James Baldwin

James Arthur Baldwin () adalah penyair, novelis, dramawan, eseis, kritikus sosial berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Esei-nya yang terhimpun dalam buku Notes of a Native Son (1955), menggali seluk beluk rasial, seksual, perbedaan kelas yang belum terungkap di masyarakat Barat, terutama di pertengahan abad ke-10 di Amerika Serikat. BBeberapa esei karya Baldwin merupakan buku-buku tebal, seperti The Fire Next Time (1963), No Name in the Street (1972), dan The Devil Finds Work (1976). Sebuah manuskrip yang belum terselesaikan, Remember This House, dikembangkan dan diadaptasi ke dalam film berjudul I Am Not Your Negro dan masuk nominasi dalam Academy Award untuk kategori film dokumenter.

Ibunya, Emma Berdis Jones, meninggalkan ayahnya sebab mengalami kekerasan akibat minuman keras dan pindah ke Harlem, New York. Di sana, dia menikah dengan seorang pengkotbah, David Baldwin. Keluarga ini sangat miskin.

Baldwin menghabiskan banyak waktu untuk menjaga adik-adiknya. Pada usia sepuluh tahun, dia mengalami kekerasan oleh dua orang perwira polisi New York, sebuah contoh gangguan rasis oleh NYPD yang menjadi pengalaman masa remaja dan didokumentasikan dalam eseinya. Ayah angkatnya, yang di dalam esei Baldwin disebut singkat sebagai "ayahnya", tampil menolongnya —dibandingkan dengan saudara-saudaranya—dengan kekerasan besar.

Baldwin menempuh pendidikan di P.S. 24 di 128th Street antara Fifth dan Madison Avenues Harlem, di mana dia menuliskan lagu sekolah yang digunakan sampai sekolah itu tutup. Sekolah menengahnya dijalani di Frederick Douglass Junior High di mana dia terpengaruh oleh puisi karya Countee Cullen, sosok penting di Harlem Renaissance, dan juga didorong oleh guru matematikanya untuk menjadi editor surat kabar sekolah, The Douglass Pilot. Kemudian dia melanjutkan ke DeWitt Clinton High School, di Bronx's Bedford Park. Di sama, bersama Richard Avedon, Baldwin bekerja di majalah sekolah sebagai editor sastra, tetapi tidak disukai selalu menghina ras.

Bibliografi 

 Go Tell It on the Mountain (semi-autobiographical novel; 1953)
 The Amen Corner (play; 1954)
 Notes of a Native Son (essays; 1955)
 Giovanni's Room (novel; 1956)
 Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son (essays; 1961)
 Another Country (novel; 1962)
 A Talk to Teachers (essay; 1963)
 The Fire Next Time (essays; 1963)
 Blues for Mister Charlie (play; 1964)
 Going to Meet the Man (stories; 1965)
 Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone (novel; 1968)
 No Name in the Street (essays; 1972)
 If Beale Street Could Talk (novel; 1974)
 The Devil Finds Work (essays; 1976)
 Just Above My Head (novel; 1979)
 Jimmy's Blues (poems; 1983)
 The Evidence of Things Not Seen (essays; 1985)
 The Price of the Ticket (essays; 1985)
 The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings (essays; 2010)
 Jimmy's Blues and Other Poems (poems; 2014)
Bersama penulis lain
 Nothing Personal (with Richard Avedon, photography) (1964)
 A Rap on Race (with Margaret Mead) (1971)
 One Day When I Was Lost (orig.: A. Haley; 1972)
 A Dialogue (with Nikki Giovanni) (1973)
 Little Man Little Man: A Story of Childhood (with Yoran Cazac, 1976)
 Native Sons (with Sol Stein, 2004)

 Kumpulan
 Early Novels & Stories: Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovanni's Room, Another Country, Going to Meet the Man (Toni Morrison, ed.) (Library of America, 1998), ISBN 978-1-883011-51-2.
 Collected Essays: Notes of a Native Son, Nobody Knows My Name, The Fire Next Time, No Name in the Street, The Devil Finds Work, Other Essays (Toni Morrison, ed.) (Library of America, 1998), ISBN 978-1-883011-52-9.
 Later Novels: Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone, If Beale Street Could Talk, Just Above My Head (Darryl Pinckney, ed.) (Library of America, 2015), ISBN 978-1-59853-454-2.

 Musik, rekaman suara
 A Lover's Question (CD, Les Disques Du Crépuscule – TWI 928-2, 1990)

Lihat juga 
 List of civil rights leaders

Referensi

Bacaan lanjut 
 James Baldwin early manuscripts and papers, 1941–1945  (2.7 linear feet) are housed at Yale University Beinecke Library
 James Baldwin letters and manuscripts, ca. 1950–86 (0.2 linear feet) are housed at the New York Public Library

Pranala luar 

 
 
 
 
 Altman, Elias, "Watered Whiskey: James Baldwin's Uncollected Writings", April 13, 2011. The Nation.
 
 Gwin, Minrose. "Southernspaces.org" March 11, 2008. Southern Spaces
 James Baldwin talks about race, political struggle and the human condition  at the Wheeler Hall, Berkeley, CA, in 1974
 James Baldwin Photographs and Papers. Selected manuscripts, correspondence, and photographic portraits from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
 
 James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket, distributed by California Newsreel
 Baldwin's American Masters page
 "Writings of James Baldwin" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History
 Baldwin in the Literary Encyclopedia
 Audio files of speeches and interviews  at UC Berkeley
 See Baldwin's 1963 film Take This Hammer, made with Richard O. Moore, about Blacks in San Francisco in the late 1950s.
 Video: Baldwin debate with William F. Buckley  (via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center)
 
 Guardian Books "Author Page", with profile and links to further articles
 The James Baldwin Collective in Paris, France 
 Transcript of interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark 
 
 FBI files on James Baldwin

1924 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
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Actors Studio alumni
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American male dramatists and playwrights
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Amherst College faculty
Bowling Green State University alumni
Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in France
Deaths from stomach cancer
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
Gay writers
George Polk Award recipients
Guggenheim Fellows
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LGBT African Americans
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LGBT people from New York
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Mount Holyoke College faculty
People from Manhattan
Postmodern writers
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