Indo-Europese tale

Die Indo-Europese tale sluit sowat 443 (SIL skatting) tale en dialekte wat deur omtrent drie miljard mense gepraat word en die meeste groot taalfamilies van Europa en westelike Asië in die superfamilie in. Eietydse tale in die superfamilie sluit Bengaals, Engels, Duits, Frans, Hindi, Persies, Portugees, Russies, en Spaans (elk met meer as 100 miljoen eerstetaal sprekers) en Afrikaans en Nederlands in, sowel as dooie tale soos Latyn en kunsmatige tale soos Esperanto. Interessant genoeg is 'n paar Europese tale soos Fins, Hongaars en Baskies nie deel van die superfamilie nie. Dieselfde geld vir die meeste suider-Indiese tale, wat van Drawidiese oorsprong is (soos Telugu, Tamil, Kannada en Malayalam). Dié taalfamilie is so genoem omdat die taalgebied van Indië af tot regoor Europa strek.

Geskiedenis 
Sien ook: Proto-Indo-Europees, Diachroniese taalkunde, Glottochronologie.

Die moontlikheid van 'n gemene oorsprong vir die uiteenlopende tale is vir die eerste keer voorgestel deur die Nederlander Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn. Hy was 'n 17de-eeuse taalkundige met 'n groot kennis van Latyn. Hy het tewens Russies, Persies en Turks bestudeer. Hy het geweet van Xenofon se reise na Indië, waardeur hy ooreenkomste met Sanskrit kom opmerk het. Dit het daartoe gelei dat hy gelykenisse tussen verskillende Indo-Europese tale ontdek het, waarby hy die bestaan van 'n primitiewe gemeenskaplike taal – wat hy toe 'Skities' noem – veronderstel het. Hy het by hierdie hipotese Nederlands, Grieks, Latyn, Persies en Duits ingesluit, waarna hy later ook die Slawiese, Keltiese en die Baltiese tale ingesluit het. 'n Semitiese taal soos Hebreeus het hy daarvan uitgesluit.

Die bekendste en later ontdekker is egter die agttiende-eeuse Engelsman Sir William Jones wat ooreenkomste in van die vier oudste tale wat toe bekend was opgemerk het naamlik, Latyn, Grieks, Sanskrit, en Persies. Stelselmatige vergelyking van dié en ouer tale onderneem deur Franz Bopp, het die teorie ondersteun. In die 19de eeu het vakkundiges die groep "Indo-Germaans" of soms "Aries" genoem. Toe dit egter later duidelik word dat daar 'n verband is tussen meeste van Europa se tale, is die naam uitgebrei na Indo-Europees. 'n Voorbeeld hiervan is die sterk ooreenkomste wat ontdek is tussen Sanskrit en ouer gesproke dialekte van Litaus en Lets.

Die gemeenskaplike voorouerlike (heropgeboude) taal word Proto-Indo-Europees (PIE) genoem. Daar is 'n meningsverskil wat betref die oorspronklike geografiese ligging (die sogenaamde Urheimat of oorspronklike tuisland), waar die taal sy oorsprong vind. Daar is vandag twee hoofkandidate: 1. die steppe noordelik van die Swartsee en die Kaspiese Gebied (sien Kurgan) en 2. Anatolië (sien Colin Renfrew). Voorstanders van die Kurgan-hipotese neig om die datum vir die proto-taal op [c.] 4000 v.C. te skat, terwyl die voorstanders van die Anatoliese oorsprong gewoonlik 'n datum van enkele millennia vroeër voorstel (sien Indo-Hittiet).

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Nie-Indo-Europese tale van Europa 
Die meeste gesproke Europese tale behoort tot die Indo-Europese superfamilie. Daar is egter taalfamilies in Europa wat nie daaraan behoort nie. Die Oeraalse taalfamilie, wat Hongaars, Estnies, Fins, heelwat tale in Noord-Wes-Siberië en die tale van die Sami (dikwels "Lappe" genoem), insluit is 'n voorbeeld. Die Kaukasiese tale is nog 'n voorbeeld. Die Baskiese taal is ongewoon in die sin dat dit oënskynlik nie aan enige bekende lewendige taal verwant is nie. Taalkundiges vermoed dat Baskies die enigste taal is wat die Indo-Europese invalle oorlewe het. Die Etruskiese taal was ook 'n geïsoleerde, nie-Indo-Europese taal wat op die Italiaanse skiereiland gepraat is maar nou uitgestorwe is. Die Leidse taalkundige Robert Beekes het bevind dat Etruskies se oorsprong in Klein-Asië lê.

Maltees en Turks is twee voorbeelde van tale wat in Europa gepraat word wat beslis nie-Europese oorspronge het. Turks is 'n Turkse taal en Maltees is grootliks van Arabies afgelei.

Superfamilie 
Sommige taalkundiges stel voor dat die Indo-Europese tale deel is van 'n hipotetiese Nostratiese taal superfamilie, en poog om verwantskkappe tussen Indo-Europees en ander taalfamilies soos byvoorbeeld die Kaukasiese tale, Altaïese tale, Oeraalse tale, Drawidiese tale en Afro-Asiatiese tale. Die teorie is omstrede, net soos die soortgelyke Eurasiatiese teorie van Joseph Greenberg. Ooreenkomste tussen, byvoorbeeld, Indo-Europese en Oeral-Altaïese tale berus meestal op wedersydse ontlenings vanweë die lang periode van gemeenskaplike grondgebiede in westelike Asië ten tyde van die ontstaan van Indo-Europees.

Sien ook 
 Indo-Europese fabel

Verwysings 
 Beekes, R.S.P. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing, 1995.
 Mallory, J.P. In Search of the Indo-Europeans
 Meier-Brügger, Michael Indo-European Linguistics. With contributions by Matthias Fritz and Manfred Mayrhofer. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 2003. 386 pages. ISBN 3-11-017433-2.
 Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Russel D. Gray & Quentin D. Atkinson, Nature 426, 435-439
 Stevenson, V., Atlas van de Europese talen, Het Spectrum 1989.

Eksterne skakels 

  
  
 Die Evolusie van die Indo-Europese tale, deur Dr. C. George Boeree.
 Indo-European Roots, van die American Heritage Dictionary.
 Indo-European Documentation Center  by die Universiteit van Texas
 Sê iets in Proto-Indo-Europees (deur Geoffrey Sampson)
 IE taalfamilie oorsig (SIL)
 Gray & Atkinson, artikel oor PIE Filogenese 
 Indo-European Root/lemmas (deur Andi Zeneli)

 
Taalfamilies