Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia I

Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia dimulai pada bulan April 1917, dua setengah tahun setelah Presiden Woodrow Wilson menyatakan bahwa Amerika Serikat akan tetap netral sepanjang Perang Dunia I. Rakyat Amerika Serikat tidak tahu bahwa perang akan pecah di Eropa pada musim panas 1914, dan puluhan ribu wisatawan dikejutkan oleh peristiwa ini. Pemerintah A.S. di bawah kepemimpinan Wilson mengumumkan bahwa "pikiran maupun niat" Amerika Serikat tidak berpihak. Selain unsur-unsur Anglofilia yang mendukung Britania, opini publik Amerika Serikat awalnya netral. Posisi netral sangat kuat di kalangan warga Irlandia Amerika, Jerman Amerika, dan Swedia Amerika, serta para pemimpin gereja dan wanita. Di sisi lain, sebelum perang pecah, opini publik A.S. terhadap Jerman jauh lebih negatif dibandingkan opini mereka terhadap negara lain di Eropa. Rakyat memandang Kekaisaran Jerman sebagai musuh setelah mengetahui aksi kekerasan di Belgia tahun 1914, dan penenggelaman kapal penumpang RMS Lusitania tahun 1915 yang berlawanan dengan hukum internasional. Wilson membuat semua keputusan penting dan menjalankan ekonomi secara damai, namun tetap memberi pinjaman besar kepada Britania dan Prancis. Agar Amerika Serikat tidak dianggap memiliki ancaman militer, Wilson membuat persiapan perang yang sedikit dan membentuk militer berukuran kecil meski ditekan untuk membuat persiapan besar. Namun demikian, ia justru memperbesar ukuran Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat.

Pada awal 1917, Jerman memutuskan untuk melanjutkan perang kapal selam total terhadap semua kapal dagang yang menuju ke Britania Raya. Keputusan ini hampir pasti berarti perang melawan Amerika Serikat. Jerman juga menawarkan persekutuan militer dengan Meksiko dalam telegram Zimmermann. Bocornya telegram tersebut dan penenggelaman kapal-kapal Amerika Serikat di Atlantik Utara oleh U-boat Jerman membuat rakyat A.S. meradang. Wilson meminta "perang untuk mengakhiri perang" yang akan "membuat demokrasi berdiri di dunia tanpa gangguan" kepada Kongres. Kongres memutuskan untuk menyatakan perang melawan Jerman pada tanggal 6 April 1917. Tanggal 7 Desember 1917, Amerika Serikat menyatakan perang melawan Kekaisaran Austria-Hungaria.

Lihat pula 

 Penyebab Perang Dunia I
 Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Dunia I
 Pernyataan perang Amerika Serikat melawan Jerman (1917)
 Front dalam negeri Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia I
 Kampanye Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia I

Catatan kaki

Daftar pustaka 

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 Bassett, John Spencer. Our War with Germany: A History (1919) online edition
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 Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," Presidential Studies Quarterly 34:1 (2004). pp 62+. online edition
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 Early, Frances H. A World without War: How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. (Syracuse University Press, 1997) ISBN 0-8156-2764-5 
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 Finnegan, John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon: The Campaign for American Military Preparedness, 1914–1917. (1975). ISBN 0-8371-7376-0 
 Floyd, M. Ryan (2013). Abandoning American Neutrality: Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War, August 1914-December 1915. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33411-4 
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 Kennedy, Ross A. "Preparedness," in Ross A. Kennedy ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013. pp: 270-86 ISBN 978-1-4443-3737-2 
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Historiografi 
 Doenecke, Justus D. "Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War." in Ross Kennedy ed., A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013) pp: 243-69 Online; covers the historiography

Sumber primer 
 The Papers of Woodrow Wilson  edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol, at major academic libraries. Annotated edition of all of WW's letters, speeches and writings plus many letters written to him
 Wilson, Woodrow. Why We Are at War (1917) six war messages to Congress, Jan- April 1917

Pranala luar 
 NY Times main headline, April 2, 1917, President Calls for War Declaration, Stronger Navy, New Army of 500,000 Men, Full Cooperation With Germany's Foes
 Extensive essay on Woodrow Wilson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs 
 President Wilson's War Address
 Map of Europe  at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com

Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia I