Daftar hitam Hollywood

Daftar hitam Hollywood—atau yang lebih dikenal sebagai daftar hitam industri hiburan—adalah praktek penolakan pekerjaan terhadap para penulis latar, aktor, sutradara, musisi, dan anggota profesional dunia hiburan Amerika lainnya pada pertengahan abad ke-20 karena mereka dituduh simpatisan atau berhubungan dengan Komunis. Para artisditarik dari pekerjaannya atas dasar tuduhan keanggotaan mereka dalam atau bersimpati dengan Partai Komunis AS atau menolak untuk ikut penyelidikan dalam aktivitas partai tersebut. Bahkan pada masa penegakan terkuatnya, akhir 1940an sampai akhir 1950an, daftar hitam-nya terkadang eksplisit atau terverifiabel, namun langsung menghancurkan karier orang-orang dalam industri film.

Daftar hitam Hollywood sistematis pertama dilembagakan pada 24 November 1947, sehari setelah sepuluh penulis dan sutradara dikutip kontem Kongres karena menolak pentestifikasian untuk House Un-American Activities Committee. Sekelompok eksekutif studio, yang bertindak di bawah naungan Motion Picture Association of America, membela artis-artis tersebut—yang disebut Hollywood Ten—dan menjadi dikenal sebagai Pernyataan Waldorf.

Pada 22 Juni 1950, sebuah pamflet berjudul Red Channels diterbitkan. Berfokus pada bidang penyiaran, pamflet tersebut mengidentifikasikan 151 anggota profesional industri hiburan dalam konteks "Fasis Merah dan simpatisan mereka". Kemudian, kebanyakan dari mereka, bersama dengan pembawa acara dari artis lainnya, dikeluarkan dari pekerjaan dalam sebagian besar bidang dunia hiburan.

Daftar hitam berlanjut sampai 1960, saat Dalton Trumbo, seorang anggota Partai Komunis dari 1943 sampai 1948
dan anggota Hollywood Ten, diangkat sebagai penulis latar dari film yang sangat sukses Exodus, dan kemudian secara terbuka diketahui oleh aktor Kirk Douglas karena menulis permainan latar untuk film Spartacus. Namun, sejumlah orang yang masuk daftar hitam masih ditolak bekerja dalam profesi-profesi mereka selama bertahun-tahun setelahnya.

Hollywood Ten dan orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam lainnya pada 1947

Hollywood Ten 

Berikut ini adalah sepuluh orang yang dikutip kontem Kongres dan dimasukkan daftar hitam setelah menolak menjawab pertanyaan tentang tuduhan keterlibatan mereka dengan Partai Komunis:
 Alvah Bessie, penulis latar
 Herbert Biberman, penulis latar dan sutradara
 Lester Cole, penulis latar
 Edward Dmytryk, sutradara
 Ring Lardner Jr., penulis latar
 John Howard Lawson, penulis latar
 Albert Maltz, penulis latar
 Samuel Ornitz, penulis latar
 Adrian Scott, produser dan penulis latar
 Dalton Trumbo, penulis latar

Lain-lain 

 Hanns Eisler, komposer
 Bernard Gordon, penulis latar
 Joan LaCour Scott, penulis latar

Orang-orang yang masuk daftar hitam antara Januari 1948 dan Juni 1950 
(yang berbintang menandakan orang yang juga masuk dalam Red Channels)
 Ben Barzman, penulis latar
 Paul Draper, aktor dan penari*
 Sheridan Gibney, penulis latar
 Paul Green, pengarang drama dan penulis latar
 Lillian Hellman, pengarang drama dan penulis latar*
 Canada Lee, aktor
 Paul Robeson, aktor dan penyanyi
 Edwin Rolfe, penulis latar dan penyair
 William Sweets, penyiar radio*
 Richard Wright, penulis

Daftar Red Channels 
(lihat, e.g., Schrecker [2002], p. 244; Barnouw [1990], pp. 122–24)

 Larry Adler, aktor dan musisi
 Luther Adler, aktor dan sutradara
 Stella Adler, aktor dan guru
 Edith Atwater, aktor
 Howard Bay, perancang latar
 Ralph Bell, aktor
 Leonard Bernstein, komposer dan konduktor
 Walter Bernstein, penulis latar
 Michael Blankfort, penulis latar
 Marc Blitzstein, komposer
 True Boardman, penulis latar
 Millen Brand, penulis
 Oscar Brand, penyanyi foklor
 Joseph Edward Bromberg, aktor
 Himan Brown, produser dan sutradara
 John Brown, aktor
 Abe Burrows, pengarang drama dan pembuat lirik
 Morris Carnovsky, aktor
 Cliff Carpenter, aktor
 Vera Caspary, penulis
 Edward Chodorov, penulis latar dan produser
 Jerome Chodorov, penulis
 Mady Christians, aktor
 Lee J. Cobb, aktor
 Marc Connelly, pengarang drama
 Aaron Copland, komposer
 Norman Corwin, penulis
 Howard Da Silva, aktor
 Roger De Koven, aktor
 Dean Dixon, konduktor
 Olin Downes, kritikus musik
 Alfred Drake, aktor dan penyanyi
 Paul Draper, aktor dan penari
 Howard Duff, aktor
 Clifford J. Durr, jaksa
 Richard Dyer-Bennet, penyanyi foklor
 José Ferrer, aktor
 Louise Fitch (Lewis), aktor
 Martin Gabel, aktor
 Arthur Gaeth, komentator radio
 William S. Gailmor, jurnalis dan komentator radio
 John Garfield, aktor
 Will Geer, aktor
 Jack Gilford, aktor dan komedian
 Tom Glazer, penyanyi foklor
 Ruth Gordon, aktor dan penulis latar
 Lloyd Gough, aktor
 Morton Gould, pianis dan komposer
 Shirley Graham, penulis
 Ben Grauer, pembawa acara radio dan TV
 Mitchell Grayson, sutradara dan produser radio
 Horace Grenell, konduktor dan produser musik

 Uta Hagen, aktor dan guru
 Dashiell Hammett, penulis
 E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, pembuat lirik
 Robert P. Heller, jurnalis televisi
 Lillian Hellman, pengarang drama dan penulis latar
 Jon Hering, intern
 Nat Hiken, penulis dan produser
 Rose Hobart, aktor
 Judy Holliday, aktor dan komedian
 Roderick B. Holmgren, jurnalis
 Lena Horne, penyanyi dan aktor
 Langston Hughes, penulis
 Marsha Hunt, aktor
 Leo Hurwitz, sutradara
 Charles Irving, aktor
 Burl Ives, penyanyi foklor dan aktor
 Sam Jaffe, aktor
 Leon Janney, aktor
 Joe Julian, aktor
 Garson Kanin, penulis dan sutradara
 George Keane, aktor
 Donna Keath, aktor radio
 Pert Kelton, aktor
 Alexander Kendrick, jurnalis dan pengarang
 Adelaide Klein, aktor
 Howard Koch, penulis latar
 Tony Kraber, aktor
 Millard Lampell, penulis latar
 John La Touche, pembuat lirik
 Arthur Laurents, penulis
 Gypsy Rose Lee, aktor dan ekdisias
 Madeline Lee, aktris
 Ray Lev, pianis klasik
 Philip Loeb, aktor
 Ella Logan, aktor dan penyanyi
 Alan Lomax, folkloris dan musikologis
 Avon Long, aktor dan penyanyi
 Joseph Losey, sutradara
 Peter Lyon, penulis televisi
 Aline MacMahon, aktor
 Paul Mann, sutradara dan guru
 Margo, aktor dan penari
 Myron McCormick, aktor
 Paul McGrath, aktor radio
 Burgess Meredith, aktor
 Arthur Miller, pengarang drama
 Henry Morgan, aktor
 Zero Mostel, aktor dan komedian
 Jean Muir, aktor
 Meg Mundy, aktor
 Lyn Murray, komposer dan pemimpin paduan suara

 Ben Myers, jaksa
 Dorothy Parker, penulis
 George Pepper, produser
 Jeanette Pepper, ekonomis
 Arnold Perl, produser dan penulis
 Minerva Pious, aktor
 Samson Raphaelson, penulis latar dan pengarang drama
 Bernard Reis, akuntan
 Anne Revere, aktor
 Kenneth Roberts, penulis
 Earl Robinson, komposer dan pembuat lirik
 Edward G. Robinson, aktor
 William N. Robson, penulis radio dan TV
 Harold Rome, komposer dan pembuat lirik
 Norman Rosten, penulis
 Selena Royle, aktor
 Coby Ruskin, sutradara TV
 Robert William St. John, jurnalis, penyiar
 Hazel Scott, musisi jazz dan klasik
 Pete Seeger, penyanyi foklor
 Lisa Sergio, pembawa acara radio
 Artie Shaw, musisi jazz musisi
 Irwin Shaw, penulis, pengarang drama
 Robert Lewis Shayon, mantan presiden badan direktur radio dan TV
 Ann Shepherd, aktor
 William L. Shirer, jurnalis, penyiar
 Allan Sloane, penulis radio dan TV
 Howard K. Smith, jurnalis, penyiar
 Gale Sondergaard, aktor
 Hester Sondergaard, aktor
 Lionel Stander, aktor
 Johannes Steel, jurnalis, komentator radio
 Paul Stewart, aktor
 Elliott Sullivan, aktor
 William Sweets, pembawa acara radio
 Helen Tamiris, koreografer
 Betty Todd, sutradara
 Louis Untermeyer, penyair
 Hilda Vaughn, aktor
 J. Raymond Walsh, komentator radio
 Sam Wanamaker, aktor
 Theodore Ward, pengarang drama
 Fredi Washington, aktor
 Margaret Webster, aktor, sutradara dan produser
 Orson Welles, aktor, penulis dan sutradara
 Josh White, musisi blues
 Irene Wicker, penyanyi dan aktor
 Betty Winkler (Keane), aktor
 Martin Wolfson, aktor
 Lesley Woods, aktor
 Richard Yaffe, jurnalis, penyiar

Orang-orang lainnya yang mula-mula masuk daftar hitam setelah Juni 1950 

 Eddie Albert, aktor
 Lew Amster, penulis latar
 Richard Attenborough, aktor, sutradara dan produser
 Norma Barzman, penulis latar
 Sol Barzman, penulis latar
 Orson Bean, aktor
 Albert Bein, penulis latar
 Harry Belafonte, aktor dan penyanyi
 Barbara Bel Geddes, aktris
 Ben Bengal, penulis latar
 Seymour Bennett, penulis latar
 Leonardo Bercovici, penulis latar
 Herschel Bernardi, aktor
 John Berry, aktor, penulis latar dan sutradara
 Henry Blankfort, penulis latar
 Laurie Blankfort, artis
 Roman Bohnen, aktor
 Allen Boretz, penulis latar and songwriter
 Phoebe Brand, aktris
 John Bright, penulis latar
 Phil Brown, aktor
 Harold Buchman, penulis latar
 Sidney Buchman, penulis latar
 Luis Buñuel, sutradara
 Val Burton, penulis latar
 Hugo Butler, penulis latar
 Alan Campbell, penulis latar
 Charles Chaplin, aktor, sutradara dan produser
 Maurice Clark, penulis latar
 Richard Collins, penulis latar
 Charles Collingwood, komentator radio
 Dorothy Comingore, aktris
 Jeff Corey, aktor
 George Corey, penulis latar
 Irwin Corey, aktor dan komedian
 Oliver Crawford, penulis latar
 John Cromwell, sutradara
 Charles Dagget, animator
 Danny Dare, koreografer
 Jules Dassin, sutradara
 Ossie Davis, aktor
 Ruby Dee, aktris
 Dolores del Río, aktris
 Karen DeWolf, penulis latar
 Howard Dimsdale, penulis
 Ludwig Donath, aktor
 Arnaud d'Usseau, penulis latar
 Phil Eastman, penulis kartun
 Leslie Edgley, penulis latar
 Edward Eliscu, penulis latar
 Faith Elliott, animator
 Cy Endfield, penulis latar dan sutradara
 Guy Endore, penulis latar
 Francis Edward Faragoh, penulis latar
 Frances Farmer, aktris
 Howard Fast, penulis
 John Henry Faulk, pembawa acara radio
 Jerry Fielding, komposer
 Carl Foreman, produser dan penulis latar
 Anne Froelick, penulis latar
 Lester Fuller, sutradara
 Bert Gilden, penulis latar
 Lee Gold, penulis latar
 Harold Goldman, penulis latar
 Michael Gordon, sutradara
 Jay Gorney, penulis latar
 Lee Grant, aktris
 Morton Grant, penulis latar
 Anne Green, penulis latar
 Jack T. Gross, produser
 Margaret Gruen, penulis latar
 David Hilberman, animator
 Tamara Hovey, penulis latar
 John Hubley, animator
 Edward Huebsch, penulis latar
 Ian McLellan Hunter, penulis latar
 Kim Hunter, aktris
 John Ireland, aktor
 Daniel James, penulis latar
 Paul Jarrico, produser and penulis latar
 Gordon Kahn, penulis latar
 Victor Kilian, aktor
 Sidney Kingsley, pengarang drama
 Alexander Knox, aktor
 Mickey Knox, aktor
 Lester Koenig, produser
 Charles Korvin, aktor
 Hy Kraft, penulis latar
 Constance Lee, penulis latar
 Will Lee, aktor dan komika
 Robert Lees, penulis latar
 Carl Lerner, penyunting dan sutradara
 Irving Lerner, sutradara
 Sam Levene, aktor
 Lewis Leverett, aktor
 Alfred Lewis Levitt, penulis latar
 Helen Slote Levitt, penulis latar
 Mitch Lindemann, penulis latar
 Norman Lloyd, aktor
 Ben Maddow, penulis latar
 Arnold Manoff, penulis latar
 John McGrew, animator
 Ruth McKenney, penulis
 Bill Meléndez, animator
 John "Skins" Miller, aktor
 Paula Miller, aktris
 Josef Mischel, penulis latar
 Karen Morley, aktris
 Henry Myers, penulis latar
 Mortimer Offner, penulis latar
 Alfred Palca, penulis dan produser
 Larry Parks, aktor
 Leo Penn, aktor
 Irving Pichel, sutradara
 Louis Pollock, penulis latar
 Abraham Polonsky, penulis latar and director
 William Pomerance, animation executive
 Vladimir Pozner, penulis latar
 Stanley Prager, sutradara
 John Randolph, aktor
 Maurice Rapf, penulis latar
 Rosaura Revueltas, aktris
 Robert L. Richards, penulis latar
 Frederic I. Rinaldo, penulis latar
 Martin Ritt, aktor dan sutradara
 W. L. River, penulis latar
 Marguerite Roberts, penulis latar
 David Robison, penulis latar
 Naomi Robison, aktris
 Louise Rousseau, penulis latar
 Jean Rouverol (Butler), aktris dan penulis
 Shimen Ruskin, actor
 Madeleine Ruthven, penulis latar
 Waldo Salt, penulis latar
 John Sanford, penulis latar
 Bill Scott, pengisi suara
 Martha Scott, aktris
 Robert Shayne, aktor
 Joshua Shelley, aktor
 Madeleine Sherwood, aktris
 Reuben Ship, penulis latar
 Viola Brothers Shore, penulis latar
 George Sklar, pengarang drama
 Art Smith, aktor
 Louis Solomon, penulis latar dan produser
 Ray Spencer, penulis latar
 Janet Stevenson, penulis
 Philip Stevenson, penulis
 Donald Ogden Stewart, penulis latar
 Arthur Strawn, penulis latar
 Bess Taffel, penulis latar
 Julius Tannenbaum, producer
 Frank Tarloff, penulis latar
 Shepard Traube, sutradara dan penulis latar
 Dorothy Tree, aktris
 Paul Trivers, penulis latar
 George Tyne, aktor
 Michael Uris, penulis
 Peter Viertel, penulis latar
 Bernard Vorhaus, sutradara
 John Weber, produser
 Richard Weil, penulis latar
 Hannah Weinstein, produser
 John Wexley, penulis latar
 Michael Wilson, penulis latar
 Nedrick Young, aktor dan penulis latar
 Julian Zimet, penulis latar

Referensi 

Kutipan

Daftar pustaka

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Further reading
 Berg, Sandra (2006). "When Noir Turned Black" (interview with Jules Dassin), Written By (November) (available online Archived version of May 2013).
 Bernstein, Walter (2000). Inside Out: A Memoir of the Blacklist. New York: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80936-2
 Briley, Ronald (1994). "Reel History and the Cold War", OAH Magazine of History 8 (winter) (available online Archived version of Jan.2003).
 Georgakas, Dan (1992). "Hollywood Blacklist", in Encyclopedia of the American Left, ed. Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press (available online). ISBN 0-252-06250-7
 Kahn, Gordon (1948). Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted. New York: Boni & Gaer (excerpted online). ISBN 0-405-03921-2
 Leab, Daniel J., with guide by Robert E. Lester (1991). Communist Activity in the Entertainment Industry: FBI Surveillance Files on Hollywood, 1942–1958. Bethesda, Maryland: University Publications of America (available online). ISBN 1-55655-414-1
 Murray, Lawrence L. (1975). "Monsters, Spys, and Subversives: The Film Industry Responds to the Cold War, 1945–1955", Jump Cut 9 (available online).
 Nizer, Louis. (1966). The Jury Returns. New York: Doubleday & Co. ISBN 978-0-671-12505-9
 "Seven-Year Justice", Time, July 6, 1962 (available online ).
 Vaughn, Robert. (2004). Only Victims: A Study of Show Business Blacklisting, 2nd ed. New York: Proscenium/Limelight Editions. (Originally published New York: Putnam, 1972).ISBN 978-0-87910-081-0

Pranala luar 
 Albert Maltz's HUAC Testimony transcript of the writer's testimony (preceded by excerpts of actor Ronald Reagan's testimony—see below for link to complete Reagan transcript)
 "Congressional Committees and Unfriendly Witnesses" detailed examination of legal issues involved in HUAC proceedings by historian Ellen Schrecker
 "McCarthy Era Blacklist Victims, Peace Groups, Academics, and Media File Amicus Briefs in CCR Case" news release focused on 2009 brief filed by former blacklistees including Irwin Corey in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project Supreme Court free speech case
 Ronald Reagan's HUAC Testimony transcript of the actor's testimony of October 23, 1947 (Archived version of Nov. 2004)
 "Seeing Red"  transcript of excerpts from PBS documentary The Legacy of the Hollywood Blacklist and interview by NewsHour correspondent Elizabeth Farnsworth with two blacklisted artists, writer/producer Paul Jarrico and actress Marsha Hunt
 FBI Documents on Communist Infiltration- Motion Picture Industry (COMPIC)
 Hollywood Blacklist , series of interviews and transcripts (many online) from Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.

 
Sejarah dan budaya Hollywood
Sejarah film
McCarthyisme
Istilah film dan video