Turkiera

Turkiera turkiar hizkuntza bat da, berez Turkian, Zipren, Bulgarian eta antzinako Otomandar Inperioko herrialdeetan hitz egiten dena, bai eta Europar Batasunera eta Amerikara emigratutako milioika turkiarrek ere darabiltena.

Turkieraren berezko ezaugarri nagusiak bokal harmonia eta aglutinazioa dira. Esaldietako oinarrizko ordena subjektua-objektua-aditza da. Ez du izen klaserik ez eta genero gramatikalik ere. Tratamenduaren erabilera garrantzitsua da, batez ere ohorezko trataera. Bigarren pertsonako izenordainak erabiltzen dira gizalege mailak, urruntze soziala, adina edo senidetasuna adierazteko.

1928az geroztik, latindar alfabetoaz idazten da, arabiarraren ordez, Kemal Atatürken ekimenez.

Sailkapena 

Turkiar hizkuntzen % 40 inguruk turkiera hitz egiten dute. Turkierak dituen ezaugarri nagusiak (bokal harmonia, aglutinazioa eta genero gramatikalik eza) turkiar hizkuntza guztietan ageri dira. Guztira, 30 hizkuntza bizik osatzen dute taldea eta Europako ekialdean, Asiako erdialdean eta Siberian hitz egiten dira.

Turkiar hizkuntzen baitan, turkiera oghuz hizkuntzen azpimultzokoa da. Elkarrekiko ulermen maila handia dute turkieraren eta gainera oghuz hizkuntzen artean (azerbaijanera, turkmenera, qashqaiera, gagauzera).

Idazkera 
Otomandar inperioaren garaian, turkiera alfabeto pertso-arabiarrez idazten zen. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk agintera iritsi eta errepunlika ezarri zuenetik, 1923an, alfabetoaren erreforma izan zen lahenetasunetako bat, eta 1928ko azaroaren 1ean ezarri zen alfabeto latindarraren bertsio turkiarra, zeinu diakritiko berezi zenbait dituenak.
 A / a (euskaraz bezala).
 B / b
 C / c Italierazko giro edo ingelesezko George bezala.
 Ç / ç Euskarazko tx bezala
 D / d
 E / e .
 F / f
 G / g
 Ğ / ğ Ez da ahoskatzen: aurreko bokala luzatzen du.
 H / h Behe-nafarrerazko hor bezala.
 I / ı (punturik gabeak) "i"ren antzekoa baina mihia atzealdera eramanik.
 İ / i (biak ere puntudunak) Euskaraz bezala.
 J / j Frantsesezko janvier edo katalanezko Jordi bezala.
 K / k
 L / l
 M / m
 N / n
 O / o
 Ö / ö Frantsesezko feu edo alemanezko Köhler izenetan bezala.
 P / p
 R / r Euskarazko ere bezala.
 S / s Euskarazko zu bezala.
 Ş / ş Xabier bezala.
 T / t
 U / u
 Ü / ü Zubererazko ü, dügü aditzean bezala.
 V v Frantsesezko vie izenean bezala.
 W / w Bakarrik atzerriko hitzetan.
 X / x Bakarrik atzerriko hitzetan; bestela, "ks" idazten da. Adibidez: taksi (taxia), Meksika (Mexiko).
 Y / y Euskarazko iaio adjektiboan bezala.
 Z / z Zubererazko deusik edo frantsesezko zéro bezala.

Esamolde eta hitzak

Literatura 

Erdi Aroan Nezami eta Jami olerkariak nabarmendu ziren, eta ondorengo mendeetakoak dira Baki, Nefi eta Nedim idazleak, poesia arloan ere bai.
 
Idazle garaikideen artean, Yasar Kemal eta Orhan Pamuk aipatzekoak dira.

Erreferentziak

Bibliografia 

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Kanpo estekak 

 Turkiako Hizkuntza Elkartea