessoa, the Poet with Many Faces: A biography and anthology. Providence, RI: Gavea-Brown, 2018.
 Klobucka, Anna and Mark Sabine, (eds.). Embodying Pessoa: Corporeality, Gender, Sexuality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
 Santos, Maria Irene Ramalho Sousa. Atlantic Poets: Fernando Pessoa's Turn in Anglo-American Modernism. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2003.
 Pessoa's Alberto Caeiro. Dartmouth, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 2000.
 Monteiro, George. Fernando Pessoa and Nineteenth-century Anglo-American Literature. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.
 Monteiro, George. The Presence of Pessoa: English, American, and Southern African Literary Responses. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
 Sadlier, Darlene J. An Introduction to Fernando Pessoa, Literary Modernist. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998.
 Lancastre, Maria José de and Antonio Tabucchi. Fernando Pessoa: Photographic Documentation and Caption.Paris : Hazan, 1997.
 Kotowicz, Zbigniew. Fernando Pessoa: Voices of a Nomadic Soul. London: Menard, 1996.
 Lisboa, Eugénio and L. C. Taylor. A Centenary Pessoa. Manchester, England: Carcanet, 1995.
 Terlinden-Villepin, Anne. Fernando Pessoa: The Bilingual Portuguese Poet. Brussels: Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 1990.
 McGuirk, Bernard. Three Persons on One: A Centenary Tribute to Fernando Pessoa. Nottingham, England: University of Nottingham, 1988.
 Green, J. C. R. Fernando Pessoa: The Genesis of the Heteronyms. Isle of Skye: Aquila, 1982.
 Monteiro, George. The Man Who Never Was: Essays on Fernando Pessoa. Providence, RI: Gávea-Brown, 1982.

文章
 Anderson, R. N., "The Static Drama of Pessoa, Fernando" Hispanofila (104): 89–97 (January 1992).
 Bloom, Harold, "Fernando Pessoa" in Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
 Brown, S.M., "The Whitman Pessoa Connection" Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 9 (1): 1–14 SUM 1991.
 Bunyan, D, "The South-African Pessoa: Fernando 20th Century Portuguese Poet", English in Africa 14 (1), May 1987, pp. 67–105.
 Cruz, Anne J., "Masked Rhetoric: Contextuality in Fernando Pessoa's Poems", Romance Notes, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (Fall, 1988), pp. 55–60.
 De Castro, Mariana, "Oscar Wilde, Fernando Pessoa, and the art of lying". Portuguese Studies 22 (2): 219, 2006.
 Dyer, Geoff, "Heteronyms" The New Statesman, vol. 4 (6 December 1991), p. 46.
 Eberstadt, Fernanda, "Proud of His Obscurity", The New York Times Book Review, vol. 96, (1 September 1991), p. 26.
 Ferari, Patricio. "Proverbs in Fernando Pessoa's works." Proverbium vol. 31, pp. 235–244.
 Guyer, Leland, "Fernando Pessoa and the Cubist Perspective", Hispania, vol. 70, no. 1 (March 1987), pp. 73–78.
 Haberly, David T., "Fernando Pessoa: Overview" in Lesley Henderson (Ed.), Reference Guide to World Literature, 2nd ed. St. James Press, 1995.
 Hicks, J., "The Fascist imaginary in Pessoa and Pirandello" Centennial Review 42 (2): 309–332 SPR 1998.
 Hollander, John, "Quadrophenia" The New Republic, 7 September 1987, pp. 33–6.
 Howes, R. W., "Pessoa, Fernando, Poet, Publisher, and Translator", British Library Journal 9 (2): 161–170 1983.
 Jennings, Hubert D., "In Search of Fernando Pessoa" Contrast 47 – South African Quarterly, vol. 12 no. 3 (June 1979).
 Lopes J. M., "Cubism and intersectionism in Fernando Pessoa's 'Chuva Obliqua" Texte (15–16),1994, pp.  63–95.
 Mahr, G., "Pessoa, life narrative, and the dissociative process" in Biography 21 (1) Winter 1998, pp. 25–35.
 McNeill, Pods, "The aesthetic of fragmentation and the use of personae in the poetry of Fernando Pessoa and W.B. Yeats" Portuguese Studies 19: 110–121 2003.
 Monteiro, George, "The Song of the Reaper-Pessoa and Wordsworth" Portuguese Studies 5, 1989, pp. 71–80.
 Muldoon P., "In the hall of mirrors: 'Autopsychography' by Fernando Pessoa" New England Review 23 (4), Fal 2002, pp. 38–52.
 Pasi, Marco, "September 1930, Lisbon: Aleister Crowley’s lost diary of his Portuguese trip"  Pessoa Plural, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 253–283.
 Pasi, Marco & Ferrari, Patricio, "Fernando Pessoa and Aleister Crowley: New discoveries and a new analysis of the documents in the Gerald Yorke Collection"  Pessoa Plural, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 284–313.
 Phillips, A., "Pessoa's Appearances" in Promises, Promises. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2000, pp. 113–124.
 Ribeiro, A. S., "A tradition of empire: Fernando Pessoa and Germany" Portuguese Studies 21: 201–209, 2005
 Riccardi, Mattia, "Dionysus or Apollo? The heteronym Antonio Mora as moment of Nietzsche's reception by Pessoa" Portuguese Studies 23 (1), 109, 2007.
 Rosenthal, David H., "Unpredictable Passions", The New York Times Book Review, 13 December 1987, p. 32.
 Seabra, J.A., "Pessoa, Fernando Portuguese Modernist Poet", Europe 62 (660): 41–53 1984.
 Severino, Alexandrino E., "Fernando Pessoa's Legacy: The Presença and After", World Literature Today, vol. 53, no. 1 (Winter, 1979), pp. 5–9.
 Severino, Alexandrino E., "Pessoa, Fernando – A Modern Lusiad", Hispania 67 (1): 52–60 1984.
 Severino, Alexandrino E., "Was Pessoa Ever in South Africa?"  Hispania , vol. 74, no. 3 (September 1991).
 Sheets, Jane M., "Fernando Pessoa as Anti-Poet: Alberto Caeiro", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. XLVI, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 39–47.
 Sousa, Ronald W., "The Structure of Pessoa's Mensagem", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, vol. LIX, no. 1, January 1982, pp. 58–66.
 Steiner, George, "A man of many parts" , The Observer, 3 June 2001.
 Suarez, Jose, "Fernando Pessoa's acknowledged involvement with the occult" Hispania 90 (2): (May 2007), 245–252.
 Wood, Michael, "Mod and Great" The New York Review of Books, vol. XIX, no. 4 (21 September 1972), pp. 19–22.
 Zenith, Richard, "Pessoa, Fernando and the Theater of his Self" Performing Arts Journal (44), May 1993, pp. 47–49.

參見 
 惶然錄
 阿莉塞·維埃拉
 若泽·萨拉马戈
 卡蒙斯

外部連結 

 Casa Fernando Pessoa 
 Biografia de Fernando Pessoa em "Vidas Lusófonas"
 Labirinto MultiPessoa (viagens guiadas para estudantes e curiosos) 
 Instituto Camões
 Pessoa revisitado
 Um Fernando Pessoa

葡萄牙作家
葡萄牙小说家
葡萄牙诗人
里斯本大學校友
外语作家
葡萄牙哲学家
玫瑰十字会成员