Penda

Penda (u 606 – 15. november 655) oli Midlandsis asunud Mercia Kuningriigi kuningas. Penda oli anglosaksi kuningriikide ristiusustamise ajal paganaks jäänud ning vallutas aastal 628 Cirencesteri lahinguga Severni oru. Aastal 633 sai ta Hatfield Chase'i lahingus Northumbria kuningalt Edwinilt lüüa.

Üheksa aastat hiljem alistas ja tappis ta Maserfieldi lahingus Edwini troonipärija Oswaldi. Ta sai seega oma aja mõjukaimaks anglosaksi kuningaks ning pani aluse Mercia ülemvõimu perioodile Seitsme kuningriigi üle. Ta alistas korduvalt ka East Anglia ning saatis Wessexi kuninga Cenwalhi kolmeks aastaks maapakku. Lisaks jätkas ta sõjategevust Northumbria Bernicia vastu. Kolmteist aastat pärast Masterfieldi sai ta viimaks Oswaldi troonipärijalt ja vennalt Oswiult lüüa ning hukkus Winwaedi lahingus Bernicia vastu.

Viited
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, translated and edited by M. J. Swanton (1996), paperback, .
S. Bassett (ed.), The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (1989).
Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731), Book II and Book III.
A. Breeze, "The Battle of the Uinued and the River Went, Yorkshire", Northern History, Vol. 41, Issue 2 (September 2004), pages 377–83.
Filppula, M., Klemola, J., Paulasto, H., and Pitkanen, H., (2008) English and Celtic in Contact, Routledge. 
D. J. V. Fisher, The Anglo-Saxon Age (1973), Longman, hardback, , pages 66 and 117–118.

Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, translated by D. Greenway (1997), Oxford University Press.
N. J. Higham, The Convert Kings: Power and Religious Affiliation in Early Anglo-Saxon England (1997), pages 219, 240 and 241.
The Historia Brittonum, Chapters 60 and 65.
D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991), second edition (2000), Routledge, paperback, .
J. O. Prestwich, "King Æthelhere and the battle of the Winwaed," The English Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 326 (January 1968), pages 89–95.
John Rhys, Celtic Folklore: Welsh and Manx  (Oxford University Press 1901).
P. Sims-Williams, Religion and Literature [in Western England, 600–800 (Cambridge 1990).
C. Stancliffe and E. Cambridge (ed.), Oswald: Northumbrian King to European Saint (1995, reprinted 1996), Paul Watkins, paperback.
F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (1943), third edition (1971), Oxford University Press, paperback (1989, reissued 1998), .
Tyler, Damian (2005) "An Early Mercian Hegemony: Penda and Overkingship in the Seventh Century", in Midland History, Volume XXX, (ed. J. Rohrkasten). Published by the University of Birmingham.
A. W. Wade-Evans, The Saxones in the "Excidium Britanniæ", The Celtic Review, Vol. 10, No. 40 (June 1916), pp. 322–333.
Ann Williams, Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England (MacMillan Press 1999)
M. Ziegler, "The Politics of Exile in Early Northumbria", The Heroic Age, Issue 2, Autumn/Winter 1999.

Sündinud 600. aastatel
Surnud 655
Monarhid