Toširó Mifune

Toširó Mifune (, ; * 1. apríl 1920, Čching-tao, Čína – † 24. december 1997) bol japonský herec, ktorý hral v najmenej 170 filmoch.

Detstvo 
Toširó Mifune sa narodil v Čching-tao v Číne, japonským rodičom a vyrástol v čínskom meste Ta-lien [Dalian] s rodičmi a dvoma súrodencami. V mladosti Mifune pracoval vo fotografickom ateliéri svojho otca Tokuza, komerčného fotografa a dovozcu, ktorý emigroval zo severného Japonska. 

Tokuzo bol metodista a sú dôkazy, že bol aj misionárom, slúžiacim etnickým Japoncom v Ta-liene.

Napriek tomu, že mladý Toširó strávil prvých 19 rokov svojho života v Číne a vedel hovoriť len mandarínsky, ako japonský občan bol zaradený do japonského cisárskeho vojenského letectva, kde slúžil u leteckých fotografov (KO-type) za druhej svetovej vojny. Bol vrátený do Japonska v roku 1946.

Vstup do šoubiznisu 
V roku 1947 jeden z Mifuneho priateľov, ktorý pracoval pre Fotografické odelenie Toho Productions, ho odporučil pre prácu v ňom. Bol prijatý na miesto asistenta kameramana. 

V tom čase mnoho hercov v spoločnosti Toho po dlhom štrajku odišlo a založilo vlastnú spoločnosť. Štúdio organizovalo konkurz na "nové tváre". Mifuneho priatelia mu navrhli túto prácu. Bol prijatý spolu so 48 ďalšími (z celkového počtu 4 000) a poslaný na skúšku pre Kadžiro Jamamota. S výrazom zúrivca a poznačený vojnou sa javil ako arogantný a ťažko spolupracujúci človek. Našťastie sa Jamamotovi páčil a poslal ho režisérovi Senkiči Tanigučiovi. Ten dal Mifunemu prvú úlohu vo filme Šin Baka Džidai [Shin Baka Jidai].

Manželstvo 

Jedna z Mifuneho spolupracujúcich 32 herečiek vybraných z "nových tvárí" bola Sačiko Jošimine. Bola o osem rokov mladšia a pochádzala z váženej tokijskej rodiny. Zaľúbili sa a čoskoro sa zosobášili. Jošiminini rodičia boli silne proti zväzku. Mifune bol pre nich outsiderský nebudhista navyše pochádzal z Mandžuska ktoré už nepatrilo Japonsku. Navyše sa obávali, že ako manželský pár sa neuživia. Režisér Senkiči Taniguči s pomocou Akiru Kurosawu presvedčili Jošimininých rodičov, aby súhlasili so svadbou. Stalo sa tak vo februári 1950. V novembri toho istého roku sa narodil ich prvý syn Širo. V roku 1955 sa im narodil druhý syn Takeši. Mifuneho dcéra Mika sa narodila v roku 1982.

Popularita 

Toširó Mifune vo filme Jodžimbo hral klasickú postavu ronina (samuraja bez pána).

Jeho zaujímavý štýl, rozsah, znalosť cudzích jazykov a priateľstvo s obľúbeným režisérom Akirom Kurosawom z neho urobilo jedného z populárnych hercov jeho času. Často stvárňoval samuraja, alebo ronina, ktorý bol drsný (Kurosawa do vysvetlil raz tak že to bol jeho drsný hlas ktorý ho charakterizoval) oproti populárnemu obrazu slušného a zdvorilého samuraja. V niekoľkých filmoch ako Sedem samurajov a Jodžimbo hral postavy, ktoré často pôsobili komicky ale v skutočnosti oplývali skúsenosťami a múdrosťou a vyznačovali sa hrdinstvom. Kurosawa vysoko oceňoval Mifuneho jeho neprikrášlený obraz, raz sa vyjadril že jeho neprikrášlené podanie vyjadrí na troch stopách filmu to čo priemerný japonský herec na desiatich. 

Mifune bol známy pre jeho uťahovanie si samého zo seba, ktoré často nájdeme v jeho filmových rolách. Bol známy nasadením v jeho vystúpeniach. Prípravou pre Sedem samurajov a Rashómona študoval nahrávky levo v divočine, pre film(?) Anímas Trujano počúval nahrávky mexických hercov, takže mohol hovoriť všetky časti v španielčine. V jeho prých anglických úlohách ako Grand Prix, z roku 1966 sa naučil svoje repliky foneticky. To sa stretlo s obmedzeným úspechom a jeho hlas bol často dabovaný Paulom Freesom. V čase, keď robil film Red Sun v roku 1971 sa zdokonalil natoľko, že jeho hlas je počuť týmto celým multinárodným westernom. Jeho najlepšia anglická rola bola pravdepodobne Admirál Isoroku Jamamoto vo filme Midway.

V skorých začiatkoch rozvoja Hviezdnych vojen Epizóda IV.: Nová nádej režisér George Lucas uvažoval o role Obi Wan Kenobiho pre Mifuneho. Hral obdobnú úlohu (Generál Rokurota) vo filme Skrytá pevnosť. Film ktorý Lucas obdivoval. Jeho dej a postavy majú určitú spojitosť ktorú vložil Lucas do jeho prvého filmu Hviezdnych vojen. 

Mifune bol oceňovaný ako pôvodný osamelý bojovník, ktorý sa zdokonalil pri práci s Kurosawom. 

Väčšina zo šestnástich spoločných filmov s Kurosawom sa stali filmovými klasikami. Ako napríklad Rashomon, Túlavý pes, Sedem samurajov, Skrytá pevnosť, Vysoký a nízky, Krvavý trón (adaptácia Shakespearového Macbetha), Jodžimbo, Sandžuro. (Pozri filmografiu dole)
 
Spoločná cesta Mifuneho a Kurosawu sa rozdelila po filme Červená brada. Niektoré faktory prispeli k trhline ktorá ukončila túto spoluprácu.

Koniec života 

V roku 1984 bol Mifune zvolený v časopise za najznámejšieho Japonca. Bol spájaný s obrazom s pýchou, silou a mužnosťou. V jeho domovine a za morom je stále často videný ako stelesnenie japonskej mužnosti.

Na začiatku 80. rokov Mifune založil hereckú školu - Mifune Geidžucu Gakuin. Škola však musela pre finančné problémy skončiť po troch rokoch. 

Mifune prijal úlohu Toranagu v minisérii Shogun(1980). Bohužiaľ seriál nebol doma dobre prijatý. Aj pre rozpory o účinkovaní v ňom sa skončila jeho ďalšia práca s Kurosawom.

Kurosawa sa s Mifunem zmierili až na na pohrebe ich priateľa Iširo Hondu. Napriek tomu viac spolu znovu nespolupracovali, a tak sa nemohlo ich priateľstvo znovu naplniť. Obaja zomreli v priebehu piatich rokov.

V roku 1992 začali Mifuneho vážne zdravotné problémy. Bolo to zapríčinené aj jeho prácou. Preto sa utiahol do domáceho prostredia kde ho ošetrovala jeho bývalá žena Sačiko. Keď podľahla rakovine v roku 1995 Mifuneho fyzický a psychický stav začal rapídne upadať.

Zomrel v Mitake v Japonsku na zlyhanie viacerých orgánov vo veku 77 rokov.

Filmografia 

Kvôli rôznym prekladom z Japončiny a iným faktorom sú uvádzané viaceré názvy k mnohým filmom Mifuneho. Tieto názvy sú známe hlavne USA.

 1947 Snow Trail - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1947 These Foolish Times - Parts 1 & 2 - directed by Kajiro Yamamoto
 1948 Drunken Angel - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1949 The Quiet Duel - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1949 Jakoman and Tetsu - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1949 Stray Dog - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1950 Escape at Dawn - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1950 Conduct Report on Professor Ishinaka - Directed by Mikio Naruse
 1950 Scandal - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1950 Engagement Ring - directed by Keisuke Kinoshita
 1950 Rashomon - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1951 Beyond Love and Hate - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1951 Elegy - directed by Kajiro Yamamoto
 1951 The Idiot - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1951 Pirates - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1951 Meeting of the Ghost Après-Guerre - directed by Kiyoshi Saeki
 1951 Conclusion of Kojiro Sasaki-Duel at Ganryu Island directed by Hiroshi Inagaki - This was the first, but not the last, time that Mifune played Musashi Miyamoto
 1951 The Life of a Horsetrader - directed by Keigo Kimura
 1951 Who Knows a Woman's Heart - directed by Kajiro Yamamoto
 1952 Vendetta for a Samurai - directed by Kazuo Mori
 1952 Foghorn - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1952 The Life of Oharu - directed by Kenji Mizoguchi
 1952 Jewels in our Hearts - directed by Yasuke Chiba
 1952 Swift Current - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1952 The Man Who Came to Port - directed by Ishiro Honda
 1953 My Wonderful Yellow Car - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1953 The Last Embrace - directed by Masahiro Makino
 1953 Love in a Teacup - directed by Yasuke Chiba
 1953 The Eagle of the Pacific - directed by Ishiro Honda
 1954 Seven Samurai - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1954-56 Samurai Trilogy - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1954 Musashi Miyamoto
 1955 Duel at Ichijoji Temple
 1956 Duel at Ganryu Island
 1954 The Sound of Waves - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1954 The Black Fury - directed by Toshio Sugie
 1955 A Man Among Men - directed by Kajiro Yamamoto
 1955 All is Well - Part 1 & 2 - directed by Toshio Sugie
 1955 No Time for Tears - directed by Seiji Maruyama
 1955 Record of a Living Being aka I Live in Fear - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1956 Rainy Night Duel - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1956 The Underworld - directed by Kajiro Yamamoto
 1956 Settlement of Love - directed by Shin Saburi
 1956 A Wife's Heart - directed by Mikio Naruse
 1956 Scoundrel - directed by Nabuo Aoyagi
 1956 Rebels on the High Seas - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1957 Throne of Blood aka Spider Web Castle - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1957 A Man in the Storm - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1957 Be Happy These Two Lovers - directed by Ishiro Honda
 1957 Yagyu Secret Scrolls - part 1 - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1957 A Dangerous Hero - directed by Hideo Suzuki
 1957 The Lower Depths - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1957 Downtown - directed by Yasuki Chiba
 1958 Yagyu Secret Scrolls - part 2 - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1958 Tokyo Holiday - directed by Kajiro Yamamoto
 1958 Muhomatsu, The Rikshaw Man - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1958 The Happy Pilgrimage - directed by Yasuki Chiba
 1958 All About Marriage - uncredited cameo - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1958 Theater of Life - directed by Toshio Sugie
 1958 The Hidden Fortress - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1959 Boss of the Underworld - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1959 Samurai Saga - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1959 The Saga of the Vagabonds - directed by Toshio Sugie
 1959 Desperado Outpost - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1959 The Birth of Japan - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1960 The Last Gunfight - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1960 The Gambling Samurai - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1960 The Storm of the Pacific - directed by Shue Matsubayashi
 1960 Man Against Man - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1960 The Bad Sleep Well - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1960 The Masterless 47 - part 1 - directed by Toshio Sugie
 1961 The Story of Osaka Castle - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1961 The Masterless 47 - part 2 - directed by Toshio Sugie
 1961 Yojimbo aka The Bodyguard - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1961 The Youth and his Amulet - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1962 Ánimas Trujano aka The Important Man - directed by Ismael Rodríguez
 1962 Sanjuro - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1962 Tatsu - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1962 Chushingura - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1963 Wings over the Pacific - directed by Shue Matsubayashi
 1963 High and Low aka Heaven and Hell - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1963 Legacy of the 500,000 - directed by Toshiro Mifune
 1963 The Great Thief - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1964 Whirlwind - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1965 Samurai Assassin aka Samurai - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1965 Red Beard - directed by Akira Kurosawa
 1965 Sanshiro Sugata - directed by Seiichiro Uchikiro
 1965 Retreat from Kiska - directed by Seiji Maruyama
 1965 Fort Graveyard - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1966 Wild Goemon - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1966 The Sword of Doom - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1966 The Adventure of Kigan Castle - directed by Senkichi Taniguchi
 1966 The Mad Atlantic - directed by Jun Fukuda
 1966 Grand Prix - directed by John Frankenheimer - This was Mifune's first English language film - 
 1967 Samurai Rebellion - directed by Masaki Kobayashi
 1967 The Longest Day of Japan - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1968 The Sands of Kurobe - directed by Kei Kumai
 1968 Admiral Yamamoto - directed by Eiji Tsuburaya
 1968 Gion Festival - directed by Daisuke Ito and Tetsuya Yamanouchi
 1968 Hell in the Pacific - directed by John Boorman
 1969 Samurai Banners - directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
 1969 5,000 Kilometers to Glory - directed by Koreyoshi Kurahara
 1969 Battle of the Japan Sea - directed by Seiji Maruyama
 1969 Red Lion - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1969 Band of Assassins - directed by Tadashi Sawashima
 1970 Zatoichi Meets Yojimbo - directed by Kihachi Okamoto
 1970 The Ambitious - directed by Daisuke Ito
 1970 Incident at Blood Pass - directed by Hiroshi Inigaki
 1970 The Walking Majo - directed by Koji Senno, Nobuaki Shirai and Keith Eric Burt
 1970 The Militarists - directed by Hiromichi Horikawa
 1971 Red Sun - directed by Terence Young - not released in the U.S. until 1972
 1975 Paper Tiger - directed by Ken Annakin
 1975 Midway - directed by Jack Smight
 1977 Proof of the Man - directed by Junya Sato
 1977 Japanese Godfather: Ambition - directed by Sadao Nakajima
 1977 Intrigue of the Yagyu Clan - directed by Kinji Fukasaku
 1978 Dog Flute - directed by Sadao Nakajima
 1978 Lady Ogin - directed by Kei Kajima
 1978 Japanese Godfather: Conclusion - directed by Sadao Nakajima
 1978 The Fall of Ako Castle - directed by Kinji Fukasaku
 1978 Lord Incognito - directed by Tetsuya Yamauchi
 1979 Winter Kills - directed by William Richart
 1979 The Adventures of Kosuke Kindaichi - directed by Nobuhiku Kobayashi
 1979 Secret Detective Investigation-Net in Big Edo - directed by Akinori Matsuo
 1979 1941 - directed by Steven Spielberg
 1981 The Bushido Blade - directed by Tsugunobu Kotani
 1981 Port Arthur - directed by Toshio Masuda
 1981 Shogun - directed by Jerry London - this was shown on television in the U.S. and as a theatrical version in the rest of the world
 1981 Inchon! - directed by Terence Young
 1982 The Challenge - directed by John Frankenheimer
 1983 Conquest - directed by Sadao Nakajima
 1983 Theater of Life - directed by Sadao Nakajima, Junya Sato and Kinji Fukasaku
 1983 Battle Anthem - directed by Toshio Masuda
 1984 The miracle of Joe the Petrel - directed by Toshiya Fujita
 1985 Legend of the Holy Woman - directed by Toru Murakawa
 1986 Song of Genkai Tsurezure - directed by Masanobu Deme
 1987 Shatterer - directed by Tonino Valerii
 1987 Tora-san Goes North - directed by Yoji Yamada
 1987 Princess from the Moon - directed by Kon Ichikawa
 1989 Demons in Spring - directed by Akira Kobayashi
 1989 Death of a Tea Master - directed by Kei Kumai
 1989 cf Girl - directed by Izo Hashimoto
 1991 Strawberry Road - directed by Koreyoshi Kurihara
 1992 Helmet - directed by Gordon Hessler
 1992 Shadow of the Wolf - directed by Jacques Dorfman
 1994 Picture Bride - directed by Kayo Hatta
 1995 Deep River - directed by Kei Kumai

Televízia 

Všetky uvedené v Japonsku + Shogun uvedený v USA.

 1968 The Masterless Samurai - 6 one hour episodes
 1971 Epic Chushingura - 52 one hour episodes
 1972 Ronin of the Wilderness - 104 one hour episodes
 1973 Yojimbo of the Wilderness - 5 one hour episodes
 1976 The Sword, The Wind and the Lullaby - 27 one hour episodes
 1977 Ronin in a Lawless Town - 23 one hour episodes
 1978 The Spy Appears - 5 one hour episodes
 1978 An Eagle in Edo - 38 one hour episodes
 1979 Hideout in a Suite - 11 one hour episodes
 1980 Shogun - parts 1 & 5 159 minutes parts 2-4 93 minutes
 1981 Sekigahara - one seven hour episode
 1981 Bungo's Detective Notes - 3 one hour episodes
 1981 The Ten Battles of Shingo - 2 one hour episodes
 1981 My Daughter! Fly on the Wings of Love and Tears - 1 two hour episode
 1981 The Crescent Shaped Wilderness - 1 two hour episode
 1982 The Ronin's Path - 5 two hour episodes
 1982 The Happy Yellow Handkerchief - 1 two hour episode
 1983 The Brave Man Says Little - 1 eight hour episode
 1983 The Ronin's Path vol. 5 - 1 one hour episode
 1983 Ronin-Secret of the Wilderness Valley - 1 one hour episode
 1984 Soshi Okita, Burning Corpse of a Sword Master - 1 one hour episode
 1984 The Burning Mountain River - 51 episodes

Ďalšíe čítanie 
 Galbraith, Stuart, IV (2002). The Emperor and the Wolf: The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune. Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-19982-8.

Iné projekty

Odkazy 
  http://www.toshiromifune.org/index.html
 Toshiro Mifune - Tribute Site
 Toshiro Mifune: Biographical details and selected filmography at the British Film Institute
 Toshiro Mifune at the Internet Movie Database

Japonskí filmoví herci
Japonskí televízni herci
Metodisti