Gifford-luennot

Gifford-luennot () on luentosarja, jonka perusti Adam Lord Gifford (k. 1887) testamentillaan luonnollisen teologian tutkimuksen edistämiseksi. Luonnollisella teologialla hän tarkoitti laajassa merkityksessä (luonnon)tieteiden tukemaa teologiaa, joka ei ollut riippuvaista ihmeistä. Luentoja pidetään skotlantilaisissa yliopistoissa: näihin lukeutuvat St Andrewsin yliopisto, Glasgow'n yliopisto, Aberdeenin yliopisto ja Edinburghin yliopisto.

Luentoja on järjestetty vuodesta 1888. Nimitys Gifford-luentojen pitäjäksi on suuri akateeminen kunnianosoitus. Luennot pidetään yleensä yhden akateemisen vuoden kestävänä luentosarjana, ja luennot luennoidaan sillä tarkoituksella, että niiden sisältö julkaistaisiin kirjana. Monista Gifford-luentoja sisältävistä teoksista on tullut klassikkoteoksia teologian ja filosofian alalla sekä niiden ja luonnontieteen välisen suhteen tarkastelun kannalta.

Tunnettuja luennoitsijoita

Aberdeen 
 1906–1908 – Hans Driesch: The Science and Philosophy of the Organism 1–2
 1936–38 – Karl Barth: The Knowledge of God and the Service of God according to the Teaching of the Reformation
 1951–52 – Michael Polanyi: Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, ISBN 0-226-67288-3
 1952–54 – Paul Tillich:  Systematic Theology (3 osaa): ISBN 0-226-80337-6, ISBN 0-226-80338-4, ISBN 0-226-80339-2
 1959–61 – H. H. Price: Belief, julkaistu 1969
 1965-1967 – Raymond Aron: La Conscience historique dans la pensée et dans l'action
 1973 – Hannah Arendt: Life of the Mind
 1982–84 – Richard Swinburne:  The Evolution of the Soul, ISBN 0-19-823698-0
 1984–85 – Freeman Dyson: Infinite In All Directions, ISBN 0-06-072889-2
 1989–91 – Ian Barbour:  Religion in an Age of Science, ISBN 0-06-060383-6
 1992–93 – Jaroslav Pelikan:  Christianity and Classical Culture: The Metamorphosis of Natural Theology in the Christian Encounter With Hellenism, ISBN 0-300-06255-9
 1994–95 – John W. Rogerson:  Faith and Criticism in the Work of William Robertson Smith, 1846-1894
 1994–95 – M. A. Stewart:  New Light and Enlightenment
 1994–95 – Peter Jones:  Science and Religion before and after Hume
 1994–95 – James H. Burns:  The Order of Nature
 1994–95 – Alexander Broadie:  The Shadow of Scotus
 1997–98 – Russell Stannard:  The God Experiment
 2000–01 – John S. Habgood:  The Concept of Nature
 2003–04 – John Haldane:  Mind, Soul and Deity
 2003 – Eleonore Stump:  Wandering in the Darkness

Edinburgh 
 1891 – George Gabriel Stokes: Natural Theology
 1900–02 – William James:  The Varieties of Religious Experience, ISBN 0-679-64011-8
 1909–10 – William Warde Fowler: The Religious Experience of the Roman People, ISBN 0-8154-0372-0
 1911–12 – Bernard Bosanquet: The Principle of Individuality and Value, ISBN 0-527-10036-6
 1913–14 – Henri Bergson: The Problem of Personality
 1915–16 – William Mitchell Ramsay: Asianic Elements in Greek Civilization, ISBN 0-89005-173-9
 1919–21 – George Stout: Mind and Matter, julkaistu 1931
 1921–23 – Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison: Studies in the Philosophy of Religion, ISBN 0-404-60474-9
 1923–25 – James George Frazer: The Worship of Nature ISBN 1-56459-532-3
 1926–27 – Arthur Eddington: The Nature of the Physical World, ISBN 0-472-06015-5 
 1927–28 – Alfred North Whitehead: Process and Reality: An Essay in Cosmology, ISBN 0-02-934570-7
 1928–29 – John Dewey:  The Quest for Certainty: A Study of the Relation of Knowledge and Action, ISBN 1-4179-0845-9
 1934–35 – Albert Schweitzer:  The Problem of Natural Theology and Natural Ethics
 1937–38 – Charles Sherrington: Man on His Nature, ISBN 0-521-06436-8 
 1938–40 – Reinhold Niebuhr:  The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, (2 osaa): ISBN 0-664-25709-7
 1947–49 – Christopher Dawson: osa 1:Religion and Culture ISBN 0-404-60498-6; osa 2: Religion and the Rise of Western Culture ISBN 0-385-42110-9
 1949–50 – Niels Bohr:  Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics, ISBN 1-881987-14-0
 1952–53 – Arnold J. Toynbee:  An Historian's Approach to Religion, ISBN 0-19-215260-2
 1954–55 – Rudolf Bultmann:  History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity, ISBN 0-8371-8123-2
 1973–74 – Owen Chadwick:  The Secularisation of the European Mind in the 19th Century, ISBN 0-521-39829-0
 1974–76 – Stanley Jaki:  The Road of Science and the Ways to God, ISBN 0-226-39145-0
 1978–79 – John Carew Eccles:  The Human Mystery, The Human Psyche, ISBN 0-387-09954-9 
 1979–80 – Ninian Smart:  "The Varieties of Religious Identity", julkaistu nimellä Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilisation, ISBN 0-06-067402-4
 1980–81 – Seyyed Hossein Nasr:  Knowledge and the Sacred, ISBN 0-7914-0177-4
 1981–82 – Iris Murdoch:  Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, ISBN 0-14-017232-7
 1984–85 – Jurgen Moltmann:  God in Creation: A New Theology of Creation and the Spirit of God, ISBN 0-8006-2823-3
 1986–87 – John Hick:  An Interpretation of Religion, (2. painos): ISBN 0-300-10668-8
 1987–88 – Alasdair MacIntyre:  Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: ISBN 0-7156-2337-0
 1993–94 – John Polkinghorne:  Science and Christian Belief: Theological Reflections of a Bottom-up Thinker, ISBN 0-281-04714-6
 1997–98 – Holmes Rolston III: 
 1998–99 – Charles Taylor:, Living in a Secular Age 
 1999–2000 – David Tracy: This side of God
 2000–01 – Onora O'Neill: Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics
 2001–02 – Mohammed Arkoun: Inaugurating a Critique of Islamic Reason
 2002–03 – Michael Ignatieff:  The Lesser Evil – Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, ISBN 0-691-11751-9
 2003–04 – J. Wentzel van Huyssteen:  Alone in the World? Human Uniqueness in Science and Theology, ISBN 0-8028-3246-6
 2004–05 – Dame Margaret Anstee, Stephen Toulmin ja Noam Chomsky – sarja Edward Saidille omistettuja luentoja; Saidin oli tarkoitus pitää vuosien 2004–05 luennot, mutta hän kuoli vuonna 2003
 2005–06 – Jean Bethke Elshtain: Sovereign God, Sovereign State, Sovereign Self 
 2006–07 – Simon Conway Morris: Darwin's Compass: How Evolution Discovers the Song of Creation ja Jonathan Riley-Smith: The Crusades and Christianity
 2007–08 – Alexander Nehamas ja Robert M. Veatch: Hipprocratic, Religious and Secular Medical Ethics: The Point of Conflict

Glasgow 
 1888–92 – Friedrich Max Müller: 1888: Natural Religion 1–2; 1890: Physical Religion; 1891: Anthropological Religion: 1892: Theosophy or Psychological Religion  
 1892–96 – John Caird:  The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity Vol.1&2
 1896–98 – Alexander Balmain Bruce: The Moral Order of the World, The Providential Order of the World
 1914 – Arthur Balfour: Theism and Humanism ISBN 1-58742-005-8
 1916–18 – Samuel Alexander: Space, Time, and Deity, 1. osa: ISBN 0-7661-8701-2, 2. osa: ISBN 0-7661-8702-0
 1922 – Arthur Balfour: Theism and Thought
 1927–28 – J. B. S. Haldane:  The Sciences and Philosophy, ISBN 0-404-60479-X
 1932–34 – William Temple: Nature, Man and God
 1952-54 – John Macmurray: The Form of the Personal; 1. osa: The Self as Agent ISBN 1-57392-337-0; 2. osa: Persons in Relation ISBN 1-57392-625-6
 1959 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: The Relevance of Science
 1970 – Richard William Southern: The Rise and Fall of the Medieval System of Religious Thought
 1985 – Carl Sagan: The Search for Who We Are, julkaistu vuonna 2006 nimellä The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God, ISBN 1-59420-107-2 
 1988 – Don Cupitt: Nature and Culture
 1988 – Richard Dawkins: Worlds in Microcosm
 1992 – Mary Warnock: Imagination and Understanding, julkaistu nimellä Imagination and Time, ISBN 0-631-19019-8
 1993–94 – Keith Ward: Religion and Revelation ISBN 0-19-826375-9 (ISBN 978-0-19-826375-3)
 1995–96 – John Hedley Brooke:  Reconstructing Nature
 1997–98 – R. J. Berry:  Gods, Genes, Greens and Everything
 1999–00 – Ralph McInerny:  Characters in Search of Their Author
 2001 – Lynne Baker:  The Nature and Limits of Human Understanding
 2003–04 – Simon Blackburn:  Reason's Empire

St. Andrews 
 1902–04 – Richard Haldane: The Pathway to Reality, ISBN 0-404-60459-5
 1917–18 – William R. Inge:  The Philosophy of Plotinus, ISBN 1-59244-284-6
 1921–22 – C. Lloyd Morgan: Emergent Evolution (1923) ISBN 0-404-60468-4, ja Life, Mind, and Spirit (1925)
 1955–56 – Werner Heisenberg:  Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science, ISBN 1-57392-694-9
 1958–60 – Georg Henrik von Wright: Norm and Action ja The Varieties of Goodness (suom. Hyvän muunnelmat, ISBN 951-1-16436-8)
 1972–73 – Alfred Ayer:  The Central Questions of Philosophy, ISBN 0-03-013116-2
 1975–77 – Reijer Hooykaas:  Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science
 1977–78 – David Stafford-Clark:  Myth, Magic and Denial
 1980–81 – Gregory Vlastos:  Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher
 1982–83 – Donald Geoffrey Charlton:  New Images of the Natural, 1750-1800
 1983–84 – John Macquarrie:  In Search of Deity
 1984–85 – Adolf Grünbaum:  Psychoanalytic Theory and Science
 1986–87 – Antony Flew:  The Logic of Mortality
 1988–89 – Walter Burkert:  Tracks of Biology and the Creation of Sense
 1990–91 – Hilary Putnam:  Renewing Philosophy
 1992–93 – Arthur Peacocke:  Nature, God and Humanity:
 1992–93 – Roger Penrose:  The Question of Physical Reality
 1995 – Nicholas Wolterstorff:  Thomas Reid and the Story of Epistemology
 1996–97 – Michael Dummett:  Thought and Reality
 1999 – Robert Merrihew Adams:  God and Being
 1999 – Marilyn McCord Adams:  The Coherence of Christology
 2001–02 – Stanley Hauerwas:  With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology, ISBN 1-58743-016-9
 2002 – Peter van Inwagen:  The Problem of Evil and the Argument from Evil
 2004–05 – Alvin Plantinga:  Science and Religion: Conflict or Concord

Kirjallisuutta 

 Stanley Jaki: Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect (1987). Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-7073-0465-2.

Aiheesta muualla 

 Gifford Lectures Online 

Filosofiatapahtumat
Kristillinen teologia
Uskonnonfilosofia
Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan tapahtumat