Demosthenes

Demosthenes (;  Dēmosthénēs ; 384–322 BC) adalah seorang orator dan negarawan Yunani berpengaruh dari Athena kuno. Orasi-orasinya memperlihatkan sebuah ekspresi yang signifikan dari kekuatan kecerdasan Athena pada zamannya dan berpengaruh pada politik dan budaya Yunani kuno pada abad ke-4 SM. Demosthenes mengetahui retorik dengan mempelajari pidato para orator besar pada masa sebelumnya. Ia menyampaikan pidato yudisial pertamanya pada usia 20 tahun

Tahun-tahun awal dan kehidupan pribadi

Kehidupan pribadi dan keluarga 

Demosthenes lahir pada 384 SM, pada tahun terakhir Olympiad ke-98 atau tahun pertama Olympiad ke-99. Ayahnya—yang juga bernama Demosthenes—berasal dari sebuah suku lokal, Pandionis, dan tinggal di deme Paeania di wilayah Athena, adalah seorang pembuat senjata kelas menengah. Aeschines, lawan politik terbesar Demosthenes, menyatakan bahwa ibunya Kleoboule berdarah Scythia—sebuah pernyataan yang diragukan oleh beberapa sarjana modern. Demosthenes menjadi anak yatim pada usia tujuh tahun.

Referensi

Sumber

Sumber utama (Yunani dan Romawi) 

 Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Aeschines, Against Timarchus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae. Translated in English by Charles Duke Yonge.
 Cicero, Brutus. See the original text in the Latin Library
  Cicero, De Oratore. See original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Cicero, Orator. See the original text in the Latin Library.
 Demades, On the Twelve Years. See original text in Perseus program.
 Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 3. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Meidias. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes, Against Zenothemis. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
  Demosthenes, First Olynthiac.
  Demosthenes, First Philippic.
  Demosthenes, For the Freedom of the Rhodians
 Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), On Halonnesus. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
  Demosthenes, On the Crown.
  Demosthenes, On the False Embassy.
  Demosthenes, On the Peace.
  Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac.
  Demosthenes, Second Philippic.
  Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac.
  Demosthenes, Third Philippic.
 Dinarchus, Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Diodorus Siculus, Library. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes.
 Hypereides,Against Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
 Juvenal, Saturae. See original text in the Latin Library. Translated in English by M. Madan
 Longinus, On the Sublime. Translated by W. Rhys Roberts 
 Lucian, Demosthenes, An Encomium. Translated in Sacred Texts
 Lucian, The Illiterate Book-Fancier. Translated in Sacred Texts
 Pausanias, Description of Greece. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
  Plutarch, Cicero. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
  Plutarch, Demosthenes. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
  Plutarch, Phocion. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
 Polybius, Histories. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
 Pseudo-Plutarch, Aeschines. See Charles Barcroft's translation.
 Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes. See Charles Barcroft's translation .
 Quintilian, Institutiones. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library and the Latin Library.

Sumber sekunder

Bacaan tambahan 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Here and in her fiction, Renault portrays Demosthenes as corrupt, cowardly and cruel.

Pranala luar 

 Art of Speech 
 Britannica, 11th Edition 
 Britannica online
 Lendering, Jona 
 Pickard A.W. 
 
 
 

Masanya
 Beck, Sanderson: Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander
 Blackwell, Christopher W.: The Assembly during Demosthenes' era 
 Britannica online: Macedonian supremacy in Greece
 Smith, William: A Smaller History of Ancient Greece-Philip of Macedon

Serba-serbi
 SORGLL: Demosthenes, On the Crown 199-208; read by Stephen Daitz 
 Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes 

Kelahiran 384 SM
Kematian 322 SM