Pers bawah tanah

Istilah pers bawah tanah merujuk kepada catatan periodik dan publikasi yang diproduksi tanpa persetujuan resmi, ilegal atau bertentangan dengan keinginan sebuah kelompok dominan (pemerintah / keagamaan / institusional)
Dalam konteks Eropa Barat, Amerika dan Asia (pasca-Perang Dunia II) spesifik terkini, istrilah "pers bawah tanah" kebanyakan ditujukan kepada makalah-makalah bawa tanah yang dipublikasikan dan didistribusikan secara independen yang berkaitan dengan kontra-budaya pada akhir 1960an dan awal 1970an di India dan Bangladesh di Asia, di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada di Amerika Utara, dan Britania Raya dan negara-negara barat lainnya. Pers tersebut juga dapat merujuk kepada surat-surat kabar yang diproduksi secara independen dalam rezim-rezim represif. Contohnya, di Eropa pada masa pendudukan Jerman, sebuah pers bawah tanah dioperasikan, biasanya berkaitan dengan Pemberontakan. Contoh-contoh terkenal lainnya meliputi samizdat dan bibuła, yang masing-masing dioperasikan di Uni Soviet dan Polandia, pada masa Perang Dingin.

Referensi 
 Funtopia  Retrieved August 8, 2004
 Voices from the Underground (Vol. 1): Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press
 Voices from the Underground (Vol. 2): A Directory of Resources and Sources on the Vietnam Era Underground Press
 Abe Peck. Uncovering the Sixties:The Life and Times of the Underground Press (New York: Citadel) 1991.
 Dreyer, Thorne and Victoria Smith (1969), "The Movement and the New Media," Liberation News Service.
 "The Underground GI Press: Pens Against the Pentagon"

Bacaan tambahan 
 Leamer, Lawrence. The Paper Revolutionaries. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
 Lewes, James. Protest and Survive: Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam War. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97861-3.
 Mackenzie, Angus, "Sabotaging the Dissident Press," Columbia Journalism Review, March–April 1981, pp. 57–63, Center for Investigative Reporting, 1983.
 Mungo, Raymond. Famous Long Ago: My Life and Hard Times With the Liberation News Service. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.
 Peck, Abe. Uncovering the Sixties. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1985.
 Rips, Geoffrey, The Campaign Against the Underground Press, San Francisco, City Lights Books, 1981.
 Wachsberger, Ken, editor. Voices From the Underground. Tempe, AZ: Mica Press, 1993.

Pranala luar 
 You can see more 70's Italian underground magazines here: 
 International Times
 Nexus magazine (Australia)
 Archive of ozit.org, scans of OZ Magazine (archived site)
 "Voices from the Underground," an exhibition of the North American underground press of the 1960s; includes a substantial gallery of color images. 
 A digitally scanned archive of the first twelve issues (1966-67) of The Rag, from Austin, Texas
 Articles about the underground press at The Rag Blog
 Examples of the Boston underground newspaper Avatar (While The Avatar shared its design approach and many social concerns with other underground papers of the time, in one important respect it was completely atypical: it served as a platform for self-proclaimed "world saviour" Mel Lyman, leader of a communal cult.)
 A number of libraries have extensive microfilm collections of underground newspapers. For example, the University of Oregon library has a collection that consists of mostly, but not exclusively North American) underground papers.
 Counter Cultures: Cultural Politics and the Underground Press 
 Pow wow in the 1940s
 The website for the film Sir! No Sir! has an extensive collection of primary source materials from the GI underground press
 A collection of covers of Space City News (Space City!)  by underground artist Bill Narum.
 Dugald Baird, "How International Times sparked a publishing revolution", The Guardian, 17 July 2009
 The Truth  a specimen high school underground paper from 1969
 Underground press historian Sean Stewart on Rag Radio Interviewed by Thorne Dreyer, August 31, 2010 (57:17)
 Historian John McMillian, author of Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America on Rag Radio Interviewed by Thorne Dreyer, March 4, 2011 (42:18)
 Thorne Dreyer's 24 hour-long Rag Radio interviews with veterans of the Sixties underground press

Budaya bawah tanah