Badan penegak hukum federal di Amerika Serikat

Pemerintah Amerika Serikat memberdayakan berbagai lembaga penegak hukum federal untuk menegakan hukum dan menjaga ketertiban terkait bidang-bidang yang dibebani kepada masing-masing agensi atau lembaga penegak hukum federal.

Penegak hukum federal memiliki hak dan kedudukan yang sama dengan kepolisian setempat, yakni hak untuk menginvestigasi, menindak, dan menangkap. Walaupun kedudukan petugas kepolisian dan agen federal sama, kedua-duanya terkadang berlomba-lomba untuk memecahkan kasus. Namun pada beberapa perkara, mereka terlibat dalam satu kasus dan bersama-sama menangani kasus tersebut.

Mayoritas lembaga kepolisian federal bekerja dibawah kepengawasan Kementerian Kehakiman AS, terdapat pula puluhan lainnya bekerja di bawah departemen eksekutif seperti lembaga legislatif dan yudikatif pemerintah AS.

Kementerian Kehakiman AS (Department of Justice) masih menjadi badan penegak hukum dengan jumlah lembaga kepolisian federal terbanyak dan paling dikenal di antara banyak lembaga federal lainnya dari kementerian yang berbeda. Lembaga-lembaga kepolisian federal yang bekerja di bawah Departemen Kehakiman telah menangani sebagian besar tugas penegakan hukum di tingkat federal sejak dahulu, seperti United States Marshals Service (USMS), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), dan lain-lain.

Namun, Departemen Keamanan Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat (Department of Homeland Security) menjadi kementerian dengan petugas dan agen penegak hukum federal yang paling dipersenjatai. Setiap agen disumpah untuk menjadi agen federal.

Departemen Keamanan Dalam Negeri Amerika Serikat memiliki lembaga kepolisian federal yang menangani isu sosial, pidana serius, kejadian terorisme, serta ancaman kepada negara baik secara terang-terangan atau sembunyi-sembunyi, lembaga-lembaga besar tersebut seperti US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), US Secret Service (USSS), US Coast Guard (USCG), Transportation Security Administration (TSA), dan US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

Sejarah 
Penegak hukum federal di Amerika Serikat berusia lebih dari dua ratus tahun. Misalnya, Postal Inspection Service atau Layanan Inspeksi Pos sejak tahun 1772. Sedangkan US Marshals Service atau Marshal AS didirikan sejak tahun 1789.

Lembaga-lembaga terkenal lain, seperti FBI relatif baru, didirikan pada awal abad kedua puluh. Badan-badan lain telah direformasi, seperti ATF yang diresmikan kembali pada tahun 1972, yang sebelumnya pernah beroperasi pada tahun 1886.

Daftar lembaga dan agensi federal

Kepengawasan Lembaga Eksekutif

Kementerian Agrikultur 

 Office of the Secretary of Agriculture
 Protective Operations Division (POD)
 Office of Inspector General (USDA-OIG)
 United States Forest Service (USFS)
 U.S. Forest Service Law Enforcement & Investigations (USFS LEI)

Kementerian Perdagangan 

 Office of Inspector General (DOC-OIG)
 Office of Security (DOC OS)
 US Commerce Department Police
 Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)
 Office of Export Enforcement (OEE)
 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
 National Institute of Standards and Technology Police
 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)
 Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)

Kementerian Pertahanan 

 Office of Inspector General (DOD-OIG)
 Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS)
 Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA)
 United States Pentagon Police (USPPD)
 Department of Defense Police (DOD Police) ("DOD Police" refers to any civilian engaged in police duties for the DOD and the US Armed Forces).
 Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)
 Defense Logistics Agency Police
 National Security Agency (NSA)
 National Security Agency Police
 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)
 Defense Intelligence Agency Police
 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
 National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Police
 Angkatan Darat
 United States Army Criminal Investigation Division (USACID)
 United States Army Counterintelligence (ACI)
 United States Army Military Police Corps (USAMPC)
 Department of the Army Civilian Police (DACP)
 includes Department of the Army Civilian Guards (DASG) United States Army Corrections Command (USACC)
 Angkatan Laut
 Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS)
 United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (USMC CID)
 Master-at-arms (military police)
 Department of the Navy Police (civilian police)
 United States Marine Corps Military Police
 United States Marine Corps Civilian Police
 Angkatan Udara
 United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI)
 Air Force Security Forces Center (AFSFC)
 United States Air Force Security Forces (military police)
 Department of the Air Force Police (civilian police)

Kementerian Pendidikan 

 Office of Inspector General (ED-OIG)
 Protective Service Division  (ED-PSD)
 Office for Civil Rights (OCR)

Kementerian Sumber Daya Alam 

 Office of Inspector General (DOE-OIG)
 Office of Health, Safety and Security (DOE-HSS)
 National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
 Office of Secure Transportation (OST)
 Federal Protective Forces

Kementerian Kesehatan dan Layanan Masyarakat 

 Office of Inspector General (HHS-OIG)
 United States Food and Drug Administration (HHSFDA)
 Office of Criminal Investigations (OCI)
 National Institutes of Health (NIH)
 National Institutes of Health Police

Kementerian Keamanan Dalam Negeri 

 Office of Inspector General (DHS-OIG)
 Federal Protective Service (FPS)
 Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC)
 Office of the Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
 United States Coast Guard (USCG)
 Coast Guard Investigative Service (CGIS)
 United States Coast Guard Police (CGPD)
 United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
 United States Border Patrol (USBP)
 CBP Air and Marine Operations (AMO)
 CBP Office of Field Operations (OFO)
 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
 Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center
 Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center Police
 Office of Chief Security Officer (OCSO)
 United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
 Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
 Enforcement Removal Operations (ERO)
 Office of Intelligence
 Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
 United States Secret Service (USSS)
 United States Secret Service Uniformed Division (USSS UD)
 Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
 Office of Law Enforcement (OLE)/Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)
 Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO)
 Office of Inspection (OI)
 United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
 Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate (FDNS)

Kementerian Perumahan dan Pembangunan Sipil 

 Office of Inspector General (HUD-OIG)
 Protective Service Division (HUD-PSD)

Kementerian Dalam Negeri 

 Office of Inspector General (DOI-OIG)
 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
 Office of Justice Services
 Bureau of Indian Affairs Police
 Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
 Office of Law Enforcement
 United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
 Security Response Force (SRF) 
 National Park Service (NPS)
 U.S. Park Ranger
 United States Park Police
 Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE)
 United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
 Office of Law Enforcement (FWS OLE)
 Division of Refuge Law Enforcement

Kementerian Kehakiman 

 Office of the Inspector General (DOJ-OIG)
 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
 FBI Police
 FBI Academy
 Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
 United States Marshals Service (USMS)
 Office of Professional Responsibility (DOJ OPR)

Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan 

 Office of Inspector General (DOL-OIG)

Kementerian Luar Negeri 

 Office of Inspector General (DOS-OIG)
 Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
 Diplomatic Security Service (DSS)

Kementerian Transportasi 

 Office of Inspector General (DOT-OIG)
 United States Merchant Marine Academy
 Department of Public Safety (USMMADPS)
 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
 Office of Odometer Fraud Investigation (OFI)

Kementerian Keuangan Negara 

 Office of Inspector General (USDT-OIG)
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing
 Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police
 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN)
 Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
 Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI)
 United States Mint Police (USMP)
 Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
 Special Inspector General for Pandemic Recovery (SIGPR)
 Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP)

Kementerian Urusan Veteran 

 Office of Inspector General (VA-OIG)
 Veterans Affairs Police

Kepengawasan Lembaga Legislatif 

 Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives
 Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate
 United States Capitol Police (USCP)
 Office of Inspector General (USCP OIG)
 Office of Professional Responsibility (USCP OPR)

Kepengawasan Lembaga Yudisial 

 Marshal of the United States Supreme Court
 United States Supreme Court Police
 Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC)
 Office of Probation and Pretrial Services (Federal Probation Officers)

Lain-lain 
Independent Agencies and federally-administered institutions;

 Central Intelligence Agency
 Security Protective Service (CIA SPS)
 United States Environmental Protection Agency
 Office of Inspector General (EPA-OIG)
 Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)
 Criminal Investigation Division
 National Gallery of Art
 Office of Protection Services
 NASA
 Office of Inspector General (NASA-OIG)
 Office of Protective Services (NASA OPS)
 United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM)
 Office of Inspector General (OPM OIG)
 United States Postal Service (USPS)
 Office of Inspector General (USPS-OIG)
 United States Postal Inspection Service (USPIS) 
 U.S. Postal Police
 Smithsonian Institution (SI)
 Office of Inspector General (SI-OIG)
 Office of Protection Services
 National Zoological Park Police (NZPP)
 Amtrak
 Office of Inspector General (Amtrak-OIG)
 Office of Security Strategy and Special Operations (OSSSO)
 Amtrak Police Department
 Federal Reserve System
 Office of Inspector General (FRB/CFPB-OIG)
 Federal Reserve Police
 Federal Reserve Board of Governors
 Federal Reserve Board Police
 Tennessee Valley Authority
 Office of Inspector General (TVA-OIG)
 Tennessee Valley Authority Police (TVAP)
 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
 Office of Inspector General (NRC-OIG)
 National Science Foundation (NSF)
 Office of Inspector General (NSF-OIG)
 National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
 Office of Inspector General (NARA-OIG)
 Peace Corps (PC)
 Office of Inspector General (PC-OIG)
 Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)
 Office of Inspector General (RRB-OIG)
 Small Business Administration (SBA)
 Office of Inspector General (SBA-OIG)
 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
 Office of Inspector General (FDIC-OIG)
 General Services Administration (GSA)
 Office of Inspector General (GSA-OIG)
 Social Security Administration (SSA)
 Office of Inspector General (SSA-OIG)
 United States Agency for International Development
 Office of Inspector General (AID-OIG)
 Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS)
 Office of Inspector General (CNCS-OIG)

Galeri

Statistik 

 Pada tahun 2004, keseluruhan lembaga federal mempekerjakan sekitar 105.000 personel penuh waktu yang berwenang untuk melakukan penangkapan dan membawa senjata api di 50 negara bagian dan Distrik Columbia. Dibandingkan dengan tahun 2002, personil tersebut meningkat sebesar 13%.
 Secara nasional, data menunjukan terdapat 36 petugas federal per 100.000 penduduk. Di luar Distrik Columbia, yang memiliki 1.662 per 100.000, rasio negara bagian berkisar dari 90 per 100.000 di Arizona hingga 7 per 100.000 di Iowa.
 Pada tahun 2004, sekitar 3 dari 4 petugas penegak hukum federal non-militer dipekerjakan di dalam Kementerian Keamanan Dalam Negeri atau Kementerian Kehakiman.
 Tugas dan kegiatan agen federal termasuk penyelidikan kriminal (38%), respon polisi dan patroli (21%), koreksi dan penahanan (16%), inspeksi (16%), operasi pengadilan (5%), dan keamanan dan perlindungan (4%) .
 Agen dan penyidik perempuan mengisi populasi sebesar 16% dari total kepolisian federal pada tahun 2004, meningkat dari 14,8% pada tahun 2002.
 Sepertiga (33,2%) petugas federal adalah anggota ras atau etnis minoritas pada tahun 2004. Ini termasuk 17,7% yang Hispanik atau Latin, dan 11,4% yang berkulit hitam atau Afrika-Amerika. Pada tahun 2002, petugas ras atau etnis minoritas terdiri dari 32,4% petugas federal.
 Dua puluh tujuh kantor federal inspektur jenderal (IG) mempekerjakan penyelidik kriminal dengan otoritas penangkapan dan senjata api pada tahun 2004. Secara keseluruhan, badan-badan ini mempekerjakan 2.867 petugas semacam itu di 50 negara bagian dan Distrik Columbia.

Referensi 

Penegak hukum di Amerika Serikat
Kepolisian
Agen federal
Biro Investigasi Federal