فہرست فراعنہ مصر

یہ فہرست فراعنہ مصر (List of pharaohs) ہے۔ فرعون کا لقب قدیم مصر کے بادشاہوں کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہےـ لغوی معنی "عظیم گھر" ہیں جس سے مراد بادشاہ کا محل تھاـ سمجھا جاتا تھا کہ تمام فرعون مصری دیوتاؤں کی اولاد ہیں ـ

Legendary period 
In the texts of the Palermo، Turin and Manetho king lists, there are different versions of names of eight god kings that ruled Egypt in the beginning.

These god kings are followed by differing sets of semi-divine rulers.

Archaic period 
The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period، when زیریں مصر and بالائی مصر were ruled as separate kingdoms.

Early Dynastic: Lower Egypt 
زیریں مصر consisted of the northern دریائے نیل and the Nile Delta۔ The following list may not be complete:

Early Dynastic: Upper Egypt 
بالائی مصر consisted of the Nile Valley, south of the Delta. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence):

First Dynasty 
The First Dynasty ruled from approximately 3150 to 2890 BC, by some chronological schemes. (There are no precise or agreed-upon year dates for any of the Old or Middle Kingdom periods, and reign estimates differ widely from one Egyptologist to the next.)

In the interregnum between the first and second dynasties two short lived pharaohs may have reigned :

Second Dynasty 
The Second Dynasty ruled c. 2890–2686 BC.

Old Kingdom 
The Old Kingdom is the period in the third millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilisational complexity and achievement (the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley)، spanning the period when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC)۔ Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration centralised at Memphis۔ The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period—or, as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness."

The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was located at Memphis، where Djoser established his court. The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known, however, for the large number of pyramids which were constructed at this time as pharaonic burial places. For this reason, the Old Kingdom is frequently referred to as "the Age of the Pyramids"۔

Third Dynasty 
The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.

Fourth Dynasty 
The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC and included the pharaohs who had the اہرامات جیزہ built, Khufu (Cheops)، Khafra (Chephren) and منقرع (Mycerinus)۔
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|سنفرو ||  || Built the Meidum Pyramid and the ہرم سنفرو (341 ft/103m from the base to the tip)، which is a pyramid built at a normal angle at the bottom but drastically changes at the top. He also built the first "true" pyramid, the سرخ ہرم۔ Some say that he was buried in the Red Pyramid, while others say that he was buried in the Bent Pyramid. Bones have been found at the Red Pyramid, but there is no evidence that this is Sneferu's body. || |2613–2589 BC
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|Khufu ||  || Greek form: Cheops۔ Built the ہرم خوفو۔ Note that Khufu is spoken of in early sources as being "third" of his family to rule, although there is no known record of a Pharaoh between Sneferu and Khufu. One supposition is that there might have been a very short reign of some elder brother of Khufu, whose inscriptions, names, and monuments have perished for one reason or another. || 2589–2566 BC 
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|جدفرع (Radjedef) ||  || Believed to have created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer intact as it is believed the Romans recycled the materials it was made from. Before being demolished by the Romans, according to a documentary aired by the History Channel, the pyramid may actually have been the highest ever built (about 20 meters taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza although this is due to its elevated location rather than the size from base to tip)۔ || 2566–2558 BC 
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|Khafre ||  || Greek form: Chephren His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Credited by some Egyptologists as the builder of the Great Sphinx of Giza۔' || 2558–2532 BC
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| — || – || Here some authorities insert Bikheris، following Manetho || —
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|منقرع ||  || Greek form: Mycerinus۔ His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. || 2532–2503 BC
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|Shepseskaf ||  || Broke with the tradition of pyramid building and instead had the Mastabat el-Fara'un made for himself || 2503–2498 BC
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| Djedefptah  || – || Here some authorities insert Djedefptah a.k.a. Thampthis، following Manetho || —
|}

 Fifth Dynasty 
The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC.

 Sixth Dynasty 
The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.

 First Intermediate Period 
The First Intermediate Period (2181–2060 BC) is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom۔

The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II۔ He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age.

The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting قحط۔

Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite زیریں مصر from their capital in ہیراکلیوپولس میگنا۔ In the meantime, a rival line based at Thebes was reuniting بالائی مصر and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.

Around 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II، the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom.

 Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined) 
The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from c. 2181 to c. 2160 BC. They comprise numerous ephemeral rulers reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt.
This table is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'' as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon، another king list dating to the Ramesside Era۔

Ninth Dynasty 
The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC. The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.

Tenth Dynasty 
The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over زیریں مصر that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.

Eleventh Dynasty 
The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in بالائی مصر that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. The 11th dynasty originated from a dynasty of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty.

The successors of Intef the Elder، starting with Mentuhotep I، became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II۔

Middle Kingdom 
The Middle Kingdom (2060–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period۔ In addition to the مصر کا بارہواں شاہی سلسلہ، some scholars include the Eleventh، Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. This opening of trade eventually led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, induced by an invasion from the Hyksos۔

Eleventh Dynasty continued 
The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

Twelfth Dynasty 
The مصر کا بارہواں شاہی سلسلہ ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC, and is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty.

Second Intermediate Period 
The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom، and the start of the New Kingdom۔ It is best known as when the Hyksos، whose reign comprised the Fifteenth، made their appearance in Egypt.

The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the مصر کا بارہواں شاہی سلسلہ، and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois، located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty۔

The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV، and around 1720 BC took control of the town of اواریس (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na)، conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty.
Then, some time around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis، thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes، only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter.

Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty۔ This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom.

Thirteenth Dynasty 
The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty

The position of the following kings is uncertain:

Fourteenth Dynasty 
The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at اواریس، that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin.

The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain:

The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list.

Fifteenth Dynasty 
The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the زرخیز ہلال to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC.

Abydos Dynasty 
The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC. Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order:

Sixteenth Dynasty 
The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13 th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper-Egypt only.

The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III and Nebmaatre۔ Their chronological position is uncertain.

Seventeenth Dynasty 
The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in بالائی مصر and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC:

The early 17th Dynasty may also have comprised the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre، whose chronological position is uncertain.

New Kingdom 

The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth، Nineteenth، and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt، from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period، and the Third Intermediate Period۔

Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into نوبیا in the south, and held wide territories in the مشرق قریب۔ Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day شام۔

Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are ریان بن ولید، also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the آتون is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism، and رمسيس ثانی، who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine، لبنان and شام that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh، where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II۔

Eighteenth Dynasty 
The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC:

Nineteenth Dynasty 
The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: رمسيس ثانی the Great:

Twentieth Dynasty 
The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC:

Third Intermediate Period 
The Third Intermediate Period (1077–732 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of لیبیاn origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period.

Twenty-First Dynasty 
The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC

Twenty-Second Dynasty 
The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were لیبیاns, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC:

Twenty-Third Dynasty 
The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of لیبیاn origin, based at ہیراکلیوپولس میگنا and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC:

Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler:

The Libu 
Not recognised as a dynasty as such, the Libu were yet another group of western nomads (لیبیاns) who occupied the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC.

Twenty-Fourth Dynasty 
The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais)، with only two Pharaoh ruling from 732 to 720 BC.

Late period 
The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome 30 ق م میں، and includes periods of rule by نوبیاns, Persians، and مقدونیہ (قدیم مملکت)ians.

Twenty-fifth Dynasty 
نوبیاns invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC.

They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at نبتہ (656–590)، and, later, at مرواہ (590 BC – 4th century AD)۔

Twenty-sixth Dynasty 
The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC.

Twenty-seventh Dynasty 
Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and annexed by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid شاہs were acknowledged as pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty:

Twenty-eighth Dynasty 
The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh:

Twenty-ninth Dynasty 
The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC:

Thirtieth Dynasty 
The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:

Thirty-first Dynasty 
Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho، the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty:

Argead Dynasty

The مقدونیہ (قدیم مملکت)ians under سکندر اعظم ushered in the عصر ہیلینستی period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC:

Ptolemaic Dynasty 

The second عصر ہیلینستی dynasty, the Ptolemies، ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency)۔ The most famous member of this dynasty was قلوپطرہ، who in modern times is known simply as قلوپطرہ who was successively the consort of جولیس سیزر and after Caesar's death, of مارک انتھونی، and had children with both of them. Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans. سیزاریئن (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the بطلیموسی خاندان of Egypt, he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from ستمبر 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of جولیس سیزر، after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on اگست 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on اگست 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the رومی شہنشاہ آگسٹس، but the historical evidence does not exist.

حوالہ جات 

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