Các chủ đề trong mật mã học

Đây là bài nhằm phân loại, sắp xếp theo chủ đề các bài trong lĩnh vực mật mã học.

Các thuật toán mã hóa cổ điển 
 Mật mã khóa tự động 
 Mật mã hoán vị 
 Mật mã thay thế đa ký tự 
 Mật mã Vigenère 
 Mật mã thay thế đa hình 
 Mật mã Playfair 
 Mật mã Hill 
 Mật mã thay thế 
 Mật mã Caesar 
 ROT13 
 Mật mã Affine 
 Mật mã Atbash 
 Mật mã dịch chuyển 
 Scytale 
 Grille 
 Mật mã VIC (hệ thống mật mã bằng tay khá phức tạp được sử dụng bởi ít nhất một điệp viên Liên Xô vào đầu thập kỷ 1950—vào thời điểm đó là khá an toàn)

Các bản mã hóa nổi tiếng 
 Xem Danh sách các bản mã hóa nổi tiếng

Tấn công vào các thuật toán mã hóa cổ điển 

 Frequency analysis
 Index of coincidence

Các tổ chức, dự án liên quan tới thuật toán, tiêu chuẩn mật mã

Các tổ chức tiêu chuẩn 
 the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication program (run by NIST to produce standards in many areas to guide operations of the US Federal government; many FIPS Pubs are cryptography related, ongoing)
 the ANSI standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) 
 ISO standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) 
 IEEE standardization process (produces many standards in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) 
 IETF standardization process (produces many standards (called RFCs) in many areas; some are cryptography related, ongoing) 
See Cryptography standards

Các tổ chức liên quan tới mật mã 
 NSA internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive, nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for internal use; NSA is charged with assisting NIST in its cryptographic responsibilities)
 GCHQ internal evaluation/selections (surely extensive, nothing is publicly known of the process or its results for GCHQ use; a division of GCHQ is charged with developing and recommending cryptographic standards for the UK government) 
 DSD Australian SIGINT agency - part of ECHELON
 Communications Security Establishment (CSE) — Canadian intelligence agency.

Các dự án mở 
 Quá trình thiết kế DES do (NBS tổ chức, kết thúc năm 1976.
 the RIPE division of the RACE project (sponsored by the European Union, ended mid-'80s)
 Cuộc thi thiết kế AES (NIST tài trọ; kết thúc năm 2001)
 the NESSIE Project (evaluation/selection program sponsored by the European Union; ended 2002)
 the CRYPTREC program (Japanese government sponsored evaluation/recommendation project; draft recommendations published 2003)
 the Internet Engineering Task Force (technical body responsible for Internet standards—the Request for Comment series: ongoing)
 the CrypTool project (eLearning programme in English and German; freeware; exhaustive educational tool about cryptography and cryptanalysis)

Hàm băm mật mã 
 Hàm băm mật mã
 Message authentication code
 Keyed-hash message authentication code
 EMAC (NESSIE selection MAC)
 HMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1, FIPS and IETF RFC)
 TTMAC còn gọi là Two-Track-MAC (NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany))
 UMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UCal Davis)
 MD5 (one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; 128 bit digest)
 SHA-1 (developed at NSA 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA have released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
 SHA-256 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256 bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 SHA-384 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384 bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 SHA-512 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512 bit digest; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 RIPEMD-160 (developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest;CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
 Tiger (by Ross Anderson et al)
 Snefru
 Whirlpool (NESSIE selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium))

Các thuật toán mã hóa khóa công cộng/bí mật 
 ACE-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research)
 ACE Encrypt
 Chor-Rivest
 Diffie-Hellman (key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 El Gamal (discrete logarithm)
 Elliptic curve cryptography (discrete logarithm variant)
 PSEC-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation only in DEM construction w/SEC1 parameters))
 ECIES (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System; Certicom Corp)
 ECIES-KEM
 ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 EPOC
 Merkle-Hellman (knapsack scheme)
 McEliece
 NTRUEncrypt
 RSA (factoring)
 RSA-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft)
 RSA-OAEP (CRYPTREC recommendation)
 Rabin cryptosystem (factoring)
 Rabin-SAEP
 HIME(R)
 XTR

Các thuật toán tạo chữ ký số 
 Digital Signature Algorithm (from NSA, part of the Digital Signature Standard (DSS); CRYPTREC recommendation)
 Elliptic Curve DSA (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; Certicom Corp); CRYPTREC recommendation as ANSI X9.62, SEC1)
 Schnorr signatures
 RSA signatures
 RSA-PSS (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; RSA Laboratories); CRYPTREC recommendation)
 RSASSA-PKCS1 v1.5 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
 Nyberg-Rueppel signatures
 MQV protocol
 Gennaro-Halevi-Rabin signature scheme
 Cramer-Shoup signature scheme
 One-time signatures
 Lamport signature scheme
 Bos-Chaum signature scheme
 Undeniable signatures
 Chaum-van Antwerpen signature scheme
 Fail-stop signatures
 Ong-Schnorr-Shamir signature scheme
 Birational permutation scheme
 ESIGN
 ESIGN-D
 ESIGN-R
 Direct anonymous attestation
 NTRUSign
 SFLASH (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme (esp for smartcard applications and similar); Schlumberger (France))
 Quartz

Nhận thực khóa 
 Key authentication
 Public key infrastructure
 X.509
 Public key certificate
 Certificate authority
 Certificate revocation list
 ID-based cryptography
 Certificate-based encryption
 Secure key issuing cryptography
 Certificateless cryptography
 Merkle tree

Mô hình định dạng ẩn danh 
 GPS (NESSIE selection anonymous identification scheme; École Normale Supérieure, France Télécom, & La Poste)

Các thuật toán mã hóa đối xứng 
 Stream ciphers
 A5/1, A5/2 (cyphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard)
 BMGL
 Chameleon
 FISH (by Siemens AG)
 WWII 'Fish' cyphers
 Geheimfernschreiber (WWII mechanical onetime pad by Siemens AG, called STURGEON by Bletchley Park)
 Schlusselzusatz (WWII mechanical onetime pad by Lorenz, called tunny by Bletchley Park)
 HELIX
 ISAAC (intended as a PRNG)
 Leviathan (cipher)
 LILI-128
 MUG1 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
 MULTI-S01 (CRYPTREC recommendation)
 One-time pad (Vernam and Mauborgne, patented mid-'20s; an extreme stream cypher)
 Panama
 Pike (improvement on FISH by Ross Anderson)
 RC4 (ARCFOUR) (one of a series by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited to 128-bit key))
 CipherSaber (RC4 variant with 10 byte random IV, easy to implement)
 SEAL
 SNOW
 SOBER
 SOBER-t16
 SOBER-t32
 WAKE
 Block ciphers
 Block cipher modes of operation
 Product cipher
 Feistel cipher (block cypher design pattern by Horst Feistel)
 Advanced Encryption Standard (128 bit block; NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197, 2001—by Joan Daemen và Vincent Rijmen; NESSIE selection; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 Anubis (128-bit block)
 BEAR (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
 Blowfish (128 bit block; by Bruce Schneier, et al)
 Camellia (128 bit block; NESSIE selection (NTT & Mitsubishi Electric); CRYPTREC recommendation)
 CAST-128 (CAST5) (64 bit block; one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams và Stafford Tavares, who are insistent (indeed, adamant) that the name is not due to their initials)
 CAST-256 (CAST6) (128-bit block; the successor to CAST-128 and a candidate for the AES competition)
 CIPHERUNICORN-A (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 CIPHERUNICORN-E (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
 CMEA — cipher used in US cellphones, found to have weaknesses.
 CS-Cipher (64 bit block)
 Data Encryption Standard (DES) (64 bit block; FIPS 46-3, 1976)
 DEAL — an AES candidate derived from DES
 DES-X A variant of DES to increase the key size.
 FEAL
 GDES — a DES variant designed to speed up encryption.
 Grand Cru (128 bit block)
 Hierocrypt-3 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation))
 Hierocrypt-L1 (64 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
 International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) (64 bit block -- James Massey & X Lai of ETH Zurich)
 Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
 KASUMI (64-bit block; based on MISTY1, adopted for next generation W-CDMA cellular phone security)
 KHAZAD (64-bit block designed by Barretto and Rijmen)
 Khufu and Khafre (64-bit block ciphers)
 LION (block cypher built from stream cypher and hash function, by Ross Anderson)
 LOKI89/91 (64-bit block ciphers)
 LOKI97 (128-bit block cipher, AES candidate)
 Lucifer (by Tuchman et al of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)
 MAGENTA (AES candidate)
 Mars (AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al)
 MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan); CRYPTREC recommendation (limited))
 MISTY2 (128 bit block: Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))
 Nimbus (64 bit block)
 Noekeon (128 bit block)
 NUSH (variable block length (64 - 256 bits))
 Q (128 bit block)
 RC2 64-bit block, variable key length.
 RC6 (variable block length; AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al)
 RC5 (by Ron Rivest)
 SAFER (variable block length)
 SC2000 (128 bit block; CRYPTREC recommendation)
 Serpent (128 bit block; AES finalist by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, Lars Knudsen)
 SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)
 SHACAL-2 (256-bit block cypher; NESSIE selection Gemplus (France))
 Shark (grandfather of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
 Square (father of Rijndael/AES, by Daemen and Rijmen)
 3-Way (96 bit block by Joan Daemen)
 TEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
 Triple DES (by Walter Tuchman, leader of the Lucifer design team—not all triple uses of DES increase security, Tuchman's does; CRYPTREC recommendation (limited), only when used as in FIPS Pub 46-3)
 Twofish (128 bit block; AES finalist by Bruce Schneier, et al)
 XTEA (by David Wheeler & Roger Needham)
 Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
 Enigma (WWII German rotor cypher machine—many variants, many user networks for most of the variants)
 Purple (highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine; by Japanese Navy Captain)
 SIGABA (WWII US cypher machine by William Friedman, Frank Rowlett, et al)
 TypeX (WWII UK cypher machine)
 Hybrid code/cypher combinations
 JN-25 (WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants)
 Naval Cypher 3 (superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 30s and into WWII)
 Visual cryptography

Classified cryptography (Hoa Kỳ) 
 EKMS NSA's Electronic Key Management System
 FNBDT NSA's secure narrow band voice standard
 Fortezza encryption based on portable crypto token in PC Card format
 KW-26 ROMULUS teletype encryptor (1960s - 1980s)
 KY-57 VINSON tactical radio voice encryption
 SINCGARS tactical radio with cryptographically controlled frequency hopping
 STE secure telephone
 STU-III older secure telephone
 TEMPEST prevents compromising emanations
 Type 1 products

Phá mã 
 Passive attack
 Chosen plaintext attack
 Chosen ciphertext attack
 Adaptive chosen ciphertext attack
 Brute force attack
 Cryptographic key length
 Unicity distance
 Cryptanalysis
 Meet-in-the-middle attack
 Differential cryptanalysis
 Linear cryptanalysis
 Slide attack cryptanalysis
 Algebraic cryptanalysis
 XSL attack
 Mod n cryptanalysis

Khóa yếu và mật mã dựa trên mật khẩu 
 Brute force attack
 Dictionary attack
 Related key attack
 Key derivation function
 Weak key
 Password
 Password-authenticated key agreement
 Passphrase
 Salt

Trao đổi khóa 
 Lôgic BAN
 Giao thức Needham-Schroeder
 Giao thức Otway-Rees
 Giao thức Wide Mouth Frog
 Giao thức Diffie-Hellman
 Man-in-the-middle attack

Vấn đề tạo số ngẫu nhiên trong mật mã 
 PRNG
 CSPRNG
 Hardware random number generators
 Blum Blum Shub
 Yarrow (by Schneier, et al)
 Fortuna (by Schneier, et al)
 ISAAC
 RPNG based on SHA-1 in ANSI X9.42-2001 Annex C.1 (CRYPTREC example)
 PRNG based on SHA-1 for general purposes in FIPS Pub 186-2 (inc change notice 1) Appendix 3.1 (CRYPTREC example)
 PRNG based on SHA-1 for general purposes in FIPS Pub 186-2 (inc change notice 1) revised Appendix 3.1 (CRYPTREC example)

Thông tin ẩn danh 
 Dining cryptographers protocol (by David Chaum)
 Anonymous remailer
 pseudonymity
 anonymous internet banking
 Onion Routing

Các vấn đề luật pháp 
 Cryptography as free speech
 Bernstein v. United States
 DeCSS
 Phil Zimmermann
 Export of cryptography
 Key escrow và Clipper Chip
 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
 Digital Rights Management (DRM)
 Cryptography patents
 RSA (now public domain)
 David Chaum and digital cash
 Cryptography and law enforcement
 Wiretaps
 Espionage
 Cryptography laws in different nations
 Official Secrets Act (Anh Quốc)
 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (Anh Quốc)

Thuật ngữ 
 Cryptographic key
 Cipher
 Ciphertext
 Plaintext
 Code
 Tabula recta

Sách và các ấn bản 
 Books on cryptography
 Important publications in cryptography

Các nhà mật mã học 
 See List of cryptographers

Sử dụng các kỹ thuật mật mã 
 Commitment schemes
 Secure multiparty computations
 Electronic voting
 Authentication
 Digital signatures
 Cryptographic engineering
 Crypto systems

Các vấn đề khác 
 Echelon
 Espionage
 IACR
 Ultra
 Security engineering
 SIGINT
 Steganography
 Cryptographers
 SSL
 Quantum cryptography
 Crypto-anarchism
 Cypherpunk
 Key escrow
 Zero-knowledge proofs
 Random oracle model
 Blind signature
 Blinding (cryptography)
 Digital timestamping
 Secret sharing
 Trusted operating systems
 Oracle (cryptography)

Các hệ thống mật mã mã nguồn mở (thuật toán + giao thức + thiết kế hệ thống) 
 PGP (a name for any of several related crypto systems, some of which, beginning with the acquisition of the name by Network Associates, have not been Free Software in the GNU sense)
 FileCrypt (an open source/commercial command line version of PGP from Veridis of Denmark, see PGP)
 GPG (an open source implementation of the OpenPGP IETF standard crypto system)
 SSH (Secure SHell implementing cryptographically protected variants of several common Unix utilities, First developed as open source in Finland by Tatu Ylonen. There is now OpenSSH, an open source implementation supporting both SSH v1 and SSH v2 protocols. There are also commercial implementations.
 IPsec (Internet Protocol Security IETF standard, a mandatory component of the IPv6 IETF standard)
 Free S/WAN (an open source implementation of IPsec)

Tham khảo

Mật mã học