케냐 식민지

일반적으로 흔히 영국령 케냐() 또는 영국령 동아프리카()로 알려진 케냐 식민지 및 보호령()은 아프리카에 있는 대영 제국의 일부였다. 1920년 구 동아프리카 보호령이 대영 제국 왕령식민지로 변모하면서 설립되었다. 엄밀히 말하면 '케냐 식민지'는 내륙 땅을 가리키는 반면, 잔지바르 술탄으로부터 명목상 임대된 16km(10mi) 해안가 스트립은 '케냐 보호령'이었지만, 둘은 하나의 행정 단위로 통제되었다. 식민지는 1963년 케냐 소수 민족 정부가 처음으로 선출되면서 막을 내렸고, 결국 독립을 선언했다.

역사 
The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was established on 23 July 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate (except those parts of that Protectorate over which His Majesty the Sultan of Zanzibar had sovereignty) were annexed by the UK. The Kenya Protectorate was established on 29 November 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate which were not annexed by the UK were established as a British Protectorate. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895.

In the 1920s, natives objected to the reservation of the White Highlands for Europeans, especially British war veterans. Bitterness grew between the natives and the Europeans. Describing the period in 1925, the African–American historian and Pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in an article which would be incorporated into the pivotal Harlem Renaissance text The New Negro,

The population in 1921 was estimated at 2,376,000, of whom 9,651 were Europeans, 22,822 Indians and 10,102 Arabs. Mombasa, the largest city in 1921, had a population of 32,000 at that time.

The Mau Mau rebellion, a revolt against British colonial rule in Kenya, lasted from 1952 to 1960. The rebellion was marked by war crimes and massacres committed by both sides.

The Colony and the Protectorate each came to an end on 12 December 1963. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneous with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963, which established the independent Commonwealth realm of Kenya, with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta was the first prime minister. On 26 May 1963, Kenya had its first elections and a new red, green, black and white flag was introduced. Exactly 12 months after independence, on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".

관리 
In 1948, the Kenyan government consisted of the Governor, the Executive Council advising him, and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council consisted of seven ex-officio members, two appointed Europeans, one appointed European representing African interests, and one appointed Asian (Indian). The Legislative Council consisted of 16 appointed officials and 22 elected unofficial members.

In 1954, the government was reformed to create a Council of Ministers as "the principal instrument of government." This council consisted of six official members from the civil service, two nominated members appointed by the governor, and six unofficial members appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council. Of the unofficial members, three were Europeans, two were Asian, and one was African.

The Executive Council continued in existence with all the members of the Council of Ministers also being members of the Executive Council. In addition, the Executive Council also included one Arab and two appointed Africans. The
full Executive council retained certain prerogatives, including approving death sentences and reviewing draft legislation.

The Legislative Council in 1956 consisted of the Governor as president, a Speaker as vice-president and 56 members. Of the 56, eight sat ex-officio, 18 were appointed by the Governor and took the government whip, 14 were elected Europeans, six were elected Asians, one was an elected Arab, and eight were appointed Africans sitting on the non-government side. There was one appointed Arab sitting on the non-government side.

Military forces formed in the Colony and Protectorate from the 1880s included the East African Regiment which became the King's African Rifles; the East African Military Labour Service 1915–1918; the East African Mounted Rifles during the First World War 1914–17; the East African Ordnance Corps; the East African Pay Corps; the East African Pioneer Corps; three East African Reconnaissance Regiments; the East African Artillery the East African Road Construction Corps; the East African Scouts from March 1943, which served as 81st (West Africa) Division's reconnaissance unit in Burma; the East African Signal Corps; the East African Army Service Corps, expanded quickly at the start of the campaign against Italy in 1941 from 300 to 4,600; the East African Transport Corps; the Kenya Armoured Car Regiment; the Kenya Regiment of white settlers; the Kenya Defence Force, and the Kikuyu Guard during the Mau Mau Uprising.

법 
채찍질, 매질 그리고 회초리와 같은 체벌은 특히 어린 범죄자들에 대한 케냐 식민지에서 사용된 많은 범죄들에 대한 주요한 법적 처벌이었다. 비록 대도시 식민지 사무소가 그러한 형벌의 사용에 대해 회의적이었지만, 그것의 불편함은 지역 당국에 의한 그들의 적용을 거의 방해하지 않았다. 그것이 죄수들의 도덕을 침식시키고 그들을 범죄성의 긍정적인 피드백 고리에 위탁할 것이라는 믿음 때문에, 대부분의 판사들에 의해 감옥들은 회피되었다. 체벌은 또한 불복종하는 부족장들에 대해 정부 당국에 의해 사용되었는데, 이것의 한 예는 후자가 전자에 의해 거짓말을 한 후 알제논 E. 카펠 대령에 의한 키쿠유 족장의 채찍질이었다.

같이 보기 
 마우마우 반란 (1952년)

각주

참고 문헌 
 Kitching, Gavin N. Class and economic change in Kenya: The making of an African petite bourgeoisie 1905–1970 (Yale University Press, 1980)
 Lonsdale, John, and Bruce Berman. "Coping with the contradictions: the development of the colonial state in Kenya, 1895–1914." Journal of African History 20#04 (1979): 487–505.
 Mungeam, Gordon Hudson. British rule in Kenya, 1895–1912 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1966)
 Ochieng, William Robert. A history of Kenya (Macmillan Kenya, 1985)
 Ochieng, William Robert, and Robert M. Maxon, eds. An economic history of Kenya (East African Publishers, 1992)
 Wolff, Richard D. Britain and Kenya, 1870–1930: The Economics of Colonialism (Transafrica Publishers, 1974)

외부 링크 
 The British Empire — Kenya

식민지
아프리카의 옛 영국 식민지와 보호국
동아프리카
케냐의 역사
20세기 케냐
1920년에 설립된 주와 준주
1963년에 폐지된 주와 영토
영국-케냐 관계
케냐의 정치사