Kematian bahasa

Dalam linguistik, kematian bahasa terjadi ketika suatu bahasa kehilangan penutur jati terakhir. Lebih lanjut lagi, kepunahan bahasa terjadi ketika bahasa itu tidak lagi diketahui, termasuk oleh penutur bahasa kedua. Istilah serupa yang lain termasuk pembunuhan bahasa atau linguisida, yang merupakan kematian bahasa dari sebab-sebab alamiah atau politik dan sebab glotofagi yang jarang, yang merupakan penyerapan atau penggantian bahasa kecil dengan bahasa utama.

Kematian bahasa adalah suatu proses ketika tingkat kecakapan bahasa komunitas tutur dalam ragam bahasa mereka menurun, yang akhirnya mengakibatkan tidak adanya penutur jati atau fasih dari ragam bahasa tersebut. Kematian bahasa dapat memengaruhi bentuk bahasa apa pun, termasuk dialek-dialek. Kematian bahasa tidak seharusnya disamakan dengan penggerusan bahasa (juga disebut kehilangan bahasa), yang menggambarkan hilangnya kemahiran bahasa ibu seorang individu.

Pada zaman modern (kira-kira 1500 EU-sekarang; setelah kolonialisme muncul), kematian bahasa biasanya diakibatkan oleh proses asimilasi budaya yang mengarah pada peralihan bahasa dan ditinggalkannya bahasa ibu secara berangsur-angsur demi bahasa perantara asing yang sebagian besarnya merupakan bahasa negara-negara Eropa.

Pada tahun 2000-an, sejumlah lebih kurang 7.000 bahasa penutur jati ada di seluruh dunia. Sebagian besarnya adalah bahasa-bahasa kecil yang terancam punah. Satu perhitungan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2004 memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 90% dari bahasa-bahasa yang dituturkan pada saat ini akan punah pada tahun 2050.

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut

 Abley, Mark. (2003). Spoken here: Travels among threatened languages. London: Heinemann.
 Aitchinson, Jean. (1991). Language change: progress or decay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Bastardas-Boada, Albert (2007). "Linguistic sustainability for a multilingual humanity", Glossa. An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol. 2, num. 2.
 Batibo, Herman M. (2005). Language decline and death in Africa: Causes, consequences, and challenges. Multilingual Matters.
 Brenzinger, Matthias (Ed.). (1992). Language death: Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
 Brenzinger, Matthais (Ed.). (1998). Endangered languages in Africa. Cologne: Rüdiger Köper Verlag.
 Broderick, George. (1999). Language Death in the Isle of Man. Tübingen: Niemeyer. .
 Calvet, Louis-Jean. (1998). Language wars and linguistic politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Campbell, Lyle. (1994). Language death. In R. E. Asher (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics (pp. 1960–1968). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
 Campbell, Lyle; & Muntzel, M. (1989). The structural consequences of language death. In N. C. Dorian (Ed.).
 Cantoni-Harvey, Gina (Ed.). (1997). Stabilizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education.
 Crystal, David. (2000). Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Crystal, David. (2004). Language revolution. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 Cyr, Christine. (2008). "How Do You Learn a Dead Language?". Slate.
 Dalby, Andrew. (2003). Language in danger: The loss of linguistic diversity and the threat to our future. New York: Columbia University Press. .
 Dixon, R. M. W. (1997). The rise and fall of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Dorian, Nancy C. (1973). Grammatical change in a dying dialect. Language, 49, 413-438.
 Dorian, Nancy C. (1978). The fate of morphological complexity in language death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic. Language, 54 (3), 590-609.
 Dorian, Nancy C. (1981). Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
 Dorian, Nancy C. (Ed.). (1989). Investigating obsolescence: Studies in language contraction and death. Studies in the social and cultural foundations of language (No. 7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Dressler, Wolfgand & Wodak-Leodolter, Ruth (eds.) (1977) Language death (International Journal of the Sociology of Language vol. 12). The Hague: Mouton.
 Fishman, Joshua A. (1991). Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
 Grenoble, Lenore A.; & Whaley, Lindsay J. (Eds.). (1998). Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Hagège, Claude. (1992). Le souffle de la langue. Paris: Odile Jacob.
 Hagège, Claude. (2000). Halte à la mort des langues. Paris: Editions Odille Jacob.
 Hale, Ken; Krauss, Michael; Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Yamamoto, Akira Y.; Craig, Colette; Jeanne, LaVerne M. et al. (1992). Endangered languages. Language, 68 (1), 1-42.
 Harmon, David. (2002). In light of our differences: How diversity in nature and culture makes us human. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
 Harrison, K. David. (2007) When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. New York and London: Oxford University Press. .
 Hazaël-Massieux, Marie-Christine. (1999). Les créoles: L'indispensable survie. Paris: Editions Entente.
 Hill, Jane. (1983). Language death in Uto-Aztecan. International Journal of American Linguistics, 49, 258-27.
 Janse, Mark; & Tol, Sijmen (Eds.). (2003). Language death and language maintenance: Theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. ; .
 Joseph, Brian D. (Ed.). (2003). When languages collide: Perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence. Columbus: Ohio State University.
 Maffi, Lusia (Ed.). (2001). On biocultural diversity: Linking language, knowledge, and the environment. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
 Maurais, Jacques; & Morris, Michael A. (Eds.). (2003). Languages in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Mohan, Peggy; & Zador, Paul. (1986). Discontinuity in a life cycle: The death of Trinidad Bhojpuri. Language, 62 (2), 291-319.
 Motamed, Fereydoon; (1974). La métrique diatemporelle: ou des accords de temps revolutifs dans les langues à flexions quantitatives. "" Open Library OL25631615M.
 Mufwene, Salikoko S. (2001). The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Mühlhäusler, Peter. (1996). Linguistic ecology: Language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region. London: Routledge.
 Nettle, Daniel; & Romaine, Suzanne. (2000). Vanishing voices: The extinction of the world's languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Phillipson, Robert. (2003). English only?: Challenging language policy. London: Routledge.
 Reyhner, Jon (Ed.). (1999). Revitalizing indigenous languages. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University, Center for Excellence in Education. .
 Robins, R. H.; & Uhlenbeck, E. M. (1991). Endangered languages. Oxford: Berg.
 Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. (1990). Theory of language death, and, language decay and contact-induced change: Similarities and differences. Arbeitspapier (No. 12). Köln: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität zu Köln.
 Sasse, Hans-Jürgen. (1992). Theory of language death. In M. Brenzinger (Ed.) (pp. 7–30).
 Schilling-Estes, Natalie; & Wolfram, Walt. (1999). Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language, 75 (3), 486-521.
 Skutnab-Kangas, Tove. (2000). Linguistic genocide in education—or worldwide diversity and human rights? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
 Slater, Julia. (2010). "Time Takes Its Toll on Old Swiss Language" SwissInfo.ch.
 de Swaan, Abram. (2001). Words of the world: The global language system. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
 Thomason, Sarah G. (2001). Language contact: An introduction. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
 Zuckermann, Ghil'ad and Michael Walsh. (2011).  'Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance, and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures', Australian Journal of Linguistics Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 111–127.

Pranala luar
 Lost Tongues and the Politics of Language Endangerment
 Languages don't kill languages; speakers do
 Language endangerment: What have pride & prestige got to do with It?  (pdf)
 Language birth & death  (pdf)
 Globalization & the Myth of Killer Languages: What’s Really Going on?  (pdf)
 Wall Street Journal on language death
 International Symposium on "Linguistic Rights in the World: The current situation", United Nations, Geneva, 24 April 2008

Sosiolinguistik
Linguistik sejarah
Kebijakan pendidikan
Hak linguistik
Asimilasi budaya