Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi

Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi mengacu pada berbagai inovasi, revolusi dan teori tentang hal-hal yang kelak menjadi ekonomi politik dan ekonomi dari zaman dahulu sampai saat ini. Studi ini mencakup banyak pemikiran ekonomi yang berbeda-beda.
Filsuf Yunani seperti Aristoteles membahas pemikiran tentang "seni" memperoleh kekayaan dan mempertanyakan apakah properti sebaiknya berada dalam kepemilikan swasta atau umum. Pada abad pertengahan, cendekiawan Thomas Aquinas menyatakan adalah suatu kewajiban moral bisnis untuk menjual barang-barang dengan harga wajar.

Filsuf Britania, Adam Smith, sering disebut-sebut sebagai bapak ekonomi modern karena treatise-nya The Wealth of Nations (1776). Pemikirannya dibuat berdasarkan berbagai karya dari pendahulunya pada abad ke-18, terutama pada fisiokrat. Bukunya muncul pada malam Revolusi Industri dengan perubahan-perubahan besar dalam dunia ekonomi. Penerus Smith meliputi para pakar ekonomi klasik seperti Rev. Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, dan John Stuart Mill. Mereka menguji cara kelas bawah, kapitalis dan buruh memproduksi dan mendistribusikan penghasilan negara dan menguji efek populasi dan perdagangan internasional. Di London, Karl Marx mengkritik sistem kapitalis yang ia anggap eksploitatif dan mengasingkan pihak lain. Sejak 1870, ekonomi neoklasik berusaha menciptakan bidang studi yang lebih positif, matematis dan ilmiah daripada politik normatif.

Setelah peperangan pada awal abad ke-20, John Maynard Keynes memimpin reaksi melawan abstensi pemerintahan dari urusan-urusan ekonomi dan menganjurkan kebijakan fiskal intervensionis untuk mendorong permintaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan dunia dibagi antara dunia pertama yang kapitalis, dunia kedua yang komunis, dan dunia ketiga yang miskin, konsensus pascaperang mulai hilang. Para ahli seperti Milton Friedman dan Friedrich von Hayek memperingatkan The Road to Serfdom dan sosialisme serta memfokuskan teori mereka terhadap hal-hal yang dapat diperoleh melalui kebijakan moneter dan deregulasi yang lebih baik. Karena kebijakan Keynesian gagal pada 1970-an, muncullah kelompok Klasik Baru, dengan pencetus teori utama seperti Robert Lucas dan Edward Prescott. Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah sejak 1980-an ditantang dan pakar ekonomi pembangunan seperti Amartya Sen dan pakar ekonomi informasi seperti Joseph Stiglitz memperkenalkan ide-ide baru terhadap pemikiran ekonomi pada abad ke-21.

Lihat pula 
Artikel

 Sejarah perdagangan internasional
 Marshall Plan
 Hukum kompetisi
 Hukum kontrak
 Hukum korporat
 Ekonomi energi
 Hukum buruh
 Sudut pandang terhadap kapitalisme
 Regulasi
 Torts
 World Trade Organisation

 Ekonomi konstitusional

Daftar

 Daftar pakar ekonomi
 Daftar topik ekonomi
 Daftar sistem ekonomi
 Daftar topik perdagangan internasional
 Daftar karya tulis tentang ekonomi
 Daftar jurnal ilmiah tentang ekonomi

Catatan kaki

Bahan rujukan 
Sumber utama
 Aquinas, Thomas (1274) Summa Theologica
 Aristotle (c.a. 350BC) Nicomachean Ethics
 Aristotle (c.a. 350BC) Politics
 Arrow, Kenneth J (1951) Social Choice and Individual Values, 2nd Ed. 1963, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0300013647
 Arrow, Kenneth J. and Frank Hahn (1971) General Competitive Analysis, Holden-Day, San Francisco, ISBN 0816202753
 Bentham, Jeremy (1776) Fragment on Government 
 Bentham, Jeremy (1789) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
 Burke, Edmund (1790) Reflections on the Revolution in France
 Burke, Edmund (1795) Thoughts and Details on Scarcity
 Cantillon, Richard (1732) Essay on the Nature of Commerce in General
 Coase, Ronald H. (1937) The Nature of the Firm Economica, Vol.4, Issue 16, pp. 386–405
 Coase, Ronald H. (1960) The Problem of Social Cost (this online version excludes some parts) Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.3, pp. 1–44
 Commons, John R. (1934) Institutional Economics New York: Macmillan
 Engels, Friedrich (1845) Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844
 Friedman, Milton (1953) Essays in Positive Economics: Part I - The Methodology of Positive Economics], University of Chicago
 Galbraith, J.K. (1958) The Affluent Society, 3rd Ed. reprinted 1991, Penguin Books, ISBN 014013610
 Galbraith, J.K. (1967) The New Industrial State Galbraith, J.K. (1973) Economics and the Public Purpose Hobbes, Thomas (1651) Leviathan Hume, David (1777) [http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Hume/hmMPL.html Essays, Moral, Political, Literary
 Jevons, William (1871) The Theory of Political Economy
 Jevons, William (1878) The Periodicity of Commercial Crises
 Keynes, John Maynard (1919) The Economic Consequences of the Peace
 Keynes, John Maynard (1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
 Locke, John (1689) Second Treatise on Civil Government
 Locke, John (1691) Some Considerations on the consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money
 Markwell, Donald (2006) John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford.

 Marshall, Alfred (1890) Principles of Economics
 Marx, Karl (1871) Das Kapital
 Mill, John Stuart (1871) Principles of Political Economy
 Mun, Thomas (1621) A Discourse of Trade from England unto the East Indies
 North, Dudley (1691) Discourses upon trade
 Petty, William (1690) The Political Arithmetick
 Quesnay, François (1758) Tableau économique
 Ricardo, David (1827) Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
 Robinson, Joan (1953) The Production Function and the Theory of Capital
 Robinson, Joan (1962) Economic Philosophy
 Scotus, Duns (1295) Sententiae
 Sen, Amartya (1985) "The Moral Standing of the Market," in Ethics and Economics, ed. Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr and Jeffrey Paul, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, pp. 1–19
 Sen, Amartya (1976-7) "Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioural Foundations of Economic Theory," Philosophy and Public Affairs, 6, pp. 317–44
 Sen, Amartya (1987) On Ethics and Economics Oxford, Basil Blackwell
 Sismondi, J.-C.-L. Simonde de (1819, trans.1991) "New Principles of Political Economy: Of Wealth in Its Relation to Population"
 Smith, Adam (1759) The Theory of Moral Sentiments
 Smith, Adam (1776) An Inquiry Into The Wealth of Nations
 Sraffa, Piero (1960) Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities
 Stigler, George J (1965) "The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress", in Essays in the History of Economics, University of Chicago Press, pp. 1–15
 Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1996) Whither Socialism?
 Thornton, Henry (1802) The Paper Credit of Great Britain
 Turgot, Jacques (1766) Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses in French and English 
 Veblen, Thorsten, The Theory of the Leisure Class: an economic study of institutions  (1899)
 Veblen, Thorsten (1904) Theory of Business Enterprise 
 von Hörnigk, Philip (1684) Österreich Über Alles, Wenn Sie Nur Will

Sumber sekunder
 Blaug, Mark (1997). Economic Theory in Retrospect, 5th ed.. Cambridge University Press. Description & chapter links, pp. vii -xvi.
 _ (2001). "No History of Ideas, Please, We're Economists," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(1), pp. 145-164 (press +).
 Buchholz, Todd G. (1989). New Ideas from Dead Economists, New York Penguin Group. p. 151
 Danbom, David B. (1997) Why Americans Value Rural Life , Rural Development Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–18
 Ekelund, Robert B., Jr. and Robert F. Hébert (2007). A History of Economic Theory and Method. Waveland Press. 5th ed. ISBN `1-57766-486-8.Description. 
 Cossa, Luigi. (1893). An Introduction to the Study of Political Economy, London and New York: Macmillan 
 Fusfeld, Daniel R. (1994). The Age of the Economist, Harper Collins, 7th Ed. ISBN 0673468054
 Hague, William (2004). William Pitt the Younger Harper Perennial ISBN 0007147201
 Heilbroner, Robert (1953) The Worldly Philosophers, Simon & Schuster 7th Ed. 1999, ISBN 0-684-86214-X
 Macfie, Alec Lawrence (1955). "The Scottish Tradition in Economic Thought". Econ Journal Watch 6(3): 389-410. Reprinted from Scottish Journal of Political Economy 2(2): 81-103 
 Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press.
 Medema, Steven G., abd Warren J. Samuels, 2003. The History of Economic Thought: A Reader. Routledge. Description & chapter links, pp. vii-ix.
 Mochrie, Robert (2005). Justice in Exchange: The Economic Philosophy of John Duns Scotus
 Pressman, Steven (2006). Fifty Major Economists, Routledge, ISBN 0415366496
 Screpanti, Ernesto, Stefano Zamagni, (2005). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. Description & ch.-preview links, pp. xi-xviii.
 Schumpeter, Joseph (1954) History of Economic Analysis, 1,260 pp. Description. Chapter-preview links for Parts I-V (arrow-page searchable). Routledge Ed. 1994, ISBN 0415108926
 Spengler, Joseph J., and William R. Allen, ed. (1960). Essays in Economic Thought: Aristotle to Marshall+. Rand McNally.
 Spiegel, Henry William (1971) The Growth of Economic Thought, Duke University Press, 3rd Ed. 1991, ISBN 0822309653
 Stephen, Leslie (1898), 
 
 Stigler, George J. (1965). Essays in the History of Economics. University of Chicago Press.

Jurnal 

 European Journal of the History of Economic Thought (U.K.)
 History of Economic Ideas (Italy)
 History of Economics Review  (Australia)

 History of Economic Thought (Japan)
 History of Political Economy  (U.S.)
 ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought (U.K.)

Pranala luar 

 Pioneers of the social sciences London School of Economics and Political Science 
 The History of Economic Thought website 
 Archive for the History of Economic Thought 
 Biographies of economists 
 Library of Economics and Liberty
 The Prehistory of Modern Economic Thought by Justin Ptak
 Chapter One and Chapter Sixteen from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought by Murray Rothbard.

Sejarah ekonomi
Ekonomi politik
Ekonomi