Magnolia

Magnolia adalah salah satu marga tumbuhan berbunga yang dikenal luas karena bunganya yang indah atau menyebarkan aroma yang harum. Anggotanya cukup besar, dan saat ini tengah mengalami revisi. Petunjuk-petunjuk molekuler memperlihatkan bahwa marga-marga seperti Talauma, Dugandiodendron, Manglietia, Michelia, Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Parakmeria, Pachylarnax, dan beberapa marga spesies tunggal layak dimasukkan ke dalam Magnolia s.l. (s.l. = sensu lato: 'dalam arti luas'; sebagai lawan dari s.s. = sensu stricto: 'dalam arti sempit'). Marga Magnolia s.s. mencakup sekitar 120 jenis saja. Nama marga ini diambil dari botaniwan Prancis, Pierre Magnol.

Marga Magnolia menunjukkan ciri-ciri evolusi primitif. Perhiasan bunganya tidak tersusun dalam lingkaran berlapis, seperti kebanyakan bunga, tetapi tersusun secara spiral. Fosil-fosilnya berumur sampai 20 juta tahun, sehingga diketahui bahwa Magnolia berevolusi lebih awal daripada lebah. Bunganya tidak dirancang untuk diserbuki oleh lebah tetapi kumbang.

Persebaran jenis-jenis Magnolia tidak kontinu. Pusat keanekaragaman utamanya adalah di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Pusat persebaran sekunder adalah di benua Amerika. Beberapa jenis Magnolia dikenal sebagai tumbuhan penghias kebun dan pelengkap upacara tradisional Nusantara, seperti cempaka dan kantil.

Daftar spesies

Subgenus Magnolia 

Bagian Magnolia
 Magnolia faustinomirandae A.Vázquez
 Magnolia grandiflora L.
 Magnolia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. 
 Magnolia guerrerensis J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz Durán 
 Magnolia iltisiana Vazquez 
 Magnolia krusei J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán 
 Magnolia oaxacensis A.Vázquez 
 Magnolia pacifica Vazquez 
 Magnolia panamensis Vazquez & Iltis 
 Magnolia pedrazae A.Vázquez 
 Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy 
Magnolia poqomchi 
 Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl.
 Magnolia sharpii Meranda 
 Magnolia sororum Seibert 
 Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez 
 Magnolia tarahumara (Vazquez) A.Vázquez 
 Magnolia vazquezii Cruz Durán & K.Vega 
 Magnolia virginiana L. 
 Magnolia yoroconte Dandy 
 Magnolia zamudioi A.Vázquez

 Bagian Gwillimia

 Subbagian Gwillimia
 Magnolia albosericea Chun & Tsoong. 
 Magnolia bawangensis Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu 
 Magnolia championii Benth 
 Magnolia clemensiorum Dandy 
 Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. 
 Magnolia delavayi Franchet 
 Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy 
 Magnolia henryi Dunn 
 Magnolia nana Dandy 
 Magnolia odoratissima Law et Zhou 
 Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb. 
 Magnolia xiana Noot.

 Subbagian Blumiana
 Magnolia angatensis Blanco 
 Magnolia betongensis (Craib) H.Keng 
 Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) Noot. 
 Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng 
 Magnolia lasia Noot. 
 Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon 
 Magnolia mariusjacobsia Noot. 
 Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy 
 Magnolia rabaniana Hook.f. & Thomson D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayer 
 Magnolia sarawakensis (Agostini) Noot. 
 Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) H.Keng 
 Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.Keng

 Bagian Talauma
 Subbagian Talauma
 Magnolia allenii Standl. 
 Magnolia amazonica (Ducke) Govaerts 
 Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia bankardiorum  M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega
 Magnolia boliviana (M.Nee) Govaerts 
 Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch) Govaerts 
 Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia coronata M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo 
 Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts 
 Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) Govaerts 
 Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts 
 Magnolia henaoi (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia jardinensis M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo
 Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia lacandonica Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez 
 Magnolia manguillo Marcelo-Peña & F. Arroyo 
 Magnolia mexicana DC.
 Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts 
 Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. 
 Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia quetzal Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro 
 Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier) Govaerts 
 Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts 
 Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia venezuelensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts

 Subbagian Dugandiodendron
 Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia cararensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia chimantensis Steyermark & Maguire 
 Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts 
 Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia jaenensis Marcelo-Peña 
 Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia magnifolia (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia mahechae (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyermark 
 Magnolia striatifolia Little 
 Magnolia urraoense (Lozano) Govaerts 
 Magnolia yarumalense (Lozano) Govaerts

 Subbagian Cubenses
 Magnolia cristalensis Bisse 
 Magnolia cubensis Urb.
 Magnolia domingensis Urb. 
 Magnolia ekmannii Urb. 
 Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman 
 Magnolia hamorii Howard 
 Magnolia pallescens Urb. & Ekman 
 Magnolia portoricensis Bello 
 Magnolia splendens Urban

 Bagian Manglietia
 Magnolia aromatica (Dandy) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy 
 Magnolia blumei Prantl
 Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia caveana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer 
 Magnolia changhuntana Noot. 
 Magnolia chevalieri (Dandy) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia conifera (Dandy) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia crassipes (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia dandyi (Gapnep.) Dandy 
 Magnolia decidua (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep. 
 Magnolia figlarii V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu 
 Magnolia garrettii (Craib) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia hongheensis (Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & W.W.Sm. 
 Magnolia insignis (Wall.) Blume 
 Magnolia kwangtungensis Merr.
 Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia longipedunculata (Q.W.Zeng & Law) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia lucida (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) V.S. Kumar 
 Magnolia obovalifolia (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia ovoidea (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia patungensis (Hu) Noot. 
 Magnolia rufibarbata (Dandy) V.S. Kumar 
 Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia sapaensis (N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer 
 Magnolia utilis (Dandy) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia ventii (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia xinganensis Noot. 
 Magnolia yuyuanensis (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar 
 Magnolia zhengyiana (N.H.Xia) Noot.

 Bagian Kmeria
 Magnolia duperreana Pierre 
 Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin

 Bagian Rhytidospermum

 Subbagian Rhytidospermum
 Magnolia obovata Thunb. 
 Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson 
 Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith 
 Magnolia tripetala (L.) L.

 Subbagian Oyama
 Magnolia globosa Hook. f. & Thoms. 
 Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch 
 Magnolia wilsonii (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd.

 Bagian Auriculata 
 Magnolia fraseri Walt.

 Bagian Macrophylla
 Magnolia dealbata Zuccarini 
 Magnolia macrophylla Michx.
 Magnolia rzedowskiana A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas & R.Pedraza 
 Magnolia nuevoleonensis A.Vázquez & Domínguez-Yescas 
 Magnolia vovidesii A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas & L.Carvajal

Subgenus Yulania 

 Bagian Yulania

 Subbagian Yulania
 Magnolia amoena W.C. Cheng 
 Magnolia biondii Pampan 
 Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson 
 Magnolia cylindrica Wilson 
 Magnolia dawsoniana Rehd. & Wilson 
 Magnolia denudata Desr. 
 Magnolia kobus DC. 
 Magnolia liliiflora Desr.
 Magnolia × loebneri Paul Kache 
 Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. 
 Magnolia sargentiana Rehd. & Wilson 
 Magnolia × soulangeana Thiéb.-Bern. 
 Magnolia sprengeri Pampan 
 Magnolia stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. 
 Magnolia zenii Cheng

 Subbagian Tulipastrum
 Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.

 Bagian Michelia

 Subbagian Michelia
 Magnolia × alba (DC.) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia angustioblonga (Law & Wu) Figlar 
 Magnolia baillonii Pierre
 Magnolia balansae A.DC. 
 Magnolia banghamii (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar 
 Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar 
 Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon ex Pierre 
 Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima 
 Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin 
 Magnolia compressa Maxim. 
 Magnolia coriacea (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar 
 Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar 
 Magnolia elegantifolia Noot. 
 Magnolia ernestii Figlar. 
 Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. 
 Magnolia flaviflora (Law & Wu) Figlar 
 Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar. 
 Magnolia foveolata (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia fujianensis (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar 
 Magnolia fulva (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
 Magnolia gioi (A.Chevalier) Noot. 
 Magnolia guangdongensis (Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) Noot. 
 Magnolia guangxiensis (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima 
 Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia iteophylla (C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. 
 Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar
 Magnolia kisopa (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar 
 Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar 
 Magnolia lacei (W.W.Smith) Figlar 
 Magnolia laevifolia (Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot. 
 Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia mannii (King) King 
 Magnolia martinii H.Lev.
 Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar 
 Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia microcarpa (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima 
 Magnolia microtricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar
 Magnolia montana (Blume) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar 
 Magnolia oblonga (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar. 
 Magnolia odora (Chun) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia opipara (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima 
 Magnolia philippinensis P.Pharm 
 Magnolia punduana (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar 
 Magnolia rajaniana (Craib.) Figlar. 
 Magnolia scortechinii (King) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia shiluensis (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar 
 Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin 
 Magnolia sphaerantha (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima 
 Magnolia subulifera (Dandy) Figlar 
 Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia xanthantha (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar

 Subbagian Elmerrillia
 Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.
 Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.
 Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee
 Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot.
 Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre

 Subbagian Maingola
 Magnolia annamensis Dandy 
 Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. 
 Magnolia cathcartii (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot. 
 Magnolia griffithii King 
 Magnolia gustavii King 
 Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy 
 Magnolia pealiana King

 Subbagian Aromadendron
 Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot. 
 Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot. 
 Magnolia borneensis Noot. 
 Magnolia elegans (Blume) Keng 
 Magnolia pahangensis Noot.

Subgenus Gynopodium 

 Bagian Gynopodium
 Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy 
 Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon 
 Magnolia nitida W.W.Smith 
 Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & Cheng) Dandy 
 Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot.

 Bagian Manglietiastrum
 Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. 
 Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot.

Galeri

Referensi 

Magnoliaceae
Tumbuhan obat