에드워드 핼릿 카

에드워드 핼릿 "테드" 카(, CBE, 1892년 6월 28일~1982년 11월 3일)는 영국의 정치학자·역사가이다. 케임브리지 대학을 졸업하였으며 1916년부터 20년간 외교관으로 활약하였다. 1936년 웨일스 대학교 교수로서 국제 정치학을 강의하다가 1947년에 물러났다. 1941년부터 1946년까지는 《타임스》지 부편집인을 지냈다. 그 후 국제 연합의 세계 인권 선언의 기초 위원회 위원장으로 활약하였다. 저서로 《20년의 위기》, 《역사란 무엇인가》, 《평화의 조건》, 《러시아 혁명사》 등이 있다. 또, 에드워드 카는 혁명적인 역사 진보의 개념을 확립하였다. 그는 역사란 현재와 과거 간의 끊임없는 대화라고 묘사한 바 있다. 이 말은 과거와 현재가 서로 연관되어 있다는 뜻이다. 1920년 CBE훈장을 받았다.

20년간의 위기 그의 저작 <20년간의 위기>는 양차대전 사이의 1919~ 39년 사이 전쟁의 원인을 분석한 글이다. 이 책을 통해 그의 가진자들의 기득권을 위한 허상에 불과한 이상주의의 근거 없는 낙관주의가 실제로 정치를 더 혼란스럽게 함으로써 전쟁의 원인이 되었다고 피력하고 있다. 그는 또한 현실주의의 지나친 비관성과 권력정치 정당화에 대해 비판하는데 그로 인해 그는 양비론자 또는 절충론자로 불린다. 그는 이론의 변증법적 통합을 주장했지만 엄연히 현실주의의 기본 전제를 인정하는 입장을 보임으로 현실주의자라 불린다.

각주

저서 
 Dostoevsky (1821–1881): A New Biography, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.
 The Romantic Exiles: A Nineteenth Century Portrait Gallery, London: Victor Gollancz, 1933.
 Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism, London: Dent, 1934.
 Michael Bakunin, London: Macmillan, 1937.
 International Relations Since the Peace Treaties, London: Macmillan, 1937.
 The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939: an Introduction to the Study of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1939, revised edition, 1946.
 Britain: A Study of Foreign Policy from the Versailles Treaty to the Outbreak of War, London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939.
 Conditions of Peace, London: Macmillan, 1942.
 Nationalism and After, London: Macmillan, 1945.
 The Soviet Impact on the Western World, 1946.
 A History of Soviet Russia, London: Macmillan, 1950–1978. Collection of 14 volumes: The Bolshevik Revolution (3 volumes), The Interregnum (1 volume), Socialism in One Country (5 volumes), and The Foundations of a Planned Economy (5 volumes).
 The New Society, London: Macmillan, 1951.
 German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, 1952.
 역사란 무엇인가, 1961, revised edition ed. R.W. Davies, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
 1917 Before and After, London: Macmillan, 1969; American edition: The October Revolution Before and After, New York: Knopf, 1969.
 The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin (1917–1929), London: Macmillan, 1979.
 From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1980.
 The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935, London: Macmillan, 1982.
 The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War, 1984.

참고 자료 
 Abramsky, Chimen & Williams, Beryl J. (editors) Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr, London: Macmillan, 1974, .
 A.K. Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 244–245 from Books Abroad, Volume 12, Issue # 2 Spring 1938.
 Barber, John "Carr, Edward Hallett" pp. 191–192 from Great Historians of the Modern Age ed. Lucian Boia, New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
 Barghoorn, Frederick Review of The Interregnum, 1923–1924 pp. 190–191 from Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 302, November 1955.
 Max Beloff, Baron Beloff "The Dangers of Prophecy" pp. 8–10 from History Today, Volume 42, Issue # 9, September 1992.
 Beloff, Max "Review: The Foundation of Soviet Foreign Policy" Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pp. 151–158 from Soviet Studies, Volume 5, Issue # 2, October 1953.
 Bernstein, Samuel Review of Michael Bakunin pages 289–291 from Political Science Quarterly, Volume 54, Issue # 2, June 1939.
 Call, M. S. Review of International Relations Since the Peace Treaties page 122 from World Affairs, Volume 101, Issue # 2, June 1938.
 Campbell, John Review of The Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 p. 1207 from Foreign Affairs, Volume 61, Issue # 5, Summer 1983.
 Carr, E. H. German-Soviet Relations Between the Two World Wars, Harper & Row: New York, 1951, 1996
 Carr, E. H. The Twilight of the Comintern New York : Pantheon Books, 1982
 Carr, E. H. What Is History? London: Penguin Books, 1961, 1987.
 Carsten, F. L. A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of the Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Parts 1–2 pp. 141–144 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 56, Issue # 1, January 1978.
 Carsten, F. L. Review of A History of Soviet Russia: Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929. Volume III, Part 3 pp. 138–140 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 58, Issue # 1, January 1980.
 Carsten, F. L. Review of The Twilight of Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 629–631 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 61, Issue # 4, October 1983.
 Cobb, Adam "Economic Security: E.H. Carr and R.W. Cox-The Most Unlikely Bedfellows" from Cambridge Review of International Studies, Volume 9, 1995.
 Cobb, Adam "Carr, E.H." pp. 180–181 from The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing ed. Kelly Boyd, Volume 1, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999, .
 Conolly, Violet Review of 1917: Before and After pp. 735–736 from International Affairs, Volume 45, Issue # 4, October 1969.
 로버트 콘퀘스트 "Agit-Prof" pp. 32–38 from The New Republic, Volume 424, Issue # 4, 1 November 1999.
 Corbett, P. E. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis pp. 237–238 from Pacific Affairs, Volume 14, Issue # 2, June 1941.
 Cox, Michael "Will the Real E. H. Carr Please Stand up?" pages 643–653 from International Affairs, Volume 75, Issue # 3, July 1999.
 Michael Cox (editor) E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, London: Palgrave, 2000, .
 Cox, Michael "Introduction" pp. 1–20.
 Davies, R.W. "Carr's Changing Views of the Soviet Union" pp. 91–108.
 Halliday, Fred "Reason and Romance: The Place of Revolution in the Works of E.H. Carr" pp. 258–279.
 Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr's Search for Meaning" pp. 21–35.
 Jones, Charles "'An Active Danger': Carr at The Times" pp. 68–87.
 Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp. 36–67.
 Stephanson, Anders "The Lessons of What Is History?" pp. 283–303.
 Ticktin, Hillel "Carr, the Cold War, and the Soviet Union" pp. 145–161.
 White, Stephen "The Soviet Carr" pp. 109–124.
 Wilson, Peter "Carr and His Early Critics: Responses to The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1939–46" pp. 165–197.
 Robert William Davies "Edward Hallett Carr, 1892–1982" pp. 473–511 from Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 69, 1983.
 
 Isaac Deutscher "Review: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23: A Review Article" review of A History of Soviet Russia: Vol. I: The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–23 pp. 204–207 from International Affairs, Volume 27, Issue # 2, April 1951.
 Deutscher, Isaac "Mr E.H. Carr as a Historian of the Bolshevik Régime" pp. 91–110 from Heretics and Renegades and Other Essays, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.
 
 Drinan, Patrick Review of The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin, 1917–1929 pages 100–101 from Military Affairs, Volume 44, Issue # 2, April 1980.
 Evans, Graham "E. H. Carr and International Relations" pages 77–97 from British Journal of International Studies, Volume 1, Issue # 2, July 1975.
 F.D. Review of Nationalism and After pages 289–290 from World Affairs, Volume 108, Issue # 4, December 1945.
 Fox, William R. T. "E.H Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision" pp. 1–16 from Review of International Studies, Volume 11, 1985.
 G. M. Gathorne-Hardy Review of International Relations between the Two World Wars (1919–1939) pp. 263–264 from International Affairs, Volume 24, Issue # 2, April 1948.
 Gellner, Ernest "Nationalism Reconsidered and E. H. Carr" pages 285–293 from Review of International Studies, Volume 18, Issue # 4, October 1992.
 Goldfischer, David "E. H. Carr: A 'Historical Realist' Approach for the Globalisation Era" pp. 697–717 from Review of International Studies, Volume 28, Issue # 4 October 2002.
 Griffins, Martin Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, London: Routledge, 2000, .
 Gruber, Helmut Review of Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 195–200 from New German Critique, Volume 30, Autumn, 1983.
 Gurian, Waldemar "Review: Soviet Problems" pages 251–254 from The Review of Politics, Volume 13, Issue # 2, April 1951
 Gurian, Waldemar "Review: Soviet Foreign Policy" pages 118–120 from The Review of Politics, Volume 16, Issue # 1, January 1954.
 Hanak, Harry Review of A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929, iii, Parts 1 and 2 pages 644–646 from The English Historical Review, Volume 93, Issue # 368, July 1978.
 Hanak, Harry Review of A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy 1926–1929 pages 642–643 from The English Historical Review, Volume 95, Issue # 376, July 1980.
 Haslam, Jonathan "We Need a Faith: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982" pp. 36–39 from History Today, Volume 33, Issue # 8, August 1983.
 Haslam, Jonathan "E.H. Carr and the History of Soviet Russia" Reviews of Reviews of The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917–1929, From Napoleon to Stalin and Other Essays and The Twilight of Comintern 1930–35 pp. 1021–1027 from Historical Journal, Volume 26, Issue #4, December 1983.
 Haslam, Jonathan The Vices Of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892–1982, London; New York: Verso, 1999, .
 Howe, Paul "The Utopian Realism of E.H. Carr" pp. 277–297 from Review of International Studies, Volume 20, Issue #3, 1994.
 Hudson, G.F. Review of A History of Soviet Russia. The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. Volume I pp. 597–601 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 29, Issue # 73, June 1951.
 Hughes-Warrington, Marnie Fifty Key Thinkers On History, London: Routledge, 2000, .
 Hunter, Holland Review of Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 A History of Soviet Russia page 484 from Slavic Review, Volume 38, Issue # 3, September 1979.
 Karpovich, Michael Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 380–382 from The American Historical Review, Volume 44, Issue # 2, January 1939.
 Keep, John Review of Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 pp. 284–289 from Soviet Studies, Volume 24, Issue # 2, October 1972.
 Keeton, G. W. Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939 pp. 156–157 from The Modern Law Review, Volume 4, Issue # 2, October 1940.
 Kendall, Walter Review of The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War pp. 122–123 from International Affairs, Volume 62, Issue # 1, Winter 1985–1986.
 Kenez , Peter Review of The Russian Revolution: From Lenin to Stalin page 372 from Russian Review, Volume 39, Issue # 3, July 1980.
 Jackson, George Review of Twilight of the Comintern, 1930–1935 pp. 815–817 from The American Historical Review, Volume 89, Issue # 3, June 1984.
 Jenkins, Keith On 'What Is History?': From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White, London: Routledge, 1995, .
 Johnston, Whittle "E. H. Carr's Theory Of International Relations: A Critique" pp. 861–884 from Journal of Politics, Volume 29, Issue # 4, 1967.
 Jones, Charles E.H. Carr And International Relations: A Duty To Lie, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, .
 Leopold Labedz "E.H. Carr: A Historian Overtaken by History" pp. 94–111 from Survey March 1988 Volume 30 Issue # 1/2.
 Walter Laqueur The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present, New York: Scribner, 1987 .
 Linklater, Andrew "The Transformation of Political Community: E. H. Carr, Critical Theory and International Relations" from Review of International Studies, Volume 23, Issue # 3, July 1997.
 W. N. M. Review of German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–1939 pp. 625–626 from The English Historical Review, Volume 67, Issue # 265, October 1952.
 Manning, C. A. W. "Review: Conditions of Peace by E. H. Carr" pp. 443–444 from International Affairs Review Supplement, Volume 19, Issue # 8, June 1942.
 Molloy, Seán "Dialectics and Transformation: Exploring the International Theory of E. H. Carr" pp. 279–306 from International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Volume 17, Issue # 2, Winter 2003.
 Morgenthau, Hans "The Political Science of E. H. Carr" pages 127–134 from World Politics Volume 1, Issue # 1, October 1948.
 Nove, Alec Review of A History of Soviet Russia: Socialism in One Country, Volume I pp. 552–555 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 37, Issue # 89, June 1959.
 Nove, Alec Review of 1917: Before and After pp. 451–453 from Soviet Studies, Volume 22, Issue #3, January 1971.
 Oldfield, A. "Moral Judgments in History" pp. 260–277 from History and Theory, Volume 20, Issue #3, 1981.
 Pethybridge , R. Review of A History of Soviet Russia Foundations of a Planned Economy, 1926–1929 pages 942–943 from The English Historical Review, Volume 88, Issue # 349, October 1973.
 Pickles, W. Review of Studies in Revolution p. 180 from The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 2, Issue # 2, June 1951.
 Porter, Brian "E.H. Carr-The Aberystwyth Years, 1936–1947" pp. 36–67 from E.H. Carr A Critical Appraisal ed. Michael Cox, London: Palgrave, 2000
 Prince, J. R. Review of What Is History? pp. 136–145 from History and Theory, Volume 3, Issue # 1, 1963.
 Rauch, Georg von Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 376–380 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 178, Issue #2, 1954.
 Rauch, Georg von Review of A History of Soviet Russia pages 181–182 from Historische Zeitschrift, Volume 193, Issue # 1 August 1961.
 Reynolds, P. A. Review of German-Soviet Relations between the Two World Wars, 1919–39 from International Affairs, Volume 28, Issue # 4, October 1952.
 A. L. Rowse Review of The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919–1939 pp. 92–95 from The Economic Journal, Volume 51, Issue # 201, April 1941.
 Schlesinger, Rudolf Review of The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pp. 389–396 from Soviet Studies, Volume 2, Issue # 4 April 1951.
 Schlesinger, Rudolf "The Turning Point" from Soviet Studies, Volume XI, Issue No. 4, April 1960.
 Seton-Watson, Hugh The Bolshevik Revolution, Volume II pp. 569–572 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 31, Issue # 77, June 1953.
 St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 128–129 from International Journal, Volume 8 ,Issue # 2, Spring 1953.
 St. Clair-Sobell, James Review of A History of Soviet Russia: The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923 pages 59–60 from International Journal, Volume 9, Issue # 1, Winter 1954.
 Struve, Gleb Review of Michael Bakunin pp. 726–728 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 16, Issue # 48, April 1938
 Trevor-Roper, Hugh "E.H. Carr's Success Story" pp. 69–77 from Encounter, Volume 84, Issue No. 104, 1962.
 Walsh. W. H. Review of What Is History? pp. 587–588 from The English Historical Review, Volume 78, Issue # 308, July 1963.
 Willetts, H. Review of A History of Soviet Russia Volume VI pages 266–269 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 40, Issue # 94, December 1961.
 Wolfe, Bertram "Professor Carr's Wave of the Future Western Academics and Soviet Realities" from Commentray, Volume XIX, Issue # 3, March 1955.
 Woodward, E. L. Review of Karl Marx: A Study in Fanaticism page 721 from International Affairs, Volume 13, Issue # 5, September – October 1934.
 Review of The Conditions of Peace pages 164–167 from The American Economic Review, Volume. 34, Issue # 1 March 1944.

외부 링크 
 The Vices of Integrity: E H Carr
 E. H. Carr: historian of the future
 Review of What Is History?
 The Two Faces of E.H. Carr by Richard J. Evans
 E.H. Carr Studies in Revolutions
 E. H. Carr and Isaac Deutscher: A Very Special Relationship
 E.H. Carr The Historian As A Marxist Partisan
 Review of The Vices of Integrity
 Review of E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal by Alun Munslow
 E.H. Carr vs. Idealism: The Battle Rages On by John Mearsheimer

1892년 출생
1982년 사망
잉글랜드의 역사가
잉글랜드의 언론인
역사철학자
사학사학자
마르크스주의 사학자
마르크스주의 언론인
영국의 국제 관계 연구자
영국 학사원 석학회원
대영제국 훈장 사령관
런던 출신 작가
케임브리지 대학교 트리니티 칼리지 동문
케임브리지 대학교 트리니티 칼리지 교수
20세기 잉글랜드 사람
20세기 역사가