疯马

疯马（拉科塔語：Tȟašúŋke Witkó；；），北美洲原住民印第安人民族苏族的酋長和军事家。他以勇猛善战著称，是北美印第安战争的靈魂人物之一。

1877 年9 月，即向 (George Crook)將軍指揮的美國軍隊投降4個月後，瘋馬據稱在（位於今內布拉斯加州）反抗監禁時，被持刺刀的軍事警衛打死。 1982 年，美國郵政局授予他一枚13¢美分的郵票。

瘋馬曾與奧格拉拉族頭目「紅雲」、薩滿巫師「坐牛」一同在美西地区抵抗白人的入侵。其參與過最有名的战役是为了保护圣地而战的小大角战役。他們率領數千名印第安人，以優勢兵力，在黑山山谷中歼灭了知名的美國第7騎兵團兩百餘騎兵，擊殺了該騎兵團指揮官卡士達，並伐取了其首級。

美国政府得知消息，停止向苏族提供食物，同时赶走草原上的野牛，使他們無法獵食。为了保全部落，在1877年的五月初，疯马等酋長在罗宾逊军区投降，在1877年因为被指有越獄嫌疑，遭美軍處決。

参考文獻與腳註

延伸閱讀

Ambrose, Stephen E. Crazy Horse and Custer: The epic clash of two great warriors at the Little Bighorn. 1975.
Bray, Kingsley M. Crazy Horse: A Lakota Life. 2006. ISBN 0-8061-3785-1
 Clark, Robert. The Killing of Chief Crazy Horse: Three Eyewitness Views by the Indian, Chief He Dog the Indian White, William Garnett the White Doctor, Valentine McGillycuddy. 1988. ISBN 0-8032-6330-9
 The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. 2004.
 Guttmacher, Peter and David W. Baird. Ed. Crazy Horse: Sioux War Chief.   New York Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1994. 0–120. ISBN 0-7910-1712-5
. Crazy Horse (Penguin Lives). Puffin Books. 1999. ISBN 0-670-88234-8
Pinn, Lionel Kitpu'se. Greengrass Pipe Dancers. 2000. ISBN 0-87961-250-9
. The Killing of Crazy Horse. Random House, Inc. 2010. ISBN 978-0-375-41446-6.
. Crazy Horse, the Strange Man of the Oglalas, a biography. 1942. ISBN 0-8032-9211-2
 "Debating Crazy Horse: Is this the Famous Oglala". Whispering Wind magazine, Vol 34 #3, 2004. A discussion on the improbability of the Garryowen photo being that of Crazy Horse (the same photo shown here). The clothing, the studio setting all date the photo 1890–1910.
 The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part One: Creation, Spirituality, and the Family Tree.  DVD. William Matson and Mark Frethem, producers.  Documentary based on over 100 hours of footage shot of family oral history detailed interviews and all Crazy Horse sites.  Family had final approval on end product.  Reelcontact.com, 2006.
 The Authorized Biography of Crazy Horse and His Family Part Two: Defending the Homeland Prior to the 1868 Treaty'''. DVD William Matson and Mark Frethem, Producers.  Reel Contact Productions, 2007.
Russell Freedman, The Life and Death of Crazy Horse''. Holiday House. 1996.  ISBN 978-0-8234-1219-8

外部链接
Final Days and Death of Crazy Horse 
PBS Biography of Crazy Horse 
Newly Discovered Alleged Photo of Crazy Horse
A timeline of Crazy Horse's life
Trimble: What did Crazy Horse look like?, Indian Country Today
 William Bordeaux's Crazy Horse sketch  at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscript Library
 Complete Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger 
 

1877年罪案
拉科塔領袖
被謀殺的美洲原住民
南達科他州美洲原住民歷史
印第安人戰爭之美洲原住民
因刺刀致死者
美國舊西部人物
在內布拉斯加州被謀殺身亡者
小大角戰役
美國軍事人物