JEL sınıflandırma kodları

Ekonomi alanındaki başlıklar Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) denilen bir makale sınıflandırma sistemiyle sınıflandırılırlar. 

On dokuz ana kategori bulunmaktadır ve her biri alt kategorilerine ayrılmıştır.

Başlıca kodlar şunlardır:
 JEL: A - Genel ekonomi and Çalışmalar
 JEL: B - İktisadi Düşünce Okulları ve
Metodoloji
 JEL: C - Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar
 JEL: D - Mikroekonomi
 JEL: E - Makroekonomi ve Monetarizm
 JEL: F - Uluslararası ekonomi
 JEL: G - Finansal ekonomi
 JEL: H - Kamu ekonomisi
 JEL: I - Sağlık, Eğitim, and Refah ekonomisi
 JEL: J - Çalışma 
 JEL: K - Hukuk ve ekonomi
 JEL: L - Endüstriyel organizasyon
 JEL: M - İşletme Yönetimi and İşletme Ekonomisi; Pazarlama; Muhasebe
 JEL: N - Ekonomi tarihi
 JEL: O - İktisadi Kalkınma, Teknolojik Değişim ve Büyüme
 JEL: P - Ekonomik sistemler
 JEL: Q - Tarım Ekonomisi, Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel Ekonomi ve Ekolojik Ekonomi
 JEL: R - Kent, Kırsal, ve Bölgesel
 JEL: Y - Çeşitli kategoriler
 JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar

Genel ekonomi ve çalışmalar JEL: A Alt kategoriler 

:Kategori:Genel ekonomi

JEL: A1 - Genel ekonomi
JEL: A10 - Genel
JEL: A11 - Ekonominin rolü, Ekonomistlerin rolü, Economistler için piyasa
JEL: A12 - Ekonominin Diğer Disiplinlerle İlişkisi
JEL: A13 - Sosyal değerlerle ekonominin ilişkisi
JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics
JEL: A19 - Diğer
JEL: A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics
JEL: A20 - Genel
JEL: A21 - Pre-college
JEL: A22 - Undergraduate
JEL: A23 - Graduate
JEL: A29 - Diğer
JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works
JEL: A30 - Genel
JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals
JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes
JEL: A39 - Diğer

Ekonomik düşünce okulları ve metodoloji JEL: B Alt kategoriler 

:Kategori:Schools of economic thought and methodology

JEL: B0 - Genel
JEL: B00 - Genel

JEL: B1 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi through 1925
JEL: B10 - Genel
JEL: B11 - Klasik öncesi
JEL: B12 - Klasik
JEL: B13 - Yeni Klasik düşünce 1925
JEL: B14 - Socialist; Marksist
JEL: B15 - Historical; Institutional
JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical 
JEL: B19 - Diğer

JEL: B2 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi 1925'ten beri
JEL: B20 - Genel
JEL: B21 - Mikroekonomi
JEL: B22 - Makroekonomi
JEL: B23 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi, Ekonometri, Kantitif & Matematiksel çalışmalar 
JEL: B24 - Sosyalizm; Marxist; Sraffian
JEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
JEL: B29 - Diğer

JEL: B3 - Düşünce tarihi: Kişiler
JEL: B30 - Genel
JEL: B31 - Kişiler
JEL: B32 - Obituaries

JEL: B4 - Ekonomik Metodloji
JEL: B40 - Genel
JEL: B41 - Ekonomik metodoloji
JEL: B49 - Diğer

JEL: B5 - Mevcut Heterodoks yaklaşımlar
JEL: B50 - Genel
JEL: B51 - Sosyalist, Marksist, Sraffian
JEL: B52 - Kurumsal Ekonomi; Evrimci Ekonomi
JEL: B53 - Avusturya
JEL: B54 - Feminist Ekonomi 
JEL: B59 - Diğer

Matematiksel ve Kantitatif metotlar JEL: C Alt kategoriler 

:Kategori:Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar (ekonomi)

JEL: C0 - Genel

JEL: C00 - Genel
JEL: C01 - Ekonometri 
JEL: C02 - Matematiksel metotlar

JEL: C1 - Ekonometri ve İstatistiksel metotlar: Genel

JEL: C10 - Genel
JEL: C11 - Bayesian analiz
JEL: C12 - Hipotez testleri
JEL: C13 - Tahmin Teorisi
JEL: C14 - Yarı parametrik and Nonparametrik metotlar
JEL: C15 - İstatistiksel Simulasyon metotları
JEL: C16 - İstatistiksel dağılımlar
JEL: C16 - Özel dağılımlar 
JEL: C19 - Diğer

JEL: C2 - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables

JEL: C20 - Genel
JEL: C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models
JEL: C22 - Time-Series Models
JEL: C23 - Panel data
JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models
JEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models
JEL: C29 - Diğer

JEL: C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models

JEL: C30 - Genel
JEL: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment effect models
JEL: C32 - Time-Series Models
JEL: C33 - Models with Panel data
JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models
JEL: C35 - Discrete regression and Qualitative choice models
JEL: C39 - Diğer

JEL: C4 - Ekonometrik ve istatistiksel metodlar: Özel başlıklar

JEL: C40 - Genel
JEL: C41 - Duration analysis
JEL: C42 - Survey methods
JEL: C43 - Index numbers Aggregation
JEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations research
JEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
JEL: C46 - Specific Distributions
JEL: C49 - Diğer

JEL: C5 - Ekonometrik Modelleme

JEL: C50 - Genel
JEL: C51 - Model belirleme ve tahmin
JEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testing
JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Diğer Model Uygulamaları
JEL: C59 - Diğer

JEL: C6 - Matematiksel Ekonomi ve Programlama

JEL: C60 - Genel
JEL: C61 - Optimizasyon teknikleri; Programlama modelleri; Dinamik analiz 
JEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium
JEL: C63 - Computational techniques
JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
JEL: C67 - Input–output models
JEL: C68 - Computable Genel Equilibrium models
JEL: C69 - Diğer

JEL: C7 - Game theory and Bargaining theory

JEL: C70 - Genel
JEL: C71 - Cooperative games
JEL: C72 - Noncooperative games
JEL: C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games; Repeated Games 
JEL: C78 - Bargaining theory; Matching theory
JEL: C79 - Diğer

JEL: C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs

JEL: C80 - Genel
JEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data
JEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data
JEL: C87 - Econometric software
JEL: C88 - Diğer Computer Software
JEL: C89 - Diğer

JEL: C9 - Deneysel Ekonomi
JEL: C90 - Genel
JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
JEL: C93 - Field experiments
JEL: C99 - Diğer

Mikroekonomi JEL: D Alt kategoriler 

JEL: D0 - Genel

JEL: D00 - Genel
JEL: D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
JEL: D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations

JEL: D1 - Hanehalkı Davranışları ve Ev Ekonomisi

JEL: D10 - Genel
JEL: D11 - Tüketici Teorisi
JEL: D12 - Consumer economics: empirical analysis
JEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocation
JEL: D14 - Personal finance
JEL: D18 - Consumer protection
JEL: D19 - Diğer

JEL: D2 - Üretim ve Organizasyon

JEL: D20 - Genel
JEL: D21 - Firma davranışları
JEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rights
JEL: D24 - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; Capacity
JEL: D29 - Diğer

JEL: D3 - Distribution

JEL: D30 - Genel
JEL: D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
JEL: D33 - Factor Income Distribution
JEL: D39 - Diğer

JEL: D4 - Piyasa Yapısı ve Fiyatlama

JEL: D40 - Genel
JEL: D41 - Tam Rekabet
JEL: D42 - Monopol
JEL: D43 - Oligopol and Diğer Piyasa Başarısızlıkları
JEL: D44 - Auctions
JEL: D45 - Rationing; Licensing
JEL: D46 - Value Theory
JEL: D49 - Diğer

JEL: D5 - Genel equilibrium and Disequilibrium

JEL: D50 - Genel
JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies
JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets
JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis
JEL: D58 - Computable and Diğer Applied Genel Equilibrium Models
JEL: D59 - Diğer

JEL: D6 - Refah Ekonomisi

JEL: D60 - Genel
JEL: D61 - Allocative efficiency; Cost-benefit analysis
JEL: D62 - Externalities
JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Diğer Normative Criteria and Measurement
JEL: D64 - Altruism
JEL: D69 - Diğer

JEL: D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making

JEL: D70 - Genel
JEL: D71 - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
JEL: D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
JEL: D79 - Diğer

JEL: D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty

JEL: D80 - Genel
JEL D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
JEL: D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information
JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge
JEL: D84 - Expectations; Speculation
JEL: D85 - Network Formation
JEL: D86 - Economics of contract law
JEL: D89 - Diğer

JEL: D9 - Intertemporal choice and Growth

JEL: D90 - Genel
JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and Saving
JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
JEL: D99 - Diğer

Makroekonomicroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories 

JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

:Kategori:Macroeconomics and monetary economics

JEL: E0 - Genel

JEL: E00 - Genel
JEL: E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
JEL: E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy

JEL: E1 - Genel Aggregative Models

JEL: E10 - Genel
JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
JEL: E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
JEL: E13 - Neoclassical
JEL: E17 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E19 - Diğer

JEL: E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment

JEL: E20 - Genel
JEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity
JEL: E23 - Production
JEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
JEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground Economy
JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E29 - Diğer

JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
JEL: E30 - Genel
JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
JEL: E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E39 - Diğer

JEL: E4 - Money and Interest Rates

JEL: E40 - Genel
JEL: E41 - Demand for Money
JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
JEL: E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: E49 - Diğer

JEL: E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit

JEL: E50 - Genel
JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money multipliers
JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy
JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
JEL: E59 - Diğer

JEL: E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and Genel Outlook

JEL: E60 - Genel
JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
JEL: E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation
JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization
JEL: E64 - Incomes policy; Price policy
JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
JEL: E66 - Genel Outlook and Conditions
JEL: E69 - Diğer

International economics JEL: F Subcategories 

JEL: F - International Economics

:Kategori:International economics

JEL: F0 - Genel

JEL: F00 - Genel
JEL: F01 - Global Outlook
JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: Genel

JEL: F1 - Trade

JEL: F10 - Genel
JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations
JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade
JEL: F15 - Economic Integration
JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment
JEL: F19 - Diğer

JEL: F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business

JEL: F20 - Genel
JEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
JEL: F22 - International Migration
JEL: F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business
JEL: F29 - Diğer

JEL: F3 - International Finance

JEL: F30 - Genel
JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange
JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
JEL: F35 - Foreign aid
JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: F39 - Diğer

JEL: F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance

JEL: F40 - Genel
JEL: F41 - Open economy macroeconomics
JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation
JEL: F49 - Diğer

Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories 

JEL: G - Financial Economics

:Kategori:Financial economics

JEL: G0 - Genel

JEL: G00 - Genel
JEL: G01 - Financial Crises

JEL: G1 - Genel Financial Markets

JEL: G10 - Genel
JEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisions
JEL: G12 - Asset pricing; Trading volume; Bond interest rates
JEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures Pricing
JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
JEL: G15 - International financial markets
JEL: G17 - Financial Forecasting
JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation
JEL: G19 - Diğer

JEL: G2 - Financial institutions and Services

JEL: G20 - Genel
JEL: G21 - Banks; Diğer Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
JEL: G22 - Insurance; Insurance companies
JEL: G23 - Pension funds; Diğer Private Financial Institutions
JEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation
JEL: G29 - Diğer

JEL: G3 - Corporate finance and Governance

JEL: G30 - Genel
JEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
JEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governance
JEL: G35 - Payout Policy
JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation
JEL: G39 - Diğer

Public economics JEL: H Subcategories 

JEL: H - Public Economics

:Kategori:Public economics

JEL: H0 - Genel

JEL: H00 - Genel

JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government

JEL: H10 - Genel
JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
JEL: H19 - Diğer

JEL: H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue

JEL: H20 - Genel
JEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal taxation
JEL: H22 - Incidence
JEL: H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and Subsidies
JEL: H24 - Personal Income and Diğer Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
JEL: H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion
JEL: H27 - Diğer Sources of Revenue
JEL: H29 - Diğer

JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents

JEL: H30 - Genel
JEL: H31 - Household
JEL: H32 - Firm
JEL: H39 - Diğer

JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods

JEL: H40 - Genel
JEL: H41 - Public goods
JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate
JEL: H49 - Diğer

JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies

JEL: H50 - Genel
JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Diğer Public Investment and Capital Stock
JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions
JEL: H56 - National Security and War
JEL: H57 - Procurement
JEL: H59 - Diğer

JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

JEL: H60 - Genel
JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems
JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus
JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management
JEL: H69 - Diğer

JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations

JEL: H70 - Genel
JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing
JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism
JEL: H79 - Diğer

JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues

JEL: H80 - Genel
JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits
JEL: H82 - Governmental Property
JEL: H83 - Public administration
JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
JEL: H89 - Diğer

Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories 

JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare

:Kategori:Health, education, and welfare economics

JEL: I0 - Genel

JEL: I00 - Genel

JEL: I1 - Health

JEL: I10 - Genel
JEL: I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior
JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health
JEL: I19 - Diğer

JEL: I2 - Education

JEL: I20 - Genel
JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education
JEL: I22 - Educational finance
JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions
JEL: I28 - Government Policy
JEL: I29 - Diğer

JEL: I3 - Welfare and Poverty

JEL: I30 - Genel
JEL: I31 - Genel Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness
JEL: I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs 
JEL: I39 - Diğer

Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories 

JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics

:Kategori:Labor and demographic economics

:Kategori:Labor

:Kategori:Demographic economics

JEL: J0 - Genel

JEL: J00 - Genel

JEL: J1 - Demographic Economics

JEL: J10 - Genel
JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts
JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination
JEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone Income
JEL: J18 - Public Policy
JEL: J19 - Diğer

JEL: J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital

JEL: J20 - Genel
JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure
JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply
JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment
JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity
JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies
JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
JEL: J29 - Diğer

JEL: J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

JEL: J30 - Genel
JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.
JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions
JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
JEL: J38 - Public Policy
JEL: J39 - Diğer

JEL: J4 - Particular Labor Markets

JEL: J40 - Genel
JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets
JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations
JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
JEL: J48 - Public Policy
JEL: J49 - Diğer

JEL: J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining

JEL: J50 - Genel
JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining
JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms
JEL: J58 - Public Policy
JEL: J59 - Diğer

JEL: J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies

JEL: J60 - Genel
JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility
JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings
JEL: J68 - Public Policy
JEL: J69 - Diğer

JEL: J7 - Labor Discrimination

JEL: J70 - Genel
JEL: J71 - Discrimination
JEL: J78 - Public Policy
JEL: J79 - Diğer

JEL: J8 - Labor Standards: National and International

JEL: J80 - Genel
JEL: J81 - Working conditions
JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition
JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights
JEL: J88 - Public Policy
JEL: J89 - Diğer

Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories 

JEL: K - Law and Economics

:Kategori:Law and economics

JEL: K0 - Genel

JEL: K00 - Genel

JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law

JEL: K10 - Genel
JEL: K11 - Property Law
JEL: K12 - Contract Law
JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability
JEL: K14 - Criminal Law
JEL: K19 - Diğer

JEL: K2 - Regulation and Business Law

JEL: K20 - Genel
JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law
JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law
JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
JEL: K29 - Diğer

JEL: K3 - Diğer Substantive Areas of Law

JEL: K30 - Genel
JEL: K31 - Labor Law
JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
JEL: K33 - International Law
JEL: K34 - Tax Law
JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
JEL: K39 - Diğer

JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

JEL: K40 - Genel
JEL: K41 - Litigation Process
JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
JEL: K49 - Diğer

Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories 

:Kategori:Industrial organization

JEL: L - Industrial Organization

JEL: L0 - Genel

JEL: L00 - Genel

JEL: L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

JEL: L10 - Genel
JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
JEL: L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Diğer Imperfect Markets
JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices
JEL: L19 - Diğer

JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior

JEL: L20 - Genel
JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm
JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates
JEL: L23 - Organization of Production
JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures
JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales
JEL: L29 - Diğer

JEL: L3 - :Kategori:Non-profit organizations and :Kategori:Public enterprise

JEL: L30 - Genel
JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
JEL: L32 - Public enterprises
JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out
JEL: L39 - Diğer

JEL: L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies

JEL: L40 - Genel
JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
JEL: L49 - Diğer

JEL: L5 - Regulation and :Kategori:Industrial policy

JEL: L50 - Genel
JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation
JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms
JEL: L59 - Diğer

JEL: L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing

JEL: L60 - Genel
JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Diğer Transportation Equipment
JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
JEL: L64 - Diğer Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco
JEL: L67 - Diğer Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
JEL: L68 - Appliances; Diğer Consumer Durables
JEL: L69 - Diğer

JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction

JEL: L70 - Genel
JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Diğer Nonrenewable Resources
JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper
JEL: L74 - Construction
JEL: L78 - Government Policy
JEL: L79 - Diğer

JEL: L8 - Industry Studies: Services

JEL: L80 - Genel
JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce
JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)
JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services
JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
JEL: L88 - Government Policy
JEL: L89 - Diğer

JEL: L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities

JEL: L90 - Genel
JEL: L91 - Transportation: Genel
JEL: L92 - Railroads and Diğer Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports
JEL: L93 - Air Transportation
JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities
JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
JEL: L96 - Telecommunications
JEL: L97 - Utilities: Genel
JEL: L98 - Government Policy
JEL: L99 - Diğer

Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories 

JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting

:Kategori:Business economics

JEL: M0 - Genel

JEL: M00 - Genel

JEL: M1 - Business Administration

JEL: M10 - Genel
JEL: M11 - Production Management
JEL: M12 - Personnel Management
JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship
JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility
JEL: M19 - Diğer

JEL: M2 - Business Economics

JEL: M20 - Genel
JEL: M21 - Business economics
JEL: M29 - Diğer

JEL: M3 - Marketing and Advertising

JEL: M30 - Genel
JEL: M31 - Marketing
JEL: M37 - Advertising
JEL: M39 - Diğer

JEL: M4 - Accounting and Auditing

JEL: M40 - Genel
JEL: M41 - Accounting scholarship
JEL: M42 - Auditing
JEL: M49 - Diğer

JEL: M5 - Personnel economics

JEL: M50 - Genel
JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues)
JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)
JEL: M53 - Training
JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction)
JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Diğer
JEL: M59 - Diğer

Economic history JEL: N Subcategories 

JEL: N - Economic History

:Kategori:Economic history

JEL: N0 - Genel

JEL: N00 - Genel
JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods

JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations

JEL: N10 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions

JEL: N20 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth

JEL: N30 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation

JEL: N40 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries

JEL: N50 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction

JEL: N60 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Diğer Services

JEL: N70 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History

JEL: N80 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania

JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History

JEL: N90 - Genel, International, or Comparative
JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913–
JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania

Ekonomik kalkınma, teknolojik değişim ve büyüme JEL: O Alt kategoriler 

JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth

:Kategori:Economic development, technological change, and growth

JEL: O1 - Economic development

JEL: O10 - Genel
JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Diğer Primary Products
JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment
JEL: O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political
JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations

JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy

JEL: O20 - Genel
JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
JEL: O22 - Project Analysis
JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
JEL: O29 - Diğer

JEL: O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development

JEL: O30 - Genel
JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
JEL: O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues
JEL: O38 - Government Policy
JEL: O39 - Diğer

JEL: O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity

JEL: O40 - Genel
JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models
JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity
JEL: O49 - Diğer

JEL: O5 - Economywide Country Studies

JEL: O50 - Genel
JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada
JEL: O52 - Europe
JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East
JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean
JEL: O55 - Africa
JEL: O56 - Oceania
JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

Ekonomik sistemler JEL: P Alt kategoriler 

JEL: P - Economic Systems

:Kategori:Economic systems

JEL: P0 - Genel

JEL: P00 - Genel

JEL: P1 - Capitalist Systems
JEL: P10 - Genel
JEL: P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises
JEL: P14 - Property Rights
JEL: P16 - Political Economy
JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects
JEL: P19 - Diğer

JEL: P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
JEL: P20 - Genel
JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
JEL: P22 - Prices
JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation
JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights
JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects
JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
JEL: P29 - Diğer

JEL: P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions

JEL: P30 - Genel
JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
JEL: P34 - Financial Economics
JEL: P35 - Public Economics
JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty
JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
JEL: P39 - Diğer

JEL: P4 - Diğer Economic Systems

JEL: P40 - Genel
JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics
JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects
JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights
JEL: P49 - Diğer

JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems

JEL: P50 - Genel
JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
JEL: P59 - Diğer

Tarım ve Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel ve EkoloAgricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and Ekolojik Ekonomi JEL: Q Alt kategoriler 

JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

:Kategori:Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics
:Kategori:Resource economics

JEL: Q0 - Genel

JEL: Q00 - Genel
JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development

JEL: Q1 - Agriculture

JEL: Q10 - Genel
JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance
JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation
JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services
JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy
JEL: Q19 - Diğer

JEL: Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation

JEL: Q20 - Genel
JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply
JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture
JEL: Q23 - Forestry
JEL: Q24 - Land
JEL: Q25 - Water
JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
JEL: Q28 - Government Policy
JEL: Q29 - Diğer

JEL: Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation

JEL: Q30 - Genel
JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply
JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
JEL: Q34 - Doğal kaynaklar ve yurtiçiNatural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
JEL: Q33 - Doğal kaynak patlamasıResource Booms
JEL: Q38 - Kamu politikaları
JEL: Q39 - Diğer

JEL: Q4 - Enerji Ekonomisi

JEL: Q40 - Genel
JEL: Q41 - Enerji Talebi ve Enerji Arzı
JEL: Q42 - Alternatif enerji kaynakları
JEL: Q43 - Enerji ve Makroekonomi
JEL: Q48 - Kamu Politikaları
JEL: Q49 - Diğer

JEL: Q5 - Çevresel Ekonomi

JEL: Q50 - Genel
JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling
JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters
JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation
JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting
JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics
JEL: Q58 - Government Policy
JEL: Q59 - Diğer

Kentsel, Kırsal ve Bölgesel Ekonomi JEL: R Alt kategoriler 

JEL: R - Kent Ekonomisi, Kırsal Ekonomi ve Bölgesel Ekonomi

:Kategori:Kentsel, Kırsal ve bölgesel ekonomi

JEL: R0 - Genel

JEL: R00 - Genel

JEL: R1 - Genel Bölgesel ekonomi

JEL: R10 - Genel
JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade
JEL: R13 - Genel Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns
JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Diğer Models
JEL: R19 - Diğer

JEL: R2 - Hanehalı analizler

JEL: R20 - Genel
JEL: R21 - Hanehalkı talebiHousing Demand
JEL: R22 - Diğer Talep
JEL: R23 - Bölgesel göç, bölgesel iş gücü piyasaları, nüfus
JEL: R29 - Diğer

JEL: R3 - Üretim analizleri ve Firma yeri

JEL: R30 - Genel
JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
JEL: R32 - Diğer üretim ve fiyatlama analizleri
JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis
JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
JEL: R39 - Diğer

JEL: R4 - Ulaştırma Ekonomisi

JEL: R40 - Genel
JEL: R41 - Ulaştırma: Talep, arz, yığılma, güvenlik ve kazalar
JEL: R42 - Kamu ve özel yatırım analizleri
JEL: R48 - Kamu fiyatlaması, düzenleme politikaları
JEL: R49 - Diğer

JEL: R5 - Bölgesel yönetim analizi

JEL: R50 - Genel
JEL: R51 - Kentsel ve kırsal ekonomilerde finans
JEL: R52 - Arazi kullanımı ve diğer düzenlemeler
JEL: R53 - Kamu hizmet yeri analizi, Kamu yatırım ve sermaye stoku
JEL: R58 - Bölgesel gelişim yasaları
JEL: R59 - Diğer

Çeşitli kategoriler (ekonomi) JEL: Y Alt kategoriler 

JEL: Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts
JEL: Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts

JEL: Y2 - Introductory Material
JEL: Y20 - Introductory Material

JEL: Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
JEL: Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)

JEL: Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)
JEL: Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)

JEL: Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)
JEL: Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)

JEL: Y6 - Excerpts
JEL: Y60 - Excerpts

JEL: Y8 - JEL: Related Disciplines
JEL: Y80 - Related Disciplines

JEL: Y9 - Diğer
JEL: Y90 - Diğer

Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z Alt kategoriler 

JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar

JEL: Z0 - Genel

JEL: Z00 - Genel

JEL: Z1 - Kültürel ekonomi; Ekonomik sosyoloji; Ekonomik antropoloji
JEL: Z10 - Genel
JEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature
JEL: Z12 - Bölgesel
JEL: Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology 
JEL: Z19 - Diğer

Dış bağlantılar