Avro Vulcan

Avro Vulcan er et britisk subsonisk deltavinge bombefly som ble brukt av Royal Air Force (RAF) fra 1953 til 1984. Flytypen var en del av den britisk kjernefysiske styrken som skulle virke avskrekkende på Sovjetunionen under den kalde krigen.

Historie og utvikling 
Designutviklingen startet hos A.V. Roe & Co (Avro) i 1947 under ledelse av Roy Chadwick. Det britiske forsvarsdepartementets kravspesifikasjon beskrev et bombefly med en topphastighet på 930 km/t, en operativ høyde på opptil 15 000 m, en rekkevidde på 5 500 km og mulighet for å frakte en bombelast på 4 500 kg. Parallelt ble det arbeidet med design hos Vickers-Armstrongs og Handley Page og alle tre designene ble godkjent – Vulcan, Valiant og Victor.

Siden deltavinger var nytt på den tiden, begynte Avro testing med skala-prototyper i 1948, og da med enseters-varianten Avro 707, eller Type 707. Til tross for at den første protypen krasjet 30. september 1949 fortsatte arbeidet. Den første prototypen i full størrelse, Type 698, foretok sin første flygning 31. august 1952. Navnet Vulcan ble ikke valgt før i 1953.

Spesifikasjoner (Mk.2)

Litteratur
 Austin, Steve. "Workhorse (V-Bombers: Test-bed Vulcan)." FlyPast, No. 335, June 2009, pp. 108–113.
 Baxter, Alan. Olympus: The First Forty Years. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1990. .
 Blackman, Tony. Vulcan Test Pilot: My Experiences in the Cockpit of a Cold War Icon. London: Grub Street, 2007. .
 Braybrook, Roy. Battle for the Falklands: Air Forces. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1982. .
 Brookes, Andrew. Victor Units of the Cold War: Osprey Combat Aircraft: 88. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2011. .
 Brookes, Andrew and Chris Davey. Vulcan Units of The Cold War (Osprey Combat Aircraft: 72). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2009. .
 Bull, Stephen. Encyclopedia of Military Technology And Innovation. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004. .
 Bulman, Craig. The Vulcan B.Mk2 From a Different Angle. Bishop Auckland, UK: Pentland Press Ltd, 2001. .
 Buttler, Tony. "Avro Type 698 Vulcan (Database)." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
 Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Jet Bombers Since 1949. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland, 2003. .
 Buttler, Tony. "Vital Bombers: Origins of the RAF's 'V-Bomber' Force". Air Enthusiast, No. 79, January/February 1999, pp. 28–41. .
 Darling Kev. Avro Vulcan. North Branch, USA: Speciality Press, 1999. .
 Darling, Kev. Avro Vulcan, Part One (RAF Illustrated). Vale of Glamorgan Wales, UK: Big Bird Aviation Publication, 2007. .
 Dawson, T.W.G., G.F. Kitchen and G.B. Glider. Measurements of the Radar Echoing Area of the Vulcan by the Optical Simulation Method.  Farnborough, Hants, UK: Royal Aircraft Establishment, September 1957 National Archive Catalogue file, AVIA 6/20895
 Fildes, David. "Buck Rogers in the 20th Century: The Origins of the Vulcan." Aeroplane, Vol. 36, No. 3, Issue No. 419, March 2008.
 Frawley, Gerard. The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002–2003. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2002. .
 Gallop, Alan. Time Flies: Heathrow At 60. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing, 2005. .
 Gibson, Chris. Vulcan's Hammer: V-Force Aircraft and Weapons Projects Since 1945. Crowborough, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2011. 
 Gunston, Bill. "The V-bombers: Avro Vulcan – Part 3". Aeroplane Monthly, Vol. 8, No. 12, December 1980, pp. 620–626. .
 Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore. Avro Vulcan: The History and Development of a Classic Jet. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2006. .
 Hamilton-Paterson, James. Empire of the Clouds: When Britain's Aircraft Ruled the World. London: Faber & Faber, 2010. .
 Hearn, Chester G. Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea. London: Stackpole Books, 2007. .
 Jackson, A. J. Avro Aircraft Since 1908, 2nd Edition. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990. .
 Jackson, Paul. "Vulcan: Delta Force". Wings of Fame, Volume 3. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. pp. 34–95. . .
 Jackson Robert. Avro Vulcan. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd, First Edition 1984. Hardback. 
 Jackson Robert. Avro Vulcan. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd, Second Edition 1987. Hardback. 
 Jackson, Robert. Combat Aircraft Prototypes since 1945.  Arco/Prentice Hall Press, 1986. .
 Jackson, Robert. V-Force Britain's Airborne Nuclear Deterrent Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 1986. 0-711-02750-1
 Jefford, Wing Commander C.G. MBE,BA,RAF (Ret'd). RAF Squadrons:, A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. .
 Jenkins, Dennis R. B-1 Lancer: The Most Complicated Warplane Ever Developed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. .
 Jones, Barry. V-Bombers: Valiant, Victor and Vulcan. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, Paperback edition, 2007. .
 Jones, Barry. "Black Buck – The Swansong." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
 Kingsley, Simon and Shaun Quegan. Understanding Radar Systems. Raleigh, North Carolina: SciTech Publishing, 1999. .
 Lake, Alan. Flying Units of the RAF: The Ancestry, Formation and Disbandment of all Flying Units since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1999. .
 Laming, Tim. The Vulcan Story: 1952–2002 Enderby, Leicester, UK: Silverdale Books, 2002. .
 Leitch, Andy. "V Force Arsenal: Weapons for the Valiant, Victor and Vulcan". Air Enthusiast, No. 107, September/October 2003, pp. 52–59. .
 Polmar, Norman and Dana Bell. One Hundred Years of World Military Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2004. .
 Price, Alfred, Tony Blackman and Andrew Edmondson. Avro Vulcan Manual: An Insight into Owning, Restoring, Servicing and Flying Britain's Legendary Cold War Bomber (Owner's Workshop Manual). Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Haynes, 2010. .
 Richardson, Doug. Stealth Warplanes. North Branch, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2001. .
 Seddon, J. and E. L. Goldsmith. Intake Aerodynamics (Aiaa Education Series). Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. .
 Segell, Glen. Wither or dither: British Aerospace Collaborative Procurement with Europe. London: Glen Segell Publishers, 1997. .
 Stephens, Alan. Power Plus Attitude: Ideas, Strategy and Doctrine in the Royal Australian Air Force, 1921–1991. Canberra, Australia: AGPS Press, 1992. .
 Vulcan B.Mk.1A Pilot's Notes (AP 4505C–PN). London: Air Ministry, 1961.
 Vulcan B.Mk.2 Aircrew Manual (AP101B-1902-15). London: Air Ministry, 1984.
 Wansbrough-White, Gordon. Names With Wings: The Names & Naming Systems of Aircraft & Engines Flown by the British Armed Forces 1878–1984. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd, 1995. .
 White, Rowland. Vulcan 607: The Epic Story of the Most Remarkable British Air Attack since WWII. London: Bantam Press, 2006. .
 Willis, David. "Avro Vulcan survivors." Aeroplane, Vol. 35, No. 4, Issue No. 408, April 2007.
 Wilson, Stewart. Lincoln, Canberra & F-111 in Australian service. Weston Creek, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1989. .
 Wynn, Humphrey. RAF Strategic Nuclear Deterrent Forces: Origins, Roles and Deployment 1946–1969. London: The Stationery Office, 1997. .

Eksterne lenker 
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