찰스 하츠혼

찰스 하츠혼(Charles Hartshorne, 1897년 6월 5일 ~ 2000년 10월 9일)는 종교 철학과 형이상학으로 유명한 미국의 철학자였다. 그는 신에 관한 신 고전주의적 개념(neoclassical idea)을 발전 시켰고 성 안셀무스의 존재론적 논증을 발전시킨 신의 존재의 도덕적 논증을 제시했다. 찰스 하츠혼은 또한 알프레드 노스 화이트헤드의 과정철학을 과정신학으로 발전시키는 데 유명하다.  그는 1915–17년에 하버포드 칼리지(Haverford College)에서 공부하였고 후에 하버드 대학교에서 B.A. (1921), M.A. (1922) and Ph.D. (1923)를 취득하고 하버드 대학교, 시카고 대학교, 에모리 대학교, 그리고 텍사스 대학교에서 98세까지 강의를 하였다. 그의 신학의 모티브는 경험주의, 상대주의, 과정, 그리고 사건들이다.

지적인 영향을 받은 학자들 
그가 영향받은 인물로는
 매슈 아널드
 랠프 월도 에머슨
 찰스 샌더스 퍼스
 알프레드 노스 화이트헤드.
 Rufus Jones
 조사이어 로이스
 윌리엄 제임스
 앙리 베르그송
 니콜라이 베르댜예프그리고 Henri Bergson, Ralph Barton Perry and Nikolai Berdyaev, Edgar S. Brightman가 있다.

작품 
 The Philosophy and Psychology of Sensation, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1934, reprint Kennikat Press 1968
 Beyond Humanism: Essays in the New Philosophy of Nature, Chicago/New York: Willett, Clark & Co, 1937 (also published as Beyond Humanism: Essays in the Philosophy of Nature by University of Nebraska Press, 1968)
 Man's Vision of God and the Logic of Theism, Willett, Clark & company, 1941, reprint Hamden: Archon, 1964, 
 The Divine Relativity: A Social Conception of God, (Terry Lectures), New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948, reprint ed. 1983, 
 The Logic of Perfection and other essays in neoclassical metaphysics, La Salle: Open Court, 1962, reprint ed. 1973, 
 Philosophers Speak of God, edited with William L. Reese, University of Chicago Press, 1963, Amherst: Humanity Books, reprint ed. 2000,  (fifty selections spanning the breadth of both eastern and western thought)
 Anselm's Discovery, La Salle: Open Court, 1965
 A Natural Theology for our Time, La Salle: Open Court, 1967, reprint ed. 1992, 
 Creative Synthesis and Philosophic Method, S.C.M. Press, 1970, 
 Reality as Social Process, New York: Hafner, 1971
 Whitehead's Philosophy: Selected Essays, 1935-1970, University of Nebraska Press, 1972, 
 Aquinas to Whitehead: Seven Centuries of Metaphysics of Religion, Marquette University Publications, 1976, 
 Whitehead's View of Reality, with Creighton Peden, New York: Pilgrim Press, rev. ed. 1981, 
 Insights and Oversights of Great Thinkers: : An Evaluation of Western Philosophy, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983, 
 Creativity in American Philosophy, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984, 
 Omnipotence and Other Theological Mistakes, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984, 
 Wisdom as Moderation, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987, 
 The Darkness and The Light: A Philosopher Reflects upon His Fortunate Career and Those Who Made It Possible, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990, 
 Born to Sing: An Interpretation and World Survey of Bird Song, Indiana Univ Press, 1992, 
 The Zero Fallacy: And Other Essays in Neoclassical Philosophy, edited with Mohammad Valady, Open Court, 1997,

참고 문헌 
 Randall E. Auxier and Mark Y. A. Davies, eds. Hartshorne and Brightman on God, Process, and Persons: The Correspondence 1922-1945 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2001).
 John B. Cobb and Franklin I. Gamwell, eds. Existence and Actuality: Conversations with Charles Hartshorne (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), , online edition
 William L. Reese and Eugene Freeman, eds. Process and Divinity: The Hartshorne Festschrift (La Salle: Open Court, 1964).

해석과 영향들 
 William A. Beardslee, "Hope in Biblical Eschatology and in Process Theology," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 38 (September 1970), pp. 227–239.
 Charles Birch, "Participatory Evolution: The Drive of Creation," Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 40 (June 1972), pp. 147–163.
 Charles Birch, On Purpose (Kensington: New South Wales University Press, 1990).
 Delwin Brown, Ralph E. James and Gene Reeves, eds. Process Philosophy and Christian Thought (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971).
 John B. Cobb, God and the World (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1969).
 Carol P. Christ, She Who Changes: Re-imagining the Divine in the World, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, 
 George L. Goodwin, Ontological Argument of Charles Hartshorne, Scholars Press, 1978, , published dissertation
 Schubert Ogden, The Reality of God and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Row, 1966).
 Norman Pittenger, Christology Reconsidered (London: SCM Press, 1970).
 Donald W. Viney, Charles Hartshorne and the Existence of God, forward by Charles Hartshorne, State University of New York Press, 1985,  (hardcover),  (paperback)
 Santiago Sia, editor, Charles Hartshorne's Concept of God: Philosophical and Theological Responses, Springer, 1989, 
 Santiago Sia, Religion, Reason, and God: Essays in the Philosophies of Charles Hartshorne and A.N. Whitehead, Peter Lang Publisher, 2004, 
 Barry L. Whitney, Evil and the Process God, Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press, 1985

비평적인 글들 
 Gregory A. Boyd, Trinity and Process: A Critical Evaluation and Reconstruction of Hartshorne's di-polar theism towards a Trinitarian Metaphysic (New York: P. Lang, 1992).
 Robert J. Connelly, Whitehead vs. Hartshorne: Basic Metaphysical Issues (Washington D.C.: University Press of America, 1981).
 Daniel A. Dombrowski, Hartshorne and the Metaphysics of Animal Rights (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988).
 Daniel A. Dombrowski, Analytic Theism, Hartshorne, and the Concept of God (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).
 Langdon Gilkey, Naming the Whirlwind (Indianapolis:Bobbs-Merrill, 1969).
 Alan Gragg, Charles Hartshorne (Waco: Word Publishing, 1973).
 Royce G. Gruenler, The Inexhaustible God: Biblical Faith and the Challenge of Process Theism (Grand rapids: Baker, 1983).
 Colin Gunton, Becoming and Being: The Doctrine of God in Charles Hartshorne and Karl Barth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
 Lewis Edwin Hahn, ed. The Philosophy of Charles Hartshorne (La Salle: Open Court, 1991).
 Bernard M. Loomer, "Process Theology: Origins, Strengths, Weaknesses," Process Studies, 16 (Winter 1987), pp. 245–254.
 Ronald H. Nash, ed. Process Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987).
 Douglas Pratt, Relational Deity: Hartshorne and Macquarrie on God (Lanham: University Press of America, 2002).
 Edgar A. Towne, Two Types of Theism: Knowledge of God in the thought of Paul Tillich and Charles Hartshorne (New York: P. Lang, 1997).
 Michel Weber and Will Desmond (eds.). Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought, Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, Process Thought X1 & X2, 2008.

외부 링크 
 Charles Hartshorne by Dan Dombrowski, from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Hartshorne's collected papers are archived at the Center for Process Studies 
 Hartshorne's ornithological works are housed at Florida Museum of Natural History
 Online biography of Hartshorne from American Philosophers Before 1950, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 270
 Charles Hartshorne: The Einstein of Religious Thought with a short biography, photos and sayings
 Charles Hartshorne Archive at AnthonyFlood.com
 Special Hartshorne Edition  (PDF), Process Perspectives (newsletter of the Center for Process Studies), v. 20, n. 3, spring 1997. Includes reminiscences by Hartshorne.
 Special Hartshorne tribute, Process Studies 25 (1996), (includes 2 new Hartshorne articles)
 Special Focus on Hartshorne, Ed. Barry Whitney and Don Viney, Process Studies 30.2 (2001), (4 Hartshorne articles and discussion)

1897년 출생
2000년 사망
미국의 백세인
미국의 제1차 세계 대전 참전 군인
미국의 신학자
미국 예술과학 아카데미 석학회원
하버드 대학교 동문
형이상학자
종교철학자
과정신학자
과정철학
도덕철학자