Rök-steen

Die Rök-steen (Sweeds: Rökstenen; Rundata: Ög 136) is een van die beroemdste runestene en bevat die langste aangetekende runegravering. Dit is naby die kerk in Rök, Östergötland (Swede) geleë en word as die eerste stuk geskrewe Sweedse literatuur geag en merk dit gevolglik die begin van die geskiedenis van Sweedse letterkunde.

Aangaande die steen 
Die steen is in die 19de eeu ontdek waar dit in die muur van die kerk ingebou is. Dit is 'n paar dekades later uit die muur verwyder. Dit is waarskynlik tydens die 800's gegraveer te oordeel aan die runestyl en die toestand van die taal. Die steen word aan vyf sye deur runes oortrek — dit is al die sye buiten die basis, wat onder die grond sou bly. 'n Paar gedeeltes van die inskripsie is beskadig, maar die meerderheid van die steen bly leesbaar.

Die naam "Rök-steen" is toutologies, aangesen die steen na die nedersetting "Rök" vernoem is, terwyl die nedersetting self na die steen "Rauk" of "Rök" (wat "steen" in Oud-Noors beteken) vernoem is.

Die steen is uniek in die sin dat dit 'n gedeelte van die verlore Noorse mitologie bevat. Dit maak ook 'n geskiedkundige verwysing na die Ostrogotiese koning Feodor die Grote.

Die gravering is op twee maniere gedeeltelik geënkripteer: deur verplasing en deur die gebruik van spesiale koderunes. Die inskripsie is moontlik opsetlik moeilik leesbaar: miskien as deel van die magiese ritueel, of dalk bloot net om die graveerder se runevaardighede af te wys.

Inskripsie 
Die volgende is 'n transliterasie van die runes:

 aft uamuþ stonta runaR þaR n uarin faþi faþiR aft faikion sunu sakum| |mukmini þat huariaR ualraubaR uaRin tuaR þaR suaþ tualf sinum uaRin| |numnaR t ualraubu baþaR somon o umisum| |monum ' þat sakum onart huaR fur niu altum on urþi fiaru miR hraiþkutum auk tu miR on ub sakaR raiþ| |þiaurikR hin þurmuþi stiliR flutna strontu hraiþmaraR sitiR nu karuR o kuta sinum skialti ub fatlaþR skati marika þat sakum tualfta huar histR si kunaR itu| |uituoki on kunukaR tuaiR tikiR suaþ o likia ' þat sakum þritaunta huariR tuaiR tikiR kunukaR satin t siulunti fiakura uintur at fiakurum nabnum burnR fiakurum bruþrum ' ualkaR fim ra=þulfs| |suniR hraiþulfaR fim rukulfs| |suniR hoislaR fim haruþs suniR kunmuntaR fim (b)irnaR suniR * nuk m--- (m)-- alu --(k)(i) ainhuaR -þ... ...þ … ftiR fra sagwm| |mogmeni (þ)ad hOaR igOldga OaRi gOldin d gOonaR hOsli sakum| |mukmini uaim si burin| |niþR troki uilin is þat knuo knati| |iatun uilin is þat (n)(i)(t) akum| |mukmini þur sibi uiauari ul niruþR

Die volgende is 'n transkripsie van die runes in die vroeë 9de eeuse Oud-Oosnoors (Sweedse en Deense) dialek van Oud-Noors:

 

Die volgende is 'n transkripsie van die runes in die klassieke 13de eeuse Oud-Wesnoors (Noorse en Yslandse) dialek van Oud-Noors:

Vetaling 
Die volgende is een vertaalde weergawe van die teks: die meeste navorsers stem oor die wyse van die vertaling saam, maar die interpretering daarvan bly 'n debatspunt. Die eerste gedeelte is in ljóðaháttr-metrum geskryf.

 In memory of Vémóðr/Vámóðr stand these runes.
 And Varinn coloured them, the father,
 in memory of his dead son.

 I say the folktale / to the young men, which the two war-booties were, which twelve times were taken as war-booty, both together from various men.

 I say this second, who nine generations ago lost his life with the Hreidgoths; and died with them for his guilt.

 Þjóðríkr the bold,
 chief of sea-warriors,
 ruled over the shores of the Hreiðsea.
 Now he sits armed
 on his Goth(ic horse),
 his shield strapped,
 the prince of the Mærings.

 I say this the twelfth, where the horse of Gunnr sees fodder on the battlefield, where twenty kings lie.

 This I say as thirteenth, which twenty kings sat on Sjólund for four winters, of four names, born of four brothers: five Valkis, sons of Hráðulfr, five Hreiðulfrs, sons of Rugulfr, five Háisl, sons of Hôrðr, five Gunnmundrs/Kynmundrs, sons of Bjôrn.

 Now I say the tales in full. Someone …

 I say the folktale / to the young men, which of the line of Ingold was repaid by a wife's sacrifice.

 I say the folktale / to the young men, to whom is born a relative, to a valiant man. It is Vélinn. He could crush a giant. It is Vélinn … [Nit]

 I say the folktale / to the young men: Þórr. Sibbi of Vé, nonagenarian, begot (a son).

Bronne 
 Bugge, Sophus: Der Runenstein von Rök in Östergötland, Schweden, Stockholm 1910
 von Friesen, Otto: Rökstenen, Uppsala 1920
 Grönvik, Ottar: Runeinnskriften på Rökstenen in Maal og Minde 1983, Oslo 1983
 Gustavson, Helmer: Rökstenen (produced by Riksantikvarieämbetet), Uddevalla 2000, ISBN 91-7192-822-7
 Jansson, Sven B F: Runinskrifter i Sverige, Stockholm 1963, 3rd edition in 1984
 Rydberg, Viktor: Om Hjältesagan å Rökstenen, Stockholm, 1892; translated as "The Heroic Saga on the Rökstone" by William P. Reaves, The Runestone Journal 1, Asatru Folk Assembly, 2007. 
 Schück, Henrik: Bidrag till tolkningen af Rökstenen in Uppsala Universitets årsskrift, Uppsala 1908
 Ståhle, Carl Ivar and Tigerstedt, E N: Sveriges litteratur. Del 1. Medeltidens och reformationstidens litteratur, Stockholm 1968
 Wessén, Elias: Runstenen vid Röks kyrka, Stockholm 1958

Inlynverwysings

Sien ook 
 Rundata

Eksterne skakels 

 Brandt, Troels: Rök-steen, raaisels en antwoorde

Runestene