Pertempuran Svolder

Pertempuran Svolder (Svold atau Swold) merupakan pertempuran laut terbesar di zaman Viking, yang berlangsung pada September 999 atau 1000 di Laut Baltik barat antara Raja Olaf dari Norwegia dan aliansi Raja Denmark dan Swedia dan musuh Olaf di Norwegia. Latar belakang pertempuran itu adalah penyatuan Norwegia menjadi satu negara merdeka setelah upaya lama Denmark untuk menguasai negara itu, dikombinasikan dengan penyebaran agama Kristen di Skandinavia.

Lihat pula
 Penyebaran Kristen di Skandinavia
 Pertempuran Stiklestad

Referensi

Bacaan selanjutnya

Adam of Bremen (translated by Francis Joseph Tschan and Timothy Reuter) (2002). History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Columbia University Press. 
 Baetke, Walter. Christliches Lehngut in der Sagareligion, Das Svoldr-Problem: Zwei Beiträge zur Sagakritik. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig. Philologisch-historische Klasse 98.6. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. 1951.
 Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson (editor) (1941). Íslenzk fornrit XXVI : Heimskringla I. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.
 Campbell, Alistair (editor and translator) and Simon Keynes (supplementary introduction) (1998). Encomium Emmae Reginae. Cambridge University Press. 
 Driscoll, M. J. (editor) (1995). Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum. Viking Society for Northern Research. 
 Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003). Historia Norwegie. Museum Tusculanum Press. 
 Finnur Jónsson (1912–15). Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. København: Den arnamagnæanske kommission.
 Finnur Jónsson (1923). Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie. København: G.E.C Gads forlag.
 Finnur Sigmundsson (1966). Rímnatal I. Reykjavík: Rímnafélagið.
 Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004). Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway. Brill Academic Publishers. 
 Kouri, E. I., Torkel Jansson and Knut Helle (2003). The Cambridge History of Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press. 
 Levin, Mona (translated by Virginia Siger) (2002). Saga King Becomes Opera - at Last! Music Information Centre Norway. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
 Midgaard, John (1963). A Brief History of Norway. Oslo.
 Naess, Harald S. (1993). A History of Norwegian Literature. University of Nebraska Press. 
 Nicholson, Helen (2003). Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300–1500. Palgrave Macmillan. 
 Oddr Snorrason (translated by Theodore M. Andersson) (2003). The Saga of Olaf Tryggvason. Cornell University Press. 
 Ólafía Einarsdóttir (translated by Helga Kress) (1967). "Árið 1000" in Skírnir.
 Ólafur Halldórsson (editor) (2006). Íslenzk fornrit XXV : Færeyinga saga, Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar eptir Odd munk Snorrason. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag. 
 Sawyer, Peter (2005). "Scandinavia in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries." In The New Cambridge Medieval History IV. David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith (eds). Cambridge University Press. .
 
 Saxo Grammaticus (edited by J. Olrik and H. Ræder) (1931). Saxonis Gesta Danorum. Hauniæ: Munksgaard.
 Sephton, J. (translator) (1895). The Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason. London: David Nutt.
 Snorri Sturluson (translated by Lee M. Hollander). (1991). Heimskringla : History of the Kings of Norway. University of Texas Press. 
 Snorri Sturluson (translated by Samuel Laing and Rasmus Björn Anderson) (1907). Heimskringla: A History of the Norse Kings . London: Norroena Society.
 Sverrir Jakobsson (2002). "Erindringen om en mægtig personlighed : den norsk-islandske historiske tradisjon om Harald Hårfagre i et kildekristisk perspektiv" in Historisk tidsskrift 2002, vol. 81, pp. 213–30. 
 Theodoricus monachus (translated and annotated by David and Ian McDougall with an introduction by Peter Foote) (1998). The Ancient History of the Norwegian Kings. Viking Society for Northern Research.

Pranala luar
 Heimskringla account (Starting from 108. Conspiracy Against King Olaf)
 
 
 

Eropa dalam tahun 999
Eropa abad ke-10
Hubungan Denmark dengan Norwegia
Denmark abad ke-10
Viking
Pertempuran yang melibatkan Denmark
Pertempuran yang melibatkan Norwegia
Pertempuran yang melibatkan Swedia