Scátháin na bhFlatha

Is genre teagaisc iad Scátháin na bhFlatha (), scríofa le linn na meánaoise agus an Renaissance.  Is cuid iad de genre níos leithne, Litríochta Speculi.

Feictear is minice iad mar théacsleabhair a thugann teagasc go díreach do ríthe nó rialtóirí eile, ar ghnéithe áirithe rialachais agus iompair, le samplaí i gcomhair nó aithrise nó seachanta.  Cumadh iad go minic agus rí nua, idir óg agus/nó ar bheagán taithí, ag teacht i réim.<ref>{{
cite book|
last1 = Wilson
| first1 = Suze
| last2 = Cummings
| first2 = Stephen
| last3 = Jackson
| first3 = Brad
| last4 = Proctor-Thomson
| first4 = Sarah
| title = Revitalising Leadership: Putting Theory and Practice into Context
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kMEtDwAAQBAJ
| series = Routledge Studies in Leadership Research
| publisher = Routledge
| date = 2017
| isbn = 9781317418122
| access-date = 2017-10-22
| quote = Monarchy was then the most common form of governance in Europe, and the truth about leadership could be found in a genre of books known as 'mirrors for princes'
}}
</ref>

Scríobhadh an saothar is luaite den chineál seo ag Sedulius Scottus (beo 840–860), an file Éireannach a mheastar a chum an dán gluaise, Pangur Bán (9ú haois).  Is é An Prionsa (c. 1513) le Niccolò Machiavelli, an sampla is mó le rá, cé nach tipiciúil go leor é is féidir a rá.

 Téacsanna clasaiceacha 

 Gréagacha agus Rómhánacha 
 Xenophon, Cyropaedia Isocrates, Do Nicocles agus Evagoras Philodemus, An Rí Maith dar le Homer Dio Chrysostom, An Chéad Dioscúrsa ar Ríogacht srl.
 Seneca, De Clementia Cicero, De Officiis Eusebius, Vita Constantini, scáthán na bhflatha, b'fhéidir, ach pléitear fós a genre cruinn, lucht spéise agus cuspóir.

 Indiacha 
 Vishnu Sharma, Panchatantra Chanakya, Arthashastra Síneacha 
 Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu.  D'fhéadfadh a rá gurb é  téacs mistiúlachta, philosophical téacs fealsúnachta, nó dréacht ar ríogacht)
 Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian nó Teagasc Cuimsitheach i gcomhair Rialachais Mencius.  Faightear an plé leis na Talmhaithe, an chéad ghrúpa sóisialach a mhol sochaí gan aicmí
 Han Fei Zi. Teagasc dleathaíochta agus ceird ríogachta.

 Téacsanna Iarthar na hEorpa 

 Luathmheánaois 
 Agaistín Hippo, De civitate Dei, iml. 24, "The true felicity of Christian Emperors."
 Gréagóir Tours, History of the Franks, a thabhairt rabhadh ina éadan aighneas cathartha.
 De duodecim abusivis saeculi, (7ú haois), dréacht Laidin na hÉireann le húdar Éireannach anaithnid, luaite scaití mar Pseudo-Cyprian.  Cé nach 'scáthán na bhFlatha' é per se, bhí tionchar mhór aige ar fhorbairt an genre ar an mór-roinn.
 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People,  a deir go sonrach gurb é cuspóir staidéar staire ná samplaí aithrise nó seachanta a chur in úil.

Teacsanna Cairilínseacha:
 Smaragdus Saint-Mihiel, Via regia (813), d'fhéadfaí a rá gurb é an chéad fíor scáthán na bhflatha, tiomnaithe do Louis Diaganta, agus é ina rí Aquitania.
 Einhard, Vita Karoli, which idolises Charlemagne's reign as something for other rulers to aspire to.
 Jonas Orléans, De Institutione Regia (c. 831), scríofa do Pepin I Aquitaine, is amhlaidh coimisiúnaithe ag comhairle ag Orléans.
 Agobard Lyons, a litreacha.
 Sedulius Scottus, De rectoribus christianis (c. 855-9), curtha ar rí Lothar II Lotharingia.
 Hincmar of Reims, De regis persona Hincmar of Reims, De ordine palatii (882), a leagan dualgais mhorálta an rí amach agus chuir síos ar eagrú páláis.
 Jonas of Orléans, De Institutione Laicali (818 x 828), scrios do Matfrid Orléans.
 Paulinus Aquileia, Liber exhortationis (795), scríofa do Heiric Friuli.
 Alcuin, De virtutibus et vitiis (c. 799–800), scríofa do Wido na Briotáine.
 Dhuoda, Liber manualis, scríofa dá mac, William.

Téacsanna Éireannacha
 De duodecim abusivis saeculi, féach thuas.  Is pearsana seanscéalacha iad á dteagasc sa saothar seo.
 Audacht Morainn, scríofa c. 700 as Sean-Ghaeilge, réamhtheachtaí 'scátháin na bhflatha'.  Deirtear gur chuir an breitheamh eagnaí, Morann, comhairle chuig Feradach Finnfechtnach agus é ar tí éirí ina rí na Teamhrach.
 Tecosca Cormaic, ina múineann Cormac mac Airt a mhac Cairbre Lifechair in ábhair éagsúla.
 Bríatharthecosc Con Culainn (Cú Chulainn) (le fáil mar chuid de Serglige Con Culainn), curtha ar Lugaid Réoderg.
 Tecosc Cuscraid
 Senbríathra Fithail
 Briathra Flainn Fína (Flann Fína)

Meánaois déanach 
 Stephen I na hUngáire, Admonitions (1010s), scríofa dá mhac agus rídhamhna, Naomh Emeric.
 John Salisbury, Policraticus, The Statesman's Book (1159).
 Godfrey Viterbo, Speculum regum (c. 1183), dedicated to his Staufian imperial patrons, athair Frederick Barbarossa agus mac, Henry VI.
 Pseudo-Plutarch, Institutio Traiani (first quoted in John of Salisbury's Policraticus le).
 Gerald na Breataine Bige, Liber de principis instructione (c. 1193) agus De instructione principis.
 Konungs skuggsjá nó Speculum regale, (c. 1250) dréacht Lochlannach scríofa don rí Magnús lagabœtir.
 Vincent Beauvais, De eruditione filiorum nobilium (c. 1250).
 Vincent de Beauvais, De morali principis institutione (c. 1262), scríofa is dóigh do Louis IX na Fraince
 Guibert Tournai, De modo addiscendi (c. 1260).
 Guibert Tournai, Eruditio regum et principum (1259),  scríofa do Louis IX na Fraince.
 Thomas Aquinas, De regno (c. 1260), often conflated with the De regimine principum of Ptolemy Lucca
William Peraldus, De eruditione principum = 'On the Education of Princes' (c. 1265), formerly attributed to Thomas Aquinas.
Brunetto Latini, Li livres dou trésor (1266), written for Charles of Anjou.
Giles of Rome, De regimine principum = 'On the Rule of Princes' (c. 1278), written for Philip the Fair.
William of Pagula, Speculum regis, written for Edward III of England (c. 1331).
Don Juan Manuel, Tales of Count Lucanor (1335).
Alvarus Pelagius, Speculum regum (1340s), written for Alfonso XI of Castile.
Um styrilsi kununga ok höfþinga (1350s), Old Swedish treatise
The III Consideracions Right Necesserye to the Good Governaunce of a Prince (c. 1350),  a translation of a French treatise from 1347, intended for King John II of France.
Evrart de Trémaugon, Le songe du verger (1376).
Christine de Pizan, Epistre Othea a Hector (c. 1400), Livre du corps de policie (1407), Livre de la paix (between 1412 and 1414).
Thomas Hoccleve, De regimine principum (early 1410s) written for Henry V of England.
John of Ireland, The Meroure of Wysedome, (1490) written for James IV of Scotland.

Renaissance
John Skelton, Speculum principis (1501), lost work written for the then future Henry VIII. A copy of this treatise, which may not be entirely the same as that presented to Henry, resides with the British Museum.
Erasmus, Institutio principis Christiani 'Education of a Christian Prince' (1516), written as advice to King Charles of Spain (the later Charles V).
Thomas More, Utopia (1516), written as advice to Henry VIII
Martin Luther. On Secular Authority (1523), a letter dedicated to John, Toghthóir na Sacsaine
Baldassare Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier (1528), based on experiences of the courts of Urbino.
Antonio de Guevara, Relox de príncipes (1529), inspired by and dedicated to Charles V, a bestseller of its times, translated during the 16th Century to English, Latin, Italian, German, French and Dutch.
Machiavelli, Il Principe (c. 1513, published in 1532).
George Buchanan, De iure regni apud Scotos (1579), a work in the form of a Socratic dialogue on ideal kingship dedicated to the young James VI of Scotland
Giovanni Botero, The Reason of State (1589), a criticism of Machiavelli's Prince. 
Johann Damgaard, Alithia (1597), written for the young Danish monarch King Christian IV.
Juan de Mariana, De rege et regis institutione (Toledo, 1598); The King and the Education of the King, translated by George Albert Moore, Country Dollar Press (1948).
James VI of Scotland, Basilikon Doron (1599) written as a gift to his eldest son.
Hugo Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis (1625) dedicated to Louis XIII of France
John Gauden, Eikon Basilike (1649) published after Charles I of England was beheaded.

Enlightenment
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (1709) dedicated to the future Louis XV of France.
Frederick II of Prussia, Anti-Machiavel (1740) a critique of Machiavelli's Prince.

Téacsanna Biosántacha 
 Synesius, easpag Cyrene, De regno, óráid ráite le himpire Arcadius.
 Agapetu deacon, óráid ráite le himpire Justinian I.
 Patrarc Photios I Chathair Chonstaintín, litir do Boris I na Bulgáire.
 Basil I Macadóine, dá mhac Leo VI Eagnaí
 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, De Administrando Imperio, teagasc ar polasaí intíre agus eachtrannach dá mhac agus chomharba, impire Romanos II.
 Kekaumenos, Strategikon (1075/1078), an dá alt deireanacha ach go háirithe.
 Ardeaspag Theophylact Ohrid, Paideia Basilike (Laidin Institutio Regia) (c. 1088), dá dhalta Constaintín mac an Impire Michael VII Doukas.
 Spaneas nó Didaskalia Parainetike, dán de chuid na 12ú haoise bunaithe ar  Ad Demonicum as Isocratea.
 Nikephoros Blemmydes, Andrias Basilikos (Laidin. Regia statua), scríofa do Theodore II Laskaris, rídhamhna Nicaea
 Thomas Magistros, La regalita.
 Manuel II Palaiologos, Paideia Regia.
 Patrarc Antony IV Cathair Chonstaintín, letter to Vasily I Moscó (1393).
 Poucheniye (teagasc) Vladmir Monomakh dá chlann (1120í).

Téacsanna Peirseacha Réamh-Ioslamacha 
 Ewen-Nāmag (“Leabhar Rialacha”): Ar mhodhanna, nósanna, skills, ealaíona, eolaíochtaí, srl. na Sasanach
 Tāj-Nāmag (“Leabhar na Corónach”)
 Kalilag ud Damanag: aistriúchán Meán-Pheirsise de  Panchatantra as an India.
 Jāvidan Khrad ("Eagnaíocht Neamhbhásmhar")
 Litríocht Andarz.

Téacsanna Ioslamacha 
 Ibn Arabi, (At-Tadbidrat al-ilahiyyah fi islah al-mamlakat al-insaniyyah (Rialachas Diaga don Ríocht Daonna)
 Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, litir d'Abdallah mac an chailif Umayyad, Marwan II (c. 750)
 Ibn al-Muqaffa, Kalila wa Dimna (c. 750)
 Abu Yahya ibn al-Batriq (d. 815) Sirr al-Asrar () 'Secretum Secretorum'
 Al-Farabi (c. 872–950), Fusul al-Madani (Seanráite Státóra)
 Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi (981–1027), Kitab fi'l-si'yasa
 Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik (beo 1053, Damascus),  Mukhtār al-Hikam wa-Maḥāsin al-Kalim (Natháin agus Seanráite Áirithe)
 Nizam al-Mulk, Siyāset-nāmeh, (Leabhar Rialachais) (c. 1090) (Peirsis)
 Al-Ghazali (1058–1111), Nasihat al-muluk (Comhairle do Thiarnaí) (Peirsis)
 Qabus nama (1082) (Peirsis)
 Al-Imam al-Hadrami (bás 1095),  Kitâb al-Ishâra
 Yusuf Balasaghuni, Kutadgu Bilig (11ú haois)
 At-Turtushi, Siraj al-Muluk (Lampa Ríthe) (c. 1121)
 Ibn Ẓafar al-Ṣiqillī, Sulwan al-Muta' fi 'udwan al-atba (Sólás don Rí le linn Naimhdeas Géillsineach)
 Bahr Al-Fava'id (Muir Shuáilcí), tiomsaithe sa 12ú haois.
 Muhammad al-Baqir Najm-I Sani, Mau‘izah-i Jahangiri (Foláireamh Jahāngír nó Comhairle ar Cheird an Rialachais) (1612-1613).
 Saadi, Gulistan Sa'di, chéad alt ar "Nósanna ríthe" (13ú haois, Peirsis).
 Hussain Vaiz Kashifi, Aklhaq i Muhsini (Peirsis, AH 900/AD 1495).

Téacsanna Slavacha 
 Neagoe Basarab (1512–1521), Teagaisc Neagoe Basarab dá mhac Theodosie, ar cheann deana chéad saothair liteartha as Wallachia

Féach freisin 
 Conduct book
 Ensenhamen (Occitan)
 Islamic advice literature
 Nasîhatnâme
 Panchatantra
 Phronesis
 Speculum literature
 Wisdom literature

Foinsí 

 Anton, H.H. Fürstenspiegel und Herrscherethos in der Karolingerzeit. Bonner Historische Forschungen 32. Bonn, 1968.
 — Fürstenspiegel (Königsspiegel) des frühen und hohen Mittelalters Ein Editionsprojekt an der Universität Trier
 Finotti, Fabio (eag.), I volti del principe. Venezia: Marsilio, 2018.
 Handy, Amber. The Specula principum in northwestern Europe, A.D. 650-900 : the evolution of a new ethical rule. Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Notre Dame, 2011. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame, 2011. Dátarochtana 17ú Bealtaine, 2015. Univ. of Notre Dame Online theses & dissertations
 Konstantinos D.S. Paidas, He thematike ton byzantinon "katoptron hegemonos" tes proimes kai meses Byzantines periodoy(398-1085). Symbole sten politike theoria ton Byzantinon, Athens 2005.
 —, Tá byzantina "katoptra hegemonos" tes ysteres periodoy (1254–1403). Ekfraseis toy byzantinoy basilikou ideodous, Athens 2006.
 Lambton, Ann K.S. Islamic Mirrors for Princes. In: eadem, Theory and Practice in Medieval Persian Government. Londain. 1980. VI: 419–442.
 Smith, Roland M. The Speculum Principum in Early Irish Literature. Speculum 2 (1927): 411–45.

Tagairtí