Frenologi

Frenologi (dari bahasa Yunani: φρήν, phrēn, "pikiran"; dan λόγος, logos, "pengetahuan") adalah ilmu semu yang berupaya mempelajari hubungan antara karakter seseorang dengan tengkorak manusia. Bidang ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa otak adalah organ pikiran, dan beberapa wilayah otak terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi yang terlokalisasi. Frenologi dikembangkan oleh dokter Jerman Franz Joseph Gall pada tahun 1796, dan sangat populer pada abad ke-19, terutama dari tahun 1810 hingga 1840. Namun, kini frenologi sudah tidak akurat dan dianggap sebagai neuroanatomi primitif. Meskipun begitu, pemikiran frenologis telah memengaruhi psikiatri pada abad ke-19 dan neurosains modern. Asumsi Gall bahwa karakter, pemikiran, dan emosi terlokalisasi di beberapa bagian otak juga dianggap sebagai langkah menuju neuropsikologi.

Catatan

Pranala luar 

 Manual of Phrenology  Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall, on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain: translated from the 4th French ed
 A System of Phrenology  Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, George Combe's A system of phrenology
 New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology  Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896)
 The History of Phrenology on the Web  by John van Wyhe, PhD.
 Phrenology: an Overview  includes The History of Phrenology by John van Wyhe, PhD.
 The Phrenology Pages , a Belgian site advocating phrenology.
 Phrenology Today!  Russian portal, advocating phrenology. Articles on so-called modern phrenology.
 Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.. 
 [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/vimont_home.html Joseph Vimont: Traité de phrénologie humaine et comparée. (Paris, 1832-1835)] . Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
 Jean-Claude Vimont: Phrénologie à Rouen, les moulages du musée Flaubert d'histoire de la médecine 
 Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience  - by Steven Novella MD
 Historical Deadwood Newspaper accounts of C. R. Broadbent well known speaker on Phrenology and Physiology visit Deadwood SD 1878 
 The Skeptic's Dictionary  by Robert Todd Carroll
 Who Named It? Franz Joseph Gall  Biography of Franz Joseph Gall and his creation: Phrenology.
 Phrenology by George Burgess (1829-1905)  George Burgess, Phrenologist in Bristol, England 1861-1901.
 History of the Phrenology Bust as developed by Spurzheim 
 George Combe's Elements of Phrenology. 
 Psychophysiognomy Today!  Polish portal, advocating psychophy siognomy. Articles on modern psychophy siognomy and the current use of psychophy siognomy in the personal consultation 
 Phrenology Tools of the Trade.
 Early accounts of Phrenology practice
 Brain and Mind (electronic magazine on Neuroscience) Modern Phrenology Offshoots of Phrenology: Craniology and Anthropometry 
 Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Course material. 

Sejarah neurosains
Sejarah psikologi