Syajaruddur

Syajar ad-Durr (Arabic: شجر الدر, "Tree of Pearls")  (Nama kerajaan: al-Malikah `Ashmatuddīn Ummu Khalīl Syajaruddurr (Arab: الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر) (julukan: أم خليل, Ummu Khalil; bunda Khalil)) (? – 28 April 1257, Kairo) adalah wanita Muslim kedua (setelah Radhiyah Sultanah dari Delhi) yang menjadi penguasa dalam sejarah Islam. Ia adalah istri Ash-Shalih Ayyub, Sultan Mesir dari dinasti Ayyubiyah dan kemudian Izzuddin Aibak, Sultan Mesir dari dinasti Bahri.

Dalam urusan politik, Syajar al-Durr memainkan peran krusial setelah kematian suami pertamanya pada Perang Salib Ketujuh melawan Mesir (1249–1250). Ia menjadi Sultanah Mesir pada 2 Mei 1250, menandai akhir pemerintahan Ayyubiyah dan dimulainya Mamluk. Terdapat beberapa teori tentang asal muasal etnis Syajar ad-Durr. Beberapa sejarawan Muslim meyakini bahwa ia berdarah Turkik dan beberapa meyakini bahwa ia berdarah Armenia.

Catatan

Referensi 
Abu al-Fida, The Concise History of Humanity.
Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar,Matabat aladab,Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-241-175-X.
Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte,Paris 1895
Ibn Iyas, Badai Alzuhur Fi Wakayi Alduhur, abridged and edited by Dr. M. Aljayar, Almisriya Lilkitab, Cairo 2007, ISBN 977-419-623-6
Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
 History of Egypt, 1382–1469 A.D. by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954
Asly, B., al-Zahir Baibars, Dar An-Nafaes Publishing, Beirut 1992
 
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Mahdi,Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, ISBN 977-02-5975-6
 Sirat al-Zahir Baibars, Printed by Mustafa al-Saba, Cairo 1923. Repulished in 5 volumes by Alhay'ah Almisriyah, Editor Gamal El-Ghitani, Cairo 1996, ISBN 977-01-4642-0
 Sirat al-Zahir Baibars, assembled H. Johar, M. Braniq, A. Atar, Dar Marif, Cairo 1986, ISBN 977-02-1747-6
 The chronicles of Matthew Paris ( Matthew Paris: Chronica Majora ) translated by Helen Nicholson 1989
 The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, translated by Ethel Wedgwood 1906
 The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia,H.H. Berton Publisher,1973–1974
 Meri, Josef W. (Editor). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. web page
 Perry, Glenn Earl. The History of Egypt – The Mamluk Sultanate. Greenwood Press, 2004. page 49
Qasim,Abdu Qasim Dr., Asr Salatin AlMamlik ( era of the Mamluk Sultans ), Eye for human and social studies, Cairo 2007
 Irwin, Robert. The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382. Routledge, 1986. web page

Pranala luar 
 Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Growth of Mamluk armies
 Women in World History – Female Heroes from the Time of the Crusades: Shagrat al-Durr

Dinasti Ayyubiyah